States of consciousness Prof. dr. Anton M.L. Coenen NICI – Department of Biological Psychology
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Transcript of States of consciousness Prof. dr. Anton M.L. Coenen NICI – Department of Biological Psychology
States of consciousness
Prof. dr. Anton M.L. Coenen
NICI – Department of Biological Psychology
Radboud University Nijmegen
The Netherlands
States of consciousness
• Lecture 4. Psychoactive drugs modulating consciousness
PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND CONSCIOUSNESS
THREE MAIN GROUPS OF DRUGS MODULATE CONSCIOUSNESS
CENTRAL STIMULANTS
AMPHETAMINES – COCAINE – CAFFEINE - NICOTINE
HYPNOTICS – SEDATIVES – ANXIOLYTICS
BARBITURATES – BENZODIAZEPINES
PSYCHODELICS (MIND-ALTERING DRUGS)
ALCOHOL - MESCALINE – LSD – PSYLOCYBINE – OPIATES
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BALANCE BETWEEN EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY SYSTEMS
HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES
BARBITURATESSince 1903 Fischer and von Mering - efficient drugs - high toxicity - modulate chloride channels
BENZODIAZEPINESSince1960 Sternbach – safe and efficient – modulate GABA-system
HYPNOS
EFFECT
DEATH
COMA
ANESTHESIA
SLEEP
DOSE
BENZODIAZEPINES
BARBITURATEN
Leo Sternbach
(1908)
The valium structure
EEFFECTS OF BENZODIAZEPINES SEDATIVE / HYPNOTIC ANXIOLYTIC MUSCLE RELAXANT ANTI-CONVULSIVE AMNESTIC EEG-CHANGES TOLERANCE DEPENDENCY
The AIM model may be used to think about the state of the brain in conditions other than sleep. For example, when all three state values fall and the AIM points move to the left lower front corner, the result is coma. Hallucination would be the effect when the internal stimulus strength increases during waking, and AIM moves to the right upper front corner. AIM moves to the left upper rear corner when external stimulus strength is increased, as in electroshock therapy. Whether or not these assumptions are correct can now be tested experimentally.
Natives of Amazon prepare a brew of ‘ayahuasca’ (‘vine of the dead, or souls’). With this tea containing powerful hallucinogenic alkoloids, interior sounds are commonly heard, often triggering spontaneous vocalisations.
ALCOHOL
Alcohol
• invades all parts of the body (molecules are small and soluble in both fat and water)
• inhibits the flow of sodium across the membranes
• expands the surface of membranes • facilitates response by the GABAA receptor• blocks glutamate receptors• increases dopaminergic activity
NICOTINE
• Nicotine binds to a nicotinic receptor, one of the two subtypes of acetylcholine receptors.
• When nicotine binds to a nicotinic receptor, it opens Na+-channels, allowing sodium to flow into the cell.
• This depolarises the cell membrane leading to a fast excitation.
MARIJUANA
COCAINE
Cocaine
Dopamine
Cocaine
Central effects
When Coca-Cola was first produced, there was a clear reason why it relieved fatigue: It contained cocaine.
HEROIN AND MORPHINE
Opiates: narcotic analgesics
Pain relief
Sedation
Euphoria
Miosis
Impaired peristalsis
Respiratory depression
Inhibition cough reflex
a- Opium anta- NaloxonMorphineHeroineMethadon ……
Local Anesthetics
Gate Control TheoryMelzack and Wall
• Three classes of psycho-active drugs interfere with consciousness: central stimulants (enhancing), central depressants (diminishing) and psychodelics (‘changing’).
• Central stimulants activate acetylcholine (nicotine), block GABA (caffeine) or inhibit dopamine re-uptake (amphetamine).
• Central depressants open chloride channels (barbiturates), or facilitate GABA (benzodiazepines)
• Psychodelics (‘hallucinogenics’) induce ‘altered states of consciousness (ASC)’, including hallucinations and distorted perception (amphetamine, cocaine, MDMA (ecstacy), LSD).
• A deep brain depression causes anaesthesia, by opening Cl-channels (barbiturates), by agonistic action on GABA (benzodiazepines) or by antagonistic action on glutamate.
• Powerful analgetics (pain killers) are morphine and heroine, interfering with opiate receptors and endorphines.
• The fact that psycho-active drugs modulate neurotransmitter-systems in relation to consciousness pleads for a monistic view of consciousness.