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STAAR Facts2013 Social Studies
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COLONIAL ERA• Northern (New England)
Colonies• Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine
• Cold climate, rocky soil• Plymouth, Massachusetts
founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious tolerance
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COLONIAL ERA
• Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware)
• Fertile soil, milder climate, ideas of tolerance & quality
• Pennsylvania founded in 1680 by William Penn
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COLONIAL ERA• Southern colonies
(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)
• Warm climate, pleasant soil, farming and agriculture
• Jamestown, VA founded in 1607
• Georgia founded in 1733 as debtor’s colony
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COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
• Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims pledged to obey law of colony
• House of Burgesses: 1st representative government in colonies, Virginia 1619
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COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: 1st written constitution in America
• Representative Government: Citizens elect representatives
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FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
• 1754-1763• George
Washington gained prominence
• England had more land to control
• War costs plunged England into debt
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FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
• Proclamation of 1763: colonists could not settle beyond Appalachian Mountains
• Treaty of Paris of 1763: ended French & Indian War; kicked French out of North America
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA
George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. 1st President of the U.S.His farewell address warned against foreign alliances & political parties.
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence3rd President of the U.S.
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Benjamin Franklin:• Publisher & inventor• Respected statesman
who guided colonies toward independence
• Convinced France to support America during Revolution
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA
• Samuel Adams: Patriot, member of the Sons of Liberty, organized Committees of Correspondence
• Patrick Henry: Patriot, “Give me liberty or give me death!”
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA• Thomas Paine:
Author of Common Sense; convinced colonists to support the revolution against Britain
• King George III: Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA• Abigail Adams: Wife of
John Adams, famous for letters about women’s rights, “Remember the ladies”
• Mercy Otis Warren: Writer who wrote plays, poems, and essays for independence from Britain
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA
• James Armistead: slave who enlisted as a Patriot spy; Marquis de Lafayette helped him earn his freedom
• Crispus Attucks: former slave, 1st civilian shot at Boston massacre
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA• John Paul Jones:
American Revolution naval hero
• Haym Solomon: helped finance the Revolutionary War
• Wentworth Cheswell: town leader, interested in the betterment of America
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA
• Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who helped train American soldiers to fight against British; secured the help of France during the war
• Bernardo de Galvez: governor of Louisiana territory, helped U.S. buy Spanish weapons, gunpowder, and supplies
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CAUSES OF REVOLUTION• Proclamation of 1763• Colonies taxed to pay
for French & Indian War• “No taxation without
representation!”• Tax acts, including
Stamp, Sugar, and Tea• Boston Massacre• Intolerable Acts
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AMERICAN REVOLUTION• Lexington & Concord: 1st
battle; “shot heard ‘round the world”
• Battle of Saratoga: turning point; French entered war as allies to Patriots
• Battle of Yorktown: British defeat that ended war
• Treaty of Paris 1783: British recognized American independence
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REVOLUTION ERA VOCAB• Tariff: tax on imports &
exports• Mercantilism: nation’s
power depended on its wealth; “more money, more power”
• Grievance: wrongdoing by England & King George
• Tyranny: cruel & unjust government
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REVOLUTIONARY ERA VOCAB• Loyalists: Americans who
supported Great Britain • Patriots: Americans who
favored independence from Britain
• Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson, lists grievances against King George lll
• Unalienable rights: rights that cannot be taken away
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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
• 1st Constitution (1781)• 1st form of government
established by the 13 states
• Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government (no court system, no power to tax, no executive branch)
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Influences of U.S. CONSTITUTION
Magna Carta 1215: limited the king’s powers; provided trial by juryEnglish Bill of Rights 1687: cruel & unusual punishment forbidden, right to bear armsDeclaration of Independence 1776:Unalienable rights of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
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U.S. CONSTITUTION FACTS• 1787: delegates from
13 states drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia, PA
• Delegates included: John Adams, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton who authored the Constitution
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U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB• Preamble: introduction
of the Constitution that states its purpose
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established orderly expansion of western territory & way for states to join Union
• Ratify: to approve
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U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCABFederalist Papers: 1787-1788- Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. Authors included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.
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CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISESGreat Compromise: Determined state representation in U.S. Congress: All states get 2 votes in Senate; number of seats in the House of Representatives depends on the state population.• Virginia and New
Jersey Plans
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CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery• Each slave
counts as 3/5ths a person for taxation and representation
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U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES• Separation of Powers:
divides powers of government into 3 branches – Legislative, Executive and Judicial
• Federalism: Power is shared between states & national government
• Republicanism: people vote to elect representatives to run government
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U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES• Individual Rights: basic liberties
of all citizens guaranteed by Bill of Rights
• Checks & Balances: no branch of government becomes too powerful
• Limited Government: “No one is above the law”
• Popular Sovereignty: People hold supreme power
• Democracy: government that gives power to the people
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BILL OF RIGHTS
• 1ST 10 amendments of the Constitution
• Protects individual rights & liberties
• Bill of Rights was necessary for some states to ratify the Constitution
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COURT CASES• Marbury v. Madison
(1803): established judicial review. The Supreme Court has the authority to decide whether a law is constitutional
• McCullough v. Maryland: federal government overrides state governments
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COURT CASES
• Dred Scott v. Sanford: Scott, a slave, was considered property, not a citizen, and was not granted freedom
• Gibbons v. Ogden: regulated interstate commerce, or trade between states
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONEra of change from household industries to factory production using machines. Inventions include Cotton Gin, Steamboat• Urbanization: population
moves from farms to cities• Protective Tariff: tax on
goods from another country to promote American economy
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CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812• Impressment of
sailors• Britain interfered
with U.S. trade• British attacked
American ships• British encouraged
Indians to attack Americans on the frontier
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WAR OF 1812• British attack and set
fire to Washington D.C.• Francis Scott Key
writes The Star-Spangled Banner while watching battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore
• Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans
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WAR OF 1812 OUTCOME
The MONROE DOCTRINE states the U.S. will not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas but will fight any new ones.
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JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Andrew Jackson was “Peoples’ President,” beginning of Democratic Party.He favored states’ rights and opposed a strong central government.
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JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
• Indian Removal Act: policy that removed Cherokee from eastern homeland
• Trail of Tears: forced removal of Cherokee from homes to resettle in Oklahoma
• Bank of U.S. forced to close; government funds withdrawn
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WESTWARD EXPANSION
Manifest Destiny: belief that the U.S. should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860sTexas (1845), Mexican Cession (1848), Utah Territory (1850), Gadsden Purchase (1853), Oregon Territory (1859)
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WESTWARD EXPANSION• Railroads encouraged
settlement in the west and created thousands of jobs
• Sectionalism: strong sense of loyalty to a state or section
• Mormons: religious group that moved west and settle in Utah to escape religious persecution.
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STATES’ RIGHTSBelief in local government close to the people; each state should be able to decide issues for themselves• Plantation System:
economic system where slaves provided labor necessary to plan & harvest cash crops
• Nullification: idea that a state can declare a federal law illegal
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NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Argument between South
Carolina & federal
government over role of national
government
• SC opposed high tariff started by federal govt.
• SC claimed states had right to reject any law that was to state’s disadvantage
• Federal govt. threatened to send in military
• Henry Clay helped reach compromise
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MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• Maine enters U.S. as a free state; Missouri enters as a slave state
• 36/30 latitude line divided free and slave territories
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COMPROMISE OF 1850
• California admitted as a free state
• Mexican Cession lands would decide slavery issue with popular sovereignty
• Border set between Mexico & Texas
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
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REFORMERS: Abolitionists• Harriet Tubman:
conductor on the Underground Railroad
• Frederick Douglas: influential speaker and writer
• Sojourner Truth: spoke about her experiences as a slave
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REFORMERS: Women’s Suffrage
• Suffrage: women’s right to vote
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton: worked for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments
• Susan B. Anthony: campaigned for women’s suffrage
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REFORMERS
• Temperance: campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol
• Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey government law as a means of resistance
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CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
• Civil War: War between the North & South from 1861-1865
• North: President Abraham Lincoln, General Ulysses S. Grant
• South: President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee
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CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Causes included:• Sectionalism• Differences over slavery
and states’ rights• Manufacturing vs.
agricultural economies• Anti-slavery sentiment
in North• Lincoln elected
President in 1860
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CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Lincoln: 1st Republican President whose election encouraged South to secede from Union. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. just 5 days after the end of the Civil War.
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CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Lincoln’s speeches:• 1st inaugural address:
secession was illegal, he would not interfere with slavery where it already existed, South would be responsible for any war
• 2nd inaugural address: “with malice toward none…”
• Gettysburg Address (1863): ”Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”
• Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Document declaring that all slaves were free
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CIVIL WAR BATTLES• Fort Sumter: 1st
battle began when Confederate forces attacked U.S. fort in South Carolina
• Gettysburg: Lee’s only offensive battle in the North (Pennsylvania), turning point of war when Lee retreats back to the South
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CIVIL WAR BATTLES
• Vicksburg: Confederates surrender, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River; turning point of war.
• Appomattox Court House: Lee surrenders to Grant, the Civil War ends
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RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
• 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery
• 14th Amendment: Made former slaves citizens and gave equal protection for all citizens
• 15th Amendment: African-American males are given the right to vote
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS• Free Enterprise System:
people can conduct business free of government control
• Subsistence Agriculture: farmer produces just enough to support himself & his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
• Market-Oriented Agriculture: Goods are produced in mass quantities with intention of selling them
• Cottage Industries: business that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
• Immigration: Movement of people into a country from another country
• Migration: Movement of persons from one location to another
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IMPORTANT DATES
• 1607: 1st European settlement at Jamestown in North America
• 1620: Pilgrims land at Plymouth to escape religious persecution in England
• 1776: America declares independence from Britain
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IMPORTANT DATES
1787: The Northwest Ordinance provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory
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IMPORTANT DATES1803: United States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, doubling the size of the United States. President Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to explore the new territory.
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IMPORTANT DATES
• 1861-1865: American Civil War, from the 1st shots fired at Ft. Sumter to the surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House.
• For timeline: http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/
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YOU ARE STAAR READY!