Chapters 4-6 Review

• New England Colonies - Massachusetts, Connecticut,

• Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

• • Middle colonies – New Jersey Pennsylvania, New York and

• Delaware

• • Southern Colonies - South Carolina, North Carolina,

• Maryland, Virginia

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

• Life span = short (Many died before 20)

• Malaria, dysentery, typhoid

• Population growth = slow, mostly immigrants from England

• Mostly men fragile families

• Tobacco exhausted the soil, fresh soil necessary Indian attacks

• 1.5 million lb. tobacco 40 million lb.

The Unhealthy Chesapeake (cont’d)

• Demand in labor. Indians died too quickly, Africans cost too much indentured servant

• Indentured servants received freedom dues (ax, hoe, corn, clothes, and maybe land)

• Headright system (whoever paid the passage received the right to receive 50 acres)

• 100,000 indentured servants by 1700 poor indentured servants Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

• No land, no women to marry

• William Berkeley: Virginia’s governor

• Berkeley monopolized the fur trade and had friendly relationship with the natives resentment

• Result: look towards Africa rather than indentured servants

Africans in America

• More than 7 million slaves from Africa, only 400,000 arrived in North America.

• Brought early in 1619, but only about 2000 in Virginia by 1670

• 7% of 50,000 in the southern colonies • Too expensive • Mid -1680s: Wages in England rose fewer indentured

servants, more slaves. • 1750: Almost ½ population in Virginia were blacks after

Royal African Company fails to monopolize the slave trade • Middle passage: death rate was 20%

Africans in America (cont’d)

• Slave code (1662): blacks and their children were property

• New York slave revolt (1712)

• South Carolina slave revolt (1739)

I. Freehold Society in New England

A. Farm Families: Women’s Place

1. Patriarchal society- Men held social, economic, political power; women’s role- essential contributors to the family's welfare both inside the house and in the fields.

2. Families were patriarchal, with the father issuing stern discipline to his children.

B. Farm Property: Inheritance

1. Fathers had duty to provide an inheritance for children

2. Parents often chose marriage partners- but sometimes young people used premarital pregnancy to force their parents into allowing them to marry. Marriage= Property

3. When a woman married, legal ownership of all her personal property passed to her husband.

C. The Crisis of Freehold Society

1. Population of NE doubled every generation

2. Size of family holdings diminish as population grows.

3. NE gradually changed from a grain to livestock economy

D. Standard of living higher than in Europe

1. Some European visitors found that the living standards of rural New England were higher than for most European peasants.

2. Means of Exchange- barter, trade, and buying on credit was the norm; money was exchanged between relatives and neighbors, but accounts of debts were maintained and settled every few years by cash transfers.

II.The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720-1765

A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality

1. Breadbasket of the colonies

2. Class structure emerges- By 1750- 1/2 of all white men in Mid Atlantic owned no property-the wealthy dominated the landless poor tenant farmers

3. Colonies became overcrowded and farm families faced poverty. Example- PA social class divisions.

B.Cultural Diversity

1. Ethnically and religiously diverse; many still married within their own community to retain culture

2. Major Ethnic groups-

a. Most numerous- Presbyterian Scots-Irish.

b. German immigrants tended to live culturally apart by marrying among themselves and speaking German; their women played a very active role in plowing and harvesting.

C.Religious Identity and Political Conflict

1. Early Quaker dominance in PA, gives way to Scots-Irish Presbyterian, and German challenges.

The New England Families

• Unlike Chesapeake, people migrated as families

• Early marriages

• Longevity, family stability

• New England women gave up their property rights when married (Chesapeake widows had rights to their husband’s property)

• New England women could not vote, but husbands could not abuse their wives or cheat on their wives

• The Scarlet Letter

• Divorce was very rare

Life in New England

• Massachusetts – Harvard College

• Congregational Church government – town meeting, adult males voted

• Half-Way Covenant

• Salem Witch Trials

• Diversified economy (agriculture and industry)

• Dense forests and natural harbors shipbuilding and commerce, fishing (codfish)

-end of chapter 4

Mingling of Races

• 1700: 20,000 of 300,000 were black 1775: 0.5 million of 2.5 million were black

• Germans: 6% of the total population (150,000 by 1775). Fled religious persecution, economic oppression, and war Pennsylvania, many Lutherans (Protestant sect) (1/3 of the Pennsylvanian population) not loyal to the British. They held onto their German customs and language

Mingling of Races (cont’d)

• Scot-Irish: population of175,000 or 7% in 1775. initially placed in Northern Ireland (Catholics) American colonies. No love for the British, seen as pugnacious, lawless, and individualistic

• 5%: French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders

• South: had 90% of the slaves

Colonial Society

• Most white Americans: small farmers, but economic differences began to merge

• 90% of the population involved in farming

• Most honored job: minister

• Physicians were not highly valued jobs

• Triangular trade – very profitable, pg. 95?

• Gossips in taverns, dusty road, slow communication, postal system in the mid-1700s,

Great Awakening

• Religious apathy, clashes between ministers and parishioners, liberal ideas, shortage of ministers Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s

• Jonathan Edwards: American philosopher, “Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God”

• George Whitefield: Shakespearean actor, a great speaker

• Old light vs. new light

III. The Enlightenment & Great Awakening, 1740-1765

A. The Enlightenment in America

1. Ideas of Natural Law, Reason, Natural Rights, Improvement of Society

2. Empirical Research and Scientific Method challenges religious institutional dominance

3. Deism- embraced by Franklin, Jefferson, …

B. American Pietism and the Great Awakening

1. Pietism- emphasis on religious emotion

a. Jonathan Edwards in New England

2. “New Lights” challenge religious institutions

C. Religious Upheaval in the North

1. “Old Lights” defend religious beliefs & institutions

2. Colleges- Princeton, Rutgers, Columbia, Brown to train ministers

D. Social and Religious Conflict in the South

1. Great Awakening challenges Anglican church

2. Baptist movement spreads among white & black communities

3. Poor farmers drawn to revival meetings

4. George Whitefield, initiates Great Awakening

a. believed the brutality

of slave owners was sinful;

Africans should be accepted

into Christian church

The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies,

particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. It began in England before catching fire across the Atlantic.

Unlike the somber, largely Puritan spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to "spiritual life" as they felt a greater

intimacy with God.

The Great Awakening

• Began in Mass. with Jonathan Edwards (regarded as greatest American

theologian)

– Rejected salvation by works, affirmed need for complete dependence on grace of God (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”)

• Orator George Whitefield followed, touring colonies, led revivals, countless conversions, inspired imitators

George Whitefield

Jonathan Edwards

Background

Great Awakening New Denominations

Political & social implications

• Puritan ministers lost authority (Visible Saints)

• Decay of family (Halfway Covenant)

• Deism, God existed/created the world, but afterwards left it to run by natural laws. Denied God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life…get to heaven if you are good. (Old Lights)

• 1740s, Puritanism declined by the 1730s and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. (devotion to God)

• “New Lights”: Heaven by salvation by grace through Jesus Christ. Formed: Baptist, Methodists

• Led to founding of colleges

• Crossed class barriers; emphasized equality of all

• Unified Americans as a single people

• Missionaries for Blacks and Indians

Harvard, 1636—First colonial college; trained candidates for ministry

College of William and Mary, 1694 (Anglican)

Yale, 1701 (Congregational)

Great Awakening influences creation of 5 new colleges in mid-1700s

College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1746 (Presbyterian)

King’s College (Columbia), 1754 (Anglican)

Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764 (Baptist)

Queens College (Rutgers), 1766 (Dutch Reformed)

Dartmouth College, 1769, (Congregational)

Higher Education

New colleges founded after the Great

Awakening.

The Awakening's biggest significance was the way it prepared America for its

War of Independence.

In the decades before the war, revivalism taught people that they could

be bold when confronting religious authority, and that when churches weren't living up to the believers'

expectations, the people could break off and form new ones.

Through the Awakening, the Colonists realized that religious power resided in

their own hands, rather than in the hands of the Church of England, or any other

religious authority.

After a generation or two passed with this kind of mindset, the Colonists came

to realize that political power did not reside in the hands of the English

monarch, but in their own will for self-governance

Fading Faith/ The Awakener’s Message

• An overwhelming religious apathy swept the mainly protestant populace of the British colonies.

• The Great Awakening emerged as a series of revivals within different religious sects.

• During the spread of Pietism in the British colonies from

1720 to 1750 Jonathan Edwards sought to restore Pietistic

themes to Puritanism in the churches

• of the Connecticut River Valley.

• Revivalists such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield delivered a message of religious redemption and encouraged rejection of over-educated and heartless clergy.

Revivalism in the North and South

1. Religious zeal in the North became worrisome to

the wealthy elite as their position in society was

questioned by the Awakeners.

2. The South also saw a rejection of the assumed

authority of the landed gentry as a ruling class; in

both regions, religion became a mode for social

reflection and change.

Legacy of the Awakening

1. A wide-spread framework of varying denominations that

could exist harmoniously

2. An emerging tradition of separation of church and state

3. Legitimized religious and social diversity within local

communities

4. Fostered changes in political and moral views

Politics

• Upper House (Council) chosen by the crown in the royal colonies and proprietor in the proprietary colonies. Chosen by the voters in the self-governing colonies

• Lower House, elected by the voters

• Voting qualification by religion or property

France

• King William’s War (1689-1697), Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) guerrilla warfare French and the Spanish ally beaten British rewarded with Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay, and some Spanish trading rights in the Americas

IV. Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict 1750–1765

A. The French and Indian War Becomes a War for Empire

1. French and Indian War

a. George Washington attacks French diplomatic force

b. British capture Nova Scotia, deport 10,000 French Acadian to Louisiana, France, &West Indies

c. General Braddock defeated at Fort Duquesne

d. War breaks out in Europe (Seven Year’s War)

e. PM William Pitt- all out attack against French empire

f. After early French victories, the British finally succeed in capturing Quebec

1) Marquis de Montcalm vs. Colonel Wolfe

g. Treaty of Paris, 1763- British obtain most of French North America.

French Foothold in Canada • French joined Hurons in battle against Iroquois Federation, who

in future hampered French settlement/allies of British

• Govt of New France under direct control of king, no democracy 1688-1763: 4 world wars with England, France, Spain, all involving American colonists

• 1st two wars: King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War: French, Indians, later Spain vs. England (colonials, no regular troops on either side)

• 1713: Treaty of Utrecht showed English victory

– England given Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay

• Generation of peace followed, more salutary neglect

• 1739: War of Jenkins’s Ear, England vs. Spain

– Fought in Caribbean, Georgia

France (cont’d)

• War of Jenkin’s Ear (1739) • King George’s War • Causes of French Indian War: Ohio Valley, explosion of British population • French and Indian War (1754-1765) • French: Unity in Action (one religion, Catholicism) (interracial marriages),

well-disciplined army, strategic forts, missions, and trading posts, powerful Indian allies

• British: population was 15x New France, control of the seas (navy), vast material resources (cash crops and diversified economy), support from Iroquois

• First four years of the war: disaster. New Prime Minister, William Pitt convinced that N America must be won. “North America is worth fighting for.”

• After the war, debt is doubled, and Great Britain wanted the colonies to pay off

• 1763 – End of Salutary Neglect

British French

Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

The Ohio Valley

1754 The First Clash

Ben Franklin representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA

Albany Congress failed.

Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

1754 Albany Plan of

Union

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.

2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.

3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on the

American Colonials

French and Indian War Con’t

i. Pontiac’s Rebellion- Ottawas challenge British;

j. British establish Proclamation Line of 1763 baring settlers west of the Appalachians.

B. British Economic Growth and the Consumer Revolution

1. After the war, England was the most powerful nation in the world

2. Early industrial revolution in England

3. American “consumer revolution”; Americans consume consumed 30% of British exports

4. Economic recession

C. The Struggle for Land in the East

1. PA and CT settlers argue over land grants in Wyoming Valley, PA

2. Hudson river valley disputes over lands

3. New Jersey Aristocrats seize lands settled by yeoman farmers on the basis of long-dormant charters.

4. Tenants and freeholders move west in search of available land

English-French

rivalry

worldwide

would erupt into

a world war.

War begins over land disputes in the Ohio Valley

England and the

13 Colonies

fight together to

defend their

empire.

British want part

of fur trade and

the 2 openings

into North

America

FRENCH AND

INDIAN WAR

OR SEVEN

YEARS WAR

FOUGHT FOR

THE CONTROL

OF NORTH

AMERICA

Against the

French, Indian

allies and

Spanish

George

Washington

starts this war

•Ohio Valley river

systems important to

England and France….

•Both countries

claimed these areas

which were disputed….

•Both countries built

forts to defend their

land claims….

F/I War Ohio