DISCOURSE ANALYSISCommunication as action

Organon model

The linguistic sign. (Philosophy of grammar)• Sender • Receiver • Objects

Organon model

• Sign Symptom: (something about the sender) (intention)Symbol: (objects and states)(real events) Signal: (interpretation, reaction,an expected answer)

Organon model

“Language and therefore discourse is a two way instrument, an instrument for a speaker and a listener or a writer and a reader”(Renkema, 2004)

Cooperative principle:It concerns with politeness (rules)

Speech act theory

“Language is seen as a form of acting”(p.12) (ordinary language philosophy)

This theory concerns about what people are doing when they use language.

• UTTERANCES USED TO DO THINGS ARE CALLED ‘PERFORMATIVE”….

• “CONSTATIVES” UTTERANCES USED TO STATE THINGS ABOUT REALITY…

People do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform

actions via those utterances.

Speech act theory

• People do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform actions via those utterances.

• Actions performed via utterances are called SPEECH ACTS …

(apology, complaint, promise, or request)

• In many ways, the circumstances are the ones that determine the interpretation of the Speech Act…

• e.g.“The tea is really cold.”

Speech act theory

• The action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts:

Locution: What you say. The utterance itself

E.g. The coffee tastes great

Speech act theory

Illocution: Intention you have when you produce the utterance. Request

E.g. The coffee tastes great• to invite• To offer• or simply as statement of fact

Speech act theory

Perlocution: Reaction, response

The hearer, on hearing the sentence above might react by accepting a cup of coffee if interprets the perlocutionary act.

Speech act theory

• The illocutionary force of an utterance is what really counts…

• The illocution is the focus of attention

“I´ll be back.”warning promise

prediction

ACTIVITY• Give me an apple.• It´s cold in here• I need to talk to youA: Oh, sorry. I interrupted youB: Humm, Stephany, here is the thing. I really like youA: Oh no, here comes the speech…

Locution, illocution, perlocution

IFIDS• Or, Illocutionary Force Indicating Device“It can provide insights into the requirements that the locution must mmet to ensure that the illocution takes place”(p. 16)

STRESSINTONATIONWORD ORDER

e.g.• You´re going (I tell you)• You´re going? (I request confirmation? • Are you going? (I ask you if…)