COMMUNICATIVE ACTS COMMUNICATIVE ACTS AND SPEECH ROLESAND SPEECH ROLES

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Extensions of MoodsExtensions of Moods

Clauses in which mood and speaker’s intent do not match are sometimes called indirect illocutionary acts

They areApologisingShowing SympathyExpressing GratitudePraising

Use of intonationUse of intonation

Grammar is very Interesting?May have several intentsDepending on the situation.In this case-suggesting that the speaker is

surprised by something the interlocuter said.

May suggest disagreement or sarcasm

Grammar is very INteresting?If a declarative sentence is uttered with a

high fall rather than a normal fall,=exclamation, showing surprise

Use of ModalsUse of Modals

You will do as I say! With a 1st person pronoun, a declarative

with a modal can show promise

I’ll behave myself from now on. Modals can also make a statement politeWe’d like to thank you for attending the

dinner.

Interrogatives can express directive

Can you study a bit harder?The answer-yes or no is not appropriate

Speker and hearer rolesSpeker and hearer roles

The roles of speaker and addressee are indicated by 1st and 2nd person pronouns

1st person pronouns: I, me, my, mine2nd person pronouns: You , your, yours

Vocatives and vocabularyVocatives and vocabulary

The use of the name of the addressee, or a title, terms of address.

What do you think of this, Sara?Compare the two:I apologise for not being able to make it on

time.Sorry for I’m late

"I don't know, John," John is a vocative expression that indicates the party being addressed—as opposed to the sentence

"I don't know John," where John is the direct object of the verb "know."

Speaker’s attitude towards the Speaker’s attitude towards the messagemessage

3 types-Adjuncts(adverbials)Conjuncts-to tie clauses, sentences and

paragraphs-although, howeverThey make a comment on the entire

clauseE.g Unfortunately, he didn’t do well.

They are in different formsADVERB: honestly, confidentiallyPREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: in fact, in realityNON-FINITE CLAUSE: to be frank, strictly

speakingFINITE CLAUSE: Don’t take this personally

Revision -PredicatesRevision -Predicates

A predicate is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the "do-er" or "be-er" of the sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work.

A predicateA predicate

A simple predicate consists of only a verb, verb string, or compound verb: The glacier melted. The glacier has been melting. The glacier melted, broke apart, and slipped into the sea.

RevisionRevision

FUNCTION EXAMPLE SUBJECT THE MAN AT THE FRONT went home. DIRECT OBJECT He bought some FLOWERS. INDIRECT OBJECT David gave ELLEN the gift. Subject complement Ellen is VERY HAPPY. Object Complement David always makes her HAPPY. Adverbial They live IN SINGAPORE. Premodifier That VERY TALL man is a teacher. Postmodifier Teachers OF ENGLISH are graduates. Head The MAN is a teacher.

IDENTIFY SUBJECT OR OBJECT COMPLEMENT1.Three pups are carried in the basket.

2. They bit a boy from the house.3.The boy is George my neighbour.4. A man named Bill the goat is in the prison truck. 5. They killed him near the prison.

They named their daughter Natasha.

In that sentence, "daughter" is the direct object and "Natasha" is the object complement, which renames or describes the direct object.

Subject complementSubject complement

A subject complement follows a linking verb; usually an adjective or a noun that renames or defines subject.

◦A glacier is a huge body of ice. ◦Glaciers are beautiful and potentially

dangerous at the same time. ◦This glacier is not yet fully formed. (verb form

acting as an adjective, a participle)

An object complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.◦The king named Samy Vice President to keep him

happy. (The noun "Vice President" complements the direct object “Samy"; the adjective "happy" complements the object "him.")

◦The clown got the children too excited. (The participle "excited" complements the object "children.")

Object complement