DEMANDS OF COMMUNICATION

SPEECH ACTS,EXPRESSING OPINIONS, AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

TURN TAKING NARRATION,

EXPOSITION AND CAUSE AND EFFECT

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

THE WRITING PROCESS

DESCRIPTION

objectives

• Increase your vocabulary through collocation and words in a cline

• Express your opinion in various situations in oral or written forms

• Express agreement and disagreement over certain issues

• Use speech acts appropriately in oral and written discourse

• Use the functions of sentences appropriately

IN LOVE, WOULD RATHER CHOOSE TO FOLLOW YOUR HEART OR YOUR MIND?

There are times wherein you’ll be asked to give your reactions on varied situations or events.

You should expect that there will be others that will disagree or agree with what you think. In this case, you should welcome such opinion because you cannot always influence other

people’s belief and values.

expressing opinions

expressions• I think/ feel that…• I believe that…• In my opinion…• It is my opinion that…• My view/ perception of

the matter/ issue is that…

• Uh-huh• You are correct• I agree• I certainly agree with you• I think so, too• We share the same

opinion• That’s really true• I think you are right

agreement disagreement• Ah-ah• You are wrong!• I don’t agree with you• I disagree with what

you said• I don’t think so• I think you are

mistaken

• You have a point there, but…

• I agree with you in a sense but…

• That may be true, however…

• I get what you mean but…

clarification• Please explain more

your point.• Would you be kind to

elaborate more on the matter?

• Could you elaborate on that?

Partial agreement

Is the blue side in the front or back of the

cube?

Rectangles or diamonds?

How many Fs do you see in the text above?

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE-

SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIF-

IC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE

EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.

speech acts

in order to fully understand a message, it is very important to know the action in accordance with

the language being used. Speech acts are used to give meaning and understand a discourse.

example

• “There is a policeman at the corner.”

This could be a warning, an assurance, a dare, a hint, or a reminder to go and take

your car out of the handicapped space you are parked in.

example

• “I promise I’ll be there tomorrow.”

• “If you don’t behave, I promise you there’s going to be trouble.”

This could be a threat or a promise, depending

on whether his presence tomorrow is a

disadvantage or an advantage to the

listener. Contrast the sentence above with:

This sentence says it’s a “promise,” but it’s a

“threat.”

Utterance

Locutionary Force (what is said)

Illocutionary Force (what is done)

Perlocutionary Force (the effect)

speech acts force

utteranceAn utterance is a spoken word or string of spoken words. At the simplest

level, to utter is simply to say a word with no

particular forethought or intention to communicate

a meaning.

propositional

A more meaningful type of utterance makes

reference to or describes a real or imaginary object.

In the act of making a propositional utterance the speaker gains the

opportunity to interact.

illocutionary An illocutionary utterance is spoken with the intention of making contact with a listener. Illocutionary utterances are usually sentences that contain propositional utterances, that is, they refer to things in the world -- but it is their intentional nature that is of the most importance.

perlocutionaryIllocutionary speech acts may be intended to provide information, solicit answers to questions, give praise, and so on, but they don't necessarily require that the listener change his or her behavior. Perlocutionary utterances, on the other hand, do attempt to effect a change.

types of speech act

• Commissives (Affect Speaker, Subjective)TYPES: Oath, Offer, Promise

• Declaratives (Change the Macrocosmic Social World)TYPES: Baptism, Marriage

• Directives (Change the Microcosmic Social World)TYPES: Command, Request

• Expressives (Feelings of Speaker)TYPES: Apology, Thanks

types of speech act• Interrogatives (Hearer Knows Best)

TYPES: Closed (yes-no), Loaded, Open

• Imperatives (Directives) (Affect Hearer)TYPES: Request, Requirement, Threat, Warning

• Performatives (Affect world)TYPES: Agreement, Appointment, Baptism, Declaration of Independence, Dedication, Marriage

• Representatives (Objective Descriptive Statements)TYPES: Statement that is either True or False

speech act model

exampleCONTEXT INTENTION MEANING TYPE OF ACT

A friend has just asked how I feel

To answer the question I feel fatigued Statement

Someone I'm trying to avoid has asked me if I'd

like to go dancing tonight

To politely avoid her I'd rather not Statement

My husband and I are watching a football game on television

That we do something else

Could we turn this off?

Questionor Request

It's late and my small children are asking if we

can go to the movies To put them to bed No, go to bed Command

A COLLOCATION is an expression consisting of two or more words that correspond to some

conventional way of saying things. Collocations of a given word are statements of the habitual

or customary places of that word.”

collocations

types of collocations

COLLOCATIONS may be categorized in to two groups namely, the LEXICAL and GRAMMATICAL COLLOCATIONS

lexical collocations

lexical collocation is a type of construction where a verb, noun, adjective or adverb forms a

predictable connection with another word

• Noun + Noun:

• Adjective + Noun:

• Adjective + Adjective:

• Adverb + Verb:

lexical combinations

Peace and orderLove and hate

Check and balanceShort circuitExcruciating pain

Fast foodBroad daylight

Small but terribleRich and powerfulCute and cuddlyHopelessly devoteHighly anticipateStrongly oppose

Evenly distributed

• Adverb + Adjective:

• Noun + Verb:

• Verb + Noun:

lexical combinations

Badly harmedPartly cloudyPhysically fitLion’s roarDuck walk

Suicide noteMake room

grammatical collocations

grammatical collocation is a type of construction where for example a verb or adjective must be followed by a particular

preposition, or a noun must be followed by a particular form of the verb

• Verb + Preposition:

• Adjective + Preposition:

• Noun + Particular form of verb:

grammatical combinations

Strength to lift itEars to hear with

Afraid of

depend onPass byWalk on

The term "collocation" in its linguistic sense is relatively new and not all linguists agree on its definition. In fact there is

considerable disagreement and even some confusion. Some linguists treat fixed phrases as extended collocations. Others

suggest that when a sequence of words is 100% predictable, and allows absolutely no change except possibly in tense, it is not

helpful to treat it as a collocation. Such sequences they generally treat as fixed expressions ("prim and proper") or idioms ("kick

the bucket").

When is a collocation NOT a collocation?