Solutions can be Dilute or Concentrated

A dilute solution has a small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent.

A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute within a solvent

example: orange juice

DefinitionsSolutions can be classified as saturated or

unsaturated.A saturated solution contains the maximum

quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.

An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature

Definitions

SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved

Supersaturated solutions are unstable.

Acids and Bases

Acids

Properties Examples

Sour taste batteries

Conduct Electricity Vinegar

Donates proton or H+

All acids contain HCitrus Fruits

Turns litmus paper red Hydrochloric Acid

An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+).

Bases

Properties Examples

Bitter taste soaps

Slippery to the touchDissolves fats or oils

Chalk

accepts proton All bases contain OH

ammonia

Turn Litmus paper Blue Calcium Hydroxide

A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions.

pH (potential of Hydrogen) is a

measure of how acidic or basic a

solution is.

• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

• 7 is neutral.• Acids range from 0-7.• Bases range from 7-14.

A pH of a solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen (H+).

pH of Common Substances

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335

• When the negative ion of an acid joins the positive ion of a base, they form a substance called a _______________.

• An acid-base reaction is called a _____________________________ reaction.

Acids and bases neutralize each other.

• An indicator is a compound (dye) that changes color in an acid or base or in both.

• Phenolphthalein:–clear = acids and neutral

–pink = bases

• Phenol red:–Orange/yellow = acids

–red = neutral pink = bases