Spring Semester: Unit 2: Chapters 16 Checklist:

Solution Equilibrium Solute State 9 Solution Types Solids, Liquids, Gases Solubility of Gases and Liquids Miscibility Solubility Curves gram Solute/grams Solvent Dilute vs. Concentrated Dissolved Solute Saturated, Un- and Super- Maximum Solubility Polar vs. Non-Polar Net Molecular Charge Phase Diagrams Solids, Liquids, Gases Colligative Properties Number of Solute Particles Molarity Molar Concentration Molality Moles per Kilogram Solvent Titration and Dilution Solubility Points LD50 Lethal Dose Toxicity Dosis Sola Facit Venenum Toxicology ppm-parts per million Environmental Concerns ppb-parts per billion Environmental Concerns

H

H

O

C

H

O

H

C H

H

O

C

C H

O

H

C

C

H O

H

H

H

C O

Glucose

H H

O

Solvent

Solute

Properties of Solutions: Chapter 16 Solution: A Homogeneous Mixture

Water

Solvent: Dissolving Medium Solute: Dissolved Substance

H H

O H H

O H H

O

Solubility: The amount of a solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a specific Temperature and Pressure to produce a saturated solution.

C H

Solubility

Solvent

Solute

Surface Area Dependent

Stirring

Heat Particle

Size

Increased Frequency and Force of Collision

Lower Solubility Higher Solubility

9 Solutions

Liquid

Liquid

Gas

Gas

Solid

Solid

9 Solutions

Liquid

Liquid

Gas

Gas

Solid

Solid

Sugar Water

Alcohol Water

CO2 Water

Smog Rain Clouds

CO2 Air

Alloys Alloys CO2 Charcoal

Solutions: Saturation

Unsaturated Saturated

Supersaturated

Temperature-Dependent Above Maximum

Solubility of a Solid

Below Maximum Maximum

(Reverse for Gases)

Solutions: Henry’s Law: Increased Pressure Above a Liquid Increases the Solubility of a Gas in the Liquid : Decreased Pressure Releases the Gas

S1 = S2 P1 P2

Colligative Properties : Vapor Pressure Lowering Boiling Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression

Water of Solvation Decreases Vapor

and Steam Formation

Water of Solvation Blocks Crystal

Structure Formation during Freezing

Water of Solvation: Water Surrounding the Solute

Solutions: Molarity vs. Molality

Molarity Grams/Liter

Molality Grams/Kilogram

Volume-Dependent Temperature/Pressure

Dependent

Mass-Dependent Temperature/Pressure

Independent

Solutions: Titration and Dilution

Buret Titration: Effective Concentration of a Balanced Solution Dilution: Effective Concentration of Sequential Reduction of Solution

1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8

Solutions: LD 50 – ppm – ppb Effective Concentration of Toxins

Parts per Million Parts per Billion

Concentration that kills ½ of Test Subjects

Minimal Safe Concentration a Strong Toxins