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SOCIAL

SCIENCE 5

th Grade

2014-2015

Name: _________________________

Number: _______

Class: ________

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UNIT 4: THE MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

THE STRUCTURE OF MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

During the Middle Ages in Europe there was a Feudalism system, where the

king was at the apex (point at the top) and the peasants of the country

were at the base.

The most important groups were:

- Nobles: The Nobles and bishops had to provide the king with knights,

money, advice and a place to stay while travelling.

- Knights: they protected the nobles in exchange of land. They also

protected the king if they had to

- Peasants: they lived and worked in noble´s land. They paid taxes and

gave crops to the nobles.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lts_1HSOQhY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cX5AL43BXhc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SVHuTfiDTs

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CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM AND JUDAISM

In the Middle Ages, Christians, Muslims and Jews coexisted in Spain.

There were periods of relative peace, but there were conflicts too.

Sometimes Christians persecuted Jews. Jews could not live in the same

neighborhoods or they could not married with Christians. But some Jews

were able to become merchants, doctors or craftsmen.

Muslims invaded the peninsula in the 8th century. Some of them became

Christians, they were the Mozarabs, and some Christians became

Muslims, they were the Muwallads.

Under the reign of Castillian king Alfonso X the Wise, this mix of

cultures thrived, but during the Reconquista, Christians began to force

Jews and Muslims to convert. They live in separated communities,

morerías and juderías.

In the 15th century, the Catholic Monarchs, took more extreme

measures against Jews and Muslims. They created the Tribunal of the

Holy Office of the Inquisition.

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ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

The Romanesque style refers to the types of cathedrals, monasteries,

and places of religion built during the 1000s-1100s in Europe. These are

the main features of Romanesque architecture:

- Buildings had very thick walls and a few small windows.

- Interiors features semi-circular arches, and the ceilings were

constructed using barrel vaults.

- Buildings façades were decorated with religious carvings and

sculptures.

Gothic architecture replace Romanesque style in the 12th century and it was

the dominant style until the 16th century. The main features are:

- Churches and cathedrals were much taller.

- Walls were thinner with large stained-glass windows.

- The pointed arch and ribbed vaults was used.

- Façades and interiors were decorated with paintings, sculptures and

stained glass windows with religious themes.

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THE WAY OF SAINT JAMES

The Way of Saint James has existed for over a thousand years. It

was one of the most important Christian pilgrimages during medieval

times.

In the early 9th century, the grave of St. James the apostle was

supposedly discovered in Galicia.

The news of the discovery spread quickly and soon the city turned

into an important pilgrimage site. The most well-known of these

routes is the French Way or Jacobean Route.

The large number of pilgrims attracted merchants and artisans to

the towns along the route and they, in turn, brought cultural and

economic progress to the region.

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Activities:

1. Match:

Nobles they protected the nobles in exchange of land.

Knights they lived and worked in noble´s land.

Peasants had to provide the king.

2. In your own words, describe the words below.

Jew:_____________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Muslim:___________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Mozarabs:_________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Muwallads:_________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

3. Are the sentences true or false?

1. Christian, Muslim and Jewish cultures were always in conflict.

2. During the Reconquista, Christians had to live in morerías.

3. The Catholic Monarchs forced Jews and Mudejars to convert

or be expelled from Spain.

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4. Write Romanesque or Gothic:

Semi-circular arches

Ribbed vaults

Few small windows

Large stained-glass windows

Pointed arch

Barrel vaults

5. True or false?

1. The grave of St James was discovered in France in the 9th

century.

2. Santiago de Compostela became an important pilgrimage site.

3. St. James pilgrims brought cultural and ecomomic ruin with them.

4. The most well-known of the routes to Santiago is the Iberian Way.

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UNIT 5: THE MODERN PERIOD

THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS

In the 15th century, the Iberian Peninsula was divided into five large

territories: the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon, the Kingdom of

Navarre, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Islamic Kingdom of Granada.

In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile. Their marriage

united both crowns under the same family. The Catholic Monarchs governed

their territories together, but each kingdom had its own laws and

institutions. It was the beginnings of modern Spain.

The Kings wanted to finish with the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian

Peninsula and to conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada. After 10 years of

many battles, the Granada War ended in 1492. Then they annexed the

Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal.

The Catholic Monarchs wanted religious unification for their kingdoms. So

they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics. The

tribunal was known for its severe sentences and punishments. Ferdinand

and Isabella ordered the expulsion from Spain or forced conversion to

Catholicism of all Muslims and Jews. Hundreds of those who had converted

(conversos and moriscos) were accused of secretly practising their original

religion and arrested, imprisoned, interrogated under torture by the

Inquisition.

The Spanish nobility was powerful in the Middle Ages, but this was changed

by Ferdinand and Isabella. They strengthened their own power by setting

up royal councils, groups of professional advisers who assisted the

monarchs with specific affairs or territories. The Catholic Monarchs also

strengthened the justice system by creating royal tribunals called

Audiencias, improved tax collection and maintained a standing army loyal to

the Crown.

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THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

For many years, Spain had been caught up in civil war. As a result, they

were behind much of Europe in their development. Catholic Monarchs were

anxious to prove that Spain could be as powerful and successful as their

neighbor Portugal.

In August of 1492, they granted Christopher Columbus the supplies, men

and ships that he needed to carry out his expedition. Columbus was given

three sailing ships. These ships were named the Niña, the Pinta and the

Santa María.

Columbus and his men discovered an island in the Caribbean, which they

named Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

Columbus did not realize that he had arrived in a new part of the world. He

was convinced that he was in India. For this reason, he called the natives

who lived on these islands the Indians.

Columbus returned to the Americas three more times. During his life, he

never realized what he had discovered.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pvcb1IK6aw0

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CHARLES I

Charles I was the Catholic Monarchs grandson. He was King of Spain and

Holy Roman Emperor. His title as emperor was Charles V.

Charles was unpopular in Spain. He had not grown up in Spain, he appointed

foreigners to positions of power and imposed heavy taxation. As a result

there were revolts in Castile, Valencia and Balearic Islands.

In addition, the reign of Emperor Charles V was marked by three main

problems:

- Wars with France: Charles spent many years fighting over the

territories of Navarre, France-Comte and Naples.

- The threat of the Ottoman Turks: They were a threat to the Central

European and Mediterranean Empire.

- The spread of Protestantisms: In 1520, Martin Luther separated

from the Roman Catholic Church. His followers were called

Protestants. Protestants princes in German formed an alliance and

forced Charles I to sign a treaty called the Peace of Augsburgn,

which formally recognized religious freedom in Germany.

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THE REVOLT OF COMUNEROS

The reign of Charles V meant that Spain became part of the biggest Empire

in European history. It included his three major kingdoms, the Americas

which Spain had just begun to conquer, as well as the African territories.

Clearly, Spanish affairs were taking place very far away from Spain.

But that was a problem. Despite acquiring new territories was highly

prestigious for the monarchs and the courts, the lower classes and

peasants – the ones who were paying for wars – received no direct benefit

from them. All they knew about Charles V was:

He barely had any knowledge of the Spanish language.

He was more concerned with non-Spanish affairs than anything else

In early 1520 things reached boiling point. Charles V left for Brussels to

attend his other affairs, leaving Castile in the hands of a Dutch Bishop,

Adrian of Utretch. But this pushed the peoples’ patience to breaking point.

Adrian didn't see the problem here and did what Bishops did best back

then: favor the economic interest of the nobles over that of the peasants.

The people had had enough. Soon rebellion sprang up all over Spain.

In February, Toledo kicked their Corregidor Real (something like a general

manager) out and became an independent community. Other cities began to

follow suit. The men behind these people where called the Comuneros. Soon

many patriotic nobles decided to join them.

The rebellion had escalated into a revolution. It was so organised that the

Comuneros already knew exactly what they wanted. They wanted to

have Charles' mother, Joan (nicknamed 'La Loca') as queen. If that

couldn't happen, they wanted Charles V to return and do his job as a king.

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After lots of battles, the 23rd of April of 1521, the Comuneros lost all hope

when they were defeated in the battle of Villalar, where Padilla, Bravo and

Maldonado were catched.

PHILIP II

Charles I was succeeded by his son Philip II in 1556.

Philip had to face some problems:

- In Spain:

The rebellion by Moriscos in Granada

The Revolt of Aragon

- Abroad:

Wars with France.

The Ottoman Turks.

The Low Countries: the Protestants wanted the independence

from Spain.

England: English pirates were disrupting trade with the

Americas.

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Activities

1. Complete the sentences:

a. In the 15th century, the Iberian Peninsula was divided in

_________territories:_______________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________

b. The Catholic Monarchs wanted ___________ and

_______________ unification.

c. The Catholic Monarchs created royal tribunals called

________________________.

d. Columbus returned to the Americas ___________ more times.

e. Charles I was the Catholic Monarchs

_______________________.

f. Comuneros was defeated in the battle of

_______________________.

2. True or false? Correct the mistakes:

a. In 1492, Ferdinand of Castile married Isabella of Aragon.

b. The Catholic Monarchs wanted to conquer the Jewish kingdom of

Granada.

c. In the Middle Ages the nobility wasn´t powerful.

d. Columbus and his men discovered and island called Hispaniola.

e. Charles I grown up in Spain.

f. One of the problems of Philip II was the Revolt of Comuneros.

3. Explain the three main problems of Charles V:

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

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4. Draw a map of Columbus’ voyages

5. Match:

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UNIT 6: THE DECLINE OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE

THE DECLINE OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE

During the 17th century, Spain experienced many changes:

-The population dropped: because of plagues and famines. There was an

economic recession.

-A new trade system: based on exchanging goods for gold and silver.

-Absolute monarchies

-Spanish hegemony: came to an end.

-Piracy: trade between Spain and America were threatened by piracy.

A new figure in Spanish politics emerged, the valido (royal favourite). The

monarchs delegated their power to their validos.

In 1665, Charles II inherited the throne. He was

weak and sickly so his mother and his validos

handled the affairs. He died without offspring

and his death marked the end of the Habsburg

Spain. His successor was Louis XIV, known as

Philip V. He became the first Bourbon king in

Spain.

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THE WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESION

The main European powers were not happy with the choice of Philip V as

King because they feared it would mean the union of Spain and France. The

European powers supported the Archduke Charles of Austria. This conflict

resulted in the War of Spanish Succession. From 1700, Spain and France

fought against Austria, Britain, Portugal and Savoy. But Spain was also

divides. Castile was in favour of Philip and the Crown of Aragon was in

favour of the Archduke Charles.

The war ended with the Treaty of Uttrecht where Philip V agreed to three

main concessions:

- Guarantee that there would be no union between Spain and France.

- Give territories in the low countries and Italy to Austria.

- Give the territories of Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain.

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM

During the 18th century Bourbon kings (Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III

and Charles IV) had the ultimate power to make legal, social and educational

reforms. This style of governing became known as enlightened despotism.

Charles III modernized the economy and the public education, encouraging

the study of sciences, arts, etc.

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FRANCISCO DE GOYA

Francisco de Goya y Lucientes was born in Fuendetodos (Zaragoza) in 1746.

His paintings were mainly of historical characters, like Charles IV and his

family and historical events like the Spanish War of Independence. He was

also interested in the lifestyle of the aristocrats.

In 1799, he was appointed first court painter, the highest artistic position

attainable.

Goya´s style would influence many of the painters of the 19th and 20th

century.

The Third of May

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Activities:

1. Complete with the words in the box

Spanish hegemony-Valido-Absolute monarchy-The decline of Spanish

empire

………………………………………………….: The end of Spain´s imperial dominance.

……………………………………………….…: A system in which the ruler held unrestricted

power.

…………………………………………………...: A person who ruled Spain on behalf of a

monarch.

………………………………………………..…: Spain´s imperial dominance.

2. Answer the questions:

a. Where was Goya born?

..................................................................................................................................

b. What did Goya mainly paint?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

c. When was Goya appointed first court painter?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….

d. What did Goya find interesting?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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3. During the 17th century, Spain experienced changes. Name 3 of them:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Complete the sentences:

a. …………………………………. Was the successor of Charles II. He was the

first ………………………………………. King.

b. During the War of Spanish Succession the European powers

supported ………………………………………………………………. The war ended with

the ……………………………………………………..

c. Charles III modernized the …………………………………. and the

………………………………………

d. In 1799, Francisco de Goya was appointed

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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UNIT 7: THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

1. The Universe

The Universe consists of planets, stars, solar systems and galaxies. No one knows how big the

Universe is.

☼Stars: giant spheres of gas. They produce enormous amounts

of energy. This energy gives off light and heat. Stars are classified

by three characteristics: colour, size and luminosity.

☼Constellation: a group of stars which make a pattern in the

sky. During the night, different constellations appear and

disappear.

☼ Gallaxy: a collection of thousands

of millions of stars. They can have

different shapes: elliptical, spiral or

irregular. Our Solar Sytem belongs

to a spiral galaxy called The Milky Way.

☼ Planets and dwarf planets: celestial bodies that orbit a star and do not emit light.

☼ Meteoroids: Small pieces of metal or

rock from an asteroid or comet that

orbit the Sun. When a meteoroid passes

through the Earth’s atmosphere, it

burns. This burning rock is called a

meteor . The pieces of meteor which hit

the Earth’s surface are meteorites.

☼ Comet: made of ice, dust and gases. Is made up by a

nucleus, a coma and a bright tail.

☼ Asteroid: a rocky and irregular mass that orbits the

Sun. They take three to six years to orbit the Sun.

Classification of galaxies

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Activities

1. Write true or false according to each sentence:

- We classify stars according to their shape. ___

- A constellation is a group of stars. ___

- Stars do not produce energy. ___

- Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet. ___

2. Explain the difference between a meteoroid, meteor and meteorite.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3. Choose the correct answer:

- Our solar system is a part of what galaxy?

a. Comet Galaxy.

b. Milky Way Galaxy.

c. Black Eyed Galaxy.

- The Milky Way galaxy is a(n):

a. Spiral Galaxy.

b. Elliptical Galaxy.

c. Irregular Galaxy.

- The Universe consists of:

a. Planets and stars.

b. Planets, stars and galaxies.

c. Planets, stars, solar systems and galaxies.

- The energy of the stars gives off:

a. Heat.

b. Light.

c. Heat and light.

- Pieces of meteor which heat the Earth’s surface are:

a. Meteors.

b. Meteoroids.

c. Meteorites.

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2. The Solar System

The Solar System is made up of the Sun and the celestial bodies that orbit it: planets,

asteroids, satellites, comets, dwarf planets and meteoroids.

☼ The Sun: is a star at the centre of the solar system. It is a huge ball of gases. It is about 110

times larger than the Earth. The Sun rotates on its axis. It orbits around the centre of the

Milky Way. It completes one orbit in about 220 million years.

☼ Planets orbit the Sun and they are classified into:

INNER PLANETS: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

OUTER PLANETS: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Activities

1. Look at the picture of the solar system. Which planet is closest to the

Sun? ____________

2. What do these sentences refer to? a. It is the biggest planet in the solar system. ____________

b. It is the only star in the solar system. ____________

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4. The Earth

The Earth is constantly moving. It describes two movements:

ROTATION: From West to East. It means that the

Sun rises in the East and sets in the West. The Earth

completes one turn around its axis in 24 hours. Rotation causes day and night.

REVOLUTION: Causes the seasons. In summer, the Earth is at the furthest point

from the Sun, but receives the Sun rays in the most direct angle. In winter, the

opposite happens.

Activities

1. Is it the same time in every part of the planet? ________________________________________________________

2. When was the last leap year? When will the next leap year be? ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3. Explain how the distance from the Earth to the Sun and the angle of the

Sun rays change throughout the seasons. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Earth completes a whole turn around the Sun in about 365 days and 6

hours. To compensate for these 6 hours, every four years the calendar has

366 days instead. These are called leap years.

Because of the Earth’s rotation, there are different time zones.

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4. The Moon

The Moon is the Earth’s natural satellite and its nearest neighbor. It is about 384.000 km.

from the Earth.

It is about four times smaller than the Earth. It rotates on its axis and revolves around the

Earth. It takes the Moon about 28 days to complete one revolution and the same time to

complete one rotation. This is the reason why we always see the same side of the Moon.

☼ Tide. Is a generic term used to define

the alternating rise and fall in sea level

with respect to the land, produced by the

gravitational attraction of the Moon. The

Moon’s gravity pulls at the ocean water

and creates tides. These are periodic

changes in sea level; we can see two high tides and two low tides every day.

☼ Eclipse. It occurs when a celestial body moves into shadow of another. They can be:

SOLAR: the Moon blocks the sunlight and casts a shadow on the Earth.

LUNAR: the Earth blocks the sunlight and casts a shadow on the Moon.

Activities

1. Complete the

picture with the

words “lunar” and

“solar”.

2. What are the different types of tides?

________________________________________________________