Smallholder Pig Value Chains in Uganda Livestock and Fish By and For the Poor (CRP 3.7)

Danilo A. Pezo

Impact Pathways Workshop

Kampala, 27th - 28th June 2013

The livestock sector in Uganda

The

agricultural sector

• Important sector of the economy

• Contributes up to 23.8 % of the GDP, generating about 48% of export earnings (Republic of Uganda 2010; MAAIF 2011).

Livestock sector

• Contributes 15% of agricultural GDP (FAO, 2005). A 3 % increase in the number of livestock & poultry, 2009- 2010 (MAAIF 2011).

• About 4.5 million households (70.8%) rear at least one kind of livestock/poultry (UBOS & MAAIF 2009).

Pig

enterprise

• Pig production widespread & increasing at a high rate.

• About 17.8 % (1.1 millions) of all households own at least 1 pig (UBOS & MAAIF 2009).

• Pig production not among priority areas in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) for Uganda.

Trends in livestock population Table 1: Trends in livestock population (values in ‘000’) in Uganda (FAO, 2005; MAAIF, 2009)

Table 2: Pigs and ruminant livestock population (x 1000) in 2008 (UBOS/MAAIF, 2009)

Species Period (in Years)

1980 1990 2000 2002 2008

Cattle 4,771 4,913 5,966 6,075 11,409

Sheep and goats 3,862 5,490 7,477 7,993 15,863

Pigs 187 1,160 1,573 1,710 3,184

Poultry 13,200 18,960 26,974 32,638 37,444

Region

Pigs Cattle Goats Sheep

Population % Population % Population % Population %

Central 1,308 41 2,476 22 1,676 13 272 8

Eastern 700 22 2,489 22 2,500 21 319 9

Northern 341 11 1,642 14 2,696 22 569 17

Western 778 24 2,549 22 3,452 28 568 17

Karamoja 58 2 2,254 20 2,025 16 1,686 49

Total 3,184 100 11,409 100 12,450 100 3,413 100

Average herd density per district

Pig density per district-overall

Masaka

Mukono

Kayunga

Mpigi

Tororo

Rakai

Kumi Sironko

Pig population density

Percentage of population living on less than 1.25$ per day

Where are the poor?

Travel time (hrs) to nearest city with more than 50,000 persons

Market access

Imports and Exports of Live Pigs and Pig Meat Products, 2007-2011 (URA, 2012)

Items 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Live pigs imported

Number - 1030 - - --

Value (Millions UGX) - 24.6 - - -

Pig meat and meat products imported

Quantity (Kg) 10341 9375 10777 - 133601

Value (Millions UGX) 28.6 40.4 53.3 - 2247.6

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Live pigs exported

Number 310 174 - 122 -

Value (Millions UGX) 31.8 8.5 - 43.1 -

Pig meat and meat products exported

Quantity (Kg) 18622 - 179 32790.4 1346.1

Value (Millions UGX) 17.5 - 6.0 295.5 29.6

Consumption of pork and pig meat products

Increase in Uganda’s human population, currently estimated to be about 35 millions; about 775 thousand

reside in Kampala.

• High domestic & regional demand for pork/pork products:- increase in human population growth, urbanization, purchasing power & change in tastes & preferences

Daily consumption of pigs (pigs slaughtered per day) in Kampala is estimated to be between 300 and 500.

• Pork products in Uganda include: live pigs, large pieces (the thighs & chest) of pork, pork chops, pork sausages, bacon, ham, roasted (or fried) pork chops, and ribs.

Importance OF Pig Production in Uganda: A Summary

Pig production- a dynamic and rapidly growing sector in Uganda. In the past three decades increased from 0.19 to 3.2 million pigs

(UBOS/MAAIF, 2009; FAO, 2011).

Uganda has the highest per capita consumption (3.4 kg/person/year) in the region -10 times increase in the last 30 years, whereas beef is declining (FAO, 2011)

Policy framework in Uganda Committed to increase investment in core areas of:

• Agricultural research; agricultural advisory services; pest and disease control; regulatory services; promoting value chain development; improved use of water for agricultural production, and; the support & supervision of service delivery in local governments.

• Concerns of a costly policy duplication in the past 12 years.

The National Development Plan (NDP), 2009-2014

• Replaced the two former national plans “the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) and the Strategic Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA), 2001 - 2009.

• In line with the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy & Investment Plan (DSIP), a guide to the country’s agricultural priorities, development programs, and agricultural transformation. Pigs are not a priority livestock species.

• Livestock development plan and Animal health strategy

• A road-map to public interventions in the agricultural sector, to boost agricultural growth, food security and poverty reduction.

Policy framework in Uganda (…cont.)

• National Policy for the Delivery of Veterinary Services (2001)

• National Veterinary Drug Policy (2002)

• The National Animal Feeds Policy (2005)

• Animal Breeding Policy (1997) and Act (2001)

Animal health

• The National Meat Policy (2003)

• Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) II 2005-2010

• National Environment Policy

• Decentralization Policy (1993)

Food safety

• The National Land Use Policy

• National Adaptation Plan of Action 2007

• Uganda Food and Nutrition Policy, 2003

• The privatization policy (allowed private participation of DVs)

Other issues

Pig production systems in Uganda

Intensive pig system

• Pigs are kept housed all the time (are provided with feeds, water, and protection from extreme weather)

• Characterized by higher demand for labour/other inputs. Provides higher farm output; accounts for a very small proportion

Semi-intensive pig

system

• Pigs are partly housed & partly kept outdoors on the pasture

• Allows improvement in feeding; growth rate; disease control; control of heat stress; mating, and; the quality of animals. Demands high amounts of labour, but gives relatively high farm output.

Extensive

or tethered pig- system

• The simplest & most common system in Uganda. Pigs are kept out-door, to freely move around the homestead as they feed on their own, or tethered.

• Often practiced by the very poor, who tend to invest in a low cost/ low output farming system, characterizes subsistence production

STRUCTURE OF THE PIG SECTOR IN UGANDA

A large informal subsector

• More than 1.1 million households

• Backyard pig production, mainly managed by women and children

• Tethering & scavenging

• Small number of peri-urban small-scale semi-intensive

• Uncoordinated trade & transport

• Mostly unsupervised slaughter, no meat inspection in local markets, road-side butchers

• Pork joints

STRUCTURE OF THE PIG SECTOR IN UGANDA A small formal subsector

•Some medium-scale piggeries

•Mostly feeding compound feeds

•Few urban slaughterhouses (only one approved abbatoir)

• Processors

•Fresh Cuts (Uganda); Farmers Choice (Kenya)

• Provide to supermarkets, hotels, restaurants

Farm

Systems: Breeding

Growing/Fattening

Inputs and Services

Pig breeder

Vet / Animal Prod extension services

Agrovet / feed shop owners

Feed manufacturers and suppliers

Transporters of inputs

Post-farm Live-pig traders

Transporters

Slaughterers

Pork Butchers

Pork processors- large and medium

Supermarkets/ restaurants

Consumers

Actors in a typical pig value chain

Types of Pig Value Chains found in Uganda

Peri-urban

Urban

Rural Urban

Rural Rural

Production Consumption

Smallholder Pig Value Chains Map

SMALLHOLDER PRODUCER

PRIVATE-AHSP

GOVERNMENT-

AHSP

ANIMAL BASED

DRUG SHOPS

VILLAGE BOAR

BANKS

KNOWLEDGABLE

FARMERS

FEED MILLERS

FEED SHOPS

NEIGHBOURHOOD

BUTCHER (pork,

live pigs)

TRADER (live pigs)

NAADS MFI

BUTCHER IN

OTHER TOWN

(pork)

WHOLESALER

FEEDS

PIGLETS FROM

NEIGHBOURS

ABBATOIR (pork) PROCESSOR (pork,

sausages and bacon)

SUPERMARKETS/H

OTELS

PORK JOINTS

(pork)

CONSUMERS

SACCOS NGO

Treatment, diagnosis,

prevention, drugs

Breeding,

replacement

pigs

Credit Mixed feeds,

maize bran Extension

services

Bulking

Wholesaling/slaughtering

Retailing

SOME CONSTRAINTS IN THE SMALLHOLDER PIG VALUE CHAIN

At farm level

- Nutrition and feeds (poor quality feeds, seasonality)

- Swine health (ASF, tryps, lice, mange, helminths, others)

- Genetics & breeding strategies (inbreeding)

- Husbandry & management (deficient corrals, if available)

- Poor access to information and services

- Limited organization to achieve economies of scale

SOME CONSTRAINTS IN THE SMALLHOLDER PIG VALUE CHAINS (CONT…)

At market level

- Lack of organizational strategies

- Poor road infrastructure

- Limited market information, standards (e.g., lack of weighing at farm gate)

- No value addition / underdeveloped processing sector

- Poor slaughter technologies and infrastructure (by-product losses, and risk for disseminating diseases)

- Minimal attention to disease control and public health concerns (ASF, cysticercosis, others)

Unsubstantiated Information on Pork Safety Risks

„Majority of pork in Kampala contaminated“ with what?

„Increasingly risky for human consumption“ consequences?

„Loyal pork consumers face running mad“ per se?

(Daily Monitor, June 2012)

„ALL pork supplied in Kampala for human consumption is contaminated“ defamation, severerly damaging a sector‘s reputation

„Threatening to close all pork joints around the city“ risk of unemployment

(Red Pepper, June 2012)

Unsubstantiated Information on Pork Safety Risks

Conclusions of the Situational Analysis (Tatwangire, 2012)

Access to affordable credit, training, extension services, veterinary services, improved infrastructure and good breeds are crucial for improving pig productivity.

Recent routine interventions in the control of animal diseases helped improving pig production systems.

Efforts to achieve meat output targets in the country are limited by livestock policies that focus more on cattle, goats, sheep and chicken enterprises.

The private veterinary services sector is growing at a very slow pace compared to the demands for such services.

Most pig feeds produced by road side mixers, but those are unable to ensure the supply of quality feed all year round. Problems with substandard feeds and feed stuffs.

Conclusions of the Situational Analysis (cont...) (Tatwangire, 2012)

Poor hygiene/contamination of pork, abattoirs, and lack of cold chain is greatly reducing the competitiveness of pig sector in Uganda.

Boosting pig productivity requires improvement in breeds, feed production, and modern pig abattoirs.

Meat inspectors in the country demoralised due to the lack of authority to punish culprits of illegal and unhygienic pig slaughter.

The market of live pigs, pork & pork products is segmented and needs to be improved to reward quality, as well as to supply the poor.

The increase in the number of pigs reared appears to be more pronounced among the richest 25 percent & poorest 25 percent of households.

The ILRI Team in Uganda

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION!

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