Smallholder pig production and marketing value chain in Uganda ...

Smallholder pig production and marketing value chain in Uganda: Background proposals for the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish

ILRIINTERNATIONALLIVESTOCK RESEARCH I N S T I T U T E

RESEARCH PROGRAM ON

Livestock and Fish

March 2011

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1More meat, milk and fish—by and for the poor

Smallholder pig production and marketing value chain in Uganda: Background proposals for the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish

According to recent FAO statistics, pork is second only to beef in terms of meat production in Uganda (see Table below). Since imports and exports of meat products are negligible, this ranking also reflects the relative importance currently of pork in terms of meat consumption.

Meat production in Uganda

Type Amount 1,000 (tonnes)Beef 96.8Pigmeat 77.4Chicken meat 44.1Goat meat 24.6Sheep meat 5.3

Source: FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2010 | 14 September 2010

Pork has only become important in Uganda over the past two decades; pig numbers have grown rapidly following the Idi Amin years as pig keeping has become an increasingly common strategy for rural households and pork has become a popular food in the ‘pork joints’ of Kampala and other towns. Whereas pork accounted for only 1–2% of the 11–12 kg/year per capita meat consumption in the 1960s, it now accounts for at least a third of the current 10 kg/year (FAOSTAT). The recent livestock sample-based census conducted in 2008 recorded 3.2 million pigs, a remarkable doubling of the numbers from recent years and much higher than those reported in FAOSTAT.

Pig numbers in Uganda, 1961–2008

Source: FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2010 | 14 September 2010; MAAIF/UBOS (2009)


Little information is available regarding the structure and composition of the pig sector in Uganda. According to key informants, the majority of pigs are kept by smallholder households under extensive systems (an earlier estimate cites 80%); Lekule and Kyvsgaard (2003) with small numbers of peri-urban small-scale, semi-intensive farms and a few larger modern, intensive farms producing for commercial sale. The 2008 Livestock Census reports 1.1 million households, or 17% of all households, keep pigs (on average 2 pigs).

The typical smallholder pig system is free-range or tethered with little or no housing (Waiswa 2005). Animals are apparently the survivors from introductions during the 1960s and of no distinct breed. Village herds are possibly inbred. In addition to what the pigs scavenge, they are provided with household scraps and bran. During the crop growing season, pigs are often tethered to avoid crop damage. They are kept for sale and only rarely slaughtered for household consumption (Ampaire and Rothschild 2010). Households like the fact that they require few, if any, inputs and yet generate a significant amount of income when sold. Poorly organized markets and disease risk, especially of African Swine Fever (ASF) (Costard et al. 2009) are credited with discouraging intensification of production. Pigs serve no other cultural or livelihood roles besides being a productive asset that can be sold when needed. Gifting of piglets is reportedly a popular strategy for politicians, the government and NGOs.

Pigs from village systems are usually sold directly to butchers or through middlemen for slaughter in local informal systems. Pigs are among the most important live-animal commodities that farmers produce for sale (Nyapendi et al. 2004).

Peri-urban small-scale producers keep larger herds under managed production cycles for commercial sale. Basic housing and locally produced feeds are typically used (Muwonge et al. 2010). Management practices vary depending on the degree of specialization of the farmer. Farmers market their pigs to local butchers, ‘pork joints’ or other restaurants.

Concurrent with the increase in smallholder pig keeping and pork consumption, porcine cysticercosis (Phiri et al. 2003; Waiswa 2005; Waiswa et al. 2009), and prevalence of mycobacterial infections (Muwonge et al. 2010) have been increasingly reported from eastern Africa.

A small number of modern piggeries have been established as development or business investments, usually located near Kampala. These farms have often faced difficulty covering their costs and competing successfully with cheaper sources of pork, and face the risk of ASF outbreaks that can decimate their herds. Since these farms are associated with better quality control, they supply the formal sector, which includes commercial butcheries, larger restaurants and hotels, and the small processing sector that has been developing.

Inputs and services supporting pig production are largely informal Few commercial feed products are available specifically for pig production, there is no commercial breeding service, and availability of veterinary care and extension advice to smallholder systems is very limited. There is, however, unorganized development of small enterprises and services providing locally made feed products and other inputs. Credit services for pig production are generally unavailable to smallholders outside of localized project schemes. Market systems are largely informal with little devoted infrastructure. Overall productivity in terms of feed conversion, reproductive rates and offtake remains low.

As indicated in the following Figure, pig keeping is practised across all of Uganda, with concentrations around Kampala in districts along Lake Victoria and in the zone between Lakes Victoria and Albert, with another zone of lower concentration to the east in the Soroti-Mbali area (circled in the second map). The maps, below, show the distribution of the incidence of poverty within Uganda, and suggests that pig-keeping in the Soroti-Mbali area would have particular benefits for poverty reduction.


Percentage of households keeping pigs (on left) and numbers of pigs, by District in 2008 (on right)

Source: Uganda Livestock Census (2008)

Why this value chain?

Pork is generally a minor component of diets in Africa, and pigs do not figure prominently in farming systems across the continent (Tacher et al. 2000). This can be attributed to cultural reasons—both due to a lack of tradition of pig-keeping and the influence of Islam—as well as to production constraints, especially the continued threat of ASF. Despite these constraints, pig keeping has become established in many areas and its popularity as a quick turn-around, lucrative ‘cash crop’ among livestock activities and as a less expensive meat for urban diets continues to grow, offering substantial opportunities for income generation (Nkonya et al. 2002; Nyapendi et al. 2004). Given the evidence of its growth potential and the competitiveness of small-scale production and marketing systems in sub-Saharan Africa, it was considered appropriate to include a pig value chain in sub-Saharan Africa as a target for CRP 3.7 efforts. It is also considered important to provide a means for comparison and cross-learning with the pig value chain selected for South East Asia in Vietnam; smallholder production and marketing systems there are highly sophisticated and may provide valuable models.

Incidence of poverty in Uganda in 2002, by county

Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics, accessed at: http://www.ugandaclusters.ug/PVRTY-INQLTY/map2.html


The following Table shows the top five sub-Saharan African countries according to size of pig population. Of these, Uganda has high production and consumption per capita, and appears to be experiencing the most rapid growth. For this reason, and given other factors related to the high poverty rates, existing momentum and enabling environment as described in the ensuing Table, we selected Uganda as the priority pig value chain for Africa; it is judged to offer the highest probability of demonstrating the pro-poor potential of smallholder pig production and marketing chains in sub-Saharan Africa. Households may particularly benefit from linkages to markets with regard to increasing household incomes, and accumulating assets (Kaaria et al. 2008).

Pig sector indicators in five sub-Saharan African countries with the highest pig populations, 2007

CountryNumber of pigs (million head)

Pig meat production (1,000 t)

Pig meat consumption (kg/person/year)

Nigeria 6.6 209 1.4Burkina Faso 2.8 40 2.7Uganda 2.1 105 3.4South Africa 1.7 174 3.5Cameroon 1.4 18 1.0FAOSTAT | © FAO Statistics Division 2010 | 14 September 2010

Criteria and rationale for choosing Uganda

Criteria Rationale for choosing Uganda

Growth and market opportunity

Rapidly increasing production and consumption of pork within the country, driven not only by population growth, but also by a combination of rising incomes and changing preferences associated with urbanization and changing production systems Growing demand for processed products as street food and for supermarkets, and emergence of formal-sector enterprises (e.g. Fresh Cuts, Quality Cuts, My Choice) Growing base of smallholder producers with potential for intensification

Pro-poor potential Growing popularity of pig keeping among smallholder households (17% of all households currently keeping pigs), with potential for intensification Smallholder sector appears to remain more competitive than modern piggeries Pig keeping in smallholder systems is largely considered a woman’s activity Many market agents along the value chain (input/livestock traders, meat processors and transporters etc.) provide potential for increased income and employment from adding value Pork increasing in popularity as a low cost street food and as a meat product sold in informal markets, and as a share of the national diet

Researchable supply constraints

Control strategies for ASF, which remains the single largest risk to production Other swine health issues (high piglet mortality, Classical Swine Fever (CSF), worm infestations) Public health concerns regarding cysticercosis Poor feeding practices and lack of adequate supplies of appropriate feeds, either on-farm or purchased Lack of knowledge for better use of by-products (e.g. brewer’s yeast) Limited genetic resource base and inbreeding Poor biosecurity, with breeding practices contributing to disease transmission Lack of awareness and incentive to adopt improved management, esp. housing Lack of sustainable organizational structures for breeder and producer groups in order to facilitate their access to affordable breeding animals, animal health care and efficient market services Poor or non-existent waste management systems Lack of business and management decision support tools, e.g. when it is better to specialize in breeding, weaner or fattening operations; optimal feeding strategies for profits, business plans for infrastructure investment Poor market infrastructure and institutional arrangements (underdeveloped marketing system) resulting in high price difference between rural and urban markets, high number of middlemen and thus small producer margins Weak input supply system and limited support services (extension and credit systems) Ineffective knowledge management systems, in particular knowledge sharing between producers and scientists, to enhance uptake of proven technologies


Criteria Rationale for choosing Uganda

Enabling environment Though not identified as a priority for commercial development investment (e.g. DSIP, NLPIP), generally appreciated by policymakers as a high potential opportunity for broad-based food security and income diversification in rural areas Numerous past and current smaller-scale development efforts targeting smallholder pig development: Danida, Heifer Project International (HPI), Volunteer Efforts for Development Concerns (VEDCO), National Agricultural Advisory and Development Services (NAADS) Favourable business climate and policies for micro, small and medium-enterprise development

Existing momentum CRP 3.7 is also proposing to focus its work on the aquaculture value chain in Uganda ILRI has long-standing collaboration with both the Ministry (MAAIF) and Makerere University, particularly on poverty mapping and trypanosomosis, East Coast fever, and other animal health research CIAT has on-going collaboration with NARO on forage research ILRI and ICRAF are heavily involved in supporting the implementation of the East Africa Dairy Development project activities in Uganda, particularly with respect to improving feeds and their use ILRI and ICRAF are collaborating with the BMGF-funded project on sweet potatoes (SASHA), which is promoting food–feed applications that would suit smallholder pig systems ILRI has other on-going research activities in Uganda: characterization of Ankole cattle with BOKU (Austria) and Makerere University; characterization of ASF with SLU (Sweden) and Makerere University Several other CGIAR centres are active and have staff based in Uganda Very few other global organizations combine development with innovative and adaptive research

Research and supporting actions

As seen in the earlier maps, the emergence of pig keeping in Uganda is a recent phenomenon and, as a result, there has been little systematic research on pig production and marketing systems. Both the national agricultural research system, NARO, and Makerere University currently maintain modest programs of research in these areas (NAADS 2010). Constraints to improving the productivity and performance of smallholder pig production and marketing systems in Uganda are, therefore, not well characterized, and no attempt has been made to assess their relative importance. Perceived constraints were, hence, identified by stakeholders during consultations in Entebbe and Kampala in September 2010, and are summarized in Table below.


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cilit

atin

g or

gani

zatio

nal a

rran

gem

ents

th

roug

h fa

rmer

gro

up a

ppro

ache

s an

d co

llect

ive

actio

n

Opt

imiz

e an

imal

hea

lth a

nd d

isea

se c

ontr

ol,

thro

ugh

Iden

tifyi

ng p

rior

ity d

isea

ses

Impr

oved

ASF

man

agem

ent s

trat

egie

s

Prom

otin

g si

mpl

e ho

usin

g an

d pr

even

tive

mea

sure

s su

ch a

s ac

cess

to a

dequ

ate

feed

and

cl

ean

wat

er

Dev

ise

inex

pens

ive

anth

elm

intic

str

ateg

ies

Opt

imiz

e fe

edin

g sy

stem

s an

d in

crea

se fe

ed

reso

urce

s, in

par

ticul

ar

Test

ing

fora

ges

vari

etie

s in

clud

ing

food

–fee

d va

riet

ies

and

inte

grat

e th

em in

to c

ropp

ing

syst

ems

Opt

imiz

ing

use

of c

urre

ntly

ava

ilabl

e fe

ed

reso

urce

s, (s

trat

egic

sup

plem

enta

tion,

feed

pr

eser

vatio

n, p

urch

ase

of m

ost l

imiti

ng

nutr

ient

s)

Prom

otin

g fe

ed p

roce

ssin

g op

tions

(sim

ple

hand

cho

ppin

g; v

illag

e ba

sed

mot

or-d

riven

ch

oppe

rs; c

omm

erci

al b

ut d

ecen

tral

ized

feed

pr

oces

sing

uni

ts)


Val

ue c

hain

co

mpo

nent

s D

evel

opm

enta

l cha

lleng

eR

esea

rcha

ble

issu

es a

nd s

uppo

rtin

g ac

tions

Indi

cativ

e pa

rtne

rsO

utco

mes

How

to d

eliv

er r

elia

ble

quan

titie

s of

saf

er

prod

ucts

(mea

t or

live

anim

als)

from

sm

allh

olde

r sy

stem

s to

mee

t pre

fere

nces

for

lean

in u

rban

ar

eas

and

fat i

n ru

ral o

nes?

How

to in

crea

se e

ffici

ency

thro

ugh

colle

ctiv

e ac

tion

to a

chie

ve e

cono

mie

s of

sca

le?

How

to r

educ

e w

aste

?

How

to in

crea

se w

omen

’s pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in th

e po

st-h

arve

st s

uppl

y ch

ain?

How

to e

nhan

ce e

quita

ble

dist

ribu

tion

of v

alue

ad

ded

amon

g ac

tors

with

in th

e va

lue

chai

n?

Res

earc

habl

e is

sues

Is a

car

cass

gra

ding

sys

tem

req

uire

d an

d w

hat

wou

ld b

e an

app

ropr

iate

gra

ding

and

pri

cing

sy

stem

?

Doe

s th

e m

arke

t pre

fer/

segr

egat

e ca

rcas

s pa

rts

or c

uts

and

if so

, how

can

this

be

mai

nstr

eam

ed in

the

bree

ding

str

ateg

y an

d pr

icin

g sy

stem

?

How

to r

educ

e bo

ar ta

int?

Is th

ere

any

diffe

renc

e in

qua

lity

of p

rodu

cts

supp

lied

by m

en a

nd w

omen

?

Are

ther

e di

ffere

nces

in a

cces

s to

tran

spor

t and

pr

oces

sing

ser

vice

s?

Can

trad

e se

rvic

es b

e im

prov

ed th

roug

h ba

sic

man

agem

ent s

kills

?

Res

earc

h

NA

RO

Uga

nda

Indu

stri

al R

esea

rch

Inst

itute

Mak

erer

e U

nive

rsity

Supp

ortin

g ac

tions

MA

AIF

NG

Os:

Hei

fer

Proj

ect

Inte

rnat

iona

l

Priv

ate

proc

essi

ng

com

pani

es: F

resh

Cut

s;

Qua

lity

Cut

s; M

y C

hoic

e

But

cher

s

Mea

t qua

lity

crite

ria

defin

ed

with

trad

ers

and

cons

umer

s

Hig

her

qual

ity c

arca

sses

pr

oduc

ed

Hig

her

pric

es a

nd in

com

es

for

pig

prod

ucer

s

Hig

her

empl

oym

ent a

nd

inco

mes

for

trad

ers

and

proc

esse

rs

Tran

spor

tan

dpr

oces

sing


Val

ue c

hain

co

mpo

nent

s D

evel

opm

enta

l cha

lleng

eR

esea

rcha

ble

issu

es a

nd s

uppo

rtin

g ac

tions

Indi

cativ

e pa

rtne

rsO

utco

mes

Supp

ortin

g ac

tions

Dis

sem

inat

e w

eigh

ing

band

cal

ibra

ted

for

loca

l pig

s to

hel

p es

tabl

ish

appr

opri

ate

pric

es

Esta

blis

h gr

adin

g/qu

ality

sys

tem

s fo

r ca

rcas

ses

if ap

prop

riat

e

App

ly p

artic

ipat

ory

risk

ana

lysi

s fo

r de

velo

ping

ap

prop

riat

e lo

cal s

tand

ards

for

pork

saf

ety

App

ly B

DS

appr

oach

es fo

r st

imul

atin

g sm

all-

scal

e bu

sine

sses

for

tran

spor

t and

pro

cess

ing

serv

ices

Rai

se a

war

enes

s an

d de

velo

p di

agno

stic

aid

s fo

r de

tect

ing

cyst

icer

cosi

s-in

fect

ed a

nim

als

and

mea

t

Dev

elop

cer

tifica

tion

sche

mes

for

safe

ha

ndlin

g of

mea

t pro

duct

s

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g on

tran

spor

t, ha

ndlin

g an

d sl

augh

ter

of p

igs

with

all

invo

lved

sta

keho

lder

s

Des

ign

of tr

acea

bilit

y sy

stem

for

pig

mea

t (lo

nger

term

)


Val

ue c

hain

co

mpo

nent

s D

evel

opm

enta

l cha

lleng

eR

esea

rcha

ble

issu

es a

nd s

uppo

rtin

g ac

tions

Indi

cativ

e pa

rtne

rsO

utco

mes

How

to o

rgan

ize

mar

kets

(bot

h de

man

d an

d su

pply

) for

equ

itabl

e be

nefit

s al

ong

the

chai

n?

How

to e

nsur

e ac

cess

for

low

-inc

ome

Uga

ndan

s to

saf

e m

eat a

t an

affo

rdab

le p

rice

?

Res

earc

habl

e is

sues

Mar

ket/C

onsu

mer

dem

ands

: wha

t do

mar

kets

pa

y fo

r (b

reed

, reg

ion,

spe

cific

live

wei

ght o

r si

ze, q

ualit

y)?

Mar

ket s

truc

ture

s: r

elat

ions

/tran

sact

ions

be

twee

n lo

cal a

nd u

rban

; pot

entia

l for

re

gion

al tr

ade

Mar

ket a

cces

s: is

it p

refe

rabl

e to

org

aniz

e th

e fa

rmer

s fo

r ac

cess

ing

mar

kets

or

to im

prov

e m

arke

ting

syst

ems

and

infr

astr

uctu

re (e

.g.

infr

astr

uctu

re o

f mar

kets

)?

Mar

ket t

rans

pare

ncy:

wha

t mar

ket i

nfor

mat

ion

is a

vaila

ble/

need

ed, a

nd h

ow c

ould

it b

e be

tter

diss

emin

ated

(inf

orm

atio

n sy

stem

s)?

Diff

eren

ces

in m

en’s

and

wom

en’s

acce

ss to

m

arke

ts a

nd m

arke

t inf

orm

atio

n

Intr

a-ho

useh

old

deci

sion

mak

ing

on s

ales

(w

here

, whe

n, h

ow m

any)

and

con

trol

of

bene

fits

Are

ther

e an

y as

pect

s of

trad

ing

that

are

di

fficu

lt or

soc

ially

dis

cour

aged

for

wom

en

and

poor

?

How

can

wom

en o

wni

ng p

igs

bette

r pa

rtic

ipat

e in

, and

ben

efit f

rom

mar

kets

?

Res

earc

h

NA

RO

Mak

erer

e U

nive

rsity

Supp

ortin

g ac

tions

MA

AIF

NG

Os:

Hei

fer

Proj

ect

Inte

rnat

iona

l

Incr

ease

d m

argi

ns fo

r sm

allh

olde

rs in

the

valu

e ch

ain

Sale

s of

pig

s w

ith

appr

opri

ate

wei

ght a

nd

size

acc

ordi

ng to

mar

ket

dem

ands

Org

aniz

ed m

arke

ting

of

pigs

at f

air

pric

es

Pig

owne

rs w

ell i

nfor

med

ab

out m

arke

ting

oppo

rtun

ities

Aba

ttoir

s op

erat

e cl

oser

to

thei

r fu

ll ca

paci

ty

Mar

keti

ng


Val

ue c

hain

co

mpo

nent

s D

evel

opm

enta

l cha

lleng

eR

esea

rcha

ble

issu

es a

nd s

uppo

rtin

g ac

tions

Indi

cativ

e pa

rtne

rsO

utco

mes

Supp

ortin

g ac

tions

Ana

lyse

the

mar

ket s

truc

ture

, con

stra

ints

and

op

port

uniti

es fo

r pi

gs a

nd p

ork,

cov

erin

g al

l ag

ents

and

act

ors

invo

lved

in p

ig m

arke

ting

incl

udin

g tr

ader

s, r

etai

lers

and

con

sum

ers

Eval

uate

and

test

opt

ions

for

coor

dina

ting

and

tran

spor

ting

bulk

gro

up s

ales

of a

nim

als

Ass

ess

the

perf

orm

ance

of d

iffer

ent m

arke

ting

serv

ices

incl

udin

g pr

ovis

ion

of m

arke

t in

form

atio

n, fa

cilit

atio

n of

mar

ket l

inka

ges,

pr

ovis

ion

of m

arke

ting

faci

litie

s, tr

ansp

ort

of p

igs

and

pigm

eat a

nd id

entif

y w

ays

of

impr

ovin

g th

em

Iden

tify

and

resp

ond

to d

eman

d-dr

iven

mar

ket

oppo

rtun

ities

for

valu

e ad

ditio

n, th

roug

h im

prov

ed p

rodu

ct q

ualit

y

Faci

litat

e lin

kage

s to

mar

ket i

nfor

mat

ion

syst

ems

oper

ated

by

othe

r pa

rtne

rs.

Gen

der-

disa

ggre

gate

d an

alys

is o

f mar

ket a

nd

serv

ices

acc

ess


Val

ue c

hain

co

mpo

nent

s D

evel

opm

enta

l cha

lleng

eR

esea

rcha

ble

issu

es a

nd s

uppo

rtin

g ac

tions

Indi

cativ

e pa

rtne

rsO

utco

mes

Cro

sscu

tting

is

sues

How

to o

rgan

ize

a pr

o-po

or v

alue

cha

in to

co

nsid

erab

ly in

crea

se th

e ou

tput

—w

hat a

re

esse

ntia

l com

pone

nts

and

part

ners

hips

?

Res

earc

habl

e is

sues

Impa

ct o

f val

ue c

hain

dev

elop

men

t on

wor

kloa

ds a

nd o

n co

ntro

l ove

r th

e in

com

e w

ithin

the

hous

ehol

d

Who

ben

efits

from

new

tech

nolo

gies

in

hous

ehol

ds a

nd c

omm

uniti

es (e

quity

)?

Wha

t are

ince

ntiv

es fo

r va

riou

s ke

y ac

tors

(fa

rmer

s, in

put p

rovi

ders

, tra

ders

and

ani

mal

he

alth

pro

vide

rs e

tc.)

to in

vest

in p

igs?

And

ho

w c

an th

ese

acto

rs c

oope

rate

?

Is it

feas

ible

to d

esig

n (a

) com

mon

mod

el(s

) fo

r va

lue

chai

n de

velo

pmen

t thr

ough

ana

lysi

s of

the

less

ons

lear

nt fr

om th

e di

vers

e va

lue

chai

ns, i

n pa

rtic

ular

com

pari

ng th

e pi

g va

lue

chai

ns in

Vie

tnam

?

Supp

ortin

g ac

tions

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

com

plet

e va

lue

chai

ns

and

prod

uctio

n sy

stem

s in

the

targ

et lo

catio

ns

(ow

n su

rvey

s an

d ot

her

stud

ies)

at t

he s

tart

Dev

elop

indi

cato

rs o

f suc

cess

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g at

all

stag

es

Com

pare

the

appr

oach

es a

pplie

d fo

r th

e di

ffere

nt v

alue

cha

ins

Dev

elop

an

easy

mon

itori

ng s

yste

m fo

r ho

me

cons

umpt

ion

of m

eat

Res

earc

h

NA

RO

Mak

erer

e U

nive

rsity

Supp

ortin

g ac

tions

MA

AIF

Con

trib

utio

n of

pig

pr

oduc

tion

to li

velih

oods

in

crea

sed

cons

ider

ing

tang

ible

and

inta

ngib

le

bene

fits


Geographic focus

The project will focus initially in the districts with higher smallholder pig concentration ensuring a gradient of market access. Higher density of pig keeping suggests inherent comparative advantage, and facilitates interventions based on creating economies of scale. Three initial zones of focus are proposed:

Value chains originating in the small-scale semi-intensive production units in Kampala and neighbouring •districts

Those originating in smallholder systems along the corridor between Kampala and Lake Albert•

Those originating in smallholder systems in the Soroti-Mbale area•

Focal zones will be confirmed after more in-depth consultation with stakeholders and the initial situational analysis is completed.

Potential for impact

The Livestock Census 2008 revealed that over 1.1 million households keep pigs, representing 17% of all households in Uganda. The vast majority keep pigs in low input-low output free-range systems. Fixing a development target of improving significantly household production by 50% in at least 5 of these households (i.e. 50,000 households) should be achievable if the necessary development investment is mobilized. Because smallholder pig systems are often managed by women (e.g. Pickering et al. 1996), at least half of the beneficiaries should be women. Associated improvements in productivity in input and service delivery and along the value chain can reduce waste and inefficiency and improve quality of the final product, thereby adding value that translates in increased employment and income; specific targets will be set after the initial assessment of the value chain. Increased production and efficiency should contribute to increased availability and access to pork products by poor consumers; more information will be needed about the structure of consumer demand for pork from smallholder systems and how it is differentiated by income group before appropriate targets for increased consumption by poor consumers can be set.


Components Value chain outcomes

Inputs & Services Key inputs and services for breeding, feed, and animal health accessible to both male and female smallholders

Increased access to information about best management and production practices among male and female smallholders

Conducive policy and institutional environment established

Production Appropriate levels of investment in housing and better management practices

Better selection within existing breeds, lower inbreeding index and introduction of improved genetic resources

Better on-farm feed options and better use of local feedstuffs in appropriately formulated, locally produced feed rations, with seasonal variation minimized

Reduced risk of ASF and reduced incidence of helminths and cysticercosis

Improved piglet survival and offtake rates

Transport & Processing Improved pork safety

Reduced transport and transaction costs

Marketing Lower marketing margins and higher share of price captured by producers, regardless of gender

Product and quality branding increases returns to value chain actors

Market information more widely available


Summary of indicators along the impact pathway that we believe can achieve these impacts.

Stakeholders in Uganda and their possible role

Stakeholder Type Role Remark

Makerere University

Veterinary Sciences

Animal Production

Agricultural Economics

Public university Conduct research activities, training

Consulted

East African Dairy Development Project (EADD)

Heifer Project International-led project, ILRI as partner

Share BDS strategies for market development

Consulted

National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)

Public sector NARS Implement the field research activities

Consulted

National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI)

Public sector NARS (part of NARO)

Implement lab and field research activities

Consulted

Livestock Development Investment Project

Government project funded by AfDB

Infrastructure development, esp. slaughter slabs

To be consulted

Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF)

Government Support the field activities in all the project sites

Consulted

Danida Donor Fund development intervention and complementary research activities of national partners

To be consulted

Volunteer Efforts for Development Concerns (VEDCO)

NGO Support implementation of development intervention in smallholder households

To be consulted

Heifer Project International NGO Support implementation of development intervention, breeding schemes

To be consulted

SNV (Netherlands NGO) NGO Experience sharing on value chain development

To be consulted

Full information on references is included in the Program proposal that can be downloaded from http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/3248

http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/3248

Smallholder pig production and marketing value chain in Uganda ...

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