Smalholder Pig Value Chain Development Project (SPVCD) in Uganda

Participatory rapid assessment of animal health and management practices in the Uganda smallholder pig value chain

Michel Dione

“Workshop: In-depth smallholder pig value chain assessment and preliminary identification of best-bet interventions, Kampala, 9-11 April 2013”

Outline• Introduction• Material and Methods• Housing typology• Husbandry practices• Herd entry/exit• Reasons for herd entry• Reasons for herd exit• Priority diseases• Seasonality of diseases and vectors• Main constraints to animal health

Introduction• Animal diseases are known to be one of the major limiting factors to pig

production in Uganda

• Persistence and spread of disease in the farm are strongly associated with their management practices

• Overall objective: identify constraints and opportunities for intervention in the pig value chain

• Secondary objectives : – know what priority diseases exist and their impact on pig production;– assess farmers perceptions of health constraints in relation to production

parameters;– facilitate own problem analysis on health constraints (diseases, symptoms or

syndromes);– elicit farmer's knowledge on disease causation (host, environment, pathogen) and

access to service;

Material and methods

Parameter Objective Tool Data captureHousing typology Get a relative sense of the type of

confinement and housing that existListing and proportional piling Table with frequency of

housing usedHusbandry practices Know different husbandry practices

done by farmersListing and proportional piling Table with list of practices

Community herd entry/exit

Know where do the pigs come from and, what happen to the pigs in the community over a year

Listing and proportional piling Diagram with proportions

Disease priority and impact in production

Know the most important diseases that affect pigs in the area

Simple ranking Table with list of top 5 diseases and their characteristics

Herd morbidity and mortality

Understand the mortality and morbidity rates in the herd

Proportional piling Diagram with proportions

Seasonal calendar for diseases occurrence

Know the activities linked to the pig health throughout the year

Seasonal calendar and scoring

Map of the seasonal calendar against diseases and risk factors

Main constraints to animal health

Know the different constraints that affect the health of pigs

Matrix/pair-wise comparison Pair-wise matrix

Disease control and surveillance

Know what are the disease control and surveillance measures in the area

Face to face interview with DVOs and keys informants

Report

Perceptions of farmers for tackling their animal health problems

Know the ideas about what is being done and what more could be done to improve the pig’s health

Problem opportunity matrix Table with list of constraints and proposed actions

• Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with farmers and key informants ; quantitative information were obtained through group consensus

• Triangulation: with secondary/key informant/service provider data during the exercise; further investigation (laboratory testing)

Free range/scavenging

Definition animal are free during the day and stabilized the night (housed or tethered); they get food outside; no supplementation; adults and piglets are mainly concerned; no exotic breeds

Reason no money to construct house or buy feeds; no time to look after pigsSeasonality adults (usually dry season, but some farmers release their pigs at night during

crop season); piglets (difficult to tether, all seasons)

Advantages cheap for feeding and servicing; protect from predators; so supplementationInconvenient Accidents; exposition to disease; conflict with neighbors; crop destruction;

theftScore Rural (17%), peri-urban (18%) and urban (1%)

Adult pig scavenging in rural setting in Wakiso Piglets scavenging in rural setting in Mukono

Permanent confinementDefinition Pig are confined in house; feeds are brought; house with raised floor or

without raised floorSeasonality all seasonsAdvantages Avoid rope injuries; pigs protected against predators and thieves;

restricted movement, disease threat attenuated; conflict with neighbor reduced; manure can be easily collected and hygiene is improved; quality of feeds controlled

Inconvenient Expensive; time involvingScore Rural (21%), peri-urban (43%) and urban (86%)

Hosed not raised with cemented floor, roof made with ion sheet and wall with timber in Mukono

House not raised, roof maid of ion sheet and wall of bricks in Mukono

House not raised, floor not cemented, wall and roof made of stem in Masaka

House raised, wall made of stem and roof of grass in Batuga

Tethering

Definition Pigs are tethered under a tree shade in the compound (feeds brought) or in the bush and moved to a tree to another to keep the shade and allow change of feeds (grass and crops residues); ropes are changed from one leg to another to reduce injuries.

Reason No funds to construct houses; farmers keeps small number of pigs (2 to 3); Seasonality local breed and adults pigs; all seasons and dry season only for those practicing

scavengingAdvantages Not exposed to disease; manure produce on site; no crop damage; conflict with

neigh our reduced

Inconvenient Leg injuries; exposition to predators; Score Rural (66%), peri-urban (40%) and urban (13%)

Adult pig tethered under a tree shade and fed with crop residues

Housing typology

RR RU UU0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tethering

Housed

Free-range/Scavenging

Confinement type Rural (%) Peri-urban (%) Urban (%)Tethering 66 40 13Housed Housed raised floor 5 6 25

Housed not raised floor 16 37 61Free-range/Scavenging 17 18 1

Husbandry practices

deworm

ing

castra

tion

servic

ing

vitam

in injec

tion

parasit

es sp

ray

taggin

g

ion injec

tion

extra

teat

remova

l0

20

40

60

80

100

120

RRRUUU

Pig husbandry practices When What is the source of the service Cost of the service (UGX)Castration From 2 weeks of age village vet; village castror or farm owner up to 3000

Serving when pig seen on hit village boar; neighbor boar; release free rooming to meet any boar

10000 to 50000Boar local breed < improved breed; neighbor<village boar

Deworming once a while village vet; farmer

2500 to 4500 (injection)500 to 2000 (tablet/piglets)2000 to 3000 (tablet/adult)Up to 7000 (drenching)

Parasites spraying Village vet 1000 to 5000 per treatment

Ion supplementation village vet; or allow pigs to room and ingest red soil 1000 to 3500

vitamin usually at 2 months of pregnancy village vet or farmer 1000 to 5000

Extra teat removal - high qualified vets -Tagging/Notching - village vet of farmer -

Herd entry/exit

Kkin

go

Kyan

amuk

aka

Kita

yunj

wa

Nam

wen

dwa

Bugu

lum

bya

Nten

jeru

Kabo

nera

Kyam

pisi

Kim

anya

-Kya

baku

za

Katw

e-Bu

tego

Nyen

do-S

seny

ange

Muk

ono

TC

Gom

a

Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban

0

20

40

60

80

100

remaining

moved out

Prop

ortio

n of

hou

seho

lds (

%)

Reason for herd entry

Kkin

go

Kyan

amuk

aka

Kita

yunj

wa

Nam

wen

dwa

Bugu

lum

bya

Nten

jeru

Kabo

nera

Kyam

pisi

Kim

anya

-Kya

baku

za

Katw

e-Bu

tego

Nyen

do-S

seny

ange

Muk

ono

TC

Gom

a

Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban

0

20

40

60

80

100

#REF! renting in

gift boar services

birth

Prop

ortio

n of

hou

seho

lds (

%)

Reasons for herd exit

Kkin

go

Kyan

amuk

aka

Kita

yunj

wa

Nam

wen

dwa

Bugu

lum

bya

Nten

jeru

Kabo

nera

Kyam

pisi

Kim

anya

-Kya

baku

za

Katw

e-Bu

tego

Nyen

do-S

seny

ange

Muk

ono

TC

Gom

a

Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban

0

20

40

60

80

100

death

predators

slaughtered

theft

gift

pay boar service

get lost

renting pout

sold

Prop

ortio

n of

hou

seho

lds (

%)

Causes of death

Kkin

go

Kyan

amuk

aka

Kita

yunj

wa

Nam

wen

dwa

Bugu

lum

bya

Nten

jeru

Kabo

nera

Kyam

pisi

Kim

anya

-Kya

baku

za

Katw

e-Bu

tego

Nyen

do-S

seny

ange

Muk

ono

TC

Gom

a

Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban

0

20

40

60

80

100

heat stress

accident

predation

malice

malnutrition

disease

Prop

ortio

n of

hou

seho

lds (

%)

Priority diseases

worms

ASF

mange

mite lice

diarhorea

malnutri

tion

midges

FMD

Others05

101520253035404550

RRRUUU

Disease Common agents Morbidity (%) Mortality (%) Case fatality (%)ASF (Omusujja/Omusudha) Virus of Asfarviridae family 29 29 100Worms (Enjoka/Ebiwuka) Schistosoma, strongyloides, coccidia,

nematodes, cestodes, fasciola, etc..37 14 39

Sarcoptic mange (Lukuku/Olukuku) Sarcoptes scabei 16 7 43Diarrhea (Ekidukano/kwiidukana) rotavirus 6 5 86Lice (Ensekere/Nsekere) Haematopinus suis 5 1 24Malnutrition (Endya embi) - 4 3 66FMD (Kalusu) Virus of Picornaviridae family 1 0.0 6Midge biting (Kawawa) Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly); Simulium

spp.; Culicoides spp. 1 0.2 18

*Others - 1 0.5 73

*Swine erysipelas, anemia, ticks, jiggers, heat stress, undiagnosed diseases usually related to sudden death

Rainfall and seasonality of diseases and vectors

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec0

10

20

30

40

50

60

RainfallASFWormsDiarrheaMalnutritionFMD

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

RainfallMiteLiceJiggerMidgeTicks

Disease impact on production

• ASF: epidemic, high mortality

• Parasites: endemic, stunted growth, loss of weight

• Diarrhea: loos of weight and dead on piglet

• FMD and Malnutrition: reduced market value

• Diamond disease: emaciation,unprofitable to feed out.

• Amenia: death

Disease control by farmers

Disease name Treatment and prevention Effectiveness of treatment

African swine fever Antibiotics, human urine, local herbs (mululuza, kigagi, esikula, ekifufumu, omululuza), combination of aloe vera and salt

Little effective

Worms Deworming with either tablet, injection or drenching Very effective

Ecto-parasites

Lice Ivermectin, used engine oil, insecticide (“ambush poison”) , tobacco extract

Very effective

Mange mite spraying with acaricide, apply used engine oil, tobacco extract, scrabbling with soap, ground herbal leaves (muluku)

Very effective

Biting midges insecticide (“ambush poison”), used engine oil very effectiveTick Spraying Very effectiveJiggers Wallowing, spraying Very effective

Diarrhea Injection by vet Very effectiveMalnutrition None Some farmers can stock bran,

other can get a loan from BRAC Swine erysipelas (Diamond disease)

Inject on ear Very effective

FMD No treatment Treated by vet to enable them move to slaughter

Anemia No treatment N/A

Main constraints to animal health (1)

lack o

f knowled

ge

poor fee

ds quali

ty

poor vet

servic

es

lack o

f feed

s

poor hyg

iene

no prophya

lxis p

rogra

m

expen

sive v

et ser

vices

neglig

ence

expen

sive f

eeds

poor housin

g

lack o

f funds

lack o

f housin

g

fake d

rugs

scarce

wate

r

expen

sive t

reatm

ent

lack o

f space

harsh w

eather

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

RRRUUU

Main constraints to animal health (2)

• What is already being done? Own treatment with commercial drugs or traditional drugs Use local material to construct houses Stock few pigs and make good use of the limited space Inform authorities about quality of drugs Deal with qualified and recognized health workers Sell other assets (crops, other animal) to buy drugs and

construct houses Use local available feeds (forage, peelings) or allow them to

scavenge Stock maize bran for use in time of scarcity Get loan and invest in the farm Visit more advanced farmers and seek for advice

Main constraints to animal health (3)

• What more can be done? Get qualified vets and increase their accessibility Get breeds that are more resistant to diseases Access to affordable drugs Access to good quality feeds Training in management practices and records

keeping Training on fed formulation and promote local feeds Access to funds Exchange farmer’s experience and knowledge

Main constraints to animal health (4)

• Who has to do it? Farmer Government authorities Development institutions Research institutions

• How it can be done?• Mobilize farmers in groups and provide training on

management and feeding strategies• Have access to good quality drugs• Vet services and feeds shops get closer to farmers• Access to loan from banks• Get technical staff in the villages• Increase farmer’s motivation

THANK YOU