Slide 1 The 17th Century and Military Innovations Major Rascon.

The 17th Century and The 17th Century and Military InnovationsMilitary Innovations

Major Rascon

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Know and discuss the continuing religious Know and discuss the continuing religious strife which led to the Thirty Years’ War, and strife which led to the Thirty Years’ War, and the total nature of such ideological strugglesthe total nature of such ideological struggles

Know and describe the Thirty Years’ War Know and describe the Thirty Years’ War from the standpoint of Gustavus’ strategy from the standpoint of Gustavus’ strategy and tacticsand tactics

Know and review the military innovations Know and review the military innovations introduced by Gustavus Adolphusintroduced by Gustavus Adolphus


Know and describe the growth of defensive Know and describe the growth of defensive fortifications during the reign of Louis XIVfortifications during the reign of Louis XIV

Know and recall the development of the law Know and recall the development of the law of nations in reaction to the unlimited warfare of nations in reaction to the unlimited warfare of the Thirty Years’ warof the Thirty Years’ war

Relate / apply the development of Cromwell’s Relate / apply the development of Cromwell’s New Model Army to the changes in civil-New Model Army to the changes in civil-military relationships in 17military relationships in 17thth century England century England

Reading AssignmentReading Assignment

Jones pp. 221-266Jones pp. 221-266

P,R,&W pp.P,R,&W pp.

Social DiversitiesSocial Diversities

Italy still city Italy still city statesstates

France, France, Germany, Germany, Portugal, Portugal, Holland evolving Holland evolving into pure into pure monarchiesmonarchies

ResultsResults

Powerful kingsPowerful kingsPower to taxPower to taxPower to raise armiesPower to raise armiesCentralized controlCentralized controlSea power shifts world’s wealthSea power shifts world’s wealth

ConflictConflict

1494 – King Charles VII of France invaded 1494 – King Charles VII of France invaded ItalyItaly

1519 – King Charles VIII had alienated 1519 – King Charles VIII had alienated Austria (Northern Italy Claims) and Spain Austria (Northern Italy Claims) and Spain (Naples Claims)(Naples Claims)

1515thth vs.. 16 vs.. 16thth

1515thth Century – limited armies fighting limited Century – limited armies fighting limited battles throughout Europebattles throughout Europe

1616thth Century – Europe at war Century – Europe at war– Charles wanted to unite Europe under one Charles wanted to unite Europe under one

churchchurch– Gunpowder was major questionGunpowder was major question

GunpowderGunpowder

Had potential, but was cumbersome and Had potential, but was cumbersome and inaccurateinaccurate

Pike only could stop infantryPike only could stop infantryMost preferred the arquebus, but a mix Most preferred the arquebus, but a mix

was neededwas neededVideo –9min WheellockVideo –9min Wheellock

Consalvo de CordovaConsalvo de Cordova

Massed pikes and harquebus on flanksMassed pikes and harquebus on flanks

CountermarchingCountermarching

Spanish squareSpanish square

Cavalry shock charges stopped by Swiss Cavalry shock charges stopped by Swiss pikespikes

Mid 16Mid 16thth Century Century

Religious wars broke out all over EuropeReligious wars broke out all over Europe

Machiavellian thoughts led to ruthless and Machiavellian thoughts led to ruthless and unlimited destructionunlimited destruction

Citizen-soldiers fought for cause of GodCitizen-soldiers fought for cause of God

Mercenaries then filled in ranksMercenaries then filled in ranks

End of 16End of 16thth Century Century

First Muskets (50 – 100 yd accuracy)First Muskets (50 – 100 yd accuracy)Two rounds every 3 minutesTwo rounds every 3 minutesArtillery improvementsArtillery improvementsCavalry comebackCavalry comeback

– Switch from lance to pistol & swordSwitch from lance to pistol & sword– Utilized for auxiliary and reconnaissanceUtilized for auxiliary and reconnaissance

Officer ranks & chain of command Officer ranks & chain of command reestablished (Roman Legion)reestablished (Roman Legion)

1717thth Century Century

Mercenaries filled ranksMercenaries filled ranks– Kings hesitated to arm subjectsKings hesitated to arm subjects– Kings believed only mercenaries understood new Kings believed only mercenaries understood new

tactics and weaponstactics and weapons– Problems:Problems:

• Money to payMoney to pay• Loyalty to whom?Loyalty to whom?

New TacticsNew Tactics

Firepower required smaller number of Firepower required smaller number of warriors across a larger area requiring warriors across a larger area requiring greatergreater– Tactical skillsTactical skills– InitiativeInitiative– Junior LeadersJunior Leaders

LeadershipLeadership

Ethical leaders required (no more reckless Ethical leaders required (no more reckless knight or selfish mercenary)knight or selfish mercenary)

New “combat leader” began to emerge:New “combat leader” began to emerge:– Socially and ethically disciplinedSocially and ethically disciplined– Tactically a studentTactically a student– Drill and training responsiblitiesDrill and training responsiblities

Discipline – not gunpowder – initiated this Discipline – not gunpowder – initiated this transformation of the militarytransformation of the military

Maurice of NetherlandsMaurice of Netherlands

Developed Dutch Army ModelDeveloped Dutch Army Model– Disciplined (unquestionable obedience), Loyal to Disciplined (unquestionable obedience), Loyal to

the unit, year-round pay, lots of drill, still mostly the unit, year-round pay, lots of drill, still mostly foreignersforeigners

Officer CorpsOfficer Corps– Public trust, commissioned due to deeds vice Public trust, commissioned due to deeds vice

nobility, commissioned by state, unquestionable nobility, commissioned by state, unquestionable obedienceobedience

1618 – Thirty Years’ War1618 – Thirty Years’ War

France allied with Germany against Holy France allied with Germany against Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire– Threatened Baltic StatesThreatened Baltic States– Total War (Machiavellian) devastated Germany Total War (Machiavellian) devastated Germany

and Europeand Europe– Germany (the battleground) would not recover Germany (the battleground) would not recover

until the 19until the 19thth Century CenturyDevelopment of the “Law of Nations” in Development of the “Law of Nations” in

reaction to unlimited warfarereaction to unlimited warfare

Gustavus’ StrategyGustavus’ Strategy

Strengthen Swedish power and defend Strengthen Swedish power and defend ProtestantismProtestantism

Carry the war away from SwedenCarry the war away from SwedenCautious progress – pessimistic alliesCautious progress – pessimistic alliesMobility of forcesMobility of forces

Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War

Gustavus Gustavus invades from invades from north and has north and has series of series of political and political and military military victories.victories.

Gustavus’ Military InnovationsGustavus’ Military Innovations

Introduced conscriptionIntroduced conscriptionReduced soldiers loadReduced soldiers load

– Amount of armorAmount of armor– Weight of weaponWeight of weapon

• Wooden rest – iron spike – no restWooden rest – iron spike – no restStandardization of paper cartridgesStandardization of paper cartridges

– Increased the rate of fireIncreased the rate of fire

Innovations (cont)Innovations (cont)

““Father” of modern artilleryFather” of modern artillery– Standardized Siege, field, and regimental gunsStandardized Siege, field, and regimental guns– Reduced regimental guns by 1,000 poundsReduced regimental guns by 1,000 pounds– Artillery cartridgeArtillery cartridge

• Greatly increased rate of fire and made safer to Greatly increased rate of fire and made safer to handlehandle

AtrocitiesAtrocities

Revulsion over Thirty Years’ WarRevulsion over Thirty Years’ War– Hugo Grotius’ Hugo Grotius’ Rights of War and PeaceRights of War and Peace (1625) (1625)

• Treated states as individuals within in the society of Treated states as individuals within in the society of nationsnations

• Nations would respect the rights of other nations and Nations would respect the rights of other nations and honor contractual obligationshonor contractual obligations

English Civil War BackgroundEnglish Civil War Background

EnglandEngland– Isolation – no need for standing armiesIsolation – no need for standing armies– All men on call, but not at armsAll men on call, but not at arms– English king could not bring pressure to bear on English king could not bring pressure to bear on

ParliamentParliament– Earlier raids on Spanish ships supported kingEarlier raids on Spanish ships supported king– Henry VIIIHenry VIII

• Parliament had religious ties to RomeParliament had religious ties to Rome• Henry VIII created Church of EnglandHenry VIII created Church of England• Civil War followedCivil War followed

The ConflictThe Conflict

Nobility (King) vs. middle class (Parliament)Nobility (King) vs. middle class (Parliament)Parliament raised army under CromwellParliament raised army under CromwellRecruited citizens who supported ParliamentRecruited citizens who supported Parliament22,000 (50% cavalry/infantry)22,000 (50% cavalry/infantry)Disciplined followersDisciplined followersCavalry directly under CromwellCavalry directly under Cromwell

The Conflict (cont)The Conflict (cont)

Cavalry was decisive forceCavalry was decisive forceCavalry used pistol & sword (no pikes)Cavalry used pistol & sword (no pikes) Infantry 1/3 pike, 2/3 musket (100 yd range)Infantry 1/3 pike, 2/3 musket (100 yd range)Red CoatsRed CoatsDefeated King, death was sentenceDefeated King, death was sentence

Post Civil WarPost Civil War

Parliament refused to pay back armyParliament refused to pay back armyParliament tried to disband armyParliament tried to disband armyArmy revolted and took power (beheaded Army revolted and took power (beheaded

King)King)Cromwell now in chargeCromwell now in charge

– Divided country into military regionsDivided country into military regions– Police statePolice state– Organized secret police to spy on nationOrganized secret police to spy on nation– Aggressive foreign policyAggressive foreign policy– True standing army of 70,000True standing army of 70,000

After Cromwell’s DeathAfter Cromwell’s Death

New Parliament and KingNew Parliament and KingNew conflict between Parliament/KingNew conflict between Parliament/KingKing James dethronedKing James dethronedWilliam of Orange took overWilliam of Orange took over

William of OrangeWilliam of Orange

Needing men to fight France, he accepted Needing men to fight France, he accepted parliamentary restrictionsparliamentary restrictions– No peacetime army without parliamentary No peacetime army without parliamentary

approvalapproval– Protestant citizens had a right to bear armsProtestant citizens had a right to bear arms– Cromwell’s legacy (in America & other English Cromwell’s legacy (in America & other English

speaking countries as well)speaking countries as well)• Constitution provides military with civilian ruleConstitution provides military with civilian rule• Distrust of the “professional officer” has resulted in Distrust of the “professional officer” has resulted in

historical unpreparedness for warhistorical unpreparedness for war

Defensive FortificationsDefensive Fortifications

Louis XIVLouis XIV– Medieval rendered Medieval rendered

obsolete by obsolete by artilleryartillery

Sebastien le Sebastien le Prestre de VaubanPrestre de Vauban – Constructed three Constructed three

systems of systems of fortificationsfortifications

• Low wallsLow walls• Earth backingEarth backing• Below ground Below ground

fortificationfortification Parallels to Parallels to

approach wallsapproach walls

SummarySummary

Video 9min flintlockVideo 9min flintlock

QuestionsQuestions

Next Session Learning Next Session Learning Objectives:Objectives:

Comprehend and explain the resurrection of Comprehend and explain the resurrection of mobility and offensive by Marlboroughmobility and offensive by Marlborough

Know and trace the emergence of limited Know and trace the emergence of limited war, international law, and the tight war, international law, and the tight professional armies of Kingsprofessional armies of Kings


Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and means of limited warfaremeans of limited warfare

Comprehend and explain the emergence of Comprehend and explain the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant maritime and Great Britain as the dominant maritime and colonial power by the end of the 18colonial power by the end of the 18thth century century

Slide 1 The 17th Century and Military Innovations Major Rascon.

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