siTburi procesebi - ninoqemoklidze.files.wordpress.com · da siCqaris sami komponenti Vx,Vy, Vz. es...

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

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siTburi procesebi11jer kidev uZvelesi drois filosofosebi xvdebodnen, rom siTbo sx-eulis Semadgenel nawilakTa moZraobis saxea.am TavSi materiis siTburi moZraobis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebs Se-viswavliT.siTburi moZraoba ganapirobebs sxeulis Sinagan Tvisebebs da sxeu-lebSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis axsnis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

suraTze:

vulkanis

gavarvarebuli

lava.

nivTierebis agebulebis molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria1-1.1-1.risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba? moZraoben da urTierTqmedeben Tu

ara nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebi?

sxeuls, romelic Zalian bevr atoms an molekulas Seicavs, mak-roskopuli sxeuli ewodeba. WiqaSi Casxmuli wyali, qviSis marcvali, foladis Rero, dedamiwa da a.S makroskopuli sxeulebia.

molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis amocanaa gansazRvros makrosko-puli sxeulis Tvisebebi misi Semadgeneli urTierTmoqmedi nawilake-bis moZraobis safuZvelze.

nivTierebebis agebulebis molekulur-kinetikur Teorias safuZ-vlad udevs sami ZiriTadi debuleba:

yoveli nivTiereba Sedgeba mcire nawilakebisgan (atomebisgan, molekulebsgan, ionebisgan).

nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv moZraoben.•nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben.•

molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTad debulebaTa damadas-turebeli movlenebi bunebaSi bevria.

gaixsene, ra aris difuzia? daasaxele difuziis magaliTebi. axseni difuziis movlena molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis sa-fuZvelze.

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molekulebis moZraobis naTeli dadasturebaa e.w. brounis moZ-raoba- siTxeSi (an airSi) Setivtivebul mcire magram mikroskopiT xilvad nawilakTa qaosuri moZraoba. (nax.1.)

brounma ver SeZlo pasuxi gaeca kiTxvaze-ra aris nawilakebis qaosuri moZraobis mizezi. es movlena 1905 wels Teoriulad axsna ainStainma molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvelze. suraTze sqematurad naCvenebia brounis erTi nawilakisa da mis maxloblad mdebare molekulebis moZraoba. nawilakze molekulebis dajaxebani erTmaneTs ar akompensirebs, radgan molekulebis qaosuri moZraobi-sas brounis nawilakisaTvis gadacmuli impulsebi, magaliTad, marcx-nidan da marjvnidan, erTnairi araa. amitom nulisgan gansxvavebulia Zala, romelic iwvevs brounis nawilakis moZraobas.

nax. 1. brounis moZraobas SeiZleba davakvirdeT airSi_haerSi Setivtive-buli mtvris an bolis nawilakebi brounis moZ-raobas asrulebs

axseni, ratom inarCunebs uZraobas siTxeSi CaSvebuli Se-darebiT didi nawilakebi?2

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

amJamad molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis yvela ZiriTadi debule-ba eqsperimentaluradaa dadasturebuli. gazomilia molekulis masa da zomebi. garkveulia molekulebis urTierTqmedebis ZalTa damok-idebuleba maT Soris manZilze: molekulebs Soris mcire manZilisas, romelic naklebia molekulebis sakuTar zomebze.

moqmedebs ganzidvis Zalebi, didi manZilisas ki-mizidvis Zale-bi. (nax. 2) naxazi molekulaTSorisi Zalebis moqmedebis radiusia 10nm=10-8m),

r0 manZilze, romelic daaxloebiT molekulaTa radiusebis ja-mis tolia jamuri Zala nulis tolia, radgan mizidvis da ganzidvis ZalTa modulebi erTmaneTs udris, roca r > r0 mizidvis Zala metia ganzidvis Zalaze, manZilze, romelic molekulebis 2-3 diametrs aRe-mateba, ganzidvis Zala TiTqmis nulis tolia. Tu r < r0 ganzidvis Zala metia mizidvis Zalaze.

nax. 2. naxazi

airis molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi gantoleba

airis molekulebi ganuwyvetliv moZraoben qaosurad. vTqvaT, sistema warmoadgens idealur airs. es yvelaze martivi SemTxvevaa. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT idealuri airi re-aluri airis umartivesi fizikuri modelia. idealurs uwodeben airs, romlis Semadgeneli molekulebis urTierTqmedeba sruliad umniSvneloa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, idealuri airis molekulebis saSualo kinetikuri energia bevrad aRemateba maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciur energias.

roca realuri airi sakmaod didad aris gauxSoebuli, e.i roca molekulebs Soris arsebuli saSualo manZili bevrad aRemateba molekulebis zomebs, is ukve idealuri airis msgavsad iqceva. am SemTxvevaSi molekulebis urTierTmizidva SeiZleba sruliad ug-ulebelvyoT. ganzidvis Zalebi ki mJRavndeba mxolod drois umniS-vnelod mcire SualedebSi molekulebis urTierTdajaxebisas.

Mmolekulebis urTierTdajaxebisas icvleba maTi moZraobis siC-qare.

magaliTad, vTqvaT gansazRvruli moculobis haeri 1024 moleku-las Seicavs. TiToeuli molekulis moZraoba rom aRiweros 6 . 1024

cvladia saWiro - TiToeuli molekulisTvis zyx ,, sami koordinati da siCqaris sami komponenti Vx,Vy, Vz. es sakmaod rTuli amocanaa da zogjer SeuZlebelic, Tumca uamravi nawilakis qaosur moZraobaSi TiToeulis wili umniSvneloa, amitom SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas moZraobis damaxasiaTebel sidideTa saSualo mniSvnelobebi.

aRvniSnoT calkeuli molekulis siCqareTa modulebi V1,V2.......VN maSin siCqaris kvadratis saSualo mniSvneloba ase gamoiTvleba

V 2 = V 1

2 V22 + .....V N2

N (1) sadac N molekulebis ricx

via, magram V 2 =Vx 2 +Vy 2 Vz2 (2).

siCqaris veqtoris modulis kvadrati tolia koordinatTa OX, OY, OZ OORerZebze siCqaris gegmilTa kvadratebis jamisa. aqedan

V 2 =Vx 2 +Vy 2 Vz2 (3)

radgan molekulebi qaosurad moZraoben, OX, OY, OZ mimarTule-baTagan arc erTs upiratesoba ar eniWeba, amitomVx 2 =Vy 2 =Vz

2 (4) gaviTvaliswinoT (4) (3)-Si, miviRebTVx 2 = V1

3.

e.i siCqaris gegmilis kvadratis saSualo TviT siCqaris kvadra-

tis saSualos 13

-is tolia. 13 mamravli miiReba imis gamo, rom sivrce

samganzomilebiania da yvela veqtors sami gegmili aqvs.

4 siTburi procesebi

1857 wels germanelma mecnierma r.klauziusma miiRo formula

P = mnV 21

3 (5). es aris molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi gantoleba, romlis Tanaxmad idealuri airis wneva proporciulia molekulis masis, erTeulovan moculobaSi molekulaTa ricxvis da molekulaTa moZraobis siCqaris kvadratis saSualo mniSvnelobis namravlis an PV

= NmV 213

(6)(5) formula makroskopul sidides-wnevas, romelic manometriT

izomeba, akavSirebs molekulebis damaxasiaTebel makroskopul sidideebTan da amiT aris mniSvnelovani.

molekulur-kinetikur Teorias statistikur meqanikasac uwode-ben.

rogor fiqrob ratom miiRo es saxelwodeba molekulur-kinetikurma Teoriam? 3

Seamowme codna axseni molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvelze :a) avtomobilis saburavSi arsebuli airi wneviT moqmedebs saburav-

is kedelze.b) airis wneva saburavSi izrdeba, roca saburavs beraven.g) airis wneva saburavSi ufro maRalia mgzavrobis bolos, vidre

dasawyisSi.

molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvelze axseniT, ratom aris SesaZlebeli nivTiereba arsebobdes myar, Txevad da airad mdgomare-obaSi.

molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebuleba maT Soris manZilze xsnis drekadobis Zalis warmoqmnas sxeulTa kumSvisa da gaWimvisas. SeecadeT, axsnaT da CamoayaliboT werilobiT.

axseni, ratomaa SeuZlebeli gatexili sxeulis gamTeleba misi nawilebis ubralod SeerTebiT an ratom ekvris erTmaneTs ori minis firfita, romelTa zedapirebi sakmaod gluvia. Seecade gaixseno da aRwero movlenebi, romlebic amtkiceben molekulur- kinetikuri Teoris ZiriTad debulebebs

(8.9.kreb) ramdeni molekulaa 1m3 moculobis azotSi 20 kpa wn-evis dros, Tu azotis molekulebis siCqaris kvadratis saSualo mniSvnelobaa1,2 .106 m2/wm2

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Termodinamika1-2.1-2.ra msgavseba SeiZleba iyos Sav xvrelsa da Wiqa wyals Soris?pasuxi am kiTxvaze Zalian martivia: orives amaTgan gaaCnia garkveu-

li temperatura da orive maTganis Seswavla SesaZlebelia Termodi-namikis saSualebiT.

nivTierebas bevri iseTi Tviseba aqvs, romlis Sesaswavlad saWiro araa misi molekuluri agebulebis codna. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis Camoyalibebamde (XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi) Seiqmna siTbur movlenaTa iseTi Teoria, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs sxeulTa moleku-lur agebulebas. am Teorias Termodinamika ewodeba. Termodinamikis kanonebi dadgenilia cdebiT da marTebulia yvela nivTierebisTvis maTi Sinagani agebulebisgan damoukideblad.

berZnulad `Termo”-siTbos niSnavs, “dinamis”-Zalas. Termodi-namika fizikis nawilia, romelic Seiswavlis siTbos da sxva formis energiebis urTierTgardaqmnas ise, rom ar iTvaliswinebs sxeulTa molekulur agebulebas.

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

siTburi wonasworoba. temperatura.

romeli fizikri sididiT xasiaTdeba sxeulTa siTburi mdgomare-oba?

nax.3k mocemulia izolirebuli liTonis Rero, romlis boloebic sxvadasxva temperaturazea gamTbari. T1>T2 .

nax.3 mocemulia izoli-rebuli liTonis Rero,

imsjele da aRwere fizikuri movlena, romelsac adgili eqneba ReroSi drois ganmavlobaSi.

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Tu sxeulTa temperatura sxvadasxvaa, maSin maTi Sexebisas moxde-ba energiis gacvla: meti temperaturis sxeuli energias gadascems na-klebi temperaturis sxeuls. sxeulebis temperaturaTa sxvaoba gan-sazRvravs maT Soris siTbocvlis mimarTulebas.

yoveli sxeuli an makroskopul sxeulTa jgufi ucvleli gareSe pirobebis dros TavisTavad gadadis siTburi wonasworobis mdgo-mareobaSi.

siTburi an Termodinamikuri wonasworoba ewodeba iseT mdgo-mareobas, romlis drosac yvela makroskopuli parametri ganusaz-Rvrelad didxans rCeba ucvleli.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT siTburi wonasworobis dros Termodinami-kuri sistemis SigniT energiis gadacema ar xdeba da Sedegad sistemis yvela nawilSi temperatura erTnairad

mudmivi rCeba. siTburi wonasworobisas ar mimdinareobs aravi-Tari makroskopuli procesebi.(ar icvleba moculoba da wneva, ar xdeba siTxeebis, airebis da myari sxeulebis agregatuli mdgomareo-bis Secvla da a.S).

siTbo rom energiis erT-erT formas warmoadgens, romlis gardaqmnac energiis sxva formebSi SesaZlebelia, fizikosebma mx-olod XIX saukuneSi daadgines.

nebismier makroskopul sxeuls an makroskopul sxeulTa jgufs, romlebsac SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan da sxva xeulebTan energetikuli urTierTqmedeba Termodinamikuri sistema ewodeba.

Termodinamikuri meTodi sistemis mdgomareobis maxasiaTebel iseT TvalsaCino fizikur sidideebs Soris kavSirs aRwers, rogor-

icaa wneva P, moculoba V, temperatura T, koncentracia n da a.Ses meTodi fenomenologiuri, anu aRweriTi meTodia.sidideebs, romlebic axasiaTebs Termodinamikur sistemas sxeul-

Ta molekuluri agebulebis gauTvaliswineblad makroskopuli anu Termodinamikuri parametrebi ewodeba (PPPPP V, T, n)

rogor fiqrob wydeba Tu ara mikroskopuli procesebi siT-buri wonasworobis dros? upasuxe kiTxvebs da Camoayalibe msjeloba: icvleba Tu ara molekulebis mdebareoba siTburi wonasworobis dros? molekulebis siCqare dajaxebisas?

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im procesebis erTobliobas, romelic adamianis oranizms ucv-lel temperaturas unarCunebs, Tboregulacia ewodeba. Tboregu-lacia ganapirobebs bunebis umniSvnelovanes procesebs, kerZod si-cocxles.

Nnormalur pirobebSi adamianis organizmSi ar unda moxdes siTbos arc dagroveba da arc zedmeti gadaxarjva. Tboregulacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes siTbogadacemT.

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siTbos gadacemis ra xerxebi arsebobs? razea TiToeuli maTgani damokidebuili? Ddaasaxele haeris konvqciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi ?

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Seamowme codnaimsjele ra gansxvavebaa temperaturasa da siTbos cnebeb Soris.axseni, rogor xdeba TermostatSi airis dinebis kontroli. (nax4.

gv. 69 -9)samedicino praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia siTbomkurnalobis me-

Todi. Aam dros xdeba organizmis romelime nawilis an mTlianad or-ganizmis temperaturis Secvla(mag; qirurgiuli operaciis dros organizmis gansazRvruli nawilis gaciebiT xdeba gaumtkivareba). siTbomkurnalobis dros xdeba Tbili haeris, wylis, torfis, sam-kurnalo talaxis, parafinis, Tixis, silis uSualo Sexeba orga-nizmTan. Ggaarkvie rogori a) kuTri siTbotevadobiT(maRali); b) siTbogamtarobiT(dabali) xasiaTdeba es nivTierebebi.

dasaxelebulTagan romel nivTierebas aqvs yvelaze maRali kuTrisiTbotevadoba(wyals). romel nivTierebas aqvs konveqciis didi (wyali, haeri) unari? Bbioqimiuri moqmedebis unari?(torfs, samkurnalo talaxs). daasaxele parafinis dadebiTi siTburi sap-roceduro Tvisebebi( didi siTbotvadoba, dabali siTbogamtaroba, konveqciis uqonloba, dnobis didi kuTri siTbo (39kal/g) ( parafinis fena, romliTac kania dafaruli, swrafad civdeba, magrdeba da dab-ali siTbogamtarobis gamo, kans icavs darCenili gamdnari parafinis masis (romlis emperaturaa55-60grad) moqmedebisagan. Pproceduris ganmavlobaSi parafinis fena TandaTanobiT gamyardeba da gamoyofs siTbos, romelic saWiroa proceduris dros.)

moamzade referati”siTbomkurnalobis fizikuri safuZvlebi”

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temperaturis gazomva.1-3.1-3.

temperaturuli skalebi

zamTris yinvian dRes rkinis sxeulebi ufro civi gveCveneba xelis SexebiT, vidre xis. axseni ratom?

temperatura gviCvenebs, ramdenad gamTbaria sxeuli. xSirad mx-olod Sexebac sakmarisia imis gasarkvevad, romeli sxeulis tempera-turaa ufro maRali, Tumca Cveni SegrZnebebi yovelTvis rodia san-do.

temperaturis sazomi xelsawyoa Termometri.temperaturis gasazomad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas tem-

peraturasa da nebismier makroskopul sidides (moculoba,wneva, eleqtruli winaRoba da a.S) Soris damokidebuleba.

ufro xSirad praqtikaSi iyeneben siTxis (vercxliswylis an spir-tis) moculobis temperaturis cvlilebaze damokidebulebas.

sxvadasxva saxis Termometri arsebobs, Tumca yvela maTganis mo-qmedebis proncipi erTi da igivea. es principi cnobilia e.w Termodi-namikis nulovani kanonis saxeliT.

Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni: (sur.5 warwera:)Tu A sxeuli siTbur wonasworobaSia A BsxeulTan, xolo Tavis

mxriv B sxeuli siTbur wonasworobaSia C sxeulTan, maSin A A da C sx-eulebic siTbur wonasworobaSi iqnebian.

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

Seadare am sxeulebis temperaturebi a) Tu B B-s moculo-ba Semcirdeba, b) Tu B B-s moculoba gaizrdeba, g) Tu B B Ter-mometrSi vercxliswylis moculoba ucvleli darCeba,

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temperaturaze damokidebulia sxeulis moculoba •

siTbur wonasworobaSi myof sxeulebs erTnairi temperatura aqvs. amgvarad, Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni warmoadgens postulats temperaturis Sesaxeb.

vTqvaT 5 naxazze B vercxliswylian Termometrs warmoadgens. B Termometris A sxeulTan Sexebisas iwyeba energiis gadacema da es procesi grZeldeba manam, sanam sxeulisa da Termometrs Soris siT-buri wonasworoba damyardeba. amis Semdeg temperaturis cvlileba wydeba. vercxliswylis svetis sigrZis (moculobis) mixedviT SeiZle-ba temperaturis gansazRvra. Tuki B-s axla sxva C sxeuls SevaxebT da davakvirdebiT rogor icvleba vercxliswylis moculoba Ter-mometrSi, A da C sxeulebis temperaturebis Sedarebas SevZlebT.

temperaturis zrdisas sxeulis moculoba izrdeba. daasaxele gamonaklisi.2

temperaturis zrdisas nivTiereba gadadis Txevad, Semdeg ki •airad mdgomareobaSi.liTonebSi temperaturis gazrda iwvevs maTi winaRobis gazr-•das, naxevargamtarebSi ki Semcirebas.temperaturazea damodikebuli bgeris siCqare, kuTri siTbote-•vadoba, siTburi gafarToebis koeficienti.

temperaturis absoluturi skala.

vTqvaT, V 1 da V 2 gansxvavebuli tevadobis or WurWelSi moTavseb-ulia sxvadasxva airi, Sesabamisad P2 da P2 airis wneviT. mocemul Ter-modinamikur sisitemaSi damyarda siTburi winasworoba. M

cdebma aCvena, miuxedavad imisa, rom airis wneva da koncentracia sxvadasxvaa WurWelSi sxvadasxva, siTburi wonasworobisas am ori sididis Sefardeba erTnairia:

P 1 = n 1P 2n 2

sadac = n NV

N -WurWelSi molekulebis ricxvia, Termodinamikuri sistemis nebismierad sxva temperaturis gare-

moSi moTavsebisas, kvlav siTburi wonasworoba damyardeba da Secv-

lili P n sidide erTnairi iqneba yvela airisTvis. amgvarad, SegviZlia

davweroT

= kTP n

= kTP VN

k propociulobis koeficientia, romelsac bolcmanis mudmiva

ewodeba k = 1,38.10-23 g/kT aris absoluturi temperatura.absoluturi nulis fizikuri Sinaarsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: air-

8 siTburi procesebi

airis wneva nulia, es niSnavs siTburi moZraobis Sewyvetas. aq naxati da CarCo mecxre kl. gv 37. skalebi ) temperaturuli skalebis dagraduirebisTvis gamoiyeneba saer-

TaSoriso SeTanxmebis Sedegad dadgenili Semdegi temperaturuli wertilebi.

nivTiereba wertili T 0, C T, K T, F

Jangbadiwyaliwyalivercxlioqro

duRilis gamyarebis duRilis dnobis dnobis

-182,970,00100,00960,801063,00

90,18273,15373,151233,951336,15

_31212

daimaxsovre! temperaturas aqvs ori sxvadasxva aRniSvna T da t imis mixedviT, Tu romel erTeulSi izomeba igi. Tu erT gantolebaSi orive es aRniSvna Segxvda, maTi Sekveca ar SeiZleba!

SeiZleba krebulidan 8.1-8.4 vercxliswylian Termometrs ar aqvs aRniSvnebi skalaze. roca

Termometri moaTavses yinuliani wyliT savse TasSi, vercxliswylis svetis simaRle 3 sm iyo. mduRare wyliT savse TasSi moTavsebisas ki svetis simaRlem 30 sm-s miaRwia. ra simaRlis iqneba vercxliswylis sveti 400 C temperaturis wylian TasSi moTavsebisas? ra tempera-turis wyali asxia TasSi, Tu masSi moTavsebisas vercxliswylis sve-tis simaRlea 15 sm?

platinis winaRobis TermometrSi gamoyenebuli platinis winaRo-

bis temperaturaze damokidebuleba, romelic mocemulia formuliT

R1 = R0 (1+at+bt 2) sadac R0 , a da b mudmivebia da t ki temperaturaa celsiusis gradusebSi (C 0).

mocemulia, rom R = 10 om, roca t = 00 C R = 14 om, roca t = 1000 C R = 24 om, roca t = 4200 Ca) gamoTvale R0 , a da b

b) daxaze grafiki R-is t-ze damokidebuleba.

0 0 C < t < 5000 C temperaturuli SualedisTvis.

Seamowme codna 1

2

is wneva warmoiSoba misi molekulebis dajaxebiT sxeulis zedapirze. temperaturis Semcirebisas mcirdeba molekulebis moZraobis saSua-lo siCqare, rac iwvevs airis wnevis Semcirebas. Tu T = 0, maSin P = 0.

cxadia, airis wneva maSin gautoldeba nuls, rodesac misi molekulebi gadataniT moZraobas Sewyveten. T0 = -2730 C-s (O0k) aris temperatura, romlis drosac airis molekulebi wyveten gadataniT moZraobas. is absolutur nuls Seesabameba.

1848 wels uiliam tomsonma (kelvinma) absoluturi temperaturis skala SemoiRo. kelvinis skalaze nulovani danayofi Teoriulad SesaZlebel umcires temperaturas- absolutur nuls Seesabameba.

absoluturi nulidan aTvlil temperaturas ki absoluturi tem-peratura (T) hqvia. Sl sistemaSi temperaturis erTeuls warmoadgens 1 kelvini (K). kelvinis skalaze erTi danayofis (gradusis) fasi ig-ivea, rac celsiusis skalaze. amgvarad, kelvinis da celsiusis skale-bi ubralod wanacvlebulia erTmaneTis mimarT.

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

1-4.1-4. Sinagani energia

ganvixiloT finjani Cai. makroskopuli TvalsazrisiT es sistema xasiaTdeba moculobiT, temperaturiT, wneviT. mikroskopuli Tval-sazrisiT molekulebi siTxis am moculobaSi moZraoben, irxevian, brunaven. Sesabamisad, maT gaaCniaT kinetikuri energia. amavdroulad molekulebi urTierTqmedeben, maSasadame, gaaCniaT potenciuri en-ergiac. finjani magidaze dgas, e.i dedamiwidan garkveul simaRleze mdebareobs, rac molekulebs gravitaciul potenciur energias ani-Webs. am energiaTa jami warmoadgens sistemis srul energias.

E = Ekin+E urT.pot+E gravit.potsistemis Sinagani energia warmoadgens molekulebis urTierTq-

medebis potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis jams.U = E kin + E pot.urT.amgvarad Sinagani energia ar aris damokidebuli sxeulis mdebare-

obaze sxva sxeulebis mimarT da arc mis siCqareze.

1) imsjele, mudam aqvs Tu ara sxeuls Sinagani energia? 1

iseve,rogorc nebismieri saxis energia, Sinagani energiac joulo-biT izomeba.

(CarCoxeulis sruli energia da misi Sinagani energia sxvadasxva cnebaa.

Sinagani energia U = E kin.mol + E pot.urT.mol.sruli energia E sr = U + E in.sxeulis. + E pot.grav.sxeulis.)sxeulis Sinagani energia damokidebulia temperaturaze. rac me-

tia sxeulis temperatura, miT ufro swrafad moZraoben sxeulis Se-madgeneli nawilakebi da miT metia am nawilakebis kinetikuri energia da Sesabamisad Sinagani energia.

Ddamokidebuleba absolutur temperaturasa da molekulebis ga-dataniTi moZraobis saSualo kinetikur energias Soris gamoisaxeba formuliT T E

kin

k= 23

imsjele, erTnairia Tu ara 1000 C temperaturis 1 kovzi da 1 litri wylis Sinagani energia?

2

unda icode

gaxsovdes!temperatura da Sinagani energia ar gaaigivo erTmaneTTan!

muSaoba airis moculobis cvlilebisas

vTqvaT cilindSi, romlis dguSs Tavisufali gadaadgileba Seu-Zlia, moTavsebulia airi. (nax.6.)

krebulinax66.gv 52

ra moxdeba, Tu cilindrSi airs gavaTbobT?2

radgan dguSis gadaadgileba mcire manZilze xdeba da airis wnevis cvlileba am manZilze SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT. Aamitom wneva SeiZle-ba miviCnioT mudmivad-aseT process izobaruli ewodeba.

10 siTburi procesebi

dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gafarToebisas? SekumSvisas? Aaxseni ratom? gadascemen Tu ara energias gare sxeulebi airs SekumSvis procesSi? rogor icv-leba am dros airis Sinagani eneria? axseni.

3

magaliTi:

2) imsjele, icvleba Tu ara sxeulis Sinagani energia misi de-formaciis Sedegad? misi gaTbobis dros?

sxeulis Sinagani energiis Secvla SesaZlebelia Semadgeneli nawilakebis potenciuri energiis an moZraobis siCqaris SecvliT. Nnawilakebis potenciuri energia icvleba sxeulis deformaciisas, xolo kinetikuri energia ki sxeulis gaTbobiT an gacivebiT.

Aamgvarad sxeulis Sinagani energiis Secvla SesaZlebelia gare Za-lebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobiT an sxeulisTvis siTbos gadace-miT.

4

ra muSaobas asrulebs idealuri airi mudmiv temperaturaze 2%-iT gafarToebisas. airis sawyisi moculoba 0,6m3-ia, wneva 105 pa.

amoxsna:A = pΔVA = (105 pa) . (0,6 . 0,02m3) = 1,2 kj

Sinagani energiis Secvlis xerxebi

muSaobis SesrulebiT:

liTonis fila moaTavse magidaze. 1m simaRleze aswie fo-ladis birTvi da gauSvi xeli. Seicvala Tu ara birTvisa da fi-lis temperatura dacemis Sedegad? Sinagani energia? Sesrulda Tu ara muSaoba? romeli energiis xarjze?

sacobidan minis WurWelSi Catumbes haeri. gamoTqvi varaudi, ra moxdeba garkveul momentSi? Sesrulda Tu ara muSaoba?

rogor aixsneba WurWelSi nislis warmoiqmna? aiRe TiTbris Txelkedliani mili, daamagre sadgarze Caasxi

milSi cotaodeni eTeri da Tavi daucvi. Semdeg milze Toki Se-moatare da ormxrivi moZraobiT axaxune mis kedelze. ra moxde-ba?

5

am dros dguSze moqmedi Zalis moduli F = pS (1). Tu, cilindrSi dguSis sawyisi da saboloo mdbareobebs aRvniSnavT h1 da h2-iT, maSin dguSis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamoiTvleba formu-liT: Al = Fl (2), sadacι = h1 - h2

(1)-->(2) Al = pSl = pΔVe.i. airis izobaruli gafarToebis dros airis mier Sesrulebuli

muSaoba airis wnevisa da moculobis cvlilebis namravlis tolia.

11

siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

amgvarad, Tu sistema asrulebs muSaobas, misi Sinagani energia mcirdeba, xolo Tu gare Zalebis mier sruldeba muSaoba, sxeuli iRebs energias da misi Sinagani energia izrdeba. am gardaqmnebisas sruldeba energiis mudmivobis kanoni.

ratom Tbeba haeri velosipedis saltis datumbvisas?6

avxsnaT movlena molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvelze.airis SekumSvisas temperaturis Secvlis mizezi isaa, rom moZ-

rav dguSTan drekadi dajaxebisas molekulebis kinetikuri energia izrdeba. dguSi moqmedebs fexburTelis msgavsad, romelic moZrav burTs fexs urtyams da aniWebs met siCqares, vidre dartymamde hqon-da.

airis gafarToebisas molekulebis siCqare klebulobs da amis gamo airi civdeba. Aanalogia-roca fexburTeli burTis moZraobis Senelebas cdilobs, igi fexs Seagebebs burTs.

SekumSvis an gafarToebisas icvleba molekulebis urTierTqmede-bis saSualo potenciuri energiac, radgan am dros icvleba saSualo manZili molekulebs Soris.

oTaxi Tbeba radiatoris saSualebiT. cxel wyalSi CaSvebuli civi kovzi Tbeba, mze aTbobs dedamiwas-am procesSi muSaobis Sesrulebis gareSe erTi sxeulis Sinagani energia iklebs, meore sxeulis Sinagani energia ki matulobs.

aseT process siTbocvla ewodeba. siTbocvlis aucilebeli pi-robaa temperaturaTa sxvaoba. siTbocvla wydeba maSin, roca sxeul-Ta temperaturebi gaTanabrdeba.

siTbocvlisas sxeulTa Soris sazRvarze civi sxeulis nela moZ-ravi molekulebi urTierTqmedeben cxeli sxeulis ufro swrafad moZrav molekulebTan. civi sxeulis molekulaTa siCqare izrdeba, cxelisa ki mcirdeba. amis Sedegad molekulaTa kinetikuri energia Tanabrdeba.

amgvarad, siTbocvlisas cxeli sxeulis Sinagani energiis nawili gadaecema civ sxeuls.

siTbocvliT:

gansazRvre, ra aris siTbos raodenoba

siTbos raodenoba, rome lic saWiroa m masis sxeulis gasaTbobad t1-dan t

2-mde, gamo iT vleba formuliT: Q = cm (t1 -t2) = cmΔt

C-s ewodeba kuTri siTbotevadoba, es aris siTbos raodenoba, romelic unda gadavceT sxeuls misi temperaturis erTi gradusiT Sesacvlelad. Tu sxeuli Tbeba, maSin aiReba saboloo da sawyis tem-peraturaTa sxvaoba, xolo Tu civdeba sawyis da sabo loo temperatu-raTa sxvaoba.

Ddagegme, aRwere da Caatare cda, romlis meSveobiTac daad-gen siTbos raodenobis formulis marTebulobas

siTbos raodenoba izomeba joulebSi. arsebobs siTbos raodeno-bis sistemgareSe erTeuli kaloria. kaloria aris siTbos raodenoba, romelic unda gadaeces erT gram wyals misi temperaturis erTi gra-dusiT asawevad. cdebiT dadge nilia, rom 4,19j muSaobis Sesrulebas Tan sdevs 1kaloria siTbos raodenobis miReba.

7

8


1-5.

imsjele da daasabuTe icvleba Tu ara Sinagani energia agregat-uli mdgomareobis Secvlisas? (icvleba. radgan nawilakebis urT-ierTqmedebis xasiTi gansxvavebulia)

ra siTbos raodenobaa saWiro, rom 800g spilenZis WurWelSi 2,5 l wyali 160 C-dan duRilis temperaturamde gavacxeloT?

gansazRvre muSaoba, romelic Sigawvis Zravis cilindris muSa sv-lis dros airis gafarToebis gamo srldeba. dguSis farTobia 200sm2, dguSis svla 30sm-s udris, cilindrSi saSualo wneva 50n/sm2

Seamowme codna1

2

3

Termodinamikis I kanoni1-5.

XIX s-is Sua wlebSi germanelma mecnierma, ganaTlebiT eqimma r.maierma (1814-1878 ww) da ingliselma mecnierma j.joulma (1818-1889 ww) aRmoaCines bunebis umniSvnelovanesi kanoni-energiis mudmivobis kanoni: energia bunebaSi arc warmoiqmneba arafrisgan da arc qreba:

energiis raodenoba ucvlelia, igi mxolod erTi formidan meo-reSi gardaiqmneba.

energiis mudmivobis da gardaqmnis kanons, romelic vrceldeba siTbur movlenebze, Termodinamikis I kanoni ewodeba.

gaxsovdes!`muSaoba” da `siTbo” ar aris `energiis” sinonimebi. energia

sistemis mdgomareobis maxasiaTebeli sididea, muSaoba da siTbo ki axasiaTebs energiis Secvlas sistemasa da garemos Soris.

zogad SemTxvevaSi erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlis dros sistemis Sinagani energia erTdroulad icvleba rogorc muSaobis, ise siTbos gadacemis xarjze. Termodinamikis I kanoni swored aseTi zogadi SemTxvevisTvisaa Camoyalibebuli.

erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas sistemis Sinagani en-ergiis cvlileba tolia gare ZalTa muSaobisa da sistemaze gadace-muli siTbos raodenobis jamisa: ΔU = A + Q (1)

xSirad sistemis mimarT gare Zalebis A muSaobis nacvlad ganixi-laven A1 muSaobas gare sxeulebis mimarT. radgan A1 = – A, amitom Termodinamikis I kanoni ase gamoisaxeba: Q = ΔU + A1 (2)

kerZo SemTxvevaSi, roca sistema izolirebulia, masze ar srul-deba muSaoba (A = 0 A) da ar xdeba siTbocvla sistemasa da mis gare sxeulebs Soris (Q = 0 A). Termodinamikis I kanonis Tanaxmad, am dros ΔU = U2 – U1= 0 maSasadame U1 = U2, izolirebuli sistemis Sinagani energia ucvleli rCeba (mudmivia).

adamiani ZvelTaganve cdilobda aego manqana_ ̀ perpetum-mobile”, romelic Seasrulebda ganusazrvreli raodenobis muSaobas sawvavis dauxarjavad anu imuSavebda energiis miniWebis gareSe.

Seni azriT, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ar energiis mudmivobis kanons aseTi manqanis arseboba?

1

Tu sistemas ar gadaecema siTbo, maSin muSaoba SeiZleba Sesrul-des mxolod Sinagani energiis xarjze: rogorc ki energiis maragi am-oiwureba. Zrava Sewyvets muSaobas. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni

13

siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

Seavse: Tu airs siTbos gadavcemT, maSin is asrulebs dadeb-iT muSaobas: A1– 0, xolo Tu gavaciebT igi Seasrulebs ------- (uaryofiT) muSaobas. A1 – 0

2

SeiZleba asec CamovayaliboT : pirveli gvaris perpetum mobiles Se-qmna SeuZlebelia.

Termodinamikis I kanonis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva procesisTvis

ganvixiloT sxvadasxva procesi, romlis drosac erT-erTi fizi-kuri sidide ucvleli rCeba. aseT procesebs izoprocesebs uwodeben. (`izos”-berZ. toli). izoprocesebi xSirad gvxvdeba bunebaSi da far-Tod gamoiyeneba teqnikaSi.

izoTermuli procesi

izoTermuli procesis dros temperatura ar icvleba (T = const) da Sesabamisad m masis airis Sinagani energiac ucvlelia. (2) formulis Tanaxmad, sistemisTvis gadacemuli mTeli siTbos raodenoba xmarde-ba muSaobis Sesrulebas. Q = A1QA

izoqoruli procesi

izoqoruli procesis dros moculoba ar icvleba V = const da ami-tom airis muSaoba nulis tolia. (2) formulis Tanaxmad, sistemis en-ergiis cvlileba tolia gadacemuli siTbos raodenobis. ΔU = Q .

Seavse: Tu airi Tbeba, Q – 0 da ΔU –0, misi Sinagani energia izrdeba. airis gacivebis dros Q--0 da ΔU = U2 –U1 --0 Sinagani energiis cvlileba uaryofiTia da airis Sinagani energia ------.

izobaruli procesi

izobaruli procesis dros wneva mudmivia P = const.

Seavse: Tu airi Tbeba Q --0, is farTovdeba da dadebiTi muSaobas asrulebs A1--0. amasTanave izrdeba airis Sinagani ener-giac ΔU--0. gacivebis dros Q --0. airi ikumSeba da asrulebs ---- muSaobas A1 < 0 . (an airis mimarT gare Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba ----- A --0.) airis Sinagani energia klebulobs ΔU—0.

adiabaturi procesi

Tboizolirebul sistemaSi mimdinare process adiabaturi pro-cesi ewodeba.zogjer roca procesi ise swrafad mimdinareobs, rom SesamCnevi siTbocvla ar xdeba sistemasa da garemos Soris, realuri procesi SeiZleba CaiTvalos adiabaturTan miaxloebulad.

adiabaturi procesis dros Q = 0da Sinagani energia (1) formulis Tanaxmad mxolod muSaobis Sesrulebis xarjze icvleba ΔU = A (3)

3

4


imsjele da (3) formulis gamoyenebiT axseni, airis Sinagani energia ratom izrdeba airis SekumSvisas, xolo gafarToebisas ki Sinagani energia mcirdeba.

5

adiabaturi gafarToebisas airis gaciveba mimdinareobs dedamiwis atmosferoSi. gamTbari haeri adis maRla da farTovdeba, radgan at-mosferuli wneva mcirdeba simaRlis zrdasTan erTad. haeris gafar-Toebas Tan axlavs sagrZnobi aciveba, ris Sedegadac wylis orTqli kondensirdeba da warmoiqmneba Rrubeli.

Seamowme codnagansazRvre romeli procesebis dros izrdeba sistemis Sinagani

energia: a) fexiT burTis dartyma; b)Cais moreva; g) wylis gaTboba eleqtrogamaTbobliT; d) eleqtrogamaTboblis spiralis gaTboba masSi eleqtrodenis gavlisas; e) asanTis anTeba.

airis SekumSvisas sruldeba 20j muSaoba. amis Semdeg airma siT-bocvlis Sedegad 15j siTbo gasca. ras udris airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba?(pas: + 5j)

airis mier izoTermuli procesis dros Sesrulda 30j muSaoba. ras udris airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba? siTbos saxiT ra raode-nobis energia miiRo an gasca airma? (pas: O j,+ 30j)

imsjele da axseni SesaZlbelia Tu ara srulad Tboizolirebuli sistemis Seqmna?

1-6.1-6.

2

3

4

idealuri airis kanonebi .

boil-mariotis kanoni

nax. 4. 37 Spricis bolos TiTi daaWire da dguSis bolos miaweqi. rac ufro metad awvebi dguSs, miT ufro met wnevas grZnob TiTze? gaakeTe daskvna.

1

1662 wels ingliselma mecnierma boilma eqsperimentulad daadg-ina, rom mudmivi temperaturis T = const dros airis wneva ukupropor-ciulia misi moculobisa P 1

V≈ . nax.4.38 anu PV = const (1) es kanoni mogvianebiT damoukideblad frangma mecnierma mariot-

mac daadgina, amitom am kanons boil-mariotis kanonsac uwodeben. igi ase gamoiTqmis:

mocemuli masis airis wnevis da moculobis namravli mudmivia, Tu airis temperatura ucvlelia.

boil-mariotis kanoni marTebulia yvela airisTvis, agreTve air-Ta narevisTvis(mag.haerisTvis).

dagegme cda dguSiani cilinruli WurWlis da manometris sa-SualebiT. darwmundi boil-mariotis kanonis samarTlianobaSi.

2

1

15

siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

mudmivi temperaturis dros airis wnevis damokidebuleba mocu-lobaze gamoisaxeba mrudiT, romalsac (nax. 62 krebulidan gv.49 izo-Terma) izoTerma ewodeba. TiToeul mudmiv t– s Tavisi izoTerma See-sabameba.

Sarlis kanoni

Tu daxurul WurWelSi moTavsebul airs gavaTbobT, misi mocu-•loba ar Seicvleba, magram radgan molekulebis kinetikuri en-ergia da kedlebTan dajaxebaTa ricxvi izrdeba, airis wneva cx-adia gaizrdeba.

a)ipove es temperatura(2) formulis saSualebiT.b) boil-mariotis kanonis gamoyenebiT axseni, ratom aris

izoqora, romelic met moculobas Seesabameba ufro dabla?

mizani: airis wnevis temperaturaze damokidebulebis dakvirveba.masala: kolba, u – sebri minis mili( an manometri), wyali, rezini

mili, minis mili, gamaTbobeli, samfexa.msvleloba: naxazis (nax7gv.195) mixedviT aawyve saWiro mowyobi-

loba. dabal cecxlze gaaTbe carieli minis kolba. Uupasuxe: ra SeniSne u – sebr milSi? ratom aiwia wylis donem u– sebri milis marjvena muxlSi?

praqtikuli samuSao

1787 wels frangma fizikosma J.Sarlma eqsperimentulad aRmoaCi-na, rom mudmivi moculobis dros mocemuli masis airis wneva absolu-turi temperaturis pirdapirproporciulia. konkretulad ki tem-

peraturis 1K K-iT gazrdisas yvela airis wneva im wnevis 1273

nawiliT

izrdeba, romelic airs hqonda 00C-ze anu 273K K temperaturaze. P = ρ0

γT , (2) V = const, ρ

0 aris airis wneva 00C, γ-airis wnevis temperaturuli koeficien-

tia. misi mniSvneloba yvela airisTvis erTnairia. γ ≈1

273K. am kanons

Sarlis kanoni ewodeba mudmivi moculobisas airis wnevis damokidebuleba temperaturaze

grafikulad gamoisaxeba wrfiT, romelsac izoqora ewodeba(nax. gv 50 krebulidan izoqora nax65?)

grafiki abscisaTa RerZs kveTs K K wertilSi. cxadia am wertilSi wneva nulis tolia. xolo [OK] monakveTi im temperaturas Seesabam-eba, romelzec airis wneva nulis tolia.(nax10)

3

Tu (2) formulas gamoviyenebT airis ori mdgomareobisTvis mi-viRebT P1 = γ P0 T1

P2 = γ P0 T2 miviRebT

P1 T1

P2

=T2

Tu airis masa da moculoba ucvlelia, airis wneva absoluturi temperaturis pirdapirproporciulia.

Aan P1 P2

T1

=T1

Tu airis masa da moculoba ucvlelia, wnevis Sefardeba T – sTan mudmivi sididea.

(nax10)


gei-lusakis kanoni.

praqtikuli samuSao

mizani: airis moculobis temperaturaze damokidebulebis dak-virveba.

masala: kolba, naxvretiani sacobi, moxrili minis mili, gamaTbo-beli.

msvleloba: haeriT savse kolbas sacobi gaukeTe(nax gv193. nax10a), sacobSi Caamagre moxrili mili. Mmilis horizontalur nawilSi SeRe-bili wylis wveTia moTavsebuli. GkolbaSi haeri gaaaTbe. Ddaakvirdi wy-lis wveTs. Aaxseni movlena

(nax gv193. nax10a),

frangma mecnierma gei-lusakma 1802 wels eqsperimentulad aR-moaCina kanoni:

mudmivi wnevis dros mocemuli masis airis moculoba absoluturi temperaturis pirdapirproporciulia. V = V0 αT , P = const

α koeficients airis moculobiTi gafarToebis temperaturuli koeficienti ewodeba. temperaturis 1K K-iT gazrdisas yvela airis

moculoba izrdeba im moculobis 1273

nawiliT, romelic airs hqon-

da 273 K K-ze (00 – C – ze). α-s mniSvneloba yvela airisTvis erTnairia.

α ≈1

273κ -1. yvela idealuri airisTvis moculobiTi gafarToebis koe-

ficienti da wnevis tempeaturuli koeficienti ricxobrivad tolia.mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi airis moculobis damokidebuleba tem-

peraturaze grafikulad wrfiT gamoisaxeba. am wrfes izobara ewode-ba. sxvadasxva wnevas sxvadasxva izobara Seesabameba.(krebulidan gv. 50 izobara. Nnax. 64?)

(krebulidan gv50 izobara. Nnax64?

boil-mariotis kanonis gamoyenebiT axseni, ratom mdebare-obs ufro dabla ufro maRali wnevis Sesabamisi izobara?

4

dabali temperaturis areSi idealuri airis izobarebi ikveTeba V = 0 wertilSi. magram es ar niSnavs, rom realuri airis moculoba namdvilad nuli xdeba. Zlieri gaciebisas yvela airi siTxed iqceva, siTxisTvis ki airis kanonebi ar sruldeba.

gei-lurakis kanonidan gamomdinare, Tu I mdgomareobaSi airis moculoba da temperaturaV1 da T1 -ia, xolo II mdgomareobaSi V2 da

T2, maSin V1 = αV0 T1

V2 = αV0 T2

V1 V2

T1

=T1

Tu airis masa da wneva ucvlelia, moculobis Sefardeba

T – sTan mudmivi sididea.

Aan V1 T1

V2

=T2

Tu airis masa da wneva ucvlelia, airis moculoba absoluturi temperaturis pirdapirproporciulia. A

amis Semowmeba SeiZleba cdiT, manometris saSualebiT, romelic SeerTebulia danayofebian dguSian cilindrTan nax5.53 gv.192

nax5.53 gv.192

17

siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

Ggaixsene qimiidan ra erTeulebSi zomaven molekulis masas.

1-7.1-7.

1

dagegme da Caatare qsperomenti, romliTac daadgen gei-lu-sakis kanonis samarTlianobas.5

Seamowme codna

duRilis tmperaturis damokidebuleba wnevaze gamoyenebulia av-toklavebSi, xelsawyoebSi, romlebic farTodaa gavrcelebuli qimi-ur, kvebis mrewvelobasa da medicinaSi( WurWlis dezinfeqcisTvis).

moiZie informacia da axseni avtoklavis muSaobis principi.mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi zomavdnen airis wnevas P da moc-

ulobas V monacemebi cxrilSia mocemuli.

P(kpa) 102 143 178 200 233V(sm3) 40,5 28,7 23,4 20,7 17,8

aageT grafiki: a) P – V -ze damokidebulebisTvis

b) P – V1

-ze damokidebulebisTvis

meore grafikis mixedviT SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom mocemuli airisTvis samarTliania boil-mariotis kanoni.

2) mudmivi wnevis pirobrbSi 270 C temperaturis 50 l airi SekumSes 25 l-mde. gamoTvale airis saboloo temperatura 0 C - Si.

pasuxi: airis saboloo temperaturaa: -1230 CdaxSul WurWelSi moTavsebulia 270 C temperaturis airi 5 atm wn-

evis qveS. airis temperatura gazardes 1270 C – mde. ipove airis sabo-loo wneva.

amoxsna: (nax12gv 193) moc: P 1 = 5 atm.

avtomobilis saburavSi airis wneva 180 C - ze 1,90 . 105 paskalis to-lia. davuSvaT, rom am saburavSi moculoba mudmivia.

a) risi toli iqneba airis wneva 250 C-ze?b) temperaturis yoveli 0 C -iT gazrdisas ramdeniT izrdeba airis

wneva saburavSi?(pasuxi: a)1,95 . 105 pa b)653 pa 0 C -1)

airis moculoba 200 C -ze 6 . 10-3 m3 - ia, xolo wneva 80 kpa. gamoTvale wneva:

a) roca temperatura 400 C -s miaRwevs.b) Tu moculoba 2jer Semcirdeba.g) roca moculoba 7,7 . 10-3 m3-s miaRwevs, temperatura ki 570 C-s. (pasuxi: a)85 kpa, b)160 kpa g)70 kpa

Nnax. 11 gv.194

nax.12 gv. 193

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idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba

fardobiTi molekuluri masa

molekulis masa Zalian mcirea, amitom ufro xSirad sargebloben molekulis masis ara absoluturi, aramed fardobiTi mniSvnelobiT.

saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis mixedviT yvela molekulis da atomis

masas adareben naxSirbadis atomis masis 112

-s.


nivTierebis molekulis masis Sefardebas naxSirbadis atomis ma-sis 1

12Tan fardobiTi molekuluri masa ewodeba.

MMfar

mmc

= 112

nivTierebis raodenoba. moli. moluri masa

rac metia atomebis an molekulebis ricxvi makroskopul sxeulSi, cxadia, miT met nivTierebas Seicavs mocemuli sxeuli. makroskopul sxeulSi uamravi molekulaa. amitom umjobesia mivuTiToT atomebis an molekulebis ara absoluturi, aramed fardobiTi ricxvi.

miRebulia, mocemuli sxeulis molekulebis an atomebis ricxvi SevadaroT 0,012 kg naxSirbadis atomebis ricxvs.

mocemuli sxeulis molekulaTa ricxvis (N) fardobas 0,012 kg nax-Sirbadis atomebis ricxvTan NA nivTierebis raodenoba (υ) ewodeba

NNA

=υ

nivTierebis raodenobas gamosaxaven molebiT. moli nivTierebis raodenobaa, romelic Seicavs imdenive molekulas, ramdeni atomicaa 0,012 kg naxSirbadSi.

1 moli nivTierebis masas moluri masa ewodeba.1811 wels amadeo avogadrom gamoaqveyna mosazreba, romelic dRes

avogadros hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili. avogadros hipoTezis Ta-naxmad, erTnairi moculobis ori airi erTnairi temperaturis da wn-evis pirobebSi molekulebis tol raodenobas Seicavs.

1 mol nivTierebaSi molekulebis raodenobas avogadros mudmiva ewodeba. avogadros mudmiva erTi da igivea yvela nivTierebisTvis. ricxobrivad igi tolia im atomTa ricxvis, romelsac naxSirbadis 1 moli, e.i 0,012 kg naxSirbadi Seicavs.

avogadros kanonis Tanaxmad normalur pirobebSi sxvadasxva airis 1 moli ikavebs erTi da igive moculobas. ricxobrivad V0 = 22,4 . 10-3 m3 -s

cxrilSi mocemulia 1moli sxvadasxva airis moculoba 00 C da nor-malur atmosferul wnevaze.

airi moculoba (sm3)

wyalbadiheliumiJangbadinaxSiroJangi

22432223962239222263

idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba

ganvixiloT dguSiani cilindri, romelSic airia moTavsebuli.vTqvaT, I mdgomareobaSi airis parametrebia P1 , V1 , T1. II –Si P2 , V2 ,

T2. davakavSiroT es sidideebi. warmoidgineT, rom gadasvla I-idan II madgomareobaSi xdeba safexurebrivad Sualeduri mdgomareobis gav-liT. I mdgomareobidan Sualedur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisas adgili aqvs izobarul process . temperatura icvleba T1 -idan T2 -de. xolo Sualeduri mdgomareobidan II mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis procesi izoTermulia da wneva icvleba P1 -dan P2-mde.

P1 V1 T1 P2 V2 T2

P = const P1 V1 T2 T = const izobaruli procesisTvis vwerT gei-lusakis kanons.V1 V 1

T1 T2

= (1)

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

izoTermuli procesisTvis viyenebT boil-mariotis kanons.

P1 V 1 =P2 V2 (2)(1)-dan ganvsazRvroT V 1 da SevitanoT (2)-Si.

V 1 =V1 T2

T1

amrigad T1

=P1V1T2 P2 V2 anu

T1 T2=

P1V1 P2V2 (3)

miviReT gantoleba, romelic mocemuli masis airis maxasiaTebel

makroskopul parametrebs (P ,V ,T) erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. am gan-tolebas idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba ewodeba: Mmocemu-li masis mqone airisTvis wnevisa da moculobis namravlis Sefardeba absolutur temperaturasTan mudmivi sididea.

(3) gantoleba airis mdgomareobis gantolebis Caweris erT-erTi saxea. am saxiT mdgomareobis gantolebas klapeironis gantolebasac uwodeben. (frangi fizikosis b.klapeironis (1799-1864) pativsacemad.

klapeironis gantolebas xSirad boil-mariotis, gei-lusakis da Sarlis gaerTianebul kanonsac uwodeben .am kanonidan SesaZlebelia samive kanonis miReba.

gamoiyvane (3) gantolebidan boil-mariotis, gei-lusakis da Sarlis kanoni.

2

Tu amocanaSi mocemulia airis mxolod erTi mdgomareoba da ve-ZebT am mdgomareobis romelime parametrs, maSin meore mdgomare-

obad SeiZleba ganvixiloT airi normalur pirobebSi T0, P0,V0. Sedegad

klapeironis gantoleba Caiwereba Semdegnairad T T0

=PV P0V0ω , sadac

T0 = 2730K, P0 =1 atm V0 = 22,4 . 10-3 m3 -s

vipovoT TPV

gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba 1 moli airisTvis

normalur pirobebSi. miviRebT

T0

R (4)= = = = =TPVω P0V0ω 1atm . 0,0224m3 105pa . 0,0224m3

8,312730 C 2730 gr.moli gr.moli

j

R - s airis universaluri mudmiva ewodeba.

R = 8,31gr.moli

j

(4) gantolebam aseTi saxe miiRo T0

R=PVω (5)

1 moli airis moculoba tolia mTeli airis moculoba Sefarde-

buli nivTierebis raodenobasTan =VωVν

(6)(6) gaviTvaliswinoT (5)-Si.

miviRebT: R=PVTν

aqedan PV = νRT (7) sadac

= = =ν m N Vμ NA Vω

nivTierebis raodenobaa.

RTmM=PV (8) gantoleba agreTve warmoadgens idealuri airis

mdgomareobis gantolebas, romelsac mendelev-klapeironis gan-tolebasac uwodeben.

Cawere mendelev-klapeironis gantoleba 1 moli airisTvis 3

idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantolebis Tanaxmad PV = νRT (7).maSasadame, νRT = Nm 1

3 V 2 (molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis Ziri-Tadi gantolebidan)


molekulebis raodenoba N tolia molebis ricxvi airSi ν gam-ravlebuli 1 mol airSi molekulebis raodenobaze (avogadros ricx-vze, N A)

e.i νRT = NAmV 213

ν

RT = ) = NA( NAEkin

12

23

23mV 2

miviRebT, rom KT = 23E

kin

sadac K aris bolcmanis mudmiva,R NA

K = = 1, 38 . 10-23j. K -1

ganvixiloT magaliTi:mocemuli masis idealuri airis moculobaa 200sm3 temperatura

310 C wneva 1 atm. adiabaturi gafarToebis Sedegad misi moculoba 300 sm3-is toli gaxda. wneva ki 0,508 atm. risi tolia saboloo temperatu-ra adiabaturi gafarToebis Sedegad? ras udris saboloo moculoba, Tu temperatura 310 C-s gautoldeba?

idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantolebiT gamovTvaloT T.P V T = const

T1 T2=

P1V1 P2 V2

(273+31) T2=

1. 200 0,508 . 300

200T2 ==

0,508. 300. (273+31)231,7κ = -41,30 C

moculobis gamosaTvlelad gei-lusakis kanoni gamoviyenoT.

T2 T=V2 V

231,7 273+31V=300

231,7V ==

300 . (273+31)394 sm3

Seamowme codna gamoTvaleT 1 moli idealuri airis moculoba 00 C temperaturis da 105 pa wnevis pirobebSi.(pas: V = 1,27 . 104 sm3

Jangbadis moculoba 400 C temperaturaze 1m3, wneva 105 pa-ia. 1,5 m3-mde gafarToebsas airis wneva 1,06 . 105 pa gaxda.

ras udris aris saboloo temperatura?(t = 2250 C)00 C temperaturis da 105 pa wnevis 100sm3 moculobis airi adiaba-

turi procesis Sedegad 20sm3-mde SeikumSa.a)ras udris wneva adiamaturi SekumSvis Sedegad?b)ras udris temperatura adiabaturi SekumSvis Sedegad?V1 = 0,02 sm3 tevadobis balons, romelSic haeris wneva P1 = 4 . 105

pa-ia, aerTeben V2 = 0,06 sm3 tevadobis balonTan, saidanac haeri amo-tumbulia. vipovoT balonebSi damyarebuli P wneva, temperatura mudmivia.

270 C temp da 114 sm vcxwy.sv. wnevis 40 l airi moTavsebulia Wur-WelSi. roca misi moculoba 2-jer Seamcires, misi temperatura -230 C-mde Semcirda.

ramdeni atmosfero iqneba airis saboloo wneva?

pirvandeli moculobis ra nawiliT gaizrdeba t = 270 C tempera-turis airis moculoba, Tu mas 10 C -iT gavaTbobT mudmivi wnevis pi-robebSi?

naxazi14)

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

1-8.1-8. siTburi Zravebi Termodinamikis II kanoni

Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi

ra aris gamyarebis, an aorTqlebis Sebrunebuli procesi?1

Seqcevadi ewodeba iseT proces, romelic SeiZleba warmoebdes Sebrunebuli mimaTulebiTac da Sedegad sistema ubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas.

Seqcevadia Tu ara Zafze dakidebuli burTulas moZraoba? Oori drekadi burTulas Sejaxeba?

Aarsebobs Tu ara realuri meqanikuri procesebi xaxunis ga-reSe? gaakeTe daskvna.

rogori procesia: siTbos gadacema cxeli sxeulidan civ sx-eulze? meqanikuri energiis gadasvla SinaganSi (mag.xaxunisas)?

moiyvane Seuqcevadi procesis magaliTebi.

2

bunebaSi yvela makroskopuli procesi mxolod erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. Sebrunebuli mimarTulebiT es pro-cesi TavisTavad ar Sesruldeba. maSasadame, bunebaSi yvela procesi Seuqcevadia.

Cveulebriv siTbo cxeli sxeulidan civs gadaecema. Termodinami-kis pirveli kanonis Tanaxmad civi da cxeli sxeulebis energiaTa jami mudmivia da mudmivi darCeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu siTbo civi sxeuli-dan cxel sxeuls gadaecema. Termodinamikis II kanoni ki aseT gadasv-las gamoricxavs. siTbo SesaZlebelia gadavides mxolod cxeli sxeu-lidan civze da es gadasvla am sxeulebis temperaturebis gaTanabre-bamde anu wonasworobis damyarebamde mimdinarobs. Termodinamikis II kanoni daadgina germanelma mecnierma klauziusma cdiseuli faqte-bis ganzogadebiT:

SeuZlebelia ufro civi sistemidan siTbo gadavides ufro cxel-Si ise, rom ar xdebodes sxva erTdrouli cvlilebebi orive sistemaSi an garemomcvel sxeulebSi.

ra ici siTburi Zravebis Sesaxeb? daasaxele siTburi Zrave-bis magaliTebi.3

manqanas, romelic sawvavis wvis dros gamoyofil siTbur energias gardaqmnis meqanikur energiad, siTburi manqana ewodeba.

siTburi Zravebis ZiriTadi tipebia: 1) orTqlis manqana; 2) Sigawvis Zrava, 3) reaqtiuli Zrava.

siTburi manqanebis muSaobisTvis aucilebelia mas hqondes 1) sax-urebeli, 2) muSa sxeuli, 3) macivari

siTbur ZravaSi saTbobis wva mimdinareobs saxurebelSi, Sedegad muSa sxeulis (airis) temperatura garemos temperaturasTan Sedare-biT aseul an aTaseul gradusebiT imatebs, izrdeba airis wneva at-mosferosTan SedarebiT da airi muSaobas asrulebs Tavisi Sinagani energiis xarjze.

ratom aris siTbur manqanaSi muSa sxeulad airebi gamoyenebuli?ratom ewodeba maRal temperaturamde gacxele-bul da SekumSul airs muSa sxeuli?

4


arcerT siTbur Zravas ar SeuZlia muSaoba, Tu misi muSa sxeulisa da garemos temperatura erTnairia. siTburi wonasworobis mdgo-mareobaSi ar mimdinareobs araviTari makroskopuli procesi; kerZod ar SeiZleba sruldebodes muSaoba.

siTbur ZravaSi sruldeba wriuli procesi-cikli, yoveli ciklis Semdeg Zravis yoveli detali da muSa sxeuli unda daubrundes saw-yis mdebareobas. A muSa sxeuli unda SeikumSos, kumSvis procesSi unda dakargos garkveuli siTbo, risTvisac yovel siTbur Zravas aucile-blad sWirdeba macivari.

vTqvaT, saxureblidan muSa sxeuls gadaeca Q1 QsiTbos raodeno-ba, xolo macivarma STanTqa Q2 siTbos raodenoba, maSin sasargeblo muSaoba A = Q1 – Q2 .

siTburi Zravas m.q.k. ewodeba sasargeblo siTbos raodenobis (meqanikuri muSaobis) Sefardebas mTel siTbos raodenobasTan.

η = =

Q1 – Q2Q1 Q1

A (1)

siTburi manqanis m.q.k miT metia, rac maRalia wneva muSa sxeulSi da didia temperaturis sxvaoba saxurebelsa da macivars Soris.

siTbur Zravas mravali moZravi nawili gaaCnia. rogor Seicv-leba Zravas mqk, Tu Zravas nawilebs Soris xaxuns SevamcirebT?

xaxunis mTlianad mospobac, rom SeiZlebodes, Zravis efeqtur-obis zRvari mainc arsebobs da is Zravis samuSao temperaturazea damokidebuli.

frangma mecnierma sadi karnom (1796-1832) gamoTvala idealuri siTburi manqanis m.q.k.-is formula η =

T1 – T2T1

(2)

aq T1 saxureblis temperaturaa, xolo T2-macivris. (2) tolobiT mocemulia agreTve realuri siTburi manqanis m.q.k maqsimaluri mniS-vneloba.

es formula gviCvenebs, rom siTburi Zrava miT ufro efeqturia, rac metia saxureblis temperatura da rac naklebia macivris tem-peratura. η = 1, roca T1 – T2 . Zravebis umravlesobisTvis maqsimaluri samuSao temperatura 11000 C-s ar aRemateba. am temperaturisaTvis maqsimaluri SesaZlo mqk 75%-ia. xaxuni da sxva danakargebi mqk-s 25-40%-mde amcirebs.

Ppirveli siTburi Zravis-orTqlis manqanis mqk 1%-s utoldeboda. Tanamdrove manqanis benzinis Zravis mqk 20%-ia, dizelis Zravisa ki-40%.

iaponiaSi axali tipis, keramikuli nawilebisagan damzadebuli Zravi gamoscades; is bevrad ufro maRal temperaturaze muSaobs, vidre liTonisgan damzadebuli. keramikuli Zravis mqk gacilebiT maRalia: 1600sm3 moculobis keramikuli Zravi iseTive simZlavrisaa, rogorc 6000 sm3 moculobis liTonis Zravi.

siTburi Zravis m.q.k-is gazrda, misi miaxloeba maqsimalur Sesa-ZlebelTan umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa.

Termodinamikis II kanonis erT-erTi formulireba aseTia: ar ar-sebobs siTburi Zravi, romlis mqk 100%-is tolia. SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo siTbos TavisTavadi gadasvla macivridan saxurebelSi, ma-Sin nebismieri siTburi ZraviT Sinagani energia mTlianad gardaiqmne-boda meqanikur energiad.

5

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siTburi procesebi

siTburi procesebi

praqtikuli samuSao

Tema: siTburi ZravebiMmizani: sxvadasxva tipis siTburi Zravebis muSaobis principis Ses-

wavlainformaciis mogroveba: moipoveT informacia siTburi Zravebis

ganviTarebis istoriis, mati daniSnulebis da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.Kkvlevis gegmis SemuSaveba: daiyaviT jgufebad. TiToeulma jguf-

ma airCios erTi-erTi tipis siTburi Zrava._ aRwere arCeuli siTburi Zravas mowyobiloba diagramebis,

plakatebis naxazebs gamoyenebiT._ werilobiT aRwere Zravas muSaobis principi da Zravis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli –mqk._ daasaxele Zravis gamoyenebis sfero_ daasaxele ra sawvavi gamoiyeneba ZravSi;_ imsjele, ra upiratesoba gaaCnia sxva tipis ZravebTan Sedare-

biT _ imsjele, ra gavlenas axdens garemoze siTburi Zravebis gamoy-

eneba. _ imsjele garemoze uaryofiTi gavlenis Semcirebis gzebze. Mmasalas mieciT proeqtis saxe da warmoadgineT.prezentacia: SeajameT gamokvlevis Sedegebi. SeadareT sxvadasxva

tipis siTburi Zravebis mqk erTmaneTs. daasabuTeT kvlevis aucile-bloba.

kvleviT institutSi ikvleven macivris axal models. amisTvis aucilebelia temperaturaze dakvirveba, rogorc macivris SigniT, aseve gareT.

a) daasaxele sami piroba, romlis mixedviTac SearCevdi Ter-mometrs.

b) daasaxele erTi tipis Termometri, romelic SeiZleba gamoyen-ebuli iqnas orive temperaturis (Siga da gare) gazomvisTvis.

(nax:15. gv.318) naxazze mocemulia airis wnevis moculobaze damok-idebulebis grafiki. A→B procesis dros moc.masis airi Tbeba, B →C adiabaturi gafarToebis procesia, C →A procesis Sedegad airi ubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas. amis Semdeg cikli meordeba.

a) A→B procesis dros siTburi wyaro 2 . 105j energias gadascems airs, romlis sawyisi temperaturaa 200 C.

1) gamoTvale airis molebis raodenoba. R = 8,3k mol -1κ-1.2) aCvene, rom airis temperatura B mdgomareobaSi ≈14000 C.3) gamoTvale maqsimaluri m.q.k. moc. temperaturul SualedSi.b)B →C procesis ganmavlobaSi gafarToebuli airi asrulebs

muSaobas1) gamoiyene grafikuli monacemebi da aCvene, rom Zravis mier erTi

ciklis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba 58kj-is tolia;2) gansazRvre Zravis simZlavre, Tu is 180 cikls asrulebs wuTSi ;3) Seafase Zravis siTburi m.q.k.pasuxi;a) 1 . 6,2moli; 2 . 1670kel; 3. 82%1. 60kj; 2 . 174kv; 3 . 29%dizel-eleqtromatarebeli dizelis ZraviTaa aRWurvili. Dizelis

Zravi atrialebs eleqtrogenerators, romelic amuSavebs eleqtroZ-ravebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv matareblis borblebs atrialeben

a) gamoTvale matareblis mqk, Tu dizelis mqk 40%-ia, eleqtro-

Seamowme codna

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2

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nax:15. gv.318


genratoris mqk 75%-ia, xolo eleqtroZravebis mqk 80%-ia. Bb) daxate diagrama, sadac naCvenebia matarebelSi energiis gardaqmnisa da gada-cemis procesi.

savarjiSoebi Tavis bolos

1) aRwere da axseni: a) gansxvaveba siTxeebis da airebis simkvriveebs Soris.

b) ratom mimdinareobs difuzia airebSi ufro xSirad, vidre siTx-eebSi.

g) ratom aris airi ufro kumSvadi vidre siTxe

2,3 moli heliumis erTatomiani airis moculoba 290κ tempera-turaze 5,49 . 10-2m3 tolia, wneva ki 1,01 . 105 pa. airis temperatura gaiz-arda 290 κ – dan 348κ – mde . gamoTvale Sinagani energiis cvlileba.

(pasuxi: 1660j)cxrilSi mocemulia mocemuli masis airis wnevis da simkvrivis

mniSvnelobebi 270 C temperaturaze.

wneva 105 pa 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4

simkvrive kg m3 0,68 0,91 1,14 1,37 1,6

aage wnevis simkvriveze damokidebulebis grafiki. am grafikis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas Tu ara, rom mocemul pirobebSi es airi ide-aluri airis msgavsia. daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

gadmovides krebulidan 8.5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20.......8.46 CaTvliT mTlianad

wyalbadi gaaTbes mudmivi moculobis dros10 C -iT, ris Sedegad misi wneva 400-dan 402 atm-mde gaizarda. rogori iyo wyalbadis sawyisi temperatura?

2) ipoveT haeris simkvrive 3 . 105 wnevasa da 27 C temperaturaze Tu simkvire normalur pirobebSi aris 1,29kg/m3.

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