Sesavali samarTlis filosofiaSi Lleqciebis kursi Tbilisi 2010 · PDF fileanalizi-----112-113 ....

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marina gariSvili

Sesavali samarTlis filosofiaSi

Lleqciebis kursi

Tbilisi

2010

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sarCevi

Tavi I msoflio samarTlebrivi azris saTaveebTan---------------------------------------------------------5-12

1. uZvelesi miTologiuri warmodgenebi xelisuflebasa da kanonze------------------------------5-11

2. samarTlebrivi moZRvrebebis racionalizaciis procesi---------------------------------------------12-13

Tavi II Zveli indoeTis eTikuri moZRvrebani, rogorc filosofiur -samarT-

B lebrivi ideebis winapiroba---------------------------------------------------------------13-20

1. Zvelinduri filosofiur-samarTlebrivi ideebis mokle daxasiaTeba-----------------------12-13

2. brahmanizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14-16

3. budizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17-18

4. lokaiatebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

5. jainizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

6. arThaSastra------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

Tavi III Zveli CineTis samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani------------------------------------------21-27

1. lao-Zi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21-22

2. konfu-Zi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23-25

3. mo-Zi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25-26

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4. legizmi-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26-27

Tavi IV Zveli eladis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-------------------------------------28-37

1. Zveli eladis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis zogadi daxasiaTeba----------------------------30

2. piTagora da piTagorelebi---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30-31

3. heraklite-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20-21

4. demokrite-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32-33

5. sofistebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33-35

6. sokrate-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36-37

Tavi V platonis Sexedulebani saxelmwifosa da samarTalze (Plato)-------------37-41

Tavi VI aristotelesa da polibiusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-------------41-47

1. aristoteles politikuri da samarTlebrivi ideebi--------------------------------------------------41-45

2. polibiusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani------------------------------------------------------------------45-47

Tavi VII romaeli stoelebis, ciceronisa da romaeli iuristebis samarT-

lebrivi Sexedulebani---------------------------------------------------------------------------------48-57

1. romaeli stoelebi---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48-51

2. markus tulius ciceroni (Cicero)---------------------------------------------------------------------------51-54

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3. romaeli iuristebis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani---------------------------------------------------55-57

Tavi VIII adreuli qristianobis, netari avgustines, Toma aqvinelis da marsi-

lio paduelis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-----------------------------------------------57-64

1. adreuli qristianobis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-----------------------------------------------57-58

2. netari avgustine------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59-60

3. Toma aqvinelis (aqvinatis) samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-----------------------------------------60-63

4. marsilio padueli--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63-64

Tavi IX aRorZinebisa da evropuli reformaciis periodis samarTlebrivi

azri---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------65-75

1. aRorZinebisa da evropuli reformaciis periodis samarTlebrivi azris zoga-

di daxasiaTeba------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65-66

2. nikolo makiaveli-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66-68

3. reformaciis periodis samarTlebrivi ideologia-------------------------------------------------68-70

4. Jan bodeni--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71-72

5. XVI-XVII saukuneebis utopiuri socializmis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-------72-75

Tavi X evropuli ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi ideologia---------------75-86

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1. evropuli ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi ideologiis zogadi daxasiaTeba--75

2. holandiuri ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani------------------------------76-81

3. inglisuri ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani--------------------------------81-86

Tavi XI franguli da italiuri ganmanaTlebloba------------------------------------86-96

1. volteri-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86-88

2. Sarl-lui monteskie---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88-91

3. Jan-Jak ruso--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92-94

4. jambatista viko--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94-95

5. Cezare bekaria-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95-96

Tavi XII aSS-is samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani-------------------------------------- -----97-104

Tavi XIII evropuli samarTlebrivi azris ganviTareba XVIII -XIX ss.--------104-112

1. imanuil kanti------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104-108

2. hegelis sulis filosofia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108-110

3. samarTlis istoriuli skola--------------------------------------------------------------------------------111-112

Tavi XIV evropuli liberalizmis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani----------112-119

1. evropuli liberalizmis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis mokle analizi------112-113

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2. franguli liberalizmi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113-116

3. germanuli liberalizmi-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------117-119

Tavi XV dasavleT evropis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani XIX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---120-129

1. pozitivizmis filosofiis ideologia. ogiust konti---------------------------------------120-122

2. rudolf fon ieringi--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122-123

3. marqsizmis ideebi socialisturi revoluciis, proletariatis diqtaturis

da klasTa brZolis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifosa da samarTlis ekonomikuri bazisis

idea-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------123-128

4. ludvig gumploviCi-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------128-129

Tavi XVI XIX-XX saukuneebis ZiriTadi samarTlebivi moZRvrebani-------130-132

1. jon ostinis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani--------------------------------------------------------130-131

2. iuridiuli neokantianeloba. rudolf Stamleri---------------------------------------------132

bibliografia----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133

Tavi I. msoflio samarTlebrivi azris saTaveebTan

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1. uZvelesi miTologiuri warmodgenebi xelisuflebasa da kanonze

1. pirdapiri da mkacrad gansazRvruli mniSvnelobiT, politikuri da samarTlebivi Sexedulebani, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris istoriaSi, sakmaod gvian Cndeba, Ziri-Tadad, adreuli tipis saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebSi, maTi xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegad. Teoriul-SemecnebiT aspeqtSi, samarTlebrivi ideebis (Teoriebis) genezisi mimdinareobda adreuli miTologiuri warmodgenebis Semdgomi racionalizaciis kuTxiT.

samarTlebrivi azris warmoSoba, TiTqmis yvelgan, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis civi-lizaciebSi _ Zvel egviptelebTan, SuamdinareTul samyaroSi, CinelebTan, indoeTSi, sparselebTan (irani aqemenidur xanaSi), ebraelebTan, Zvel elinebsa Tu romaelebTan _ miTologiuri warmodgenebis saxiT yalibdeboda da samyaroSi adamianis rolisa da adgilis Sesaxeb, mxolod miTebis meSveobiT operirebda. ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze is warmodgenebi, romlebsac mxolod pirobiTad Tu vuwodebT samarTlebriv Sexedu-lebebs, jer kidev ar iyo diferencirebuli sazogadoebrivi mrwamsis, SedarebiT damou-kidebel formasa da adamianis Semecnebis gansakuTrebul sferoSi da amitom rCebobdnen, samyaros Semecnebis erTiani miTologiuri msoflmxedvelobis Semadgenel nawilad.

Tu davesesxebiT berZnul terminologias, MmiTebis Tanaxmad, kosmosi, qaosisgan gansxva-vebiT, mowesrigebulia RmerTebis meoxebiT. miwieri wesrigi (maT Soris adamianuri urTierTobebi) _ msoflio, kosmiuri wesrigis nawili da Sedegia.

miTebs axasiaTebs, miTiuri faqtebis Sesaxeb Txrobis informaciuli (RmerTebis RirSesaniSnavi qmedebebisa da mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb cnobebi) da imperatiul-normatiuli (adamianebma, upirobod, unda gauwion angariSi am movlenebsa da faqtebs) momentebis Tanxvedra. Zveli miTebis Tanaxmad, dedamiwaze arsebuli wesrigi aris msoflio, kosmiuri wesrigis ganuyofeli nawili, romelsac RvTiuri warmomavloba gaaCnia. miTebSi, swored aseTi asaxvis aspeqtSi, gagebulia da aRqmulia adamianTa mi-wieri cxovreba, maTi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo mowyoba, urTierTobebi rogorc sxva adamianebTan, ise RmerTebTan, maTi ufleba-movaleobani, anu yvelaferi is, rac neba-darTuli da akrZaluli iyo. socialuri da samarTlebrivi wesrigis Camoyalibeba rom RvTiurma pirvelwyarom ganapiroba, naTlad Cans Zveli miTebis ZiriTadi ideisa da Temidan. Zveli xalxis miTebSi gasxvavebulad aris gadmocemuli da gadawyvetili sakiTxi RvTiuri sawyisisa da adamianuri urTierTobebis kavSiris xasiaTisa da xer-xebis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva miTiuri versia, aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT, gansxva-vebulad asaxavda im wyobisa da socialur-politikuri wesebis Taviseburebebs, romelTa

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msoflmxedvelobiTi gamarTlebac aisaxa ama Tu im miTSi: garkveuli miTiuri versia arsebul wesrigs uzenaess avtoritetad ganadidebs da Sesabamisi (arsebuli) wesrigis sanqcionirebas axdens; amavdroulad, is aris am wesrigis warmoSobisa da legitimaciis pirvelsawyisi, misi arsebobis gamarTlebisa da mudmivi, ucvleli SenarCunebis mcdeloba; am wesrigis funqcionirebis norma da principi.

miwieri xelisuflebisa da wesrigis RvTiuri warmoSobis esa Tu is versia, amrigad, aris misi Sesabamisi mowyobis zogadsavaldebulo modeli da, amavdroulad, gabato-nebuli ideologia, romelsac ar gaaCnda konkurenti, gansxvavebuli warmodgenebis, Sexe-dulebebis, mosazrebebis saxiT. miTSi daeWveba aris misi racionalizaciis dasawyisi, Tumca, rogorc wesi, es ukve gviandeli movlenaa.

Zveli xalxis miTebSi saubaria RmerTebis Tavdapirvel uSualo mmarTvelobaze, rom-lebmac, SemdgomSi, xalxs Seaswavles mmarTvelobis xelovneba da miwier mmarTvelebs gadasces xelisufleba. kerZod, herodotes “istoriaSi” moTxrobilia imis Sesaxeb, rom, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, pirveli egvipteli mefis (faraonis) driodan, herodotes egvipteSi mogzaurobamde (qr.Sobamde V s.), gasuli iyo uzenaesi qurumebisa da faraonTa 341 Taoba da mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi egvipteSi batonobdnen mxolod mokvdavni (11340 wlis manZilze). manamde ki, qurumTa TqmiT, “egvipteSi mefobdnen RmerTebi, romlebic adamianebTan erTad cxovrobdnen da erT-erTi maTgani mudmivad iyo uZlieresi”. msgavsi warmodgenebi RmerTebis, rogorc upirvelesi mmarTvelebisa da kanonmdeblebis Sesaxeb cnobilia Zvelelinur miTebSi (miTebi kronosis, zevsis, aTenas mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb).

Zvelbabilonuri da Zvelinduri miTebis Tanaxmad , RmerTebi iyvnen mmarTvelis Zala-uflebis wyaro, Tumca isini kvlav ganagrZobdnen miwieri saqmeebis warmarTvasa da ada-mianTa bed-iRblis gankargvas.

garkveuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs Zveli ebraelebis religiur -miTologiur war-modgenebs. maTi versiiT, erTiani WeSmariti RmerTi imyofeba gansakuTrebul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi mTel ebrael xalxTan, anu aris misi meTauric da mefec (uzenaesi kanonmdebeli, mmarTveli da msajuli). am ideiT xazgasmulia, rom Zvelebrauli religiuri doqtrina monoTeisturia da am aspeqtSic gansxvavdeba Zvel-aRmosavluri da antikuri xanis civilizaciebSi gabatonebuli msoflmxedvelobisgan. sayuradReboa erTi garemoeba _ warmodgena xelisuflebis warmoSobis saxelSekrulebo xasiaTze. ebraeli xalxis kanonebi, ebraelTa wminda moZRvrebiT, xalxs misca mose winaswarmetyvelma uSualod RmrTisgan (moses sjuli). Cveulebriv pirobebSi, xelisuflebis aRsruleba xdeba xalxis mier, RvTis saxeliT.

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Tumca, sagangebo viTa-rebaSi RmerTi uSualod ganaxorcielebs moqmedebas, gamocxadebisa da saocrebebis gziT.

Zalzed originaluria ZvelCinuri miTi miwieri xelisuflebis RvTiuri warmoSobisa da xasiaTis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, swored cisqveSeTis uzenaesi mbrZaneblis persona (CineTis vani _ imperatori) aris erTaderTi damakavSirebeli rgoli cis uzenaess ZalebTan. am moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, mTeli xelisufleba Tavmoyrilia uzenaesi mmarTvelis pirovnebaSi, misi piradi potenciisa da Sinagani Zalis saxiT, xolo yvela danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebi da saxelmwifo aparati, mTlianobaSi _ mxolod mmarTvelis piradi xelisuflebis TanaSemweebi arian. wyaroebi gvatyobineben, rom zogierTi mmarTveli, piradi potenciis sisustis gamo, uars ambobda xelisuflebaze.

moyvanili miTiuri versiebi, miwieri xelisuflebisa da wesrigis RvTiuri warmoSobis Taobaze, safuZvlad daedo ufro konkretul warmodgenebs xelisuflebis, mmarTve-lobis, samarTlis, samarTlianobis, marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb.

Zveli egviptelebis mosazrebebs samarTlianobis, simarTlis, marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb ganasaxierebda qalRmerTi ma-aTi. mosamarTleebs gulze ekidaT ma-aTis gamosaxuleba da isini iTvlebodnen qalRmerTis qurumebad. miwieri xelisuflebis (faraonebis, qurumebis, moxeleebis) da oficialurad aRiarebuli qcevis wesebis, maT Soris maSindeli samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaros (Cveuleba, kanoni, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba) RvTiuri xasiaTi imas niSnavda, rom yvela maTgani Seesabameba (an unda Seesabamebodes) ma-aTs _ samarTlianobis bunebiT-RvTiur wesrigs. “ma-aTis” cneba am SemTxvevaSi, arsebiTad, imave Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas atarebda, rac gaaCnda cnebebs “rita” (“rta”) _ rigvedaSi (indoarielebis wminda himnebi), “dao” _ ZvelCinur miTologiaSi, “dike” _ Zvel elinebTan, „iusticia“ _ Zvel romaelebTan da sxva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi saubaria “simarTle _ samarTlianobis” Sesaxeb, romelic, momdevno periodis samarTalgagebis bunebiT-samarTlebriv koncefciebSi aRiniSna rogorc bunebiTi (an RvTiur-bunebiTi) samarTali.

bunebiTi samarTlianobis, rogorc miwieri socialur-politikuri wesrigis, kanonebisa da adamianTa urTierTobebis sawyisis gandideba mocemulia mTel rig Zvelegviptur wyaroebSi, kerZod: “ptaxotepis moZRvrebaSi” (qr. Sobamde XXVIII s.), “micvalebulTa wignSi” (daaxl. qr. Sobamde XXV-XXIV ss.), “herakleopolis mefis _ axtois moZRvrebaSi, Svilisadmi” (daaxl. qr. Sobamde XXII s.) da sxva.

“ptaxotepis moZRvrebaSi” saubaria yvela Tavisuflad Sobilis bunebiT Tanasworobaze (“ar aris dabadebiT brZeni”) da dasabuTebulia, rom

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adamianis qceva unda Seesa-bamebodes “ka”-s princips _ samarTliani da saTno qcevis Tavisebur kriteriums. aqve naTlad aris gamoTqmuli ma-aTisadmi morCilebis aucilebloba, romelic dgas uzenaesi socialuri piramidis umaRles safexurze. momdevno safexuri ekuTvnis faraons, romelic ganasaxierebda ma-aTis miwier Zalauflebasa da wesrigs. Semdeg safexurze dganan faraonis moxeleebi, didgvarovnebi, romlebic emsaxurebodnen misi xeli-suflebis ganmtkicebas. miwierma mmarTvelebma unda izrunon, raTa ar moxdes, piramidis ukanasknel safexurze mdgari, mdabio fenis sruli gaRatakeba da, piruku, warCinebulTa usazRvro gamdidreba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xalxi daupirispirdeba warCinebulT da Zaladobis gziT, daamxobs kanonier xelisuflebas, anu xalxis zedafenis mxridan usazRvro Zaladobam da SeuzRudavma batonobam, SeiZleba gamoiwvios kidev ufro didi Zaladoba, rac srul gadagvarebamde miiyvanda Zvel egviptes.

“herakleopolis mefis _ axtois moZRvrebaSi, Svilisadmi”, garda RmerTebisa da faraonis miwieri xelisuflebis mravalricxovani qeba-didebisa, mocemulia mowodeba, uari Tqvan yovelive ukanonosa da usamarTloze, radgan mxolod aseTi gziT SeiZleba moipovon RmerTebis wyaloba, imqveynier samyaroSi. aqvea darigeba imis Sesaxeb, rom faraonis erTaderT dasayrdens warmoadgenen misi warCinebuli moxeleebi, romelTac mbrZanebelma udidesi ndoba da mxardaWera unda gamoucxados. “ganadide Seni didka-coba, radgan isini qmnian Sens kanonebs”. Tumca, mefe axtoi afrTxilebda memkvidre vaJi-Svils, raTa mas ar daeSva mdabioTa usazRvro da usafuZvlo Cagvra. vinaidan Zala-dobas mosdevs kidev ufro didi da gauTvleli Zaladoba. am “moZRvrebaSi” mmarTveli daxasiaTebulia, rogorc “simarTlis Semoqmedi” adamiani, romelic dReniadag iswrafis samarTlianobisaken.

samarTlianobasa da kanonebis Sesaxeb moyvanili debulebani (didwilad, ideali-zirebuli) asaxavdnen Zveli egviptis sazogadoebis gabatonebuli fenis mrwamss. Mosax-leobis es fena dainteresebuli iyo imaSi, rom arsebuli wesrigi daexata rogorc RvTiuri da, maSasadame _ samarTliani, mudmivi da ucvleli. Tumca, realoba ar iyo yovelTvis idealuri, razedac metyvelebs is socialur-politikuri viTareba, romelic Zvel egvipteSi Seiqmna qr. Sobamde XXVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi (daaxl. qr. Sobamde 1750 wels), rodesac warCinebulTa winaaRmdeg adgili hqonda mdabioTa erT-erT udidess gamosvlas. swored aseTi gamosvlaa aRwerili “ipuseris (ipuveris) moZRvrebaSi”. savaraudod, ipuseri iyo warCinebulTa fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic did wuxils gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom mdabioebma xelT igdes mdidarTa sasaxleebi, “yvelaferSi saSineli cvlilebebi moxda”, romlebic ganaxorcieles “kanonis xelmyofebma”. ipuseri godebs imis gamo, rom sasamarTloebi darbeuli da

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gaZarcvulia, xolo maTSi Senaxuli kanonebis gragnilebi quCebSia

mimofantuli da fexiT iTeleba.

erT-erTi ZvelSumeruli miTis (qr. Sobamde II aTaswleuli) Tanaxmad, romelic SemdgomSi gavrcelebula Zvel babilonSic, samarTlianobis, CagrulTa da davrdomilTa mfarveli iyo RvTaeba SamaSi, romelic sastikad sjida borotebas, sicrues, usamarTlosa da umarTebulos. yvelas, vinc xelyofda “SamaSis mcnebas” _ simarTlis, samarTlianobisa da samarTlis gzas, maSindeli warmodgenebiT, eloda gardauali da

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sastiki sasjeli. “SamaSis mcnebis” darRveva danaSaulis Cadenas niSnavda.

Sumereli da Zvelbabiloneli mmarTvelebi da kanonmdeblebi xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnen sakuTari Zalauflebisa da kanonebis RvTiur xasiaTze, maT Sesabamisobaze RvTiur dadgenilebebTan da samarTlianobasTan. es warmodgenebi farTod aris asaxuli, qr. So-bamde XXVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi (daaxl. qr. Sobamde 1792-1750 ww.), Seqmnil, saqveynod cnobil Zvelbabilonur politikur da samarTlebriv ZeglSi _ mefe xamurabis kanonebSi. xamurabi sakuTar kanonebs miiCnevda RmerTebis nebis aRsrulebad da acxadebda, rom “SamaSis _ cisa da miwis udidesi msajulis moTxovniT, dae, gabrwyindes mTels qveyanaze Cemi samarTlianoba, mardukis _ Cemi mbrZaneblis, sityviT, dae, aravin

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aRmoCndes iseTi, vinc Secvlida an gaauqmebda maT”.

xamurabis kanonebSi asaxulia Zvel SuamdinareTSi gabatonebuli socialuri da samarT-lebrivi urTierTobebi: mosaxleobis gansxvavebul kategoriebad dayofis gamarTleba, gabatonebuli fenebis samarTlebrivi statusis xelSeualoba, samarTlis uZvelesi wyaros _ CveulebiTi samarTlis normebis savaldebulo xasiaTi, koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principi, talionis principis (Tvali _ Tvalisa wil, kbili – kbilisa wil) Secvla kompoziciiT (sisxlis fasis dadgeniT), mkacri da, zogjer,

odiozurad sastiki sasjelis saxeebi da sxva.

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Zveli sparselebis (iranelebi aqemenidur xanaSi) miTiuri warmodgenebi aisaxa da, mogvianebiT, ganviTarda zoroastrizmis religiur-eTikur moZRvrebaSi. am ideologiis fuZemdebeli iyo zoroastri (zaratustra), romelic, savaraudod, cxovrobda da moRvaweobda qr. Sobamde VIII saukuneSi. SemdgomSi, zoroastrizmis religiur-eTikuri moZRvreba farTod gavrcelda Zvel samyaroSi (axlo aRmosavleTSi, wina aziaSi, indoeTsa da Zvel eladaSi). man didi gavlena iqonia qristianuli

doqtrinis Camoyali-bebazec.

samyaroSi arsebuli, ori sapirispiro sawyisis _ borotebisa da sikeTis _ Seurigebeli brZola aris zoroastrizmis ZiriTadi debuleba. sikeTis sawyiss ganasaxierebda sinaTlis samefos mbrZaneb eli ormuzdi (ahuramazda), borotisas _ bneleTis samefos RvTaeba arimani. sikeTe da sinaTle gulisxmoben aqtiur moqmedebas, adamianis brZolas borotebisa da wyvdiadis winaaRmdeg. swored aseT brZolaSi mdgomareobs arsebobis mizani da arsi. zoroastris (zaratustras) azriT, saboloo jamSi, gamarjveba darCeba sikeTes, miuxedavad imisa, rom, droebiT, batonobs boroteba.

zoroastrizmis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo _ dedamiwaze _ ormuzdis ciuri samefos unda gansaxierebdes. monarqi _ ormuzdis msaxuri, qveSevrdomebs borotisgan unda icavdes da, saxelmwifoSi borotebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, sikeTes amkvidrebdes. zoroastrizmis moZRvrebiT, aqemeniduri iranis imperia, aseTi monarqis xelisuflebis qveS, Seecdeba SezRudos boroteba da gaafarTovos sikeTis Zalaufleba. sazogadoebis wodebrivi diferencireba, zoroastrizmis mixedviT, efuZneba TiToeulis Tavisufal arCevans, saq-mianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi. calkeuli wodebis saTaveSi unda imyofebodnen yvelaze saTno da keTilsindisieri adamianebi. zoroastri mouwodebda ormuzdis msaxurT urTi-erTsiyvarulis, mitevebisa da mSvidobisaken.

aqemeniduri xanis iranSi Cven jer kidev ver vxvdebiT, raime met-naklebad mwyobr samarTlebriv moZRvrebas.

2. samarTlebrivi moZRvrebebis racionalizaciis procesi

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sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, politikis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb Tavda-pirveli miTologiuri warmodgenebis TandaTanobiTi desakralizaciisa da racio-nalizaciis procesi, agreTve Teoriuli warmodgenebis Canasaxebis warmoSoba, socia-lur-politikuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, msoflios xalxTan, gansxvavebuli intensiurobiT mimdinareobda; man SeiZina sxvadasxva forma da yvelgan rodi iqonia erTnairi Sedegi. Tumca, mTlianobaSi, socialur-politikur movlenaTa racionalisturi ganmartebisadmi tendencia, sakmaod mkveTrad gamovlinda qr. Sobamde I aTaswleulis da-sawyisSi, maSindeli samyaros yvela kulturul centrSi.

am tendenciis gavrcelebuli daxasiaTeba, rogorc adamianuri azris ltolva “miTisgan logosisaken,” arc Tu marTebulia. miTis sinkretuli meTodi sulac ar gamoricxavs “logoss”, amitom miTis alogikurobis Sesaxeb saubari mcdaria. miTis arsi da speci-fikuroba mdgomareobs ara misi meTodis naklovanebaSi (am meTodis “alogikurobaSi”), aramed imaSi, rom miTis Semqmnelis codnis done imdenad mwiri iyo, rom mas ar SeeZlo, miTSi asaxuli faqtebisa da movlenebis, adekvaturi aRqma da gageba. swored es Seusa-bamoba, mTlianobaSi, qmnis miTis gaugebar xasiaTs. miTiuri faqtebis damaxinjeba da maTi Secnobis SeuZlebloba uneblie xasiaTs atarebs.

mniSvnelovnad SualobiTi da damakavSirebeli roli miTologiur warmodgenebsa da, Semdgomi periodis, racionalizmisken orientirebul, samarTlebriv moZRvrebebsa da koncefciebs Soris Seasrula religiam.

Tavisi specifikiT, religia (rogorc Teizmis nebismieri versia), Tematurad da qrono-logiurad, ukan mosdevda miTs da, avTenturi (pirveladi) miTis mimarT, iyo meoradi warmonaqmni. miTiuri Teizmi (Teogonia) win uswrebda religiur Teizmsa da Teologias. swored aqedan momdinareobs miTsa da religias Soris arsebuli memkvidreobiToba.

miTebisa da religiis mTavari personaJi da ZiriTadi Tema aris RmerTi. Tumca, miTisa da religiis RmerTebs Soris aris arsebiTi gansxvaveba, da aq saqme gvaqvs aramxolod miTis poliTeizmsa da msoflio religiebis monoTeizmTan. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom miTiuri RmerTi (miuxedavad mTeli misi gaugebrobisa da Seucnoblobisa) warmogvidgeba, rogorc empiriulad realuri subieqti, da ara rogorc zebunebrivi arseba, romelsac vxvdebiT religiuri saburveliT Semosvis Semdeg. religiuri RmerTis empiriuli arsebobis momenti (miTologiis gadmonaSTi religiaSi), RvTis arsis droebiTi gankacebuli gamovlineba, religiaSi gamodis, saocrebebisa da RvTiuri saidumloebebis saxiT, rogorc RvTiuri sulis gansaxiereba adamianur sxeulSi.

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Teisturi midgoma, romelic religiam miTisgan SeiTvisa da arsebiTad gadaamuSava, yvela civilizaciaSi gavrcelda da mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia samarTlebrivi da politikuri azris ganviTarebaze; modificirebuli formiT, mis zemoqmedebas ganicdian, Tanamedrove religiur-Teologiuri xasiaTis, samarTlebrivi koncefciebi, maT Soris neoTomizmi, aRorZinebuli bunebiTi samarTlis qristianuli doqtrina da sxva.

Tavi II

Zveli indoeTis eTikuri moZRvrebani, rogorc filosofiur -samarT-lebrivi ideebis winapiroba

1. Zvelinduri filosofiur-samarTlebrivi ideebis mokle daxasiaTeba

Zvelinduri filosofia Semdegi ZiriTadi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda: 1. Zveli indo-eTis filosofiis Camoyalibeba miTologiur-religiuri msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelze xdeboda, vedebis mimarT moazrovneTa Taviseburi damokidebulebis pirobebSi; 2. filosofia ganWvretiT xasiaTs atarebda da mas mecnierul codnasTan susti kavSiri hqonda, anu suli gamoixateboda rogorc usaxuri da umoqmedo movlena; 3. konkretuli pirobebi iqmneboda logikis Camoyalibeba -ganviTarebisaTvis, da socialuri filosofia tanjvisa da bednierebis eTikis principebs efuZneboda.

Zveli indoeTis filosofiur-samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi ar iyo gancalkevebuli mora-lisgan da eTikur-politikur doqtrinas warmoadgenda. zneobrivi problemebisadmi gazrdili interesi, zogadad, damaxasiaTebeli iyo axladSeqmnili socialuri erTo-bisaTvis. sxvadasxva moZRvrebaSi asaxuli, sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi mimdinare gardaqmnebi daukavSirda adamianis cxovrebis wesebs da maT moralur Tvisebebs. TviT saxelmwifos marTvac, xSirad, dayvanili iyo mxolod mmarTvelis zneobriv srul-yofamde, anu piradi magaliTis safuZvelze ganxorcielebul mmarTvelobamde. Zveli indoeTis filosofiur moZRvrebas isic axasiaTebda, rom masSi ara Tu SenarCunda, aramed kidev ufro ganviTarda religiuri da miTologiuri Sexedulebani. Zvelinduri socialur-politikuri Teoriebi rTul ideologiur warmonaqmnebad iqca da isini war-modgenili iyo religiuri dogmebis, moraluri mrwamsisa da saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb gamoyenebiTi codnis saxiT. Zveli indoeTis socialurad diferen-cirebuli sazogadoeba iyo sazogadoebis is yvelaze adreuli tipi, romelic gvarov-nuli wyobilebis nacvlad damkvidrda. ekonomikurad, mas axasiaTebda naturaluri meur-neobis batonoba, miwaze saxelmwifo

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sakuTrebis formebis garkveuli simyare da Temuri miwaTmflobeloba, agreTve kerZo sakuTrebis Zalzed neli tempiT ganviTareba. sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis tradiciuloba, socialuri uTanasworobisa da TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis procesis dausrulebloba aisaxa Zvelindur Sexedulebebze saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb. adreuli civilizaciebis periodSi Zveli indoeTis sazoga-doebriv SexedulebebSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba im miTebs epyra, romlebSic sazoga-doebrivi wesrigis mTavar sawyiss hqonda zebunebrivi, RvTaebrivi niSani. miTebTanaa dakavSirebuli is tradiciebi, romlebic aRmerTeben arsebul xelisuflebas da mis mier dadgenil qcevis wesebs. Zveli indoeTis filosofiuri da samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani mxolod praqtikuli, gamoyenebadi xasiaTisaa. ZiriTadad, es moZRvrebani exeboda xelisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis meqanizms, agreTve mmarTvelobis xelovnebas, anu xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis taqtikasa da meTodebs. saxelmwifo xelisufleba gaigivebuli iyo mmarTvelis xelisuflebasTan. Zvelindur traqtatebSi mbrZanebeli da derJava saxelmwifos mTavari elementebi iyo. Zveli indoeTis adreuli filosofiur-samarTlebrivi sistemebis ganuyofel nawils swored eTikuri Sexedu-lebebi warmoadgenda. kerZod, Zvelindur vedebSi (sanskritis eneze codnas niSnavs) sikeTe da samarTali samyaros mowyobis mTavar kanonad miiCneoda da swored maTi meSveobiT unda momxdariyo sayovelTao wesrigisa da harmoniis uzrunvelyofa. socialur-eTikuri problematika, Tavisi ganviTarebis adreul etepze, sWarbobda zogad-filosofiur SexedulebebSi. amavdroulad, Zvel indoeTSi filosofiuri azris ganviTarebis adreul etepzeve didi yuradReba eqceoda specifikuri zneobrivi, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi warmodgenebis _ samarTlianobis, keTildReobisa da sikeTis gaazrebas.

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2. brahmanizmi.

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brahmanizmis filosofiur-samarTlebrivi ideebi asaxulia vedebSi _ uZvelesi wminda wignebi da upaniSadebSi (maswavleblis irgvliv jdoma) _ brahmanizmis moZRvrebis kon-kretizaciaSi. vedur traqtatebs miekuTvneba eTikuri traqtatebi _ sutrebi (Zafi) da Sastrebi (samecniero da politikuri traqtatebi). Sastrebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia manus kanonebi (samecniero brunvaSi 1794 wlidan Semovida). adamianTa qcevis normatiuli regulirebis brahmanistuli koncefcia efuZneboda filosofiur-religiur miTebs. Zve-li indoelebis warmodgeniT, samarTali iyo zneobis, religiisa da ritualebis sin-Tezi, rac mkacri samarTlebrivi doqtrinis arsebobaze metyvelebda. saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis analizi ufro maRal doneze xdeboda, kerZod: 1. gadaidga nabiji saxelmwi-fos modelis Seqmnis mizniT, raSic misi elementebis gamoyeneba iyo mizanSewonili; 2. indoelebma Seqmnes idealuri mmarTvelis saxe; 3. Canasaxis saxiT, SeimuSaves saxel-mwifos funqciebi.

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Zvel indoeTSi brahmanizmis filosofiur-samarTlebrivi azrovnebis pirveladi for-mebis genezisi dakavSirebulia sulTa gadasaxlebis _ reinkarnaciis principTan. amis safuZvelze Camoyalibda sansarebis (cxovrebiseuli Carxi, usasrulo cvlilebebis jaWvi) da karmebis (mizRvis kanonis) doqtrinebi. am doqtrinebis Tanaxmad, adamiani sakuTari Tavis msajuli unda iyos. is TviTon aris sakuTari bedis mizezi da TviTonve gansazRvravs sakuTar momavals. manus kanonebi amboben: am samyaroSi yvela saqme gange-basa da adamianis Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli; Tumca, gangebis gzebi Seucnobelia, xo-lo adamianis saqmeebis Secnoba did Zalisxmevas iTxovs.

vedebi saubroben sazogadoebis oTx varnad (kastad) dayofis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seqmnes puruSas RmerTebma (msoflios sulisa da sxeulis RvTaebebma). msoflio kanoni (rta _ rita) gansazRvravs sazogadoebis konstitucias (agebulobas), sxvadasxva varnis (kastis) rolsa da mdgomareobas, anu am varnebis wevrTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs. monebi varnebSi ar Sediodnen. TiToeul varnas adamianTa garkveuli jgufi miekuTvneboda. varnisadmi kuTvnileba religiur-eTikuri principiT aris ganpirobebuli da gaaCnia sakuTari dharma (gza, sityvis farTo gagebiT, ritualuri, zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi valdebulebis erToblioba, qcevis wesi). “brahmanis dabadeba aris dharmis saukeTeso ganxorcieleba, vinaidan brahmani ibadeba, raTa daicvas dharmis saganZuri. mas ukavia uzenaesi adgili dedamiwaze, rogorc yvela arsebis mbrZanebels”.

dharmis, sansaris da karmis cnebebTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli dandanitis (joxiT dasja) cneba. manus kanonebi amtkiceben, rom sasjeli _ RvTaeba-mbrZaneblis vaJiSvilia da icavs yvela mis qmnilebas. saxelmwifo iZuleba, rogorc RmerTebis mier gamoye-nebuli damsjeli Zalis gagrZeleba, iyo dharmis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba. dasjis idea iyo saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoriuli dasabuTebis ZiriTadi principi: mas imdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rom saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb mecnie-rebas, sasjelis Sesaxeb mecnierebad miiCnevdnen. brahmanizmis eTikur-filosofiur doq-trinaSi (manus kanonebSi) asaxulia saxelmwifos Taviseburi modeli, misi ZiriTadi elementebis gamoyofiT: mefe, ministrebi, sasoflo Temi (qveyana), gamagrebuli qalaqebi, xazina, jari da mokavSireebi _ rac, msoflio istoriaSi, saxelmwifos, ganzogadebuli saxiT, Seqmnis pirveli mcdelobaa. brahmanistuli doqtrina mTavar yuradRebas uTmobda monarqis pirovnebasa da mis movaleobebs. raja aucileblad qSatriebis varnis wevri unda yofiliyo. mefe, brahmanebis azriT, unda iyos samarTliani msajuli da marTali mbrZanebeli, romelic windaxedulad iqceva, eweva qvelmoqmedebas, kmarobs siamovnebasa da zomier simdidres, rac mxolod sasjelis meSveobiT SeiZleba gaormagdes. Tumca, sasjeli _ didi Zalaa, romelmac SeiZleba daRupos gamoucdeli adamiani da ugergilo mefe, romelic Tavs Seikavebs sakuTari movaleobebis

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Sesrulebaze. mmarTveli ganaT-lebuli adamiani unda iyos. mis ministrebsac moeTxovebaT ganaTleba. ministrebi yovel-dRiurad eTaTbirebian mefesa da mecnier-brahmanebs.

3. budizmi

budizmis ideologiis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens e.w. tripitaka _ sami kalaTa sibrZnisa.

budizmis moZRvrebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba CrdiloeT indoeTSi Sakiebis tomis beladis Ze da memkvidre _ sidharta gautama Sakiamuni (qr. Sobamde

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560-480 an 620-544 ww.), SemdgomSi budad (gasxivosnebuli, gabrwyinebuli) wodebuli.

budizmSi mTavari aris oTxi keTilSobili (wminda) WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba: 1. icxovro _ niSnavs itanjo; 2. tanjvis mizezia _ survili; 3. tanjvisgan gasaTavisufleblad, uari unda Tqva survilze; 4. survilisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualebaa _ budas moZRvrebis dacva.

pirovneba ise unda iqceodes, rom gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma sulma ar unda ganicados mZime karmis zidva, rac wina Taobebis codvebsa da sakuTar uzneo cxovrebas gulisx-mobda. Tu am yovelives davicavT, sxeuli aRar aRorZindeba axali tanjvisaTvis, xolo suli gaqreba da nirvanas (sayovelTao harmoniuloba) Seerwymeba. budizmi gvTavazobda pirovnuli srulyofis programas, e.w. rvasazomian gzas: 1. budisturi WeSmaritebis swori xedva; 2. swori azrovneba, Sinagani disciplina; 3. swori saubari, sakuTar xa-siaTze zemoqmedeba, rac gulisxmobda sakuTari saubris gakontrolebas; 4. swori moqmedeba, sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba; 5. cxovrebis swori wesi; 6. swori Zalisxmeva, sakuTari ganzraxvis, sityvebisa da qcevis zneobrivi analizi; 7. swori yuradReba, sakuTari Segnebis gakontroleba da zneobrivi pasuxismgebloba; 8. swori Sejgufeba _ meditacia. buda axleburad udgeba sazogadoebis varnebad dayofis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas. is varnebs profesiul jgufebad ganixilavda, Tanac pirvel adgilze qSatriebs, da ara brahmanebs ayenebda. brahmanebs mkacrad akritikebda, radgan isini, misi azriT, „ufro miwieri keTildReobisaken, fufunebasa da usaqmurobisaken iswrafian, da naklebad zrunaven wminda moZRvrebis dacvasa da swavlebaze“. budizmi tovebda uTanasworobas, Tumca _ ara dabadebiT, aramed admianis Sinagani srulyofis meSveobiT, msoflio kanonis _ dhamas gzaze svliT. budizmi, pirvelad indur filosofiaSi, Zlieri mmarTvelis _ CakravarTina, anu ”samarTliani Zlierebis Carxis mbrunvelis” Sesaxeb warmodgenas ayalibebda. mogvianebiT, budizmSi ganviTarda idea _ ZaladobiT, Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, budizmis mTavari idea aris ara socialuri qmedeba, aramed gadarCenis individualuri gza, romelic migviyvans nirvanasTan _ uzenaess ganaTlebasTan, gabrwyinebasTan. dhamapada-Si (kanonis moTxovna _ budistebis wminda wigni) weria: “me ar vTvli admians brahmanad, mxolod misi dabadebisa an misi dedis warmomavlobis gamo”. brahmani aris ara privile-girebuli kastis wevri, armed nebismieri adamiani, vinc sakuTari wodebrivi warmo-mavlobis miuxedavad, aRwevs srulyofilebas, piradi Zalisxmevis meSveobiT.

dhamapadaSi, brahmanizmis sapirispirod, mkveTrad izRudeba sasjelis masStabebi da roli.

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qr. Sobamde III saukuneSi, mauriebis dinastiis mbrZaneblis _ aSokis

mmarTve-lobaSi, budizmi gavrcelda samxreT da aRmosavleT aziis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da msoflio religiad iqca.

4. lokaiatebis moZRvreba

kanonebis (romlebic marTaven samyaros) bunebiTi xasiaTis Sesaxeb warmodgena yvelaze Tanmimdevrulad ganavrco lokaiatebis (Carvakebis) skolam, romlis mimdevrebic jer kidev qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi, aTeisturi poziciidan gamomdinare, akritikebdnen brah-manizmis ZiriTad debulebebs. maTi azriT, samyaroSi yvelaferi xdeba TviT nivTebis Sinagani bunebis (svabhava) ZaliT. Cvenamde moRweuli cnobiT, am skolis warmomadgeneli brihaspati ambobda: “yvela movlena _ bunebrivia. cdebisas, an TviT istoriaSi raime zebunebrivi Zalis gamovlineba ar gvxvdeba... zneoba bunebrivia: is gamowveulia sazoga-doebrivi SeTanxmebiT da sargeblianobiT da ara RvTaebrivi miTiTebebiT...” amrigad, lokaiatebis (Carvakebis) skola iyo bunebiTi samarTlis saero koncefciis erT-erTi adreuli variacia.

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5.jainizmis ideologia

Zvelindur araorTodoqsalur filosofiur warmodgenaTa Soris erT-erTi mimdinareoba jainizmi iyo. misi damaarsebeli mahavira vardhamana (qr. Sobamde IV saukune) iyo, romelsac jinas (gamarjvebuls _ mxedvelobaSi miiReba karmasa da gardasaxvaze, anu sakuTar bedze gamarjvebuli) uwodebdnen. jainizmi _ eTikuri moZRvrebaa, romelic sulis tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebasa da saRvToobisaken mimaval gzas uCvenebda. jai-nistebis azriT, suli _ bunebiT arasrulyofilia, xolo sulis SesaZlebloba _ amouwuravi. Tumca, suls SeuZlia gaigivdes sxeulTan. adamianis sxeulisagan sulis damoukideblobis mizezi aris adamianis vnebebi. vnebebis mizezi _ cxovrebis arcodna. savaldebuloa, rom suli sxeulisgan gaTavisufldes, xolo es gaTavisufleba aske -tizmiT miiRweva. jainizmis eTika mkacrad moiTxovda yoveldRiuri qcevis wesebis dacvas. jainistebis Temis wevri valdebuli iyo: nebayoflobiT daedo aRTqma (budis-turi mcnebebis msgavsad), rac Seesabameboda budistur rvasazomian gzas _ araferi avnoT cocxal arsebebs; ar miisakuTroT sxvisi qoneba; Tavi aarideT akrZalur sqe -sobriv kavSirebs; ar wamoiwyoT cru da usafuZvlo saubari; ar miiRoT alkoholuri sasmelebi.

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5. arThaSastra

qr. Sobamde IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze, mauriebis dinastiis erT-erTi mbrZaneblis _ Candrahupta I-is gavlenianma ministrma _ kautilia (Canakia)-m Seqmna traqtati _ arTha-Sastra, romelic mecnierebis sferos miakuTvnebda filosofias, moZRvrebas sami vedas Sesaxeb, moZRvrebas sameurneo saqmianobisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb da miuTiTebda, rom: filosofia, logikuri dasabuTebis meSveobiT, ikvlevs moZRvrebas sami vedas Sesaxeb _ kanoniersa da ukanonos; meurneobis Sesaxeb _ sargebelsa da zians; xolo, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi _ swor da araswor politikas. arThaSastraSi, garda dharmis mimarT tradiciuli piiTetisa da imis aRiarebisa, rom kanoni efuZneba WeSma-ritebas, mTavar upiratesobas praqtikul sargeblianobas _ arThas aniWebdnen.

arTha ganapirobebda politikur RonisZiebebsa da administraciul dadgenilebebs. arThaSastra mefes urCevda mieces siyvaruls, ar daarRvios kanonebi da arTha. Tumca, swored sargebeli, traqtatSi, gamodis gamsazRvrel safuZvlad da politikuri moqmedebis wamyvan principad, romelic unda Seesabamebodes Zlier, damsjel xeli-suflebasa da varnebis sistemis xelSeuvarlobas. politikisgan damoukidebel sawyisad, sargeblianobis gamoyvanam ganapiroba _ politikasa da kanonmdeblobaSi saero doqtrinis Camoyalibeba, ris gamoc kautilias zogjer Zveli indoeTis makiavelisac uwodeben.

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Tavi III

Zveli CineTis samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani

1. lao-Zi

ZvelCinuri filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris istoriaSi, erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani moZRvrebis _ daosizmis fuZemdeblad lao-Zi (maswavlebeli lao, qr.Sobamde VI s.) iTvleba. misi Sexedulebani aRwerilia wignSi “dao de Zin” (wigni dao-sa da de-s Sesaxeb). lao-Zi dao-d miiCnevda, cis mbrZaneblisgan damoukidebel, nivTebisa da movlenebis bunebriv svlas, bunebriv kanonzomierebas, riTac misi moZRvreba, arsebiTad, gansxvavdeboda dao -s tradiciul-Teologiuri ganmartebisgan. dao gansazRvravda cis, bunebisa

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da sazogadoebis kanonebs. is ganasaxierebda uzenaess saTnoebasa da bunebiT samarTlianobas. dao-s mimarT yvela Tanasworia.

yvela is mankiereba, rac axasiaTebda mis Tanamedrove kulturas, adamianTa socialur-politikuri uTanasworoba, xalxis ubedureba, lao-Zis azriT, gamowveulia WeSmariti dao-sgan gadaxveviT da misi uaryofiT. arsebuli mdgomareobisadmi gamoTqmuli protestis miuxedavad, lao-Zi sakuTar imeds dao-s TviTmoqmedebaze amyarebda da mas samarTlianobis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas miawerda. “ciuri dao mogvagonebs mSvildis mozidvas. rodesac misi zeda nawili daqveiTdeba, qveda _ zeviT iweva. is arTmevs namets da warTmeuls aZlevs imas, visac ufro esaWiroveba. ciuri dao mdidrebs arTmevs da aZlevs Raribebs imas, rac maT waarTves. adamianuri dao ki, piriqiT. is arTmevs Raribebs da aZlevs mdidrebs imas, rac waarTves Raribebs.” _ amtkicebda lao-Zi. aRniSnuli ganmartebiT, dao-Si vxedavT, Tavisebur, bunebiT samarTals.

daosizmSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba e.w. umoqmedobis princips, anu aqtiuri moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas. aRniSnul moZRvrebaSi umoqmedoba, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs, xelisufalTa da mdidarTa mxridan, xalxis sawinaaRmdego aqtiuri moqmedebis uaryofas; es aris mowodeba, raTa Zlierma ama qveynisam Tavi Seikavos xalxis usazRvro Cagvrisagan. “Tu sasaxle fufunebaSia, baR-mindvrebi walekilia ekal-bardebiT da beRlebi sruliad carielia... am yvelafers ki yaCaRoba da tantraxi ewodeba. es ki aris WeSmariti dao-s darRveva. rTulia xalxis marTva imis gamo, rom xelisufalni Zalzed aqtiurni arian.”

yvelaferi arabunebrivi (kultura, xelovnur-adamianuri dadgenilebani mmarTvelobis, kanonmdeblobisa da sxva sferoebSi), daosizmis azriT, es aris dao-sgan gadaxveva da mcdari gzis arCeva. zogadad, bunebriobis gavlena (maT Soris, bunebiTi samarTlisac) sazogadoebriv da politikur-samarTlebriv cxovrebaze, mTlianobaSi, aRniSnuli kon-cefciis Tanaxmad, xorcieldeba dao-sadmi imgvari midevnebiT, romelic gulisxmobda kulturis monapovarTa uaryofasa da Zvel, martiv, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi dabrunebas da ara sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da kanonebis gardaqmnas, dao-s pozitiuri moTxov-nebis Sesabamisad.

lao-Zi mkveTrad akritikebda nebismier Zaladobas, omianobas, armias. “iq, sadac gaiares jarebma, ekal-bardebi izrdeba. didi omis Semdeg iwyeba SimSili... gamarjvebis zeimi unda aRiniSnos samgloviaro procesiiT.”

Tumca, daosizmis mier gandidebuli umoqmedoba, amavdroulad, aris pasiurobis propaganda. mis mier kulturisa da civilizaciis monapovris gakritikeba atarebs konservatiuli utopiis niSnebs. progresisaTvis zurgis SeqceviT, lao-Zi mouwodebda gardasul epoqaSi, martiv patriarqalurobaSi dabrunebisaken, im samyaros aRdgenisaken, rodesac

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adamianebi cxovrobdnen patara, gankerZoebul TemebSi, maT ar hqondaT damwerloba, Sromis rTuli iaraRebi da sxva siaxle.

2. konfuZi

CineTis eTikuri da politikuri azris istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli da udidesi roli konfuZis (kun -Zis, qr.Sobamde 551-479 ww.) moZRvrebam Seasrula. misi Sexedulebani aRwerilia naSromSi “lun-iui” (saubrebi da gamonaTqvamebi), romelic Seadgines misma mowafeebma. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi es wigni udides gavlenas axdenda CinelTa msoflmxedvelobasa da cxovrebis wesebze. mas zepirad swavlobdnen bavSvebi, misi avtoritetisadmi apelirebdnen ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi, saojaxo da politikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisas.

tradiciul Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT, kon-fuZim ganaviTara saxelmwifos warmoSobis patriarqalur-paternalisturi koncefcia. misi azriT, saxelmwifi _ didi ojaxia. imperatoris (cis Svilis) xelisufleba emsgavseba didi ojaxis mamis (patriarqis) Zalauflebas;

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xolo mmarTvelTa da qveSevrdomTa urTierTobebi _ saojaxo urTierTobebs, sadac umcrosebi emorCilebian ufrosebs. kon-fuZis mier daxatuli socialur-politikuri ierarqia emyareba adamianTa uTanasworobis princips: “bneli, mdabio xalxi”, “umcrosebi”, “dablebi” unda emorCilebodnen “keTilSobil kacebs”, “saukeTesoebs”, “ufrosebs”. amrigad, kon-fuZi emxroboda mmarTvelobis aristokratiul koncefcias, vinaidan ubralo xalxi mTlianad Camocilebuli iyo saxelmwifos marTvisagan.

Tumca, misi ideali iyo, ara sagvareulo didkacobisa da mdidarTa , aramed saTnoebisa da codnis aristokratiis mmarTveloba, vinaidan mis mier SemoTavazebuli mmarTvelobis idealuri konstruqcia gansxvavdeboda, imdroindeli socialur-politikuri realo-bisagan, ris wyalobiTac es koncefcia flobda garkveul kritikul potencials.

Tumca, kon-fuZisa da misi mimdevrebisaTvis, mTlianobaSi, damaxasiaTebelia kompro-misuli da Semrigebluri pozicia socialur-politikur sakiTxebSi, miuxedavad cal-keuli kritikuli Sexedulebebisa da misazrebebisa, arsebuli wesrigis mimarT. amavdroulad, konfucianelobis moTxovna, saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi daculi yofi-liyo saTnoebis principi, dadebiTad ganasxvavebda mas, CineTis politikuri isto-riisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc despoturi mmarTvelobis praqtikaSi arsebuli formisagan, ise im Teoriuli koncefciebisagan, romlebic amarTlebdnen despotur Zaladobas qveSevrdomTa mimarT da uaryofdnen zneobriv principebs politikaSi.

kon-fuZi iyo mmarTvelobis araZaladobrivi meTodebis momxre da mmarTvelebsa da saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleebs mouwodebda, sakuTar qveSevrdomebTan, urTierTobebi daemyarebinaT saTnoebis sawyisebze. es mowodeba, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTulia mmarTveli wreebisadmi, vinaidan maT mier saTnoebis moTxovnaTa dacva, ganapirobebda zneobrivi normebis batonobas qveSevrdomTa qcevaSi da gadamwyvet rols asrulebda sazogadoebis zneobriv ganviTarebaSi. Zaladobis uaryofisas, kon-fuZi ambobda: “saxelmwifos mmarTvelobisas, ra saWiroa adamianTa mokvla? Tu Tqven TviTon moindomebT sikeTis keTebas, xalxic keTili iqveba. keTilSobili adamianis zneoba qars waagavs; mdabio kacisa _ balaxs. balaxi iqiT ixreba, saiTac uberavs qari.”

qveSevrdomTa umTavresi saTnoeba, kon-fuZis Tanaxmad, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom uerTgulon mmarTvels, daemorCilon da mowiwebiT moepyran “ufrosebs”. kon-fuZis politikuri eTika, mTlianobaSi, mimarTulia sazogadoebis zeda da qveda fenebs Soris, saSinao mSvidobis damyarebisa da mmarTvelobis stabilizaciisaken. garda wminda moraluri faqtorebisa, kon-fuZi yuradRebas amaxvilebda mosaxleobis, ukiduresad mdidar da ukiduresad Rarib fenebad, polarizaciis akrZalvaze. kon-

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fuZi uaryofiTad afasebda ajanyebebsa da brZolas xelisuflebisaTvis da did monapovrad miiCnevda samoqalaqo mSvidobas.

kon-fuZis gansakuTrebuli ukmayofilebis mizezi iyo sagareo omebi da Cineli imperatorebis dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi sxva xalxis (“barbarosebis”) winaaRmdeg. Tumca, kon-fuZi, principulad, ar uaryofda CineTis (cisqveSeTis) mmarTvelTa hegemonistur pretenziebs, oRond erTi rCevis gaTvaliswinebiT: “Sors mcxovrebi da urCi xalxi” unda davimorCiloT “ganaTlebisa da zneobis meSveobiT”.

kon-fuZis moZRvrebaSi Camoyalibebuli saTnoebis normebi, romelTa meSveobiT xdeboda politikuri urTierTobebis regulireba, mkveTrad Sepirispirebulia sazogadoebis marTvasTan, kanonebis meSveobiT. “Tu xalxis marTva unda moxdes kanonebis meSveobiT da uzrunvelyofili iyos sasjeliT, xalxi Seecdeba Tavi aaridos (sasjels) da ar ganicados sircxvili. xolo, Tu xalxis marTva moxdeba saTnoebis meSveobiT da wesrigi damyarebuli iqneba ritualebiT, xalxs ecodineba sircxvili da is gamoswordeba.”

mTlianobaSi, kon-fuZis moZRvrebiT, saTnoeba _ mravalricxovani eTikuri normebisa da principebis erTobliobaa, romelSic gaerTianebulia ritualebis (li), kacTmoyvareobis (Jen), xalxze zrunvis (Su), mSoblebisadmi pativiscemiT mopyrobis (siao), mmarTvelisadmi erTgulebisa (CJun) da movaleobis (i) wesebi.

kon-fuZis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba pozitiuri kanonebisadmi (fa) ganpirobebulia maTi, tradiciulad, dasjadi mniSvnelobiT, agreTve kavSiriT umkacres sasjelTan (praqtikasa da Teoriul warmodgenebSi).

amasTanave, kon-fuZi, zogadad, ar uaryofda kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelobas, Tumca, savaraudod, kanons damatebiTi wyaros mniSvneloba eniWeboda, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sferoSi.

kon-fuZis moZRvrebaSi, arsebiT socialur-politikur da regulaciur datvirTvas atarebda “saxelebis gamosworebis” principi (CJen min). “saxelebis gamosworebis” mizania _ “saxelebi” SesabamisobaSi moviyvanoT realobasTan; ganvsazRvroT, socialur sistemaSi, TiToeulis adgili da roli; mivceT TiToeuls Sesabamisi saxeli, raTa mbrZanebeli iyos brZanebeli, moxele _ moxele, mama _ mama, mdabio _ mdabio, qve-Sevrdomi _ qveSevrdomi (anu mosaxleobis jgufebisa da calkeul pirTa socialuri da politikuri statusebis gansazRvra, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos ierarqiul sis-temaSi).

warmoSobisTanave, konfucianeloba iqca CineTis eTikuri da politikuri azris yvelaze gavlenian moZRvrebad, xolo qr.Sobamde II saukunidan

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aRiarebuli iqna saxelmwifos oficialur ideologiad da SeiZina saxelmwifo religiis statusi.

3. mo-Zi

moizmis damaarsebeli iyo mo-Zi (qr.Sobamde 479-400 ww.), romelic ganavrcobda yvela adamianis bunebrivi Tanasworobis ideas da aviTarebda saxelmwifos warmoSobis saxelSekrulebo koncefcias, romlis safuZvelSi devs uzenaesi xelisuflebis xalxisaTvis kuTvnilebis idea.

swored am mizniT is axleburad aviTarebda “cis nebis” tradiciul cnebas da xazs usvamda imas, rom “ca amkvidrebs sayovelTao siyvarulsa da mas yvelasTvis Tanabrad moaqvs sikeTe”. cisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sayovelTaoba, moizmSi sanimuSo rols asrulebda, adamianTa urTierTobebis regulirebisaTvis, maT Soris, Tanasworobis principis gansazRvrisaTvis. “ca ar ganasxvavebs didsa da pataras, warCinebulsa da borots; yvela adamiani cis msaxuria da ar aris vinme, visac ca ar uzrdis kameCebsa da Txebs, uxvad ar aZlevs marcvleuls, raTa (adamianebi) mokrZalebiT emsaxurebodnen cas. nuTu es ar aris im sayovelTaobis gamovlineba, romelsac flobs ca? nuTu ca ar gvkvebavs yvelas?”

ciuri wesrigisadmi ltolvas mo-Zi uwodebda “sibrZnis, rogorc mmarTvelobis safuZvlis, pativiscemas.” aseTi brZeni mmarTvelobis mniSvnelovan momentad miiCneva, “xalxis darigebisa da misi dasjis” gonivruli Sejereba. warsulis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mo-Zi xazs usvamda, rom xelisuflebam unda gamoiyenos aramxolod Zaladoba da sasjeli, aramed adamianebze zemoqmedebis zneobrivi formebi.

“samarTlianobis erTiani nimuSis” moZiebisas, mo -Zim wamoayena saxelmwifosa da mmarTvelobis saxelSekrulebo gziT warmowobis idea. Zvelad, ambobda mo-Zi, ar arsebobda mmarTveloba da sasjeli, “TiToeuls hqonda sakuTari samarTlianobis gancda”, adamianebs Soris gamefebuli iyo mtroba. “cisqveSeTSi arsebuli uwesrigoba iseTive mZafri iyo, rogorc mxecebSi arsebuli dapirispireba. adamianebi mixvdnen, rom uwesrigobis mizezi iyo mmarTvelobisa da ufros-umcrosobis ararseboba, xalxma airCia cisqveSeTis yvelaze saTno da

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brZeni adamiani da aqcia is cis Svilad... mxolod cis Svils SeuZlia, cisqveSeTSi, Seqmnas samarTlianobis erTiani nimuSi. amitom, cisqveSeTSi damyarda wesrigi”.

samarTlianobisa da erTiani sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis idea, mTeli Tavisi arsiT, mimarTuli iyo adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da moxeleebis TviTnebobis, “didi xalxis _ vanebis, hunebis” winaaRmdeg, romlebic adgendnen sakuTar wesrigs, usastikesi sasjelisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebiT, rac, mo-Zis saxelSekrulebo koncefciis Tanaxmad, ewinaaRmdegeboda sayovelTao SeTanxmebas uzenaesi xelisuflebisa da misi prerogativis Sesaxeb, daadginos erTiani da zogadsavaldebulo “samarTlianobis nimuSi”.

mo-Zis moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs mdabio xalxis interesebis dacvis moTxovnas, saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis procesSi.

4. legizmi

ZvelCinuri legizmis ZiriTadi ideebi asaxulia qr.Sobamde IV saukunis traqtatSi “San czun Su” (Sa nis olqis mmarTvelis wigni). Aam naSromis ramdenime Tavi dawerilia gun sun ianis (qr.Sobamde 390-338 ww.) mier, romelic aseve cnobilia San ianis saxeliTac. legizmis es gamoCenili Teoretikosi da mekanoneTa skolis

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(faczia) fuZemdebeli iyo Sanis olqis mmarTveli, cinis dinastiis mbrZaneblis siao-gunis zeobaSi (qr.Sobamde 361-338 ww.). San iani gamovida im mmarTvelobis sistemis dasabuTebiT, romelic daefuZneboda kanonebs (fa) da sastik sasjels. is akritikebda, im periodSi gavrcelebul, Zalzed gavlenian konfucianelur warmodgenebsa da idealebs mmarTvelobis sferoSi (Zveli ritualebisa da Cveulebebisadmi, damkvidrebuli kanonebisa da tradiciuli eTikisadmi ltolvas). San iani aRniSnavda, rom adamianebs, romlebic aRiareben aRniSnul Sexedulebebs, SeuZliaT “mxolod Tanamdebobebis dakaveba da kanonebis dacva, Tumca maT ar SeswevT unari imsjelon im (sakiTxebze), romlebic scildeba kanonis CarCoebs.” legistebis warmod-genebi sastik kanonebze, rogorc mmarTvelobis ZiriTad (Tu ara erTaderT) saSua -lebaze, mWidrod ukavSirdeba maT warmodgenas xalxisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. es urTierTobebi atareben antagonistur xasiaTs da Seesabameba princips: “vin _ vis”. mTlianobaSi, San ianis moZRvrebaSi SemoTavazebuli, mmarTvelobis mTeli koncefcia ganmsWvalulia xalxisadmi siZulviliT, maTi SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis Zalzed uaryofiTi xarisxiT da imaSi darwmunebiT, rom Zaladobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT (an, rac TiTqmis erTi da igivea _ sastiki kanonebiT), ufro SesaZlebelia sasurveli “wesrigis” damyareba. Tanac, “wesrigis” cneba gulisxmobda qveSevrdomTa srul uuflebobas, rac gauadvilebda despotur centralur xelisuflebas, mobilurad da dabrkolebis gareSe, moexdina maTi daTrgunva da, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, manipulireba, saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi.

San ianisa da misi mimdevrebis moZRvrebaSi, garda prevenciuli sasjelisa, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda , sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principis danergvas. Tanac, legistebis Tanaxmad, es principi gascda saojaxo-gvarovnuli urTierTobebiT dakavSirebuli, adamianebis wres da gavrcelda ramdenime Temis erTobliobaze (ezoebi) _ e.w. xuTi, aTi ezo, romlebic pasuxs agebdnen erTmaneTis danaSaulisaTvis, koleqtiurad, Tu ar gascemdnen uSualo damnaSaves. es iyo totaluri TvalTvalisa da dasmenis, kargad aprobirebuli sistema, romelic xels uwyobda centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da is iqca, Cinuri saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da sakanonmdeblo sistemis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawilad.

garda San ianisa, legizmis ideebis mqadagebelni iyvnen faczias skolis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi _ Zin Cani, Sen bu-xai, xan fei.

legisturi moZRvrebis farglebSi, SemuSavda da gamoiTqva ramdenime idea, romelic, SemdgomSi, damkvidrda CineTis samarTlebriv kulturaSi:

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a) legistebma daasabuTes ekonomikaSi (gansakuTrebiT, soflis meurneobaSi) saxelmwifos Carevisa da misi mxridan kontrolis aucilebloba;

b) SemuSavebuli iqna saxelmwifo moxeleTa kadrebis SerCevis da politikuri elitis formirebis, principulad axali, sistema. Zvelad moqmedi sistemiT, mamis adgils misi vaJiSvili ikavebda. legistebma gamoacxades, rom yvela adamiani Tanasworia, sakuTar SesaZleblobaSi, daikavos Tanamdeboba da win wavides samsaxurebrivi kibiT. amisaTvis ki aucilebeli iyo ara gvarovnuli warmomavloba, aramed sakvalifikacio gamocdis Cabareba;

g) ganaviTares kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobis principi. “sasjelma ar icis warCinebulobis rangi”. Zveli keTilsindisiereba ver iqneba danaSaulis CamdenTa safar-veli;

d) legistebma Teoriulad daasabuTes debuleba droebiTi prioritetebis Secvlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. amiT aRiarebuli iqna, rom “oqros xana ” _ ZvelCinuri msofl-mxedvelobidan gamomdinare, Rrma warsulSi darCa da Zveli meTodebiT sazogadoebisa da amJamad mcxovrebTa marTva SeuZlebelia, radgan gardacvlili mmarTvelebis wesebi Zalzed moZvelebulia.

Tavi IV

Zveli eladis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

1. Zveli eladis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis zogadi daxasiaTeba

Zvel eladaSi saxelmwifoebrioba qr. Sobamde I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi warmoiSva, damoukidebeli da Tavisufali qalaq-saxelmwifoebis _ polisebis formiT, romlebic garda saqalaqo teritoriisa, sasoflo tipis dasaxlebebs moicavdnen. antikuri filo-sofia cariel adgilze ar Seqmnila. is warmoiSva Zveli eladisa da misi Semdgomi periodis kulturul niadagze.

gvarovnuli wyobilebis rRvevisa da adreuli tipis sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis politikuri formiT mowyobis process, Tan sdevda mosaxleobis socialuri diferencirebis gaRrmaveba da, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebs _ sagvareulo aristo-kratiasa da gaRatakebul meTemeebs, mdidrebsa da Raribebs, TavisufladSobilTa da monebs Soris politikuri brZolis gaZliereba.

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am pirobebSi, TiTqmis yvela Zvelelinur polisSi mZvinvarebda politikuri dapi-rispireba da xelisuflebisaTvis sastiki brZola, rac aisaxa mmarTvelobis gansxvavebul formebze _ aristokratiis (Zveli an axali didkacoba, privile-girebulebi, “saukeTesoni”), oligarqiis (mdidarTa xelisufleba) an demokratiis (xalxis xelisufleba, anu aRniSnuli polisis yvela TavisufladSobilis Zalaufleba) saxiT.

am brZolis Sedegad, qr. Sobamde VI-V saukuneebSi, sxvadasxva polisSi damyarda da met-naklebi stabilurobiT viTardeboda mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi forma, kerZod: aTensa da abderebSi _ demokratia, Tebesa da megarebSi _ oligarqia, spartaSi _ aristokratia (samxedro banaki, romlis saTaveSi idga beladi _ arqageti). zogierT polisSi (qr. Sobamde V s., _ sirakuzebSi), garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, adgili hqonda tiranias. aRniSnuli procesebi, TavisTavad, aisaxeboda da Teoriul dasabuTebas povebda Zveli eladis samarTlebriv moZRvrebebSi.

Zveli eladis samarTlebrivi azris istoria sam, met-naklebad mwyobrad ganviTarebul periods moicavs.

1.periodi _ adreuli xana (qr. Sobamde IX-VI ss.) _ es periodi dakavSirebulia Zvelelinuri saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebasTan. am periodSi SeiniSneba samarTlebrivi ideebis racionalizalia (homerosis, hesiodes da, gansakuTrebiT, saxel-ganTqmuli “Svidi brZenis” _ Talesi, pitakosi, periandre, binate, soloni, kleobule da qiloni _ Semoqmedeba) da iqmneba filosofiuri midgoma saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebisadmi (piTagora da piTagorelebi, heraklite).

2.periodi _ Zvelelinuri filosofiuri da samarTlebrivi azris ayvavebis xana (qr. Sobamde V s. _ IV saukunis pirveli naxevari), romelmac asaxva pova demokrites, sofistebis, sokrates, platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebebSi.

3.periodi _ elinizmis epoqa (qr. Sobamde IV s. meore naxevari – II s.), Zvelelinuri saxelmwifoebriobis dacemisa da elinuri polisebis jer makedoniis samefosadmi, xolo Semdeg _ romisadmi morCilebis xana. am periodis moZRvrebani asaxulia epikures, stoelTa da polibiusis SexedulebebSi.

Zvelelinuri da, zogadad, antikuri samarTlebrivi azri Camoyalibda rogorc Tavisuf-ladSobili adamianebis ideologia, im pirobebSi, rodesac adamianebi iyofodnen TavisufladSobilad da monadSobilebad, Tavisufleba _ fundamenturi faseulobaa da is Zvelelinuri politikuri Teoriisa da praqtikis mTavari mizani da zrunvis sagani iyo. rasakvirvelia, es iyo ara sayovelTao, aramed SezRuduli Tavisufleba:

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monebi am Tavisuflebis miRma idgnen. isini arc am politikis (polisuri cxovrebis) subieqtebi iyvnen, radgan polisi iyo mxolod Tavisufali adamianebis, polisuri koleqtivis sruluflebiani wevrebis, polisis moqalaqeTa cxovrebis forma.

politika da masTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli da sulieri saqmianoba iyo Tavisufali adamianebis saqmianobis sfero, Sroma (fizikuri garja) ki _ monaTa xvedri. mwarmoeblur-SromiTi sfero, iseve, rogorc saojaxo urTierTobebic, maSindeli warmodgeniT, gamoyvanli iyo Tavisuflebis da, Sesabamisad, politikis sferodan. batonisa da monis, ojaxis ufrosis da danarCeni wevrebis urTierTobebi ganixileboda, rogorc batonobisa da morCilebis opozicia da, Sasabamisad, gamodevna politikuri urTierTobebis sferodan. swored amasTan aris dakavSirebuli, tradiciuli Sepi-rispireba elinuri polisuri (politikuri) formisa, “barbarosTa” despotur mmarTve-lobis formebTan.

SejibrebiTobis da patiosani paeqrobis suliskveTeba (agonosis fenomeni), romelic batonobda Zveli elinis socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, gaxldaT elinuri civilizaciis erT-erTi umTavresi winapiroba. samyaros energiuli aTvisebisa da codnis SeZenis wyurvilma, konservatiuli tradiciebis uaryofam, Zvel elins saSualeba misca Seeqmna is udidesi kultura (maT Soris filosofiur-samarT-lebrivi), romelmac gavlena iqonia rogorc evropul, ise msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaze.

Zveli elinis pirovnebas axasiaTebda ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego sawyisi _ apolo-niseuli (RvTaeba apolonis saxelidan gamomdinare, romelic iyo adamianTa civi-lizebuli cxovrebis momwyobi da mfarveli da, Sesabamisad, aiZulebda maT, rom damorCilebodnen socialur-kulturul normebs) da dioniseseuli (RvTaeba dionises saxelidan gamomdinare, romelic mfarvelobda meRvineobasa da zRavrgadasul Rreobas). apoloniseuli sawyisi aiZulebda Zvel elins harmoniulad ecxovra garemomcvel samyarosa da, mTlianad, kosmosSi, rac gulisxmobda yvelaferSi e.w. “oqros Sualedis” dacvas. dioniseseuli sawyisi Zvel elins sapirispiro mimarTulebiT eqaCeboda, aiZulebda mSvidobisa da wesrigis darRvevas, tradiciebisa da akrZalvebis uaryofas. Tumca, Zvelelinuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, elini sakuTar WeSmarit daniSnulebas ara normisa da harmoniis darRvevaSi, aramed maT ZiebaSi, Seqmnasa da dacvaSi xedavda. apoloniseuli da dioniseseuli sawyisebi, antikur kulturul warmodgenaSi, gamodian rogorc nomosisa (kanoni) da disnomiis (ukanonobis) miTiuri gansaxiereba (arqetipebi) . maT ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis gareSe arseboba, radgan isini avseben urTierTs. pirvelad, swored Zvelma elinebma miaqcies yuradReba maT dapirispirebasa da urTierTkavSirs, maT universalurobas, radgan isini axasiaTebda rogorc adamians, ise nebismier gaerTianebas.

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2.piTagora da piTagorelebi

piTagora (qr. Sobamde VI-V s.s.) da misi mimdevrebi im warmodgenebis saTaveebTan idgnen, romlebic mouwodebdnen adamianebs, rom ecxovrad, samarTlianobisa da samarTlis, adamianTa urTierTobebSi “saTanado wesebisa” da qcevebis Sesaxeb, filosofiuri warmodgenebis Sesabamisad. piTagorelebma Camoayalibes is debuleba, romelsac Zalzed didi gavlena hqonda bunebiT-samarTlebriv moZRvrebaze: “samarTlianoba mdgomareobs sxvisTvis imaves mizRvaSi”. es ganmarteba sxva araferia, Tu ara Zveli talionis principis (Tvali _ Tvalisa wil, kbili _ kbilisa wil) filosofiuri abstraqcia da interpretacia.

“saTanado qcevisa” da “Tanazomierebis” cnebebis qveS piTagorelebi gulisxmobdnen cnobil proporcias (ricxobrivs, sakuTari bunebiT), anu garkveul gaTanabrebas, Tanasworobas, ramac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis, Tanazomieri uflebebisa da formaluri Tanasworobis ideaTa formirebis procesSi.

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3. heraklite

polisuri kanonebis, obieqturi, zogadsakacobrio kanonzomierebiT ganpirobebulobis koncefciis gaRrmaveba asaxulia heraklites (qr. Sobamde daaxl. 540-480 ww.) moZRvrebaSi. samarTlis problemebi, iseve, rogorc nebismieri adamianuri urTierToba da saqme ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli kosmiur procesebTan. samarTlianobasa da kanonis Sesaxeb codna _ kosmosis (“mowesrigebuli samyaro”, “msoflio wesrigi”) Sesaxeb codnis nawilia.

heraklites azriT, sazogadoeba iyofa brZensa da ugunur adamianebad, saukeTesoebad da uaresebad. adamianTa zneobriv-politikuri Sefasebis kriteriumia, maT mier logosis Secnobisa da misdami mimdevrobis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi.

heraklite Tvlida, rom samyaros marTavs RvTaebrivi kosmiuri logosi . mas emorCileba adamianTa, polisisa da saxelmwifos cxovreba. logosis Sesabamisad unda moewyos marTlmsajuleba da zneoba. logosi _ kosmiuri samarTlianobis gamoZaxilia. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamianTa saqmianoba logosis Sesabamisi iqneba, warmoiSveba sibrZne da simarTle. saxelmwifo kanonebi da yvela zneobriv -samarTlebrivi dadgenilebani logosis kanonebidan unda momdinareobdnen. logosis

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meSveobiT, adamianebi ecnobian kosmiuri wesrigisa da kosmiuri harmoniis arssa da moTxovnebs.

kosmiuri logosis moTxovnaTa arsis wvdoma, Tvlida heraklite, _ niSnavs yvelaferSi zoma-wonis dacvas, marTlmsajulebaSi samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas, sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi kanonis Sesabamisad moqmedebas. zomierebisa da samarTlianobis meSveobiT, adamians exsneba gza kosmiuri harmoniisa da uzenaesi srulyofilebisaken, romelTa dacvaSic mdgomareobs adamianuri yofierebis arsi. polisis kanonis gonieri bunebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, heraklite miiCnevda, rom xalxi kanonisaTvis ise unda ibrZodes, rogorc sakuTari qalaqis kedlebisaTvis. TviTneboba iseve unda CaexSos, rogorc xanZari.

demokratiis gakritikebiT, sadac poliss marTavs brbo da ar aqvs adgili saukeTesoTa mmarTvelobas, heraklite gamodioda saukeTesoTa, brZenTa, sulieri aristokratiis mmarTvelobis momxred. heraklites azriT, sulac ar aris savaldebulo kanonebis sayovelTao ganxilva da miReba saxalxo krebaze; kanonisaTvis umTavresia _ misi Sesabamisoba sayovelTao logosTan, romlis Secnoba erTs _ saukeTesos, gacilebiT advilad SeeZleba, vidre mravals (brbos). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom piTagorasa da herak-lites aristokratiuli Sexedulebani sulac ar gulisxmobda sagvareulo aristo-kratiis mmarTvelobis aucileblobasa da misi ideologiis aRiarebas. aristokratiaSi igulisxmeboda inteleqtualuri (logikur-filosofiuri, mecnierul-maTematikuri) kriteriumi, raTa gansazRvruliyo mmarTvelTa yvelaze sasurveli wre.

4. demokrite

qr. Sobamde V saukuneSi samarTlebrivi azris ganviTarebas didad Seuwyo xeli sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos, politikisa da samarTlis problemebis filo-sofiuri da socialuri analizis gaRrmavebam.

demokritesTan (qr. Sobamde daaxl. 460-370 ww.) gvxvdeba adamianis, adamianTa modgmis da sazogadoebis, rogorc msoflio ganviTarebis bunebrivi procesis Semadgeneli nawilis, Camoyalibebisa da evoluciis

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mecnieruli dasabuTebis erT-erTi upirvelesi mcdeloba. am procesis mimdinareobisas, adamianebma, aucilebeli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, bu-nebisa da cxovelebis mibaZviT da sakuTari gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZines is aucilebeli codna da gamocdileba, ris gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmarTva.

amrigad, adamianTa sazogadoeba iqmneba xangrZlivi evoluciis procesSi da es aris Tavdapirveli bunebiTi mdgomareobis progresuli cvlilebis Sedegi. aRniSnul aspeqtSi, sazogadoeba, polisi da kanonmdebloba xelovnuri qmnilebebia da ara bunebrivi movlenebi. Tumca, maTi warmoSoba bunebrivad-savaldebulo da ara SemTxveviT procesis Sedegi.

xelovnurisa da bunebrivis kavSiris xasiaTis wsori gageba eTikaSi, politikasa da samarTalSi, demokrites azriT, aris samarTlianobis umTavresi kriteriumi. da amave TvalsazrisiT, misTvis usamarTloa yvelaferi, rac ewinaaRmdegeba bunebas.

demokrite Tvlida, rom saxelmwifoSi warmodgenilia sayovelTao sikeTe da samarTlianoba. saxelmwifos interesebi yvelaze maRla unda idges da moqalaqeebi unda zrunavdnen mis saukeTeso mowyobasa da mmarTvelobaze.

saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis SesanarCuneblad, demokrite moiTxovda moqalaqeTa srul erTobas, maT saerTo TanagrZnobas, urTierTdaxmarebas, urTierTdacvasa da Zmobas. samoqalaqo omi mis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc orive mebZoli mxaris ubedureba, romelSic ar arsebobs gamarjvebuli. moqalaqeTa erTobisa da polisSi socialur-politikuri mSvidobis Sesaxeb am debulebis Tanxvedria, mis mier gandidebuli zomiereb a qonebriv urTierTobebSi, fufunebisa da siRatakis kritika. demokrites azriT, “mefeebis dros, moqalaqeTa e.w. keTilsaimedo mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT, demokratiis pirobebSi, siRaribe imdenad sasurvelia, ramdenadac Tavisufleba sjobs monobas”.

demokrites moZRvrebaSi, aRniSuli mosazreba demoktariis dasacavad, ar gamoricxavs gamonaTqvamebs sulieri aristokratiis sasargeblod. “ugunuri unda emorCilebodes da ara mbrZaneblobdes . bunebam gansazRvra, rom saukeTesom unda marTos”. saukeTeso ki, demokrites azriT, aris ara Zveli didkacoba da mdidrebi, aramed is, visac gaaCnia maRali gonebrivi da zneobrivi principebebi. demokrite uzenaess xelovnebad miiCnevda saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebas. amitom, misi azriT, ugunuri moqalaqeni, sakuTari daudevrobis, umecrebisa da Tavxedobis gamo, ar unda airCeodnen sapatio Tanam-debobaze. is gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda, rom “arsebuli mmarTvelobis wesis pirobebSi”, anu demokratiis dros yvelaze kargi mmarTvelic ki, ganicdis usamarTlobas, sakuTari moqalaqeebis mxridan, maT winaSe pasuxismgeblobis gamo.

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demokrites azriT, kanoni mowodebulia uzrunvelyos polisis moqalaqeTa keTil-dReoba. Tumca, Tu adamianebs realurad surT am Sedegis miRweva, saTanadod unda gaisarjon, mkacrad daicvan kanonis moTxovna. sakuTriv kanoni esaWiroeba Cveulebriv mokvdavs, raTa daiTrgunos, misTvis Cveuli Suri, sixarbe, zianis miyenebis saerTo survili. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, brZen kacs kanoni araferSi sWirdeba. brZeni adamianisa da keTili sulisaTvis, samSoblo _ mTeli samyaroa: nebismieri saxelmwifo wyobilebis pirobebSi, is icxovrebs samarTlianad da SeinarCunebs “sulis karg ganwyobas _ evtiumias”, rac aris cxovrebis mizani. evtiumiis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia, Tu Tavs SevikavebT aqtiuri moqmedebisagan, pirad da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

5. sofistebi

samarlebrivi Temis Semoyvana, farTo ganxilvis wreSi, dakavSirebulia sofistebis saxelTan, romlebic qr. Sobamde V saukuneSi, antikuri demokratiis ayvavebisa da ganmtkicebis periodSi, gamovidnen samecniero da politikur asparesze. saxelwodeba “sofisti” momdinareobs sityva “sofosidan” _ sibZne. sofistebi iyvnen sibrZnis fasiani maswavleblebi, maT Soris saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sa-kiTxebSi. TandaTanobiT, sityvam “sofisti”, “sofistika” odiozuri datvirTva SeiZina, radgan sofistebi eswrafodnen, savaldebulo wesiT, davebis mogebas, Tundac sityvieri paeqrobebisa da logikuri sityvakazmulobis meSveobiT.

Tumca, sofistebi aramxolod yoCaRi da cbieri modaveebi iyvnen. mravali maTgani iqca, Tavisi epoqis gamoCenil ganmanaTleblad, filosofiis, logikis, gnoseologiis, rito-rikis, eTikis, politikisa da samarTlis sferoebSi _ mamac da Rrma novatorad.

sofistebi ar warmoadgendnen raime erTian skolas da amitom aviTarebdnen gansxva-vebul filosofiur, saxelmwifoebriv da samarTlebriv warmodgenebs. ukve uZveles xanaSi ganasxvavebdnen sofistebis or Taobas: ufrosi Taobis sofistebs (protagori, gorgiusi, prodike, hipiusi, antifonte da sxvebi) da umcrosi Taobisa (Trasimaqe, kalikle, likofroni da sxvebi).

ufrosi Taobis sofistebi, mTlianobaSi, emxrobodnen demokratiul warmodgenebs. umcrosi Taobis sofistebis nawili aRiarebda aramxolod

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demokratiul, aramed mmarTvelobis sxva formebis (aristokratiisa da tiraniis) mimdevarTa ideebs.

RrmadganaTlebuli sofistis, udidesi mopaeqris da brwyinvale ora-toris avtoritetiT sargeblobda protagori (qr. Sobamde 481-411 ww.). protagoris Ziri-Tadi debuleba, romelic Semdeg ganaviTares sxva sofistebma, ase JRerda: ”yvela nivTis sazomi _ adamiani, arsebulis, rom isini arseboben, xolo ararsebulis, rom isini ar arseboben”. am debulebidan protagori akeTebda daskvnas demokratiuli wyobis samarTlianobisa da marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa protagoriseuli interpretacia miTisa adamianis gaCenisa da adamianTa sazogadoebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. protagoris versiiT, promeTesa (cecxlis gamoyenebisa da codnis SeZenis unari) da zevsis (“sindisi da samarTali”, erToblivad cxovrebis SesaZ-lebloba) saCuqari xalxs Tanabrad ergo. amiT protagori aRiarebda xalxis Tanas-worobas _ sibrZnisadmi ziarebis, saTnoebisa da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi daxelovnebis SeZenis unariT. protagoris demokratiuli idea da, amasTanave, misi politikur -samarTlebribi koncefcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifos arseboba ukve gulisxmobs yvela misi wevris Tanamonawileobas adamianTa saTnoebaSi, romelSic igulisxmeba samarTlianoba, goniereba da keTilsindisiereba. saTnoebis miRweva ki, saojaxo da saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi, SesaZlebelia aqtiuri mcdelobiTa da codniT.

gorgiusi (qr. Sobamde 483-375 ww.), protagorTan erTad, yvelaze saxelganTqmul sofistad iTvleba.

gorgiusi maRal Sefasebas aZlevda kacobriobis kulturul monapovars da Tvlida, rom “pozitiuri kanoni, samarTlianobis es mcveli” _ iyo am miRwevebis ganuyofeli nawili. dawerili kanoni _ adamianTa xelovnuri gamogonebaa, anu xelovnuri warmonaqmnia. “dawerili kanonisgan”, gorgiusi ganasxvavebda “dauwerel samarTlianobas”, romelsac “saqmis arsi”, “RvTaebrivi da sayovelTao kanonis” statusi axasiaTebda. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba da dapirispirebaa. TviTon gorgiusi iyo dawerili kanonebis momxre, Tumca samarTlianobas uzenaess sikeTed miiCnevda. Zalzed maRal Sefasebas aZlevda gorgiusi mSvidobis saqmes, romelic, misi azriT, “yovelive SesaniSnavisa da kargis megobari” iyo.

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qr. Sobamde 408 wels, olimposSi gorgiusis mier warmoTqmuli “olimpiuri sityva” mieZRvna, elinur polisTa kavSirebs Soris mimdinare peloponesis oms. am sityvaSi ga-moTqmulia mowodeba, Sewydes ZmaTa-mkvleli omi, moxdes sruliadelinuri gaerTianeba, “barbarosTa” realuri safrTxis winaSe.

hipiusi (qr. Sobamde 460-400 ww.) elididan, iyo pirveli sofisti, romelic bunebiTi samarTlis poziciidan aviTarebda bunebisa (fiusis) da polisuri kanonis (nomosis) mkveTri Sepirispirebis ideas. hipiusus azriT, buneba (nivTebis buneba) aris WeSmariti bunebiTi samarTali, romelic upirispirdeba mcdar, xelovnur, polisur kanons.

Trasimaqe qalkedoneli iyo, umcrosi Taobis sofistTa Soris, erT-erTi gamoCenili figura. politika, Trasimaqes azriT, aris adamianis Zalebisa da interesebis gamov-linebis sfero, adamianuri da ara RvTaebrivi moqmedebis sivrce. praqtikuli poli-tikisa da xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis principis realur kriteriums Trasimaqe uZlieresis sargebelSi xedavda. mas ekuTvnis gamoTqma: “me vamtkiceb, rom samarT-lianoba aris is, rac surs uZlieress”. TiToeul saxelmwifoSi, Trasimaqes azriT, xelisufleba, Tavis sasargeblod, adgens kanons: demokratia _ demokratiul kanonebs, tirania _ tiranuls da a.S. kanonis dadgenis Semdeg, xelisufleba acxadebs, rom es kanoni samarTliania. xelisuflebaSi yofna did upiratesobas iZleva. politikur urTi-erTobebSi usamarTloba ufro mizanSewonili da sasargebloa, vidre samarTlianoba.

Trasimaqe akritikebda sokrates mosazrebas, zneobrivi sazomiT ganxorcielebuli, praqtikuli politikis Sesaxeb da mas meocnebes uwodebda. Trasimaqes azriT, “samarT-lianoba da samarTali, _ arsebiTad, sxvisi sikeTea, es aris is, rac uZlieress, mmarTvels awyobs, xolo morCilebaSi myofTaTvis es aris wminda boroteba, maSin, ro-desac usamarTloba _ piruku: simarTle, rom vTqvaT, is marTavs ubralo da samarTlian adamianebs”.

Trasimaqes pozicia, moyvanili debulebebidan gamomdinare, mimarTulia ara romelime, konkretuli mmarTvelobis formis (mag., warCinebulTa mmarTveloba) gamarTlebisa, an meoris (vTqvaT, demokratiis) kritikisaken, aramed imis dasabuTebisaken, rom saxelmwi-fos yvela formaSi erTnairi mdgomareobaa da “uZlieresis” cneba, Tanabrad axasiaTebs yvela formis mmarTvels.

amrigad, Trasimaqe aRniSnavda Zaladobis rols saxelmwifos funqciebSi, politikisa da kanonis avtoritarul xasiaTs da gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom zneobriobis sferoSi im wris warmodgenebi batonobs, vinc Zalauflebas ganagebs da saxelmwifos marTavs.

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aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis momxre iyo, platonis Tanaxmad, axalgazrda aTeneli aristokrati da sofisti kalikle. misi azriT, bunebiTi samarTali mkveTrad upi-rispirdeba polisur kanonmdeblobasa da sayovelTaod aRiarebul Cveulebebs. “Cemi azriT, kanonebs adgenen sustebi, romlebic umravlesobas warmoadgenen. mxolod saku-Tari Tavisa da piradi sargeblianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgenen isini kanonebs, uxvad arigeben qeba-didebasac da gakicxvasac.”

bunebam ki daadgina is, rom samarTlianoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saukeTeso uareszed maRla dgas, Zlieri ki _ sustze. yvelgan _ bunebaSi, cxovelebTan, adamianebTan, saxelmwifoSi _ samarTlianobis bunebiTi niSani aris aseTi: Zlieri batonobs sustzed da, am ukanasknelTan SedarebiT, maRla dgas. swored aRniSnuli poziciidan akritikebda kalikle demokratiul kanonebsa da maT safuZvelSi Cadebul moqalaqeTa formaluri Tanasworobis princips.

sofisti likofroni saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobil sazogadoebas axasiaTebda, rogorc adamianebs Soris erTmaneTTan dadebul xelSekrulebas, urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. misi ganmartebiT, kanonic martivi xelSekrulebaa, im “piradi uflebebis martivi garantia”, romelic warmoadgenda, bunebiTi samarTaliT ganpirobebul da adamianebs Soris dadebul, SeTanxmebas saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis Seqmnis Taobaze. am koncefciis safuZ-velSi ido warmodgena adamianTa bunebrivi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb (“maTi piradi” ufle-bebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb).

likofroni uaryofda, bunebrivi niSniT, adamianTa diferencirebas da keTilSobil warmomavlobas uazrobad miiCnebda.

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6. sokrate

sofistebis subieqtur mosazrebebs upirispirdeba is filosofiur-samarTlebrivi tendencia, romelic antikur samyaroSi ukavSirdeba sokrates, platonisa da aristoteles saxelebs.

sokrates (qr. Sobamde 470-399 ww.) Semoqmedeba _ gardamtexi etapia antikuri filosofiur-samarTlebrivi azris istoriaSi. sofistebisa da cinikosebisgan (kini-kosebis _ uaryofiTad afasebdnen civilizaciisa da kulturis monapovars; es aris demonstraciuli totaluri negativizmis pozicia, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli socialur-kulturuli normebisa da faseulobebis mimarT) gansxvavebiT, sokrate sakuTar daniSnulebas zneobisa da samarTlis ganmtkicebaSi xedavda. sokrates saxiT, TviT apoloniseuli nomosi win aRudga sofistTa iteleqtualur ukanonobasa da cinikosTa dioniseseul gons. es orive, ZiriTadad, imiT iyo dakavebuli, rom bzari SehqondaT eli-nuri polisebis marTlwesrigis zneobriv sawyisebSi. sokrate ki moiTxovda mkveTri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, raTa adamianTa inteleqtis sidiade damorCileboda zneobriv -samarTlebriv normebs, keTilsindisierebis CarCoebSi moqceuliyo sofistebisa da cinikosebis filosofiur-samarTlebrivi warmodgenebis dioniseseuli aRtkineba.

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man wamoayena zneobisa da samarTlis safuZvlebis ori tipi _ obieqturi da subieqturi. zneobisa da samarTlis obieqturi safuZvlebis axsnisas, sokrate aRniSnavda, rom ada-mianTa yofierebis, socialuri cxovrebisa da socialuri wesrigis safuZvelSi devs uzenaesi RvTaebrivi kanoni _ dauwereli moTxovnebi da akrZalvebi, romlebsac kos -miuri warmomavloba gaaCniaT. amitom, obieqturi da yovlismomcveli, zneobriv-samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi moqmedeben, rogorc RvTaebrivi kano-nebidan nawarmoebi, atareben araSefardebiT, aramed absolutur xasiaTs.

zneobrivi da kanonmorCili qmedebis mniSvnelovan subieqtur safuZvels, sokrates azriT, warmoadgens codna. obieqturi, yovlismomcveli zneobriv-samarTlebrivi normebis arseboba adamianisgan moiTxovs did da Rrma codnas. mxolod mcodne ada-mianma icis, Tu ra aris samarTlianoba da SeuZlia iyos samarTliani, xolo saTnoebis mcodne _ saTno. sokrates azriT, codna _ gzaa zneobrivi qmedebisaken, umecreba _ man-kierebisa da danaSaulisaken. boroteba ufro xSirad iq vlindeba, sadac adamianma ar icis sikeTisa da samarTlianobis arsi.

sokrates mixedviT, samarTlianoba _ aramxolod kanonierebis kriteriumia, aramed, arse-biTad, misi Tanabaria. filosofosis mtkicebiT, “samarTliania is, rac kanonieria da _ piruku”.

amrigad, sokratem zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi problematika wamoswia logikuri defi-niciebisa da cnebebis donemde da amiT safuZveli Cauyara, am sferoSi, Teoriuli kvle-vebis ganviTarebas.

Tavi V

platonis Sexedulebani saxelmwifosa da samarTalze (Plato)

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samarTlianobis, samarTlisa da kanonis Sesaxeb sokrates moZRvrebis pirdapir gamgrZeleblad iTvleba misi mowafe _ platoni (namdvili saxeli aristokle, qr. Sobamde 427-347 ww.). platoni iyo ZvelaTenuri aristokratiuli sagvareuloebis warmomadgeneli: misi deda iyo udidesi aTeneli reformatorisa da “Svid brZenTagan” erT-erTis _ solonis gvaris qali, mama _ legendaruli aTeneli bazilevsis _ kodrosis STamomavali. axalgazrdobaSi, platoni iyo sokrates ideebis msmeneli, ramac udidesi gavlena moaxdina moazrovnis pirovnebisa da Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze. qr.Sobamde 399 wels, sokrates sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg, platonma, protestis niSnad, datova aTeni da TiTqmis 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi imogzaura maSindeli samyaros yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSi: egvipteSi _ iqauri qurumebisgan filosofias swavlobda, imyofeboda samxreT italiasa da siciliaSi, sadac dauaxlovda siciliel tiranebs, mama-Svils _ dionise I-sa da dionise II-es, romelTa msxverplad lamis Seiqmna kidec. qr.Sobamde 387 wels platoni dabrunda aTenSi, sadac, qalaqis ganapira mwvane zolSi, SeiZina baRi, romelsac gmiri akademosis sadideblad akademia uwoda. platonis akademiaSi, danarCen elin axalgazrdebTan erTad filosofias platonis genialuri mowafe da Seurigebeli kritikosi _ aristotelec swavlobda. platonis saxelganTq-mulma akademiam TiTqmis aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi iarseba da is mxolod 529 wels daxures, imperator iustiniane didis brZanebiT, rogorc warmaTobis bolo gad-monaSTi.

platonis moZRvreba asaxulia mis mravalricxovan naSromebSi, romlebidanac nawili Seqmnilia adreul xanaSi da, sokratesadmi miZRvnili, dialogebis saxiT aris gadmo-cemuli. maTi saxelwodebaa “sokrateseuli” dialogebi, kerZod: “sokrates apologia”, “protagora”, “kritoni”. wminda platoniseuli moZRvreba ki gadmocemulia ufro gvian-del dialogebSi _ “saxelmwifo”, “politikosi”, “sofisti”, “parmenidi”. piTagoraseuli ricxviTi mistikisa da religiur-miTologiuri moZRvrebis arsebiTi gavleniT, Seqmni-lia platonis ukanaskneli naSromi _ “kanonebi”.

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platonis SexedulebebSi dosokratikosebis (naturfilosofosebi _ filosofiuri warmodgenebis mTavar sagans bunebaSi _ naturaSi xedavdnen, xolo ZiriTadi sakiTxi, arsebuli bunebiTi wesrigis pirvelsawyisis Sesaxeb msoflmxedvelobiTi msjeloba iyo) moZRvrebam kidev ufro bunebiT-samarTlebrivi xasiaTi SeiZina. garda fizikuri kos-mosisa, mis moZRvrebaSi Cndeba idealuri kosmosi. es aris ideaTa uzenaesi samyaro, romelic mdebareobs fizikuri sivrcisa da drois miRma da warmoadgens yvela miwieri sagnisa da movlenis pirvelsawyissa da arss. platonis azriT, ideebis Secnoba SeuZ-lebelia grZnobaTa organoebis meSveobiT. ideebi obieqturad arseboben, isini pirve-ladni arian da erTeul nivTebSi ganxorcieldnen. yvelaze mTavari idea aris samarT-lianobisa da keTildReobis idea, riskenac unda iswrafodes yvelaferi miwieri am sam-yaroSi. platonis azriT, idealuri saxelmwifo, gonivruli da samarTliani kanonebi aris ideaTa realizacia da miwier, politikur da samarTlebriv cxovrebaSi maTi maqsi-maluri gansaxiereba. platonis mosazrebani samarTliani saxelmwifos Sesaxeb asaxulia mis cnobil TxzulebaSi “saxelmwifo”. platons miaCnda, rom Tu es idealuri saxelmwi-foa, man sakuTari saqmianoba aucileblad ise unda warmarTos, rom yvela misi moqalaqe daeqvemdebaros, keTildReobisa da samarTlianobis ideaTa moTxovnis safuZvelze Seqm-nil normebsa da principebs. srulyofilia mxolod is saxelmwifo, romelic iswrafis keTildReobasa da samarTlianobisaken. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi samarTlianoba aris is socialuri saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelSic moqmedebs Sromis brZnuli ganawileba sxvadasxva wodebas Soris, Tanac TiToeuli wodeba dakavebulia mxolod sakuTari saq-miT. garda amisa, aseT mowyobas aucileblad unda axasiaTebdes myari da saimedo marTlwesrigi. platonis mixedviT, samarTliani marTlwesrigis arsi pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli adamianis sulis struqturasTan, romelsac sami Semadgenili nawili gaaCnia: gonieri, nebelobiTi da grZnobiTi. TiToeul sawyiss Seesabameba sakuTari saT-noeba; maSasadame, mTeli sazogadoeba iyofa gonier, mrisxane da mwarmoeblur fenad. swored ise, rogorc sami saTnoebis _ sibZnis, simamacis da zomierebis erToblioba iZ-leva meoTxe, uzenaes saTnoebas _ samarTlianobas, samive wodebis gaerTianeba, saxelmwi-fos keTildReobaze sayovelTao zrunvis gamo, saSualebas gvaZlevs SevqmnaT samarT-liani sazogadoebrivi mowyoba. saxelmwifoSi wodebaTa Tanaarseboba uzrunvelyofs stabilur da gonier marTlwesrigs da saSualebas iZleva mivaRwioT saxelmwifos uzenaess mizans _ samarTlianobas, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeulma saw-yisma akeTos sakuTari saqme da ar Caerios sxvis saqmianobaSi. garda amisa, samarT-lianoba moiTxovs, aRniSnul sawyisTa ierarqiul urTierTdaqvemdebarebas, erTiani mTlianis sasargeblod, anu: gonierma sawyisma _ filosofosebma unda iazrovnon da marTon polisi, anu maTi daniSnulebaa batonoba; mrisxane sawyisma, anu meomrebma unda daicvan polisi da pirveli sawyisisadmi morCilebiT, uzrunvelyon mesame sawyisis, anu mwarmoeblebis (xelosnebis, miwaTmoqmedTa da vaWrebis)

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marTva da morCilebaSi moyvana. idealuri saxelmwifo aris saukeTesoTa da keTilSobilTa samarTliani mmarTveloba, anu saxelmwifos aristokratiuli mowyoba. idealuri saxelmwifos meore wodeba _ meom-rebi (mcvelebi) erTad cxovroben da erToblivad ikvebebian. maT, ara Tu sargebloba, oqro-vercxlTan mikarebac ki ekrZalebaT. gansakuTrebulad aris gadawyvetili meom-rebis colebisa da Svilebis sakiTxi. isini meomrebisaTvis saerToa. qalebi gaTanab-rebulni arian mamakacebTan, uflebrivadac da SesaZleblobebis mixedviTac. sazoga-doebis pirvel or wodebas, ojaxi _ pirdapiri gagebiT, ar hyavs. maTi Svilebis aRzr-daze zrunavs saxelmwifo.

platoni yvelaferSi zomierebis momxre iyo _ is ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc ukiduress si-Ratakes, ise _ fufunebas.

platonis azriT, aseTi idealuri saxelmwifo aris idealuri kosmosis gagrZeleba, lo-gosis yvela umkacresi moTxovnis gansaxiereba. “polisi”, anu erToblivi dasaxleba, romelic ganpirobebulia im saerTo moTxovnebiT, romelTa dakmayofilebis saukeTeso saSualebaa saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa Soris Sromis ganawileba, aris kosmopolisis mikromodeli. TiToeuli adamianis uzenaesi daniSnulebaa _ saxelmwifos winaSe samsa-xuris gaweva, sakuTari saqmianobiT polissa da kosmopolisSi, wesrigis damyareba da dacva, anu adamians ar aqvs ufleba icxovros mxolod sakuTari TavisaTvis (rogorc amas amboben sofistebi), aramed adamianma unda iarsebos mxolod saxelmwifos da saerTo keTildReobisaTvis. es ki aris qonebrivi da, amavdroulad, sakuTari arsiT, Tanacxovrebis RvTaebrivi forma, romelic aucilebelia adamiaTa civilizaciis arse-boba-ganviTarebisaTvis.

samarTlianoba, platonis moZRvrebiT, gulisxmobs garkveul Tanasworobas, “saWiro zomierebas”. platoni ganasxvavebda ori saxis Tanasworobas _ “geometriulsa” (Tanasworoba RirsebiT da saTnoebiT) da “ariTmetikuls” (zoma-wonisa da ricxvis Tanasworoba). mogvianebiT, es moZRvreba ganavrco aristotelem, rodesac is saubrobda ori saxis samarTlianobaze _ gantolebadsa da ganawilebadze.

platoni iziarebda da kidev ufro ganavrcobda sokrates bunebiT-samarTlebriv ideebs imis Sesaxeb, rom kanonieri da samarTliani _ erTi da igivea.

marTlmsajulebis sistema, platonis idealur saxelmwifoSi, aris kosmopolisis kano-nebis konkretuli transformacia, bunebiTi samarTlis nimuSi. Tumca, arsebiTad, es aris idealuri samarTali, advilad aRsaqmeli konstruqcia, romelic pasuxs iZleva Se-kiTxvaze _ Tu rogori unda iyos samarTali, misi saukeTeso modeli. ideaTa samyaroSi, rogorc wminda saxiT, idealur arsSi unda veZioT da misgan

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amoviRoT adamianTa miwie-ri samarTlis etaloni da misi Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi. platonis azriT, samarTals ori arsi gaaCnia _ metafizikuri da empiriuli (SemecnebiTi). metafizikuri arsi aris idealuri metasamarTali (bunebiTi samarTali), rogorc srulyofili kanon-mdeblobisa da optimaluri marTlwesrigis arsebobis SesaZlebloba, empiriuli ki aris cocxali samarTali, romelic arsebobs socialur realobaSi; anu es aris dawerili, pozitiuri samarTali. maT Soris arsebobs mizezobrivi kavSiri, romlis moSlac yov-lad dauSvebelia, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ziani adgeba saxelmwifosa da xalxs. idealuri samarTali realur cxovrebaSi ar arsebobs. Tavis mxriv, pozitiuri samar-Tali warmogvidgeba rogorc idealuri samarTlis gafermkrTalebuli anarekli. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom idealuri samarTali saerTod ar arsebobs. is arsebobs rogorc sawyisi imperativebis erToblioba, romlebic Seesabameba adamianTa arsebobis uzenaess daniSnulebasa da institutebs, romelTa formaSic aris gaxveuli maTi arsi.

platoni “saxelmwifoSi” yuradRebas imazec amaxvilebda, rom adgili aqvs sazoga-doebriv da saxelmwifoebriv formaTa cvlilebas, romelic wriul saxes atarebs, garkveuli ciklis SigniT. Sesabamisad, platoni saubrobda saxelmwifo wyobilebis xu-Ti nairsaxeobis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis sulieri mdgomarebis xuT rao-bas: aristokratiuli, timokratiuli, oligarqiuli, demokratiuli da tiraniuli mmarT-veloba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, idealuria mxolod aristokratia, romelic upiris-pirdeba danarCen oTx, uaress wyobilebas. timokratiis dros saxelmwifoSi batonobs mrisxane sawyisi, anu saxelmwifo wyobilebis kreta-spartiatuli tipi, romlis dros mudmivad omoben. oligarqia da plutokratia, TiTqmis erTi da igivea da niSnavs mdi-dari TaRliTebis mcirericxovani jgufis usazRvro batonobas. maTi mmarTvelobis miza-nia mxolod sakuTar keTildReobaze zrunva. demokratia _ sasiamovno da mraval-ferovani mmarTveloba, romelsac, samwuxarod, ar gaaCnia goniereba. demokratiis piro-bebSi xdeba uTanasworoTa _ mdidrebisa da Raribebis _ xelovnuri gaTanasworeba. demokratiis pirobebSi xalxi iTroba usazRvro TavisuflebiT, riTac warmoiSveba Tavi-suflebis sruli antipodi _ tirania, anu usazRvro Tavisufleba Sobs usazRvro monobas. tirani “xelisuflebaSi modis, rogorc xalxis rCeuli”. tirania _ saxelmwifo wyobilebis yvelaze cudi formaa. es aris ukanonobis, TviTnebobisa da Zaladobis batonoba.

mTeli rigi samarTlebrivi problemebisa, platons ganxiluli aqvs dialogSi “poli-tikosi”. “politika aris mefuri xelovneba, romelic xalxis marTvis codnasa da unars moiTxovs”. garda samagaliTo saxelmwifosa, sadac mmarTveli xelmZRvanelobs WeSma-riti codniT, platoni kvlav gamoyofda mmarTvelobis sam saxes _ monarqias, umcire-sobis xelisuflebas da umravlesobis batonobas. Tavis mxriv, imis

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mixedviT, Tu ramde-nad moqmedebs am saxelmwifoebSi kanoniereba, TiToeuli kidev iyofa or jgufad: kano-nieria _ monarqia, ukanonoa _ tirania; umciresobis kanonieri xelisuflebaa _ aristo-kratia, ukanonoa _ oligarqia da plutokratia; Semdeg modis demokratia _ kanonebiT da kanonebis gareSe. amrigad, platonma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos Svidi forma, maT So-ris WeSmariti mmarTvelobac.

platonis ukanasknel naSromSi _ “kanonebi” aseva aRwerilia idealuri saxelmwifos ki-dev erTi proeqti. am proeqtis, “saxelmwifosgan” gansxvaveba, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 5040 moqalaqe, kenWisyriT, iZens miwis nakveTsa da saxls, romlebiTac isini sargebloben mflobelobis da ara kerZo sakuTrebis uflebiT. miwis nakveTi aris saxelmwifos saer-To sakuTrebis uflebis obieqti. misi gadacema xdeba memkvidreobiT, mxolod erT-erTi vaJiSvilisaTvis. qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT, moqalaqeni oTx fenad iyofian. saxelmwifoSi iqmneba kanoni, romelic adgens siRaribisa da ukiduresi simdidris zRvars. kerZo pirs ar SeuZlia oqro-vercxlis floba. ikrZaleba mevaxSeobac. 5040 moqa-laqis ricxvSi ar Sedian monebi da metekebi, romlebic misdeven xelosnobas, miwaT-moqmedebasa da vaWrobas. meore saxelmwifos yofac ganmsWvalulia Tanamoazreobisa da koleqtiuri sawyisis danergvis aucileblobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom daiSva indivi-dualuri ojaxi, aRzrda-ganaTlebaze kvlav zrunavs saxelmwifo da yvelaferi regla-mentirebulia sakanonmdeblo doneze, romelsac ganageben mravalricxovani Tanamdebobis pirebi. qalebi gaTanabrebulni arian mamakacebTan, Tumca ar Sedian uzenaess mmarT-velTa ricxvSi. politikuri uflebebi miniWebuli aqvT mxolod moqalaqeebs. moqalaqeni Tanasworuflebiani arian, Tumca Tanasworobis principi ganmartebulia aristo-kratiulad _ “geometriuli TanasworobiT”.

“kanonebSi”, saxelmwifos saTaveSi dgas 37 mmarTveli, romlebsac irCeven mraval-safexuriani arCevnebis gziT. mmarTvelTa asaki meryeobs 50-dan _ 70-aT wlamde. xeli-suflebaSi yofnis maqsimaluri vadaa _ 20 weli. mmarTvelebis uflebamosilebani _ farToa, Tumca isini, upirveles yovlisa, arian “kanonTa mcvelni”.

mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba upyria, 360 wevrisgan Semdgar, arCeviT sabWos (90-90 wevri TiToeuli fenidan). gakvriT aris saubari eklesiis (saxalxo krebis) Sesaxeb, Tanac mis sxdomebze daswreba (dasjis SiSiT) evaleba mxolod, pirveli ori fenis warmomad-genlebs. mesame da meoTxe fenas aseTi movaleoba ar ekisrebaT. ivaraudeba, samoqalaqo da samxedro maRalCinosnebis arCevac. yvela savaraudo kandidatura gadis e.w. doki-masias _ Tavisebur Semowmebas keTilsaimedoobaze. garda aRniSnuli organoebisa, platoni gulisxmobda kidev erT, arsebiTad, zesaxelmwifoebrivi organos _ gansa-kuTrebuli “Ramis sakrebulos”

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Seqmnas, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda 10 yvelaze brZeni da uxucesi mcveli. maT evalebaT qveynis bed-iRblis gankargva.

“kanonebSi”, platoni ganasxvavebda saxelmwifo wyobilebis or nairsaxeobas _ erTi, sadac yvelafers, maT Soris kanonebsac, ganageben mmarTvelni, meore _ sadac mmarT-velni emorCilebian kanonebis moTxovnas. Tanac, saubaria samarTlian kanonebze. kano-nebis damcvelad gvevlineba marTlmsajuleba. platonis azriT, yoveli saxelmwifo, adre Tu gvian, mokvdeba, Tu saTanado wesiT ar iqneba mowyobili sasamarTlo. Tumca, marTlmsajuleba ar aris gamoyofili damoukidebel xelisuflebad da gankerZoebul saxelmwifo struqturad. TiToeuli mmarTveli, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, axor-cielebs mosamarTleobas. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobis miReba eva-leba saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsac. platoni moiTxovda sasamarTlos aqtiurobas da utyv mosamarTles miiCnevda marTlmsajulebis cud aRmsruleblad. “kanonebSi” saubaria gansasjelis dacvazec.

Tavi VI

aristotelesa da polibiusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

1. aristoteles politikuri da samarTlebrivi ideebi

platonis Semdeg antikuri xanis politikuri da samarTlebrivi azris ganviTareba da gaRrmaveba dakavSirebulia misi mowafis da kritikosis _ aristoteles (qr. Sobamde 384-322 ww.) saxelTan, romelsac miaweren gamoTqmas: “platoni Cemi megobaria. Tumca, WeSma-riteba ufro didi megobaria”. aristotele, msoflioSi, yvelaze unikaluri moazrovnea. igi daibada patara elinur qalaq stagiraSi, eqimis ojaxSi. amitom mas

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xSirad aristotele stagiritad moixseniebdnen. 17 wlis asakSi aristotele aTenSi Camovida, sa-dac jer swavlobda, xolo Semdeg, damaarseblis gardacvalebamde, aswavlida platonis saxelganTqmul akademiaSi. qr. Sobamde 347 wels aristotelem datova aTeni da ram-denime wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva elinur polisSi cxovrobda, xolo qr. Sobamde 342-340 ww., makedoniis mefis _ filipe II-is miwveviT, uZRveboda misi vaJiSvilisa da memkvidris _ aleqsander makedonelis aRzrda-ganaTlebas.

qr. Sobamde 335 wlidan aristotele kvlav Cadis aTenSi, sadac man daaarsa sakuTari filosofiuri skola _ liceumi (likeumi) da sicocxlis bolomde xelmZRvanelobda mas.

aristotele erT-erTi yvelaze nayofieri moazrovne iyo. mis kalams ekuTvnoda mravali naSromi, romlebSic ganxiluli da gaazrebulia saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi mosaz-rebani. Tumca, am naSromTa udidesi nawili istoriisaTvis dakargulia. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia davasaxeloT ramdenime maTgani: “eTika”, “politika”, “aTenis politia”.

aristoteles filosofiur-samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda mi-si winamorbedi moazrovneebis Sexedulebebisagan. aristotele iyo wesrigis apologetic (qeba-didebis Semsxmeli, motrfiale) da saRad moazrovne filosofosi-racionalisti, romelmac sakuTari ideebi daasabuTa Teoriuli argumentebisa da ara miTebis meS-veobiT. vinaidan igi iyo racionalisti da ara utopisti, amitom man, pirvelyovlisa, interesi gamoxata zneobisa da samarTlis bunebiTi da socialuri safuZvlebis mimarT. aristoteles SexedulebiT, zneobisa da samarTlis aseT safuZvels warmoadgens TviTon adamiani, romelic aRWurvilia gansakuTrebuli “politikuri” bunebiT da, amrigad, gani-xileba rogorc “politikuri cxoveli” _ anu igi aris unikaluri subieqti, romelic ganlagebulia socialuri yofacxovrebis rogorc apoloniseuli, ise dioniseseuli modelebis mimarT. adamianis yofis mizani da arsi aris ara siamovnebis miReba, aramed saTno da kanonmorCili arseboba.

aristotelesaTvis, platonis msgavsad, saxelmwifo warmoadgenda, misi Semadgeneli ele-mentebis Tavisebur erTobliobas. Tumca, is akritikebda platoniseul mcdelobas, “eqcia saxelmwifo Zalzed erTian” warmonaqmnad. saxelmwifo Sedgeba mravali ele-mentebisgan da maTi erTobisadmi gansakuTrebuli ltolva, magaliTad, platonis moTxovna, gaaerTianebinaT qoneba, colebi da Svilebi, gamoiwvevs saxelmwifos ganad-gurebas. kerZo sakuTrebis, ojaxisa da individis uflebebis dacvis poziciidan, aris-totele mkveTrad akritikebda platoniseuli idealuri saxelmwifos orive proeqts. kerZo sakuTreba, aristoteles azriT, devs TviT adamianis bunebaSi, sakuTari Tavisadmi mis bunebiT siyvarulSi.

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saxelmwifos cneba aris rTuli movlena. formis TvalsazrisiT, is aris organizaciis Taviseburi saxe, romelic aerTianebs moqalaqeTa garkveul erTobliobas. am qva-kuTxediT, saubaria ara saxelmwifos pirvelad ujredze _ individsa da mis ojaxze, aramed moqalaqeze. saxelmwifos, rogorc formis, cnebis Camoyalibeba imazea damoki-debuli, Tu vis CavTvliT moqalaqed, anu moqalaqeobis cnebaze. moqalaqe ki, aris-toteles azriT, aris is, visac SeuZlia monawileobis miReba aRniSnuli saxelmwofos kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi. poli-tikuri mmarTveloba, aristoteles azriT, kanonisa da ara adamianebis mmarTvelobaa, vinaidan saukeTeso mmarTvelic ki eqvemdebareba sakuTar grZnobebsa da afeqts, kanoni ki _ “gawonasworebuli gonia”.

aristoteles SexedulebebSi erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi da eTikuri (zneobrivi) problematika. es ganpirobebulia imis SecnobiT, rom saxelmwi-fos keTildReoba da marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba damokidebulia misi moqalaqeebis zneobriv Tvisebebze. aristotele, “eTikaSi”, garda specifikuri zneobrivi Temisa, ikv -levda mTel rig sakuTriv politikur-samarTlebriv problemebsac. kerZod, eTikis, politikisa da samarTlis Tanafardoba mkveTrad vlindeba samarTlianobis problemis ganxilvis dros. politikas, samarTals da kanonebs, zogadad, hqondaT saTnoeba, e.i. politikuri samarTlianoba.

aristotele samarTlianobis _ garkveuli Tanasworobis _ daxasiaTebisas, saubrobda “specialuri samarTlianobis” Sesaxeb da ganasxvavebda misi gamovlinebis or nair-saxeobas: ganawilebad da gantolebad samarTlianobas. es ori cneba Zalzed mniSvne-lovania filosofosis politikuri da samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis SemecnebisTvis, vinaidan, arsebiTad, saubaria im specialuri Tanasworobis (e.i. Tanasworoba da zoma) obieqtur arsze, romelic savaldebuloa politikuri urTierTobebisa da samarTliani kanonebisaTvis.

ganawilebadi samarTlianoba gulisxmobs im yvelafris gayofas, risi gayofac SesaZ-lebelia, sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris (xelisufleba, fuli, pativi, Rirseba). am dros SesaZlebelia, adamianebs Soris, Sesabamisi keTildReobis Tanabari da araTanabari gadanawileba.

gantolebadi samarTlianoba arsebobs gacvla-gamocvlisa da brunvis sferoSi da “vlin-deba imis gaTanabrebaSi, rac Seadgens brunvis sagans”. samarTlianobis es nairsaxeoba gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo garigebebis, zianis anazRaurebis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis sfe-roSi.

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yvelaze zogadi saxiT, Tanasworoba, aristoteles mixedviT, aris Sualedi dagrovil namet dovlaTsa da materialur siduxWires Soris da, am aspeqtSi, samarTliani aris Tanaswori.

ganawilebadi Tanasworobis principad gamodis aucilebloba, ganawildes da gaiyos, sa-xelmwifos yvela moqalaqes Soris, materialuri sikeTe, _ maTi damsaxurebisamebr.

aristoteles eTikuri kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegi aris debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom poli-tikuri samarTlianoba SesaZlebelia mxolod Tavisufal da Tanaswor adamianebs Soris, romlebic ganekuTvnebian sazogadoebis erT, konkretul fenas. aristotele politikur samarTlianobas axasiaTebda, rogorc politikur samarTalsa da uflebas.

samarTali, mTlianobaSi, aris politikuri movlena da aristotele mas“politikur samarTals” uwodebda. igi Tvlida, rom “politikuri samarTali” aris, nawilobriv _ bunebiTi, xolo nawilobriv _ pirobiTi.

bunebiTi samarTali aris is, romelsac yvelgan da yvelaferSi aqvs erTnairi mniSv-neloba da ar aris damokidebuli aRiarebasa da aucileblobaze. pirobiTi samarTali aris is, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, SeiZleboda yofiliyo aseTi an sxvagvari, arsebiTi gansxvavebis gareSe, magram radgan pirobiTi samarTali gansazRvrulia, is aris nebis gamovlenis anu dadgenis Sedegi _ samarTali.

aristotele gamodioda im debulebis winaaRmdeg, rom mTeli samarTali dayvanil iqnas nebagamovlenili samarTlis (sazogadoebis mier dadgenili, pirobiTi samarTlis) do-nemde. miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTlis sfero cvalebadia, aristoteles azriT, samarTlianobisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb cnebebi cvalebadia mxolod garkveul xarisxSi. bunebiTi samarTali rogorc “politikuri samarTlis” nawili, bunebiTia, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom is aris politikuri da adamianis politikuri bunebis adekvaturi da, aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTa urTierTobebSi gamoxatavs warmodgenebs da moTxov-nebs politikuri samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. samarTlis aseT cnebaSi fiqsirdeba bune-biTis, politikuris, eTikuris (nebelobiTis), inteleqtualurisa da samarTlebrivi momentebis erToblioba da urTierTSerwyma.

aristoteleseuli pirobiTi (nebelobiTi) samarTlis cnebis qveS mogvianebiT aRiniSna pozitiuri (dadgenili, dawerili) samarTali. pirobiT samarTals ki ganekuTvneboda kanoni da sayovelTao SeTanxmebaTa dadgenilebebi. amavdroulad, aristotele saub-robda daweril da dauwerel kanonze. dauwereli kanoni (is ganekuTvneba neba-gamovlenil, pozitiur samarTals) _ aris CveulebiTi samarTali.

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rogorc samarTali atarebs politikur xasiaTs, aseve politikuri xasiaTisaa politikuri (saxelmwi-foebrivi) mowyobis sxvadasxva forma.

aristotele “politikaSi” ixilavda ra saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problematikas, werda imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarsebos saxelmwifos gareSe, rome-lic, misi azriT, aris adamianTa Tanacxovrebis aucilebeli forma. saxelmwifos ti-pebsac igi ganasxvavebda imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni mmarTveli hyavs saxelmwifos: erTi, ramodenime (pirTa jgufi) an yvela erTad (umravlesobis xelisufleba). saxelmwifos TiToeul nairsaxeobas adamianTa cxovrebaze rogorc dadebiTi, ise gamanadgurebeli gavlena-zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba saxelmwifos eqvsi modifikacia: sami maTgani arasworia (mankieria): tirania, oligarqia, demokratia; samic _ dadebiTia (sworia): monarqia, aristokratia, politia.

rodesac wydeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifos bolo sami formidan, Tu romels unda mieniWos upiratesoba, aristotele gamoyofda monarqias, romelic Tavisi arsiT, aris RvTaebrivi, radgan “TviT olimpos ganagebs zevsi da es samyaro aris zevsis monar-qia”.

aristokratia monarqiaze maRla dgas, radgan aq xelisufleba Tavmoyrilia pirTa mcirericxovani jgufis xelSi da es adamianebi xasiaTdebian, mkveTrad gamoxatuli keTilSobilebiTa da RirsebebiT.

politias qveS gulisxmobdnen imas, rom xelisuflebis saTaveSi dgas moqalaqeTa is umravlesoba, romelsac axasiaTebs samxedro Rirseba. es saxalxo xelisuflebis formaa da is imas ekuTvnis, vinc atarebs iaraRsa da emorCileba kanons. aristotelem agreTve wamoayena saukeTeso mmarTvelobis principi. misi azriT, aseTi mmarTvelobis forma, sakuTar TavSi unda aerTianebdes samive formis saukeTeso Tvisebebsa da Rirsebebs: monarqiis, aristokratiisa da politiis. swored es mosazreba _ im saxelmwifos idea, romelic sakuTar TavSi asaxavs da aerTanebs xelisuflebis sxvadasxva sistemis dade-biT Tvisebebs _ gadamwyveti moZRvreba xdeba gvianantikuri xanis socialur Sexedu-lebebSi.

aristotele mkveTrad akritikebda demokratias, sadac uzenaesi xelisufleba ekuTvnoda demoss da ara kanons. igi mxars uWerda e.w. cenzian demokratias, romelic aris ufro zomieri da efuZneba mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris miRweul kompromissa da kanonebis batonobas. amitom igi didad afasebda solonis reformebs. politia mas miaCnda “saSualo formad”. aseT saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi “saSualo” elementi dominirebda: zneobaSi _ zomiereba, qonebriv mdgomareobaSi _ sa-Sualo dovlaTi, xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi _ saSualo fena.

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saxelmwifoSi datrialebuli amboxisa da gadatrialebis mTavar mizezad aristoteles savaldebulo da sasurveli (saTanado) Tanasworobis uaryofa miaCnda. gadatrialebebi maSin xdeba, rodesac adgili eqneba Tanasworobis SefardebiTi (SedarebiTi) xasiaTis darRvevas da damaxinjdeba politikuri samarTlianobis principi, romelic moiTxovda, rom exelmZRvanelaT raodenobrivi TanasworobiT, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi _ Tanaswo-robiT, damsaxurebisamebr.

aristotele sakuTari idealuri saxelmwifos proeqtis dasabuTebisas, aRniSnavda, rom es aris logikuri wyoba, da aq “SeuZlebelia imave xarisxis sizustis moZieba, romelsac Cven uflebamosili varT, viTxovdeT im kvlevisagan, romelic xorcieldeba cdebis meS-veobiT”.

saukeTeso saxelmwifos mosaxleoba advilad aRsaqmeli unda iyos. saukeTeso saxelmwi-fos teritoria, Tanabrad kargad unda iyos orientirebuli zRvisa da kontinentis mimarT. Tanac, teritoria sakmarisad kargi unda iyos, zomieri moTxovnebis dasakma-yofileblad. aristotele saubrobda monaTa did raodenobaze, idealur saxelmwifoSi. samoqalaqo uflebebs moklebulni arian xelosnebi, “mezRvaurTa brbo” da vaWrebi. idealur saxelmwifoSi miwa iyofa or nawilad: erTi nawili miekuTvneba saxelmwifos, saerTo sargeblobis uflebiT, meore _ moqalaqeebs, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebiT (am nawilis sursaTi, megobrul sawyisebze, saerTo sargeblobis uflebiT, gadaecemodaT sxva moqalaqeebs).

saukeTeso saxelmwifos kanonmdebeli imaze unda zrunavdes, rom moqalaqeebs misces mSvidoba da keTildReoba , “vinaidan omis saboloo mizani aris mSvidoba, samsaxurisa _ dasveneba”.

rodesac aristotele omis Temas ixilavda, igi dawvrilebiT Cerdeboda monobis prob-lemaze. samxedro saqme saWiroa ara imisaTvis, rom dapyrobili iqnas sxva xalxi, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari Tavis dasacavad, raTa TviT elini ar iqces monad. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelgan, omis meSveobiT, xdeba monebis SeZena, TviT monoba efuZ-neba ara omis uflebas, anu gamarjvebulis uflebas daimonos damarcxebuli, aramed mo-noba efuZneba nivTebis bunebas. aqedan gamomdinare, omi, da zogadad, Zaladoba, aristoteles azriT, aris mxolod saSualeba imaT SesaZenad, vinc ukve aris mona, anu es aris “nadiroba” bunebiT monebze. Tanac, mona unda iyos mxolod “barbarosi” da ara elini, radgan swored “barbarosTa” damonebiT, Sedis maT samyaroSi civilizaciis monapovari.

2. polibiusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi

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polibiusi (qr. Sobamde 210-123 ww.) _ elinisturi xanis gamoCenili elini istorikosi da politikuri moRvawe.

polibiusis Sexedulebani aRwerilia mis saqveynod cnobil naSromSi “istoria ormoc wignad”. moazrovnis kvlevis centrSia _ romis mier ganvlili gza, vidre is gabaton-deboda mTels xmelTaSuazRvispireTze. istoriul movlenaTa erToblivad ganxilvis mcdelobisas, polibiusi eyrdnoboda “bedis” Sesaxeb stoelTa im racionalizirebul warmodgenas, romlis Tanaxmad, bedi aris sayovelTao, msoflio kanoni da goni. polibiusis “msoflio istoriis” konteqstSi, “bedi” warmogvidgeba, rogorc istoriuli bedi, rogorc erTiani istoriuli procesis Sinagani kanonzomierebis sinonimi.

Tumca, amasTanave, polibiusi ar gaTavisuflebula, socialur-politikur movlenaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, tradiciulad moqmedi cikluri warmodgenebisgan, rac naTlad gamovlinda mis mier saxelmwifos formaTa daxasiaTebisas, romlebic erTmaneTs wriu-lad enacvlebian, movlenaTa erTian Caketil ciklSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, polibiusis Sexedulebani platonisa da aristoteles mosazrebaTa gavlenas ganicdian.

mTlianobaSi, polibiusisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifoebrivi xedva mimdinare mov-lenebis mimarT. am SexedulebaTa Tanaxmad, esa Tu is saxelmwifo mowyoba, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs, yvela saxis adamianur urTierTobebSi.

saxelmwifoebriobis warmoSobisa da saxelmwifo formebis Semdgomi Secvlis istorias polibiusi im bunebriv procesad miiCnevda, romelic “bunebis kanonebis” Tanaxmad xorcieldeba. polibiusis Tanaxmad, sul arsebobs saxelmwifos eqvsi ZiriTadi forma. TiToeuli forma bunebrivi warmoSobisa da Secvlis wesis pirobebSi, sruli ciklis farglebSi momdevno adgils ikavebda: monarqia (samefo xelisufleba), tirania, aristo-kratia, oligarqia, demokratia, oxlokratia.

adamianTa Tanacxovrebis mizezs moazrovne imaSi xedavda, rom, bunebrivad, cxovelebsa da adamianebs axasiaTebT sisuste, rac “aiZulebs

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maT gaerTiandnen erTgvarovan jgu-febSi”. am gaerTianebaSi ki, TviT bunebis xelSeuvali wesrigis Tanaxmad, brbos beladi da mbrZanebeli is xdeba, vinc danarCenebs fizikuri Zalisa da sulieri simtkicis wyalobiT aRemateba.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, Tavdapirveli beladi-mbrZanebeli, SeumCnevlad da bunebrivad, po-libiusis azriT, mefed iqceva im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac “gonebis mefoba Zalisa da simamacis batonobas Caenacvleba.”

TandaTanobiT, samefo xelisuflebam memkvidreobiTi xasiaTi SeiZina. Zvelma mefeebma cxovrebis wesi Seicvales; ubraloeba da qveSevrdomebze zrunva daviwyebas mieca da fufunebasa da gancxromaSi yofna cxovrebis wesad iqca.Aamis gamo ki Surma da qveSevr-domTa ukmayofilebam daisadgura, ris gamoc “mefoba tiraniaSi gardaiqmna”. saxelmwi-fos es forma (mdgomareoba), polibiusis azriT, xelisuflebis dacemis dasawyisi iyo. tirania _ mbrZanebelTa winaaRmdeg mowyobili intrigebis droa. Tanac, intrigebis qsels keTilSobili da mamaci adamianebi xlarTaven, romlebsac aRar surT tiranis TviTnebobis atana. xalxis daxmarebiT, keTilSobili da mamaci adamianebi daamxoben ti-rans da aristokratiul mmarTvelobas daamyareben.

pirveljerze, aristokratebi yvela saqmeSi “saerTo keTildReobaze” zrunvis ideiT xelmZRvaneloben, Tumca, Semdeg aristokratia oligarqiaSi gardaiqmna. oligarqiul mmarTvelobas xelisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba, angareba, ukanono miTviseba, loToba da gaumaZRroba axasiaTebs.

oligarqebis winaaRmdeg xalxis warmatebuli gamosvlis Sedegad demokratia myardeba. mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formis warmomadgenelTa pirveli Taoba didad afasebda admianTa Soris Tanasworobasa da Tavisuflebas. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, brbo, romelic miCveuli iyo sxvis mirTmeuliT cxovrebas, beladad yvelaze mamac da pativmoyvare adamians (demagogs) irCevs da mas Zalauflebas gadascems. TviTon ki Camoscildeba saxelmwifo saqmeebs. demokratias enacvleba oxlokratia. saxelmwifo formebis, wriuli wesiT Secvlis TvalsazrisiT, oxlokratia aramxolod mmarTvelobis ukanaskneli, aramed yvelaze uaresi formaa. mis dros “mkvidrdeba SiSveli Zalis batonoba, xolo beladis irgvliv gaerTianebuli brbo, sxvagvarad moazrovneebs klavs, aZevebs maT, miwebis ukanono gadanawilebas axdens, vidre sabolood ar gavelurdeba da kvlav ar daiyenebs mbrZanebelsa da TviTmpyrobels.”

polibiusi did yuradRebas uTmobda im garemoebas, rom, mmarTvelobis TiToeuli, mar-tivi formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, erTi konkretuli

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sawyisi, bunebrivad, ar aris srulyofili da misi saboloo xvedria mis sapirispiro mmarTvelobaSi gardasaxva, ker-Zod: monarqiis Semdeg adgils ikavebs tirania, xolo demokratiis Semdeg _ SiSveli Za-lis usazRvro batonoba. aqedan gamomdinare, polibiusi askvnida, rom “yvelaze srul -yofil mmarTvelobis formad iTvleba iseTi, romelic, sakuTar TavSi, mis win moqmedi, danarCeni formebis saukeTeso Tvisebebs gaaerTianebs, kerZod: monarqiis, aristo-kratiuli mmarTvelobisa da demokratiisa.

aseTi Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis mTavari upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amiT uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifo wyobilebis stabiluroba, Tavidan acilebulia Seryv-nili mmarTvelobis formebis damyarebis albaToba. Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, polibiusi aristoteles Sesabamiss ideebs iziarebda. polibiusis azriT, pirvelma, vinc gaiziara Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis praqtikaSi ganxor-cielebis mizanSewoniloba iyo lakedemoneli (spartiati) kanonmdebeli likurge. Tumca, polibiusis ideali mainc Zveli romis saxelmwifo iyo, sadac adgili hqonda “sami xelisuflebis” Tavisebur (Tumca, ara xelisuflebaTa ganawilebis Tanamedrove kon-cefciis mixedviT) gamijvnas: konsulati, senati da xalxis mmarTveloba _ komiciebis saxiT.

polibiusi stoelTa bunebiT-samarTlebriv warmodgenebs iziarebda. polibiusi Tvlida, rom Cveuleba da kanoni aris is ori ZiriTadi sawyisi, romelic axasiaTebs yvela saxelmwifos. is ganadidebda “keTil Cveulebebsa da kanonebs”, romlebsac “adamianTa pirad cxovrebaSi keTilgoniereba da zomiereba SemoaqvT, saxelmwifoSi ki mokrZa-lebasa da samarTlianobas uzrunvelyofen”.

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Tavi VII

romaeli stoelebis, ciceronisa da romaeli iuristebis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

1. romaeli stoelebi

romauli stoicizmis ZiriTadi warmo-madgenlebi lucius aneus seneka (qr. Sobamde I s. _ qr. Sobis 65 w.), epiqtete (daaxl. 50-120 ww.) da markus aurelius antoninusi (121-180 ww.) iyvnen. maTi zogadTeoriuli warmodgenebi Zveli elini stoelebis (zenonis, qrisipes, paneTiusis, polidoniusisa da sxvaTa) filosofiuri, eTikuri, da politikur-samarTlebrivi koncefciebis mniSvne-lovan gavlenas ganicdidnen. romaeli stoelebis Semoqmedeba uwindeli polisuri ideologiis gaRrmavebuli krizisis, princefsis xelisuflebis

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ganmtkicebis da cezarizmis reJimis damyarebis, romis saxelmwifos msoflio imperiad gadaqcevis piro-bebSi viTardeboda. am viTarebaSi romaeli stoelebi, maT elin Tanamoazreebze ufro mZafrad, fatalizmsa da politikur pasiurobas, kosmopolitizmsa da zneobrivi TviT-srulyofilebis individualur eTikas qadagebdnen.

seneka senatori, imperator neronis aRmzrdeli da wamyvani saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. neronis politikurma intrigebma aiZules seneka sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daesru-lebina, vinaidan amis brZaneba misma mtarvalma aRzrdilma, TviT imperatorma gasca. ufro Tanmimdevrulad, vidre sxva stoelebi, seneka icavda yvela adamianis sulieri Tavisuflebis ideas, miuxedavad misi warmomavlobisa. monobis obieqti (da sfero), senekas warmodgeniT, SeiZleba iyos mxolod adamianis sxeulebrivi da grZnobiTi da ara sulieri da gonieri nawili. senekas Tanaxmad, mona iseTive adamiania da mas axasiaTebs, sxva adamianebis mimarT, iseTive Tanasworoba da sulieri gancdebi, rogorc nebismier Tavisufal subieqts. yidva-gayidva exeboda monis mxolod sxeuls da ara mis Tavisufal suls, romelic ar eqvemdebareboda monobis, rogorc socialur-politikuri movlenisa da samarTlebrivi institutis arss. amavdroulad, eTikuri TvalsazrisiT, senekas mo-noba arasasurvel movlenad miaCnda. igi icavda monis adamianur Rirsebasa da mouwo-debda Tanamedroveebs, monas mopyrobodnen humanurad, radgan mona, misTvis, suliT Ta-naswori subieqti iyo.

yvela adamiani Tanasworia im TvalsazrisiT, rom adamianebi arian “megobrebi sayo-velTao monobaSi”, vinaidan isini emorCilebian sakuTari bedisweris Zalauflebas. Zveli elini stoelebis SexedulebaTa gavleniT, seneka Tvlida, rom bedi (RmerTi, RvTaebrivi suli, buneba, samyaro _ mTlianad) aris yvela mizezTa mizezi. adamianebs ar ZaluZT Secvalon samyaroSi arsebuli urTierTobebi, miTumetes, rom maTi kerZo urTi-erTobebi aris, am samyaroSi arsebuli urTierTobebis nawili da mxolod adamianTa simamace da bedismwerlis winaswarmetyvelebis medgrad atana Tu gadaarCens maT. TviTon adamianebi ki unda emorCilebodnen bunebis kanonTa nebas. seneka Tvlida, rom yvela adamiani, erTmaneTis mimarT, _ naTesavi da erTiani sxeulis nawilia. maSasadame, bunebam yvela adamiani erTi da igive materiidan da erTi da igive miznebisaTvis Seqmna. uzenaesi sikeTe mdgomareobs gonSi, romelic aris, adamianis sxeulSi Casaxuli, RvTiuri suli. goniereba ki adamians RvTis msgavs arsebad aqcevs. garda gonierebisa, bunebam adamianebi daajildova urTierTobis unariT, romelic safuZvlad daedo adamianTa modgmis erTobas. swored gonierebisa da urTierTobis unaris wyalobiT, adamianebi gabatondnen cxovelebze, daimorCiles bunebrivi stiqia da axla cxovroben mWidro gaerTianebebSi.

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senekas bunebiT-samarTlebriv koncefciaSi, Tavisi arsiT RvTiuri da gardauvali, “bedisweris kanoni” im bunebiTi samarTlis rols TamaSobs, romelsac eqvemdebareba adamianis yvela dawesebuleba, maT Soris saxelmwifo da samarTali. Tanac, TviT bunebiTi samarTali aq erTdroulad gamodis, rogorc bunebrivi faqti (msoflio wesrigisa da movlenaTa mizezobrivi jaWvi) da, rogorc gonebis savaldebulo imperativi.

kosmopolituri ideebis ganviTarebisas, seneka aRniSnavda, rom samyaro _ bunebiTi saxelmwifoa, romelsac gaaCnia sakuTari bunebiTi samarTali, romlis aRiarebac aris savaldebulo da gonieri. aRniSnuli saxelmwifos (kosmopolisis) wevri (moqalaqe), bunebis kanonis Tanaxmad, aris yvela adamiani, miuxedavad imisa aRiarebs, Tu ara is am faqts. rac Seexeba danarCen calkeul saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs, isini SemTxveviTi xasiaTisani arian da amitom maT ar gaaCniaT sayovelTao mniSvneloba, aramed _ mxolod adamianTa SezRuduli wrisaTvis arian savaldebulo.

eTikurad yvelaze faseuli da upirobo, senekas koncefciis Tanaxmad, aris “didi saxelmwifo”. goniereba da, maSasadame, “bedisweris kanonis” (bunebiTi samarTlisa da RvTiuri sulis) dacva swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, SemTxveviTobis Tavidan acilebisa da misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis mizniT, vaRiaroT msoflio kanonis uzenaesoba da vixelmZRvaneloT misiT. es kosmopolituri maqsima Tanabrad mniSvne -lovania, rogorc calkeuli adamianisaTvis, ise yvela gaerTianebisaTvis (saxelmwifosaTvis).

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epiqtete mouwodebda pirovnebas zneobrivi srulyofisa da im rolis saTanado Sesrulebisaken, romelic mas moumzada bedisweram. Tanac, epiqtete mkveTrad akritikebda usazRvro fufunebasa da monobas. am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeboda monobis uzneobaze. “nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac Seni TavisTvis miuRebelia. ar gsurs iyo mona _ sxvasac nu aqcev monad”.

markus aurelius antoninusi “yvelasaTvis Tanabari kanonebis mqone saxelmwifos” ideas aviTarebda, romelic

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“imarTeba yvelas Tanas-worobis principiT, samefosi, romelic yvelaze metad scems pativs qveSevrdomTa Tavisuflebas”.

naSromSi “sakuTari Tavisadmi”, markus aureliusi aRniSnavda, rom, yvela adamianisTvis saerTo, RvTaebrivi sawyisis ZaliT, Cven _ adamianebi gonieri arsebebi varT. “Tu asea, msjelobda imperatori-stoeli, maSin mbrZanebeli gonic saerTo iqneba da is gansazRvravs, ra unda vakeToT da ra ara; Tu es asea, maSin kanonic saWiroa; Tu asea, _ Cven moqalaqeebi varT. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven mivekuTvnebiT raRac samoqalaqo mowyobas, xolo samyaro waagavs qalaqs.”

markus aureliusi Tvlida, rom erTiani mTlianis suli moiTxovs urTierTobas, Tumca ara _ qaoturs, aramed samyaros mwyobri wesrigis Sesabamiss. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs, mTeli samyarosaTvis Cveuli, “morCileba da urTierTmorCileba”, xolo adamianebs Soris _ “Tanamoazreoba”, ris miRwevasac emsaxureboda stoelTa filosofia.

2. markus tulius ciceroni (Marcus Tullius Cicero)

markus tulius ciceroni (Cicero _ qr. Sobamde 106 -43 ww.) _ gamoCenili Zvelromaeli iuristi, politikuri moRvawe da mwerali. misi vrceli Semoqmedebidan memkvidreobas SemorCa naSromebi saxelmwifosa da samarlis problematikaze. es sakiTxebi specialurad gaSuqebulia TxzulebebSi “saxelmwifos Sesaxeb”, “kanonebis Sesaxeb ”. politikur -samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi ganxilulia mis sxva naSromSi, kerZod: “movaleobaTa Sesaxeb”da mravalricxovan politikur da sasamarTlo gamosvlebSi _ oratorul sityvebSi. ciceronis Teoriuli Sexedulebebi Zvelelinuri azris, kerZod: platonis, aristoteles, polibiusis da stoelTa naazrevis gavlenas ganicdidnen. Tumca, am “ucxouri” gavlenis

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aRmofxvras, ciceroni _ rogorc Zveli romis saxelmwifos didi patrioti da praqtikosi politikuri moRvawe _ imis SerwymiT cdilobda, rac sakuTriv romaul tradiciebs axasiaTebda, saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi praqtikisa da politikur-samarTlebrivi azris sferoSi, romis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis TviTmyobad istorias, im realuri da aqtualuri amocanebidan gamomdinare, rac ase kargad iyo cnobili am yovelives Tanamedrove _ ciceronisaTvis. zogadad, ciceronis moZRvrebaSi, misi winamorbedi moRvaweebis ideebis gamoyeneba, Seesityveba mis mier Seqmnil axal da originalur debulebebs, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoriis sferoSi.

ciceroni saxelmwifos gansazRvravda, rogorc saxalxo saqmes (respublica) _ respublika, xalxis monapovars (res populi). Tanac, is ganmartavda, rom “xalxi nebismieri martivi gaerTianeba ki ar aris, aramed mravali, erTmaneTTan, samarTlis sakiTxebze saerTo TanxmobiT da erToblivi interesiT, dakavSirebuli adamianebis erTobliobaa”. amrigad, ciceronis axsna-ganmartebiT, saxelmwifo warmoadgenda aramxolod yvela Tavisufali wevris kerZo da saerTo interesebis gamoxatulebas, rac axasiaTebda Zvelelinur koncefciebs, aramed saxelmwifo, erTdroulad, aris am wevrebis Tandayolili samarTlebrivi urTierToba, garkveuli samarTlebrivi warmonaqmni, “saerTo wesrigi”. maSasadame, ciceroni dadga saxelmwifos cnebis iuridizaciis saTaveebTan. es pozicia Cvens droSic poulobs uamrav mimdevars, kerZod “samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos” ideis mqadagebelTa rigebSi.

ciceroni saxelmwifos warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezs ara admianebis sisustesa da maT SiSSi (polibiusis msgavsad), aramed maT Tandayolil moTxovnilebaSi _ icxovron da iRvawon erTad _ xedavda . am TvalsazrisiT, ciceroni iziarebda aristoteles mosaz-rebas da uaryofda, im periodSi farTod gavrcelebul, saxelmwifos warmoSobis saxel-Sekrulebo Teorias. aristoteles gavlena SeimCneoda ojaxis rolis Taobaze, cicero-niseul ganmartebaSi. igi Tvlida, rom ojaxi aris sazogadoebis ujredi, romlisganac, bunebrivad da TandaTanobiT, viTardeba saxelmwifo.

is aRniSnavda saxelmwifosa da sakuTrebis Tavdapirvel kavSirsa da, am aspeqtSi, izia-rebda stoeli paneTiusis debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezia sakuTrebis dacvis aucilebloba. kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis darRvevas, ciceroni samarTlianobisa da samarTlis Seryvnad da darRvevad Tvlida.

saxelmwifosa da samarTlis warmoSoba ara adamianebis nebiTa da TviTnebobiT, aramed bunebis sayovelTao moTxovnilebiT, maT Soris adamianis bunebis moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad, ciceronis azriT, niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifo da samarTli, maTi bunebisa da arsis Sesabamisad,

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atareben RvTaebriv xasiaTsa da dafuZnebulni arian sayovelTao gonsa da samarTlianobaze. bunebis Semecnebas, aRniSnavda ciceroni, mivyavarT imis gaazrebamde, rom “mTeli samyaro imarTeba goniT”. Tavis droze, msgavsi debuleba wamoayena Zvelma elinma filosofosma _ anaqsagorma. ciceronma es mosazreba gamoiyena, raTa daesabuTebina “bunebis” sakuTari ganmarteba, romelic ganpirobebuli da gamsWva-luli yofila adamianTa gonivruli da samarTliani dadgenilebebisa da moqmedebis sayovelTao wyaros RvTaebrivi nebiT. swored imis gamo, rom adamianebi TviT bunebam daajildova samarTlianobisa da gonebis “marcvlebiT” da, maSasadame, SesaZlebloba misca SeemecnaT RvTaebrivi sawyisebi, SesaZlebeli gaxda adamianTa urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, saTnoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis damkvidreba.

goni _ sulis saukeTeso da uzenaesi nawilia. es aris “samefo imperiumi”, romelic imorCilebs adamianTa yvela miwier grZnobasa da miswrafebas (sixarbes, xeli-suflebisaken ltolvas, didebis wyurvils). amitom, ciceronis azriT, “sibrZnis batonobisas, ar aqvs adgili mrisxanebas, gauazrebel moqmedebas, miwier grZnobebs.

Zvelelinuri tradiciisamebr, ciceroni did yuradRebas uTmobda saxelmwifos formebis Sesaxeb msjelobas, Tanac aRniSnavda, rom es formebi icvleba cikluri wesiT, radgan maTi mizania mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formis moZieba. saxelmwifo mowyobis formebis Sefasebis kriteriumad ciceroni awesebda saxelmwifos mmarTvelTa “xasiaTsa da nebas”. aqedan gamomdinare, mmarTvelTa odenobis Sesabamisad, is ganasxvavebda mmarTvelobis sam martiv formas: samefo xelisuflebas, optimatebis (aristokratiis) mmarTvelobas da xalxis xelisuflebas (demokratias).

saxelmwifos es martivi formebi arasrulyofili da arasasurvelia. Tumca, maTi moT-mena mainc SesaZlebelia. es formebi sakmaod myaricaa, Tuki maTSi SenarCunebuli iqne-boda is safuZvlebi da kavSirebi (maT Soris samarTlebrivi), romlebmac Tavidanve mya-rad gaaerTiana adamianebi, maT mier saxelmwifos Seqmnis procesSi. zemodasaxelebul formebs gaaCnia rogorc Rirsebebi, ise naklovanebebi. xolo, Tu maT Soris arCevanis gakeTeba iqneba saWiro, upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebas eniWeba. bolo adgils ki demokratia ikavebs. mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formis CamoTvlili Rirsebani, ciceronis azriT, SeiZleba da unda gavaerTianoT kidec, maTi urTierTkavSirisa da erTobliobis mixedviT e.w. Sereul mmarTvelobis formaSi, romelic, am Tvisebebis gamo, saxelmwifos saukeTeso mowyobad miiCneva. martiv formaSi es Rirsebani warmodgenilia calmxrivad, rac ganapirobebs maT naklovanebas da, saboloo jamSi, mosaxleobis sxvadasva fenebs Soris iwvevs brZolas xelisuflebisaTvis,; mmarTvelobis formis Secvlas, mis gadagva-rebas da gardaqmnas usworo da usamarTlo formaSi.

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xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis es mankieri formebi (tirania _ brbos an erTpirovnuli mbrZanebloba), ciceronis mosaz-rebiT, ukve aRar aris saxelmwifos forma, radgan am SemTxvevaSi aRar aris TviT saxelmwifo, romelic aRiqmeboda rogorc xalxis saerTo saqme da sargebeli, dakargulia saerTo interesi da zogadsavaldebulo samarTali. saxelmwifoebriobis msgavsi gadagvarebis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis saukeTeso nairsaxeobis pirobebSi, romelic Seiqmneba mmarTvelobis samive martivi formis saukeTeso TvisebaTa Serwymis gziT. aseTi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis saukeTeso Tviseba ki aris, ciceronis mosazrebiT, saxelmwifos simtkice da misi moqa-laqeebis uflebrivi Tanasworoba.

sakuTar Semoqmedebasa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi (qvestoris, senatoris, edilis, pretorisa da konsulis Tanamdebobaze), ciceroni, Tanmimdevrulad icavda Zveli romis senatoruli respublikis mmarTvelobas da gamodioda calkeuli pirebis TviT-mpyrobelobis, maT Soris _ samxedro diqtaturis erTpirovnuli reJimis winaaRmdeg.

ciceronis SefasebiT, romis saxelmwifo mowyobis Rirseba _ romaeli xalxis, da ara romelime konkretuli piris, mravalsaukunovani gamocdilebis Sedegia, vinaidan erT pirs, Tundac yvelaze Wkvians, SeiZleba raime gamorCes mxedvelobidan. romis arsebiTi upiratesoba, ciceronis azriT, ganpirobebulia qalaqis geografiuli mdebareobiT, xmeleTze, romelic advilad uerTdeba zRvas (tibrosis meSveobiT), Tumca ara uSualod zRvis napirze. aseTi mdebareobiT, amtkicebda ciceroni, qalaqi garantirebulia gareSe mtrebis uecari Tavdasxmisagan, rac, Cveulebriv, emuqreba zRvispira qalaqebs. garda amisa, aRniSnuli geografiuli faqtori xelsawyrelia zneobrivi kuTxiT, vinaidan zRvispira qalaqebSi, ucxo enebisa da Cveulebebis SemxeblobiT, xSiria zneobis Seryvna. amrigad, zRvispira polisis arsebobis politikuri Sedegia arastabiluri wyoba, xelisuflebis xSiri cvla.

monoba, ciceronis azriT, “samarTliania imitom, rom adamianebisaTvis monuri mdgo-mareoba sasargebloa da is maT sargebels moutans, Tu monobis damyareba xdeba goniv-rulad; anu, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac uzneo adamianebs arTmeven ukanonobis Cadenis SesaZleblobas, Cagrulebi aRmoCndebian ufro ukeTes mdgomareobaSi, vidre manmade imyofebodnen.” monoba TviT bunebiT aris ganpirobebuli, rac saSualebas aZlevs sauke-Teso adamianebs ibatonon sustebze, maTive sasargeblod. monebs ise unda moepyran, rogorc daqiravebul muSakebs: moiTxovon maTgan Sesabamisi samuSaos Sesruleba da gadauxadon is, rac maTTvis sasargebloa.

ciceronis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba WeSmariti saxelmwifo moRvawisa da idealuri moqalaqis qeba -didebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, is mkveTrad akritikebda epikurelTa da zogierTi stoelis

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mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom brZenma adamianma sakuTar Tavze ar unda aiRos mmarTvelobis sadaveebi da, zogadad, uari Tqvas aqtiur politikur da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze. ciceroni aRniSnavda, rom “TviT buneba” abams saukeTeso adamianebs saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi. is mouwodebda sazogadoebis sau-keTeso nawils, SeeswavlaT mecnierebani saxelmwifosa da samarTalze, radgan es mecnie-rebani gaxdian adamians saxelmwifosaTvis sasargeblos.

idealuria moqalaqe, romlis movaleobani ganpirobebulia iseTi saTnoebis miRwevis aucileblobiT, rogoricaa WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobis, sulis sidiadis da keTil-Sobilebis Secnoba. moqalaqem ara Tu TviTon ar unda miayenos sxvas ziani, xelyos sxvisi sakuTreba da Caidinos sxva usamarTloba, aramed is valdebulia daexmaros imas, vinc gaxda usamarTlobis msxverpli da aqtiurad iRvawos saerTo sargeblisaTvis. moqa-laqis ciceroniseuli qeba-dideba, amrigad, exeboda politikur da samarTlebriv aqtiurobas, riTac xazi gaesva, rom “moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis dacvisas, ar arsebobs kerZo piri” da yvela moqalaqis valia samSoblos damcvelTa rigebSi Cadgoma.

bunebis, misi gonisa da bunebiTi kanonebisadmi apelireba axasiaTebda samarTlis ciceroniseul Teorias. samarTlis safuZvelSi devs bunebrivi samarTlianoba, Tanac _ mudmivi, ucvleli da ganuyofeli Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebs rogorc, zogadad, bunebas, ise adamianTa bunebas. ciceroni ganasxvavebda bunebiT da pozitiur samarTals. man Camoayaliba bunebiTi samarTlis vrceli cneba: “WeSmariti kanoni _ bunebis Sesa-bamisi, gonieri, mudmivi da myari debuleba, romelic vrceldeba yvela adamianze da mouwodebs mas Seasrulos movaleoba da brZanebis, akrZalvis saxiT, xeli aaRebinos danaSaulze; Tumca, rodesac es saWiro ar aris, is arafers ubZanebs da ukrZalavs patiosan adamians. aseTi kanonis sruli an nawilobrivi akrZalva _ mkrexelobaa; dauSvebelia misi moqmedebis, raime saxiT, SezRudvac ki; misi sruli gauqmeba SeuZle-belia da Cven, verc senatis dadgenilebiT da verc xalxis kanoniT gavauqmebT mas”. ciceronis bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moZRvreba didad ganicdida platonis, aristotelesa da zogierTi stoelis gavlenas. es gavlena, gansakuTrebiT mkveTria, samarTlianobis arsis dadgenisas, rodesac moazrovne aRniSnavda, rom “samarTlianoba TiToeuls aZ-levs imas, rac mas ekuTvnis da inarCunebs Tanasworobas adamianebs Soris”. samarT-lianoba moiTxovs, ar mivayenoT ziani sxvas da ar xelvyoT sxvisi sakuTrebis ufleba. ciceronis Tanaxmad, bunebiTi samarTali (uzenaesi, WeSmariti kanoni) gaCnda gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre nebismieri dawerili samarTali, gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre nebis-mieri saxelmwifo. TviT saxelmwifo, sakuTari dadgenilebebiTa da kanonebiT, arsebi-Tad, imis gansaxierebaa, rac bunebrivad aris samarTlianoba da samarTali. aqedan gamom-dinareobs moTxovna _ adamianTa dadgenilebani (politikuri dawesebulebebi, dawerili

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kanonebi) unda Seesabamebodnen samarTlianobas da samarTals, radgan es ukanasknelni ar arian adamianebis nebaze damokidebuli. garda bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebisa, sa-xelmwifoSi moqmedi samarTali unda Seesabamebodes iq arsebul wyobas, winaparTa tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs.

samarTlis Sesaxeb ciceroniseul moZRvrebaSi, garda bunebiTi da pozitiuri samarT-lisa, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia TviT dawerili samarTlis dayofaze, sajaro da kerZo samarTlis sferoebad. e.w. xalxis samarTali, mis mier axsnilia, rogorc sxvadasxva xalxis dawerili samarTlis nawili da, rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebiTi samarTlis nawili (anu saerTaSoriso bunebiTi samarTali). is ayalibebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebiT princips, romlis mixedviT, aucilebelia im val-debulebaTa Sesruleba, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT. ciceroni ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs da acxadebda, rom usamarTloa “gamoucxadebeli da moulodneli, TavdasxmiTi omi”. is oms miiCnevda im gardauval aq-tad, romlis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebeli gaxda, warumatebeli samSvidobo molapa-rakebis CaSlis Sedegad. samarTliani omis mizezi ki aris saxelmwifos dacvis auci-lebloba , xolo mizani _ mSvidobis damyareba. ciceroni tyveebisa da damarcxebulebis mimarT humanur mopyrobas moiTxovda.

3. romaeli iuristebis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

Tavdapirvelad, Zvel romSi samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT dakavebulni iyvnen qurumTa erT-erTi kolegiis wevribi _ pontifikosebi. yovelwliurad, erT-erTi pontifikosTagani kerZo pirebs amcnobda kolegiis pozicias samarTlebriv sakiTxebze. Tumca, qr. Sobamde 300 wels, iurisprudenciam saero xasiaTi SeiZina, raSic, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, didi roli vinme gneus flaviusma iTamaSa. is gaxldaT gamoCenili sa-xelmwifo moRvawis _ apius klavdiusis azati da mwerali. gneus flaviusma moitaca da gamoaqveyna iuridiul formulaTa krebuli, romelic gamoiyeneboda kanonismier pro-cesSi (per legisactiones). am publikacias ewoda ius civile Flavianum (flaviusis civiluri samarTali).

qr. Sobamde 253 wels, plebsis wridan gamosulma pirvelma didma qurumma _ Tiberius korunkaniusma, mowafeTa daxmarebiT, safuZveli Cauyara iuridiul sakiTxTa ganxilvas da sakuTari azris Riad gamoTqmas, rac iurisprudenciis sajaro Seswavlis dasawyisad miiCneva.

romaeli iuristebis saqmianoba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda: agere _ sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba, dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis gaweva; cavere _ iuridiuli formulebis Sedgena da garigebebis dadeba; respondere _ kerZo

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pirebisaTvis iuridiul sakiTxebze pasuxebis gacema. Tanac, iuristebi konkretul saqmeze gamoTqmul sakuTar mosazrebas, mosamarTlesadmi, werilobiTi formis mimarT-vis an mowmeebis TandaswrebiT Sedgenili oqmis saxiT adgendnen da zepiri konsul-taciis Canaweris formas aZlevdnen. moqmedi samarTlis normebze (CveulebiTi sa-marTali, XII dafis kanonebi, komiciuri kanonmdebloba, magistratebis ediqtebi, senatuskonsultebi, princefsis konstituciebi) dayrdnobiT, ama Tu im saqmeze, iuris-tebi samarTlis normebis interpretirebas axdendnen samarTlianobis (aequitas, iustitia) moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad da koliziis SemTxvevaSi, Zvel normas cvlidnen axali viTa-rebis mixedviT da marTali da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

romauli iurisprudenciis ayvavebis xanad respublikis bolo periodi da principatis epoqa (imperiis pirveli periodi) miiCneva. avgustusidan moyolebuli, princefsebi cdi-lobdnen gavleniani iuristebis mxardaWeris mopovebasa da, SeZlebisdagvarad, sakuTari interesebisaTvis maT gamoyenebas. yvelaze gamoCenilma iuristebma, princefsebisgan da maTive saxeliT, pasuxebis gacemis oficialuri nebarTva (ius respodendi) moipoves. aRniS-nuli pasuxebi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen da, princefsis xelisuflebis ganmtki-cebis kvalobaze, maT savaldebulo Zala SeiZines, sasamarTloSo saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros.

III saukunidan SeiniSneba romauli iurisprudenciis daqveiTeba, rac, did wilad, imasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom imperatoris sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis ganmtkicebiT, faqti-urad, aikrZala iuristTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba. imperiis meore etapze _ dominatis xanaSi, mas Semdeg, rac dominusebi SeuzRudav kanonmdeblebad iqcnen, iuris-tebs ius respodendi aekrZalaT. Tumca, klasikosi iuristebis debulebebi axal viTarebaSic inarCunebdnen sakuTar avtoritets.

klasikuri periodis iuristebidan yvelaze didi gavleniT gamoCenili romaeli mecnieri iuristebi da sazogado moRvaweebi sargeblobdnen: gaiusi (II s.), papiniane (II-III s.s.), paulusi (II-III s.s.), ulpiane (II-III s.s.) da modestinusi (II-III s.s.). imperator valentinianusis 426 wlis specialuri kanoniT “citirebis Sesaxeb” am xuTi iuristis debulebebs kanonis Zala mieniWaT. xolo, Tu maT naazrevSi azrTa sxvaoba dafiqsirdeboda, sakiTxi xmaTa umravlesobiT wydeboda. xolo, Tu verc am SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda erTiani azris Camoyalibeba, upiratesoba papinianes azrs eniWeboda. dasaxelebuli kanoni aRiarebda im iuristebis debulebaTa mniSvnelobas, romelTa citirebasac es xuTeuli axdenda, kerZod: sabinusis, scevolas, iulianusisa da marcelusis.

romaeli iuristebis Txzulebani genialuri kanonmdeblis, imperator iustiniane magnusis (526-565 ww.) kodifikaciis _ Corpus Iuris Civilis _ Semadgeneli nawili gaxda: 1) Institutiones Iustiniani, anu

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romis samarTlis elementaruli saxelmZRvanelo, iuridiuli saswavleblebis dawyebiTi safexuris msmenelTaTvis, risTvisac gamoiyenes gaiusis “instituciebi”, ulpianes, florentinusisa da marcianes naSromebi; 2) Digesta seu Pandecta, anu 38 romaeli iuristis, 275 Txzulebidan amoRebuli, amonaridebis Taviseburi krebuli (qr. Sobamde I s. _ qr. Sobis IV s.); 3) Codex Iustiniani (imperatorTa constitutiones-ebis krebuli); 4) Novellae, romelic daaxloebiT 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi dgeboda, krebu-lis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb, imperator iustinianes constitutiones-is gamocemis Semdeg. am saxelganTqmul sakodifikacio komisias saTaveSi, imperator iustinianes “marjvena xeli”, quaestor sacri palatii _ triboniane (Tribonianus) edga.

Zvelromauli samarTlebrivi azris ganviTarebis adreul etapze, gabatonebuli reli-giuri warmodgenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, samarTali RvTiur movlenad miiCneoda da terminiT fas (Teonomuri warmonaqmni) aRiniSneboda. Fas-isgan gansxvavebiT, saero, ada-mianur samarTals, mogvianebiT, ewoda ius, romelic gamoiyeneboda samarTlis aRmniSvnel zogad cnebad da moicavda rogorc bunebiT samarTals (ius naturale), ise pozitiur samarTals _ consuetudo (CveulebiT samarTals), edicta magistratuum (magistratebis ediqtebs), senatusconsultum (senatis dadgenilebani), iurisprudentia (romaeli iuristebis saqmianoba), constitutiones principium (imperatorebis dadgenilebani) da sxva.

romaeli iuristebi samarTals, pirobiTad, or sistemad yofdnen: sajaro (ius publicae), romelic Tanabrad exeboda yvela romaeli moqalaqis saerTo interesis regulirebasa da, zogadad, romis saxelmwifos mdgomareobas; da kerZo (ius privatae), romelic kerZo pirTa Soris warmoSobil urTierTobebs awesrigebda. Tumca, dasaxelebuli “nawilebi” _ erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli da samarTlis avtonomiuri nawilebi rodia, aramed urTierTmoqmedi da urTierTkavSirSi myofi, komponentebi da Tvisebebi, romlebic, mTlianobaSi, SemoqmedebiTad arian gamoyofili samarTlis realurad moqmed struq-turaSi. sajaro samarTlis sferoSi romaelma iuristebma daadgines wminda adgilebisa da qurumTa samarTlebrivivi mdgomareoba, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisa da Tanam -debobis pirTa uflebamosilebani, xelisuflebis (imperium), moqalaqeobis, da saxelmwifo samarTlis sxva institutis cneba. Tumca, gansakuTrebuli interesis sferos kerZo samarTlis da, upirveles yovlisa, civiluri samarTlis (ius civile) insti-tutebis regulireba warmoadgenda, kerZod: sakuTrebis ufleba, ojaxis statusi, anderZismieri memkvidreoba, xelSekrulebebi, pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi da kerZo mesakuTreTa xelSeuvaloba, sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis meqanizmebi. sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtad, garda uZravi da moZravi qonebisa, romis samarTlisa da mecnieri iuristebis Tanaxmad, monebic iTvlebodnen.

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bunebiTi samarTlis (ius naturale) Tvisebebi da moTxovnebi aramxolod romaeli xalxis eqskluziur samarTlis sistemaze _ ius civile, aramed yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo da, nawilobriv, saerTaSoriso samarTalzec _ ius gentium vrceldeba. xalxis samarTlis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo mravalricxovanma dapyrobiTma omebma da romis saxelmwifos teritoriaze ucxo elementis Semosvlam, romelzec verafriT gavrceldeboda romaelTa erovnuli samarTlis sistema _ ius civile, radgan am xalxs aramxolod ucxoelebad, ara-med _ mtrebadac miiCnevdnen. ucxoelebis samarTliani, Tumca “ukanono” interesebis dacva, sakuTar Tavze maRalma Tanamdebobis pirebma _ praetor (pretorebm a) aiRes, rom-lebic iurisdictio-Ti aRiWurven. am funqciic Sesruleba iTava praetor peregrinus-ma (peregrinebis pretorma), romelic edicta-s gamoscemda, sadac Camoyalibebuli iyo, misi Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani periodis samoqmedo gegma. aseTi edicta-bis erTob-liobam dasabami daudo ius praetorium -s (pretorul samarTals) da ius honorarium-s (Tanam-debobis pirTa _ magistratebis samarTals). ucxoelebs, romSi, mieniWaT moZravi qonebisa da e.w. res nec mancipi-s (aramancipirebadi nivTebi) SeZena-gasxvisebis ufleba. xalxis samarTali Seicavda saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis normebis did mravalferovnebas, Tumca termini _ saerTaSoriso samarTali romaelTaTvis ucxoa. Ius gentium -is Tanaxmad, zRva “yvelasaTvis saerToa”. “mtris” cneba gaiussa da pomponiuss gamoyenebuli aqvT mxolod im xalxis aRsaniSnavad, visTanac romaelebs hqondaT, saja-rod gacxadebuli saomari mdgomareoba, an vinc TviT romaelebs sajarod gamoucxada omi. gamoucxadebel omSi ki mowinaaRmdege _ “yaCaRi an mZarcvelia”. mtrebTan ikrZa-leboda nebismieri garigebis dadeba. romaelis mier datyvevebuli mtris jariskaci an mSvidobiani mcxovrebi monad iyideboda. paulusi gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavda ucxoeli elCebis xelSeuvalobas. Tu romis moqalaqe, Segnebulad Seuracxyofda ucxo qveynis elCs, is deditio noxae _ ucxoelTaTvis gadacemas eqvemdebareboda, monad qcevis mizniT.

romaeli iuristebis Semoqmedebam udidesi gavlena iqonia Semdgomi periodis samarT-lebrivi azris ganviTarebaze, rac aramxolod romauli iuris-prudenciis, iuridiuli kulturis ganviTarebis maRali doniT (analizis dasabuTebuloba da sizuste, formu-lirebaTa simkveTre da lakonuroba, SemuSavebuli zogadTeoriuli, dargobrivi da iuridiul-Teoriuli profilis problemaTa mravalferovneba) iyo ganpirobebuli, aramed im roliT, romelic romis samarTals (misi recefciis procesSi) ergo samarT-lis Semdgom istoriaSi.

Tavi VIII

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adreuli qristianobis, netari avgustines, Toma aqvinatisa da marsilio paduelis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

1. adreuli qristianobis ideologia

axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi axali msoflio sarwmunoeba _ qristianoba yalibdeba, romelic adamianTa sayovelTao Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ideas qadagebda.

adreulma qristianobam Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada da SeaCvena yvela mdidari da Zalauflebis mosurne piri, dagmo romis imperiis mmarTvelobis sistema, uaryo kerZo sakuTreba, adamianebis dayofa TavisufladSobilsa da monad, mdidarsa da Ratakad; sakuTari qonebis udidesi nawili gadasca Tavisi seqtebisa da Temebis gankargulebaSi.

ioane RvTismetyvelis “apokalifsisSi”, romelic qr. Sobis 68-69 ww. dawerili, nawinaswarmetyvelebia romis imperiis _ “udidesi mruSis” dacema; “sakuTari mruSobis mrisxane RviniT, man daaTro yvela xalxi da miwieri mefeebi masTan Sexmatkbilebulad cxovrobdnen, da miwieri vaWrebi gamdidrdnen misi udidesi fufunebis wyalobiT.” (apokal.,18, 2). RatakTa dacva da mdidarTa kritika naTlad Canda lukas saxarebaSi: “amJamad netarni arian mdidrebi, raTa danayrdiT... piruku, ubedureba geliT, Tqven, mdidrebo! radgan Tqven ukve miiReT damSvideba” (luka, 6, 21-24). Mmdidrebis winaaRmdeg sastik gamonaTqvamebs “wminda mociquli iakobis Zeglisdebac” Seicavs.

adreuli qristianobis TemebSi aravis hqonda sakuTari qoneba, rasac adasturebs “saqmeni wminda mociqulTa”, da “yvelaferi saerTo iyo”, xolo Temebis wevrTa moTxov-nebis dakmayofileba Tanaswori ganawilebiT xdeboda, “TiToeulis moTxovnis Sesa-bamisad”. (saqm. 2, 44-45). sakuTrebis, Sromisa da ganawilebisadmi adreul qristianTa axali midgoma Sromis sayovelTao movaleobisa da, Sromis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiToe-ulis dakmayofilebis principis qadagebas gulisxmobda.

adreuli qristianobis samarTalgagebisTvis, romelic RvTiuri “Tavisuflebis kanonisadmi” apelirebda, damaxasiaTebelia uwindeli periodis bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideebis gamoyeneba, axali religiis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. am viTarebaSi, arse -biTi mniSvneloba adamianTa sayovelTao Tanasworobisa da aseTi Tanasworobis SenarCunebis princips eniWeboda, adamianTa urTierTobebis yvela sferoSi. Zalzed energiulad inergeboda bunebiTi samarTlisa da bunebrivi samarTlianobis mTavari idea _ TanasworT, Tanabari miniWebis Sesaxeb, rasac mieZRvna adreuli qristianobis samarT-lebrivi ideologiis ramdenime maqsima: “romeli samsjavroTic sjiT, imave

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samsjavroTi ganisjebiT” (maTe, 7,2); “ra sazomiT zomavT, imave sazomiT mogecemaT” (luka, 6,38).

Tumca, II saukunidan moyolebuli, qristianul TemebSi arsebuli wesebi nel-nela icv-leba. ganmtkicda Temebis meTaurTa Zalaufleba, TemebsSorisi kavSirebi, Camoyalibda saeklesio biurokratia (samRvdeloeba). amis Tanadroulad, daiwyo oficialuri sarwmu-noebis formireba da qristianuli literaturis kanonizacia. eklesiam aRiara yoveli xelisuflebis RvTiuri warmoSoba da xelisuflebisadmi morCileba, misTvis winaaRmde-gobis gawevis dauSvebloba iqadaga. jer kidev pavle mociquli moiTxovda, rom “yoveli sulieri unda emorCilebodes uzenaess xelisufals; radgan yoveli xelisufleba dadgenilia RvTis mier”... amitom “savaldebuloa morCileba aramxolod SiSis, aramed _ sindisiT”.

saeklesio ierarqiis, saepiskoposo kaTedrebisa da erTiani eklesiis Camoyalibebis process, agreTve qristianobis kanonizacias Tan sdevda mwvave brZola sxvadasxva seq-tebsa da mimdinareobebs Soris, romlebic uaryofdnen “WeSmariti” sarwmunoebis Ziri-Tad dogmatebs. aRniSnuli seqtebis warmomadgenlebi (“montanistebi” _ mcire aziaSi, “agonistebi” _ CrdiloeT afrikaSi), II saukunidan moyolebuli, moiTxovdnen adreuli qristianobis ideaTa uswrafess realizebas, gamodiodnen monobis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da adamianTa Cagvris gauqmebis moTxovniT.

eretikuli mimdinareobebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli “WeSmariti” qristianuli ideologiis momxreni, xSirad oficialuri xelisuflebis mxardaWeriTac sargeblobdnen. Tumca, II-III saukuneebSi, TviT qristianobas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra, radgan daiwyo misi devna da is iZulebuli gaxda naxevradlegalur mdgomareobaze gadasuliyo. viTareba Seic-vala 313 wlis milanis (mediolanis) ediqtis gamocemiT, ramac qristianobas romis impe-riis erT-erTi Tanasworuflebiani religiis statusi mianiWa, xolo 324 wlidan qris-tianoba romis imperiis erTaderT saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadda.

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2. netari avgustine

aurelius avgustine (354-430) _ qristianuli ideologiisa da dasavluri patristikis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmomadgeneli. qristianad moqcevamde (387 w.), is jer maniqeelTa mimdevrobas emxroboda, Semdeg skepticizmiT, platonisa da neoplatonistTa filosofiiT, ciceronis naSromebiT dainteresda. gaqristianebis Sem-deg, avgustine aqtiurad monawileobda “eretikosTa” devnaSi. 395 wlidan, sicocxlis bo-lomde _ is giponis episkoposi (CrdiloeT afrikaSi) iyo. aurelius avgustine sakmaod nayofieri avtori gaxldaT, romelmac qristianuli moZRvrebis ZiriTadi debulebani SeimuSava: “Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb” da sxva.

netari avgustines religiuri filosofiis umTavresi idea _ RvTisa da RvTiuri siyva-rulis Secnoba; es aris adamianis sulis mizani da erTaderTi arsi. RmerTi _ erTiani, srulyofili da absoluturi arsia; yvelaferi danarCeni arsebobs mxolod RvTis nebiT. mTels samyaroSi araferi xdeba RvTisa da zebunebrivi Zalebis gareSe.

elinisturi filosofiis Tanaxmad, avgustine Tvlida: adamianTa cxovrebis mizani da arsi _ bednierebaa, romelic RmrTis siyvaruliT miiRweva. moZRvrebis mTavari Tezaa _ rwmenis upiratesoba gonebis mimarT. eklesia _ rogorc Seucdomeli, ukanaskneli ins -tancia, nebismieri WeSmaritebisaTvis rwmenis uzenaesi da avtoritetuli wyaro aris.

uTanasworobas is icavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mudmiv da ucvlel princips. uTanasworoba aris im sazogadoebrivi organizmis ierarqiuli struqturis nawili, romelic RmerTma Seqmna. miwieri ierarqia aris im ciuri ierarqiis anarekli, romlis “monarqic” aris RmerTi. avgustine cdilobda ar daeSva xalxis masebis dainte-reseba

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eretikuli moZRvrebebiT da amisaTvis RvTis winaSe yvela adamianis Tanaswo-robis qristianul ideas iyenebda _ yvela xalxi warmoiSva erTi, saerTo winaprisgan.

avgustines gamoTqmuli aqvs adamianuri da RvTiuri istoriis erTianobis idea. es isto-riebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, Tumca ganuyofel sferoebSi mimdinareobda. orive istoriis mTavari arsia _ ori samefos, ori qalaqis _ RvTiurisa da adamianuris brZola. amrigad, RvTisa da bunebis dualizmi sazogadoebriv ganviTarebazec aris gadmotanili. RvTiuri qalaqi adamianTa umciress nawils warmoadgenda, anu imas, ro-melmac sakuTari religiur-zneobrivi cxovrebis wesebiT daimsaxura RvTis mowyaleba da RvTiuri dacva. miwier qalaqSi ki, piruku _ batonoben sixarbe, egoizmi da RvTis-mgmobeli adamianebi. RvTiuri qalaqi mudmivad Zlierdeboda, sazogadoebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT ieso qristes movlinebis Semdeg. RvTiuri qalaqisadmi kuTvnilebis mTavari piroba RvTisa da eklesiisadmi morCileba da Tav-mdabloba aris.

saero saxelmwifoTa miwieri wesrigi boroti, demonuri Zalebis zemoqmedebas eqvemde-bareba. imisaTvis, rom xalxi daicvan am Zalebisagan, savaldebuloa socialuri cxov-rebis ganwmenda uzenaesi RvTiuri samarTlianobis ideiT.

miwieri marTlwesrigis dadgena-uzrunvelyofa ar ZaluZs adamians. misi Seqmna mas Semdeg iTava RmerTma, rac pirveli adamianebi codv ili cxovrebis wess miecen. gadawyda momdevno Taobebis dacva gadagvarebisagan, uricxvi danaSaulis Cadenisagan. marTl-wesrigis safuZvelia _ RvTis SiSi. RmerTi, adamianis dasjis muqariT, icavs am uka-nasknels da ar aZlevs ufskrulSi gadavardnis saSualebas.

sainteresoa avgustines mosazreba monobis Sesaxeb: monoba usamarTloa, im bunebiTi samarTlis poziciidan, romelsac stoelebi qadagebdnen, Tumca samarTliania _ rogorc codvis Sedegi. avgustines azriT, monoba ara warmavali da droebiT mosaTmeni mov-lenaa, raTa Tavi davicvad areulobisagan, aramed mudmivi mdgomareobaa, vinaidan is adamianis bunebis Seryvnis Sedegia. monoba iarsebebs manam, vidre iqneba adamianTa miwieri samyaro. mxolod RvTiur qalaqSi gauqmdeba monoba.

3. Toma aqvineli (aqvinati)

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XIII saukuneSi, evropaSi rogorc politikur, ise sulier cxovrebaSi papis xelisuflebis aRzeveba moxda. maSinve dasrulda sqolastikis _ adamianuri gonis saSualebiT, rwmenis postulatebis gamarTlebaze orientirebuli kaTolikuri Teologiis _ sistemis Seqmna. am sistemis SeqmnaSi udidesi roli domi-nikanelma berma, swavlulma-RvTismetyvelma Toma aqvinatma (aqvinelma _ 1225-1274) iTamaSa, romlis Txzulebani Sua saukuneebis saeklesio ideologiis Tavisebur enci-klopediad iqca. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, aqvinati Tavis naSromebSi ixilavda saxelmwifos, kanonebis, samarTlis problematikas. swored aRniSnuli Tematikaa ganxiluli naSromebSi “mbrZanebelTa mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” da “Teologiis suma.”

swavluli-RvTismetyveli sakuTar naSromebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis dogmebs ujerebda aristoteles Sexedulebebs da am gziT, sakuTari poziciis ganmtkicebas cdilobda. Toma aqvinelis warmodgena saxelmwifos Sesaxeb aRniSnul sakiTxze qristianuli doqtrinis ganviTarebis pirveli mcdeloba iyo, aristoteles “politikis” misadagebis bazaze (romelic laTinur eneze iTargmna da samecniero brunvaSi damkvidrda mxolod 1250 wlis bolodan).

aristotelesgan aqvinatma gadaiRo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani, sakuTari bunebiT, “politikuri da sazogado arseba” aris. adamianebSi, apriori, Casaxulia ltolva gaerTianebisa da saxelmwifoSi cxovrebisaken, vinaidan individs martod-marto sakuTari moTxovnebis dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia. am bunebrivi mizeziT, iqmneba poli-tikuri erToba (saxelmwifo). saxelmwifoebriobis dawesebis procedura, analogiuria RvTis mier samyaros Seqmnis procedurisa. samyaros Seqmnis aqtSi pirvelad Cndebian nivTebi, rogorc aseTi, mere ki xdeba _ nivTebis diferencireba, maTi im funqciebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini aRasruleben, msoflio wesrigis Sinagani gaangariSebis sazRvrebSi. monarqis saqmianoba RvTis aqtiurobas emsgavseba. vidre RmerTi samyaros marTvas Seudgeboda, man am samyaroSi organizebuloba da swori aRnagoba Seitana. Zus-tad amave wesiT, monarqi jer awesebda da awyobda saxelmwifos, Semdeg _ mis marTvas iwyebda. saxelmwifoebriobis mizania

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_ “saerTo keTildReoba”, gonieri da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna. am miznis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia, sabatono-wodebriobaze damyarebuli, saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, vinaidan RmerTma Zala-ufleba da simdidre mxolod privilegirebul wodebas mianiWa, xolo miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi gamoricxa politikis sferodan. am RvTiuri wesrigis dacva ki yvelas eva-leba, vinaidan maTi RvTiuri movaleobaa daemorCilon umaRless wodebas _ mmarTvelebs, romlebic saxelmwifos ganasaxiereben.

papis mmarTvelobis interesebisa da sabatono samyaros dawesebulebaTa dacva sul uf-ro rTuli xdeboda. kerZod, “yvela xelisufleba RvTisgan momdinareobs” Tezisis logikuri axsna, dasaSvebad miiCnevda saero warCinebulebis (mefeebis, Tavadebis) abso-lutur uflebas, marTon saxelmwifo, e.i. SesaZlebels xdida am Tezisis Semobrunebas, romis kaTolikuri eklesiis politikuri ambiciebis sawinaaRmdegod. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos saqmeebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis Carevis safuZveli Seqmniliyo da saeros mimarT, sasuliero xelisuflebis upiratesobis Tezisi daesabuTebina, aqvinatma mecnierul brunvaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sami momentis (elementis) gansxvaveba Semoitana: 1) Sinaarsi (arsi); 2) forma (warmoSoba); 3) gamoyeneba.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis arsi _ es aris batonobisa da morCilebis urTierTobaTa wesi, romlis drosac adamianTa ierarqiis saTaveSi myofTa neba marTavs da amoZravebs mosaxleobis dabal fenas. es wesi daadgina RmerTma, e.i. xelisufleba, misi ZirZveli arsidan gamomdinare, aris RvTiuri dawesebuleba. amitom xelisufleba aris ucvleli sikeTe da keTildReoba. xolo misi warmoSobis konkretuli xerxebi (anu xelisuflebis dauflebis meTodebi), misi konstruqciis esa Tu is formebi, SeiZleba zogjer Seryvni-li da usamarTloc ki iyos. aqvinati im viTarebasac ar gamoricxavda, rodesac sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebiT sargebloba SeiZleba mis borotad gamoyenebaSi gadazrdi-liyo. maSasadame, saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis meore da mesame elementebi zogjer moklebulni arian RvTiurobis niSans. es maSin xdeba, rodesac mmarTveli an xelisuf-lebis uzurpacias axdens, an saxelmwifos marTavs usamarTlod. erTic da meorec RvTiuri kanonebis, romis kaTolikuri eklesiis, rogorc dedamiwaze ieso qristes nebis gamomxatveli erTaderTi xelisuflebis, kanonebisa da RvTiuri samarTlis darRvevis Sedegi aris.

ramdenadac mmarTvelis moqmedeba RvTis nebas scildeba da es moqmedeba eklesiis inte-resebs ewinaaRmdegeba, imdenad qveSevrdomni, aqvinatis azriT, uflebamosilni arian SeewinaaRmdegon aseT moqmedebas. mmarTveli, romelic brZaneblobs RvTis kanonebisa da zneobis debulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, ametebs sakuTar kompetencias, iWreba adamianTa sulier samyaroSi da uwesebs maT, zomaze metsa da mZime gadasaxadebs _ aseTi

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mmarTveli tiranad gardaiqmneba. xolo, vinaidan tirani mxolod sakuTar keTil-dReobaze zrunavs da mas ar surs icodes saerTo sargeblianoba, arRvevs kanonebsa da samarTlianobas, xalxs eniWeba ufleba, Tundac SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli. xolo, tiranis winaaRndeg ukiduresi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis sakiTxs mxolod eklesia da romis papi wyvets. tiranias aqvinati ganasxvavebda monarqiisagan, romelic, misi azriT, aris mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma. am formas igi upiratesobas ori mizezis gamo aniWebda: 1) monarqias saerTo hqonda, zogadad, RvTis mier dadgenil da warmarTul samyarosTan da, agreTve, adamianis organizmTan, romlis sxvadasxva nawili erTiandeba da warimarTeba erTiani gonis mier; 2) istoriuli gamocdilebis monacemTa Sedegad, romlebic erTi piris mier marTuli saxelmwifos simtkicesa da warmatebulobas adasturebdnen.

Toma aqvinatma, aristoteles naSromTa Seswavlis Sedegad, mmarTvelobis sxva formebic Seicno: aristokratia, oligarqia, demokratia, Sereuli mmarTveloba. Tumca, maT Soris yvelaze sasurveli iyo monarqia. Tanac, igi ganasxvavebda monarqiuli wyobis or nair -saxeobas: absolutur monarqiasa da politikur monarqias. pirvelTan SedarebiT, misi azriT, meores axasiaTebda ueWveli upiratesobani. masSi mniSvnelovan rols Tama-Sobdnen saero da sasuliero didgvarovnebi. am monarqiaSi mefis xelisufleba damo-kidebulia kanonze da ar scildeba mis farglebs.

qristianobaSi, ZiriTad socialur-politikur funqcias asrulebda, masSi Semavali eTika. religiuri eTikis ZiriTadi aspeqti valdebulebis problema aris. savaldebulod iTvleba adamianebis mimarT, individis normaluri urTierTobebis garkveuli nair-saxeoba. aqvinati farTod iyenebda “kanonis” kategorias im movlenis asaxsnelad, rome -lic politikurad mowyobil sazogadoebas axasiaTebda. man kanonis gansakuTrebuli Teoria SeimuSava.

Toma aqvinati Tvlida, rom yvela kanoni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia subordinaciis ZafebiT. kanonTa piramidis saTaveSi dgas mudmivi kanoni _ universaluri norma, RvTaeb -rivi gonis zogadi principi, romelic marTavs samyaros. mudmivi kanoni zis RmerTSi, misi Tanazomieria; is TviTon arsebobs da misgan gamomdinareoben kanonis sxva saxeobani. pirvelyovlisa ki, bunebiTi kanoni, romelic, TavisTavad aris mudmivi ka -nonis anarekli adamianTa gonSi, moazrovne arsebaTa SemecnebaSi. bunebiTi kanoni mogviwodebs, viswrafodeT TviTgadarCenisaken da admianTa modgmis gagrZelebisaken, moiTxovs da gvavaldebulebs, veZioT WeSmariteba (RmerTi) da pativi vceT adamianis Rirsebas.

bunebiTi kanonis konkretizacias emsaxureba adamianTa (pozitiuri) kanoni. misi daniS-nulebaa _ ZaladobiTa da SiSiT aiZulos adamianeb i (romlebic, bunebiT, arasrul-yofili qmnilebani arian), Tavi aaridon

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borotebas da eziaron saTnoebas. bunebiTi kanonisgan gansxvavebiT, pozitiuri kanoni aris imperativi, romelsac cvalebadi Sinaarsi gaaCnia. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi pozitiuri kanonis normebi, SesaZloa, gansxva-vebuli Sinaarsisac ki iyos. is, raSic maT saerTo gaaCniaT, SeiZleba gaxdes “adamianis (xalxis) samarTali”. maTSi arsebuli specifikuri normebi ki gaaerTianeben, yoveli calkeuli saxelmwifos, “moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da samarTals”. aqvinatis aRniSnuli mosazreba romaeli iuristebis msoflmxedvelobas Seesabameba. rodesac aqvinati adamianTa (pozitiuri) kanonze saubrobda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda Sua saukuneebis evropuli kanonmdebloba. Tumca, Zalzed mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom Toma aqvinati uaryofda adamianTa kanonis mniSvnelobas, rogorc saero xelisuflebis iseT qmnilebas, romelic bunebiTi kanonis moTxovnebs ewinaaRmdegeba. misTvis ar iyo kanoni is dadgenileba, romelSic uaryofilia TviTgadarCenis, saojaxo cxovrebisa da aRzr -dis, RvTisa (WeSmaritebis Zebnis) da adamianTa Rirseuli cxovrebis moTxovnebi.

da bolos, kanonis kidev erTi saxeobaa _ RvTiuri kanoni, romelic bibliaSi mocemulia da saWiroa ori mizezis gamo: 1) adamianTa (pozitiur) kanons ar ZaluZs borotebis bolomde aRmofxvra; 2) adamianTa gonis arasrulyofilebis gamo, adamianebs TviTon ar SeuZliaT samarTlisa da simarTlis erTiani cnebebis Seqma; maT am saqmeSi daxmarebas gauwevs, qristianTa Soris, yvelaze avtoritetuli saxelmZRvanelo _ biblia.

eTikis safuZvelzeve Seiqmna aqvinatis samarTlebrivi koncefcia. misTvis, eTika aris simarTlisa da samarTlianobis sfero. romaeli iuristebis gavleniT, igi Tvlida, rom samarTliani aris is, rac TiToeuls ergeba, damsaxurebisamebr.

Toma aqvinats romis kaTolikurma eklesiam “angelozTa doqtori” uwoda. 1323 wels igi wmindanad Seiracxa, xolo 1879 wels aqvinatis sqolastikuri sistema, romis papma _ leon XIII-em “kaTolicizmis erTaderT WeSmarit filosofiad” _ enciklikad “Aeterni patris” gamoacxada, ramac sadave daudo neoTomizmis Teorias (koncefcias).

4. marsilio padueli

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XI-XIII saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi swrafi tempiT viTardeboda sameurneo cxovreba; gafarTovda da gacxovelda xelosnoba da vaWroba, ramac saqalaqo cxovrebisa da misTvis Cveuli sabazro urTierTobebis daCqarebul ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. am procesis kanonzomier Sedegs Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda, romlebSic, ZiriTadad, gaerTiandnen qalaqis aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi, kerZod: savaWro gildiebSi da xelosanTa amqrebSi gaerTianebuli pirebi _ vaWrebi da bankirebi, mewarmeni, damoukidebeli mdidari xelosnebi. aRniSnul sazogadoebriv jgufebs araferSi sWirdeboda gauTavebeli Sina-omebi, romlebic Zirs uTxridnen saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, radgan maTi ideali iyo, gankerZoebulobis mosurne mebatoneTa TviTnebobisa da Zaladobisagan Tavisufali, mtkice mmarTvelobis forma, romelic Zlier da mtkice samefo xelisuflebasTan aso-cirdeboda. biurgerTa aRniSnuli orientaciis yvelaze naTel politikur da iuridiul mosazrebebs marsilio padueli (daaxl. 1275-1343 ww.) gamoTqvamda.

sakmaod vrcel naSromSi “mSvidobis damcveli” (1324 -1326), marsilio padueli, samyaroSi arsebul yvela ubedurebasa da usamarTlobaze mTels pasuxismgeblobas kaTolikur eklesias akisrebda. am mZime Sedegis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu samRvdeloeba mxolod adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis sferoTi dakavdeboda da sa-xelmwifos gamoeyofoda, agreTve saero politikur xelisuflebas daeqvemdebareboda.

paduelis azriT, saero politikuri xelisufleba adamiaTa Tanacxovrebis formaTa garTulebis Sedegad warmoiSva. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxebi, sayovelTao sargeblisa da sayovelTao Tanxmobis miRwevis mizniT, gaerTiandnen gvarebad, gvarebi _ tomebad. Sem-deg, imave mizniTa da wesiT, moxda qalaqebis konsolidacia; am procesis daskvniTi sta-dia _ saxelmwifos warmoSobaa, romelic mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi yvela piris saerTo Tanxmobas daefuZna, raTa sayovelTao sargebeli

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moepovebinaT. saxelmwifos bunebisa da misi warmoSobis procesis aRwerisas, padueli aristoteles Sesabamiss ideebs izia-rebda.

marsiliom gamoTqva, im droisaTvis Zalzed mamaci mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom yoveli xelisuflebis WeSmariti wyaro aris xalxi, romlisganac momdinareobs rogorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisufleba. mxolod xalxia _ uzenaesi kanonmdebeli da mmarTveli. Tumca, xalxis cnebis qveS igulisxmeboda ara mTlianad saxelmwifos mosaxleoba, aramed _ misi saukeTeso, Rirseuli nawili. amrigad, padueli axdenda qveynis mosaxleobis diferencirebas or kategoriad: saukeTesoebad da mdabioebad, umaRlessa da umdablesad. umaRlesi kategoria (samxedroebi, samRvdeloeba da moxeleebi) emsa-xurebian sayovelTao sargebelsa da sikeTes; umdablesi (vaWrebi, xelosnebi, miwaT-moqmedni) mxolod sakuTari kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze zrunaven.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba moqmedebs, upirveles yovlisa, kanonebis gamocemis meSveobiT. kanoni ki aris is savaldebulo moTxovna, romelic iTvaliswinebs an mkacri sasjelis gamoyenebas, an realuri jildos dapirebas, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi. swored amiT gansxvavdeba saero (saxelmwifos) kanoni RvTiuri kanonebisagan, romlebic mkacri sasjelis gamoyenebas, an realuri jildos dapirebas iTvaliswineben mxolod imqveyniur cxovrebaSi. mxolod xalxs aqvs iuridiuli kanonebis gamocemis ufleba. kanonmorCileba evaleboda aramxolod xalxs, aramed maT gamomcem pirebs.

“mSvidobis damcvelis” avtorma, erT -erTma upirvelsma, moaxdina sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTa mkveTri diferencireba. Tanac, paduelis azriT, swored sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba gansazRvravda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orga-nizaciasa da kompetencias. da saerTodac, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda arse-bobdes da saqmianobdes swored im avtoritetis wyalobiT, romelsac mas aniWebs kanon-mdebeli; manve mkacrad unda daicvas kanonis moTxovna. Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis valia xalxis _ kanonmdeblis nebis aRsruleba.

padueli, italiis qalaq-respublikebSi moqmedi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa kostituirebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, upiratesobas aniWebda arCeviTobas, yvela rangis dawesebulebaTa, Tu moxeleTa mimarT. monarqiis drosac ki, romelic mas mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnda, savaldebulo iyo arCevnebis gziT saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa mowyoba, vinaidan arCeviTi monarqi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze sasurveli mmarTvelia, xolo arCeviTi monarqia gaci-lebiT ukeTesia, vidre memkvidreobiTi.

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Tavi IX

aRorZinebisa da evropuli reformaciis periodis samarTlebrivi azri

1. aRorZinebisa da evropuli reformaciis periodis samarTlebrivi azris zogadi daxasiaTeba

aRorZineba da reformacia _ dasavleT evropis gvian Sua saukuneebis yvelaze mniSvne-lovani movlenebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom, qronologiurad, es periodi jer kidev saba-tono urTierTobaTa etaps moicavda, misi warmomadgenlebis socialur-politikuri mrwamsi, aSkarad, adreburJuaziul, antisabatono ideologias warmoadgenda da sastikad gmobda moZvelebuli Suasaukunovani wyobis gadmonaSTebs. rodesac aRorZinebis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen, mxedvelobaSi hqondaT romis kaTolikuri eklesiis da mis mier aRia-rebuli orTodoqsaluri religiis krizisi, agreTve azrovnebis antisqolastikuri ti-pis, humanisturi kulturisa da msoflmxedvelobis formireba.

aRorZinebis epoqaSi dawyebuli filosofiuri da samecniero azris gacocxleba samarTalmcodneobis Semdgom ganviTarebazec aisaxa. mas Semdeg, rac adamiani aRiares individad, daiwyo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos arsis axleburi gaazreba. am epoqaSi warmoiSva iurisprudenciis e.w. humanisturi mimarTuleba, romlis warmomadgenlebi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen moqmedi samarTlis (gansakuTrebiT, romis samarTlis) wyaroebis Seswavlaze. romis samarTlis recefciis procesis gaZliereba misi debulebebis Tanxvedras iTxovda axal erovnul socialur-politikur viTarebasa da adgilobrivi erovnuli samarTlis normebTan. safuZveli eyreba samarTlis istoriuli gagebisa da ganmartebis Canasaxebs.

aRorZinebisa da reformaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi saerTo niSnebis arseboba: Zveli, dromoWmuli sabatono urTierTobebis msxvreva da axali adrekapitalisturi urTierTobebis warmoSoba, sazogadoebis axali fenebis avtoritetis zrda, arsebuli religiuri moZRvrebis kritika (zogjer _ uaryofac), sekularizaciisaken aSkara gadaxra da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisaTvis saero xasiaTis miniWeba.

samarTlis humanisturi mimarTulebis mecnierTaTvis mniSvnelovania, upirveles yovlisa, kanonmdebloba. pirvelad am epoqaSi gaxmaurda sabatono separatizmisa da Sinaomebis akrZalvis aucilebloba, agreTve saxelmwifo xelisuflebis centra-lizaciis, erTiani kanonmdeblobisa da kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobis moTxovna.

Tumca, aRniSnuli istoriuli periodis humanistTa yuradReba pozitiuri samarTlis normebis mimarT, sulac ar gamoricxavda bunebiTi samarTlis ideebsa da warmodgenebs, vinaidan moqmedi pozitiuri samarTali romis

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samarTalsac moicavda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, bunebiT-samarTlebriv ideebsa da warmodgenebs Seicavda. romis samarTali Zvel popularobas inarCunebda; mas kvlav aRiqvamdnen, rogorc “bunebiTi samarTlianobis saukeTeso obieqtur normad” da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansakuTrebul faqtorad. Tumca, humanizmma ganaxorciela Teoriisa da dogmis gamijvna mxolod Semecnebis xerxebTan dakavSirebiT, anu rogorc dogmati-iuristis, aseve humanisti-iuristis Semecnebis sagnad kvlav rCeboda mxolod romis samarTali. filosofosebis Semdgomma saqmianobam gaafarTova samarTlis Semecnebis sagani. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aRor-Zinebisa da reformaciis periodis politikuri da iuridiuli azris umTavress wyarod kvlav rCeboda wminda werili, biblia (gansakuTrebiT _ axali aRTqma).

2.nikolo makiaveli

samarTlis Sesaxeb koncefciis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, arc Tu bevria moZRvari, romlis Semoqmedebas amdeni mimdevari da Seurigebeli kriti-kosi da mowinaaRmdege gasCenoda, rogorc TanamedroveTa, ise Semdgomi periodebis moaz-rovneTa wridan, ramdenic gamoCenilma italielma moazrovnem, mweralma da sazogado moRvawem _ nikolo makiavelim (1469-1527) SeiZina. antikuri literaturis didi mcodne, diplomati da politikosi (kerZod, 14 wlis asakSi mas ekava

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florenciis respublikis mdivnis Tanamdeboba), makiaveli, iuridiuli azris istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromis avtori: “mTavari” (1513, mieZRvna gankacebul satanas _ Cezare borjias), “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb” (1519), “florenciis istoria ” (pirveli gamocema gamovida misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1532 wels).

mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom makiavelis Semoqmedeba, sakuTari suliskveTebiT me-tad winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. amis axsnas ki cdiloben moazrovnis pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, agreTve im dramatuli viTarebiT, romelic axasiaTebda mis Tanamedrove epoqas, miTumetes, rom makiaveli Zalzed gonieri da dakvirvebuli analitikosi da mim-dinare movlenebis obieqturi aRmnusxveli iyo. yvela mkvlevari aRniSnavda mis pat-riotizms, im mZime sulier tkivils, romelsac makiaveli ganicdida italiis qalaq-respublikebSi mimdinare Sinaomebisa da ucxoel dampyrobelTa Semosevebis Sedegad. mas is Sedegebic aRelvebda, romlebic saeklesio xelisufalTa usafuZvlo CareviT iyo gamowveuli, qveynis saero cxovrebaSi. makiaveli simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili respub-likuri wyobilebisa da demokratiuli institutebis mimarT.

Tanamedrove mecniereba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb swored nikolo makiavelis Semoqmedebidan iwyeba, romlis mizani stabiluri saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmna iyo, im-droindeli evropis aramyar socialur-politikur garemoSi.

makiaveli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas gamoyofda: monarqias, aristokratiasa da demokratias. misi azriT, TiToeuli maTgani metad arastabiluria da mxolod mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis wyalobiT Tu moxdeba saxelmwifoSi mtkice wesrigis damkvidreba. aseTi mmarTvelobis forma ki Zvel romSi, respublikis xanaSi iyo, sadac konsulati monarqias, senati _ aristokratiasa da tribuni plebis _ demokratias gana-saxierebda. “mTavarsa” da “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb”-Si, makiaveli politikaSi warmatebis miRwevisa da marcxis gancdis mizezebs ixilavda. misi azriT, es mizezebi unda veZioT xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xerxebSi. “mTavarSi” makia-veli absoluturi monarqiis momxred, xolo “msjeloba” -Si _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis respublikuri formis damcvelad gvevlineba. Tumca, orive nawarmoebi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb avtoris erTsa da igive realur-politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda: mniSvnelovania mxolod politikuri Sedegebis miRweva. mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis SenarCuneba. yvelaferi danarCeni ki mxolod xerxia _ saSualebaa, m aT Soris religia da zneobac.

makiaveli miiCnevda, rom adamianebi, bunebiT, egoistebi arian; ar arsebobs raime sazRva-ri, romelic adamianis materialuri keTildReobisa da Zalauflebisaken ltolvas Sez-Rudavs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom adamians

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mxolod SezRuduli resursi gaaCnia, is mudam konfliqtur viTarebaSi imyofeba. saxelmwifo ki efuZneba individis moTxovnas, Tavi daicvas sxvaTa mxridan, agresiuli Semotevisagan. Tu ar arsebobs kanonze dafuZnebuli Zala, warmoiqmneba anarqia. amitom, saWiroa Zlieri mmarTvelis arseboba, romelic ada-mianTa usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs. makiaveli ar cdilobda admianis arsis filosofiuri analizis moxdenas da aRniSnul movlenas ganixilavda, rogorc aSkarasa da udaos.

makiavelis azriT, yvela adamiani egoistia da maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu romeli maTgani ufro garyvnilia (ra xarisxiT). sakuTari argumentebis gansamtkiceblad man keTili da boroti saxelmwifos, agreTve cudi da kargi moqalaqis cnebebi Semoitana. mas ainteresebda swored is pirobebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen kargi saxelmwifos da kargi moqalaqis Seqmnas. makiavelis azriT, saxelmwifo maSin iqneba kargi, Tu is moqalaqeTa egoisturi interesebis da miswrafebebis dabalansebas SesZlebs, anu saxelmwifo stabiluri unda iyos. cud saxelmwifoSi aSkaraa gansxva-vebuli egoisturi moTxovnebis konfliqti. xolo aseTi saxelmwifos kargi moqalaqe patriotad da mebrZol subieqtad gvevlineba. sxva sityvebiT, kargi saxelmwifo _ stabiluria. politikis mizani aris ara kargi cxovreba, rogorc es antikur eladasa da Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi iTvleboda, aramed xelisuflebis martivi SenarCuneba da xeli-sufalTa rCena (anu, stabilurobis damyareba). makiavelis kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mniSvneloba. Tumca, mas, upirveles yovlisa, wminda saxis politikuri TamaSi ainteresebda. sakmaod sustia makiavelis msoflmxedvelobiTi arsenali, xelisuflebis realizaciis ekonomikuri pirobebis aspeqtSi.

mTlianobaSi, makiavelis Rvawli samarTlis filosofiis TeoriaSi Semdegs gulisxmobs: 1. man uaryo sqolastika da mis nacvlad racionalizmi da realizmi daamkvidra; 2. Seqm-na samarTlis filosofiis mecnierebis safuZvlebi; 3. gamoaaSkarava politikisa da sa -xelmwifo formis kavSiri socialur brZolasTan, SemoiRo, Tanamedrove gagebiT, stato-s _ saxelmwifosa da respublica-s cnebebi; 4. Seqmna saxelmwifos iseTi modelis winapiroba, romelic adamianis materialur interess daefuZneboda. mTavari ki aris is, rom makiavelisgan moyolebuli, saxelisuflo struqturaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa samarT-lebriv safuZvels politikuri Zalaufleba da ara zneobrivi debulebani warmoadgenda. xolo politika zneobisagan gaTavisuflebul cnebad ganixileboda. makiavelis swored imitom miaweren axali drois politikuri mecnierebis fuZe-mdeblobas, rom man saxelmwifos miakuTvna sajaro-saxelisuflo prerogativaTa monopoluri ufleba. “mTavarSi” makiaveli saxelmwifos ixilavs, rogorc im erTaderTi legalur aparats, romelic qveSevrdomebsa da sazogadoebas marTavs. aseTi saxelmwifo aparati mmarTvels (mbrZanebels) da mis ministrebs,

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moxeleebs, mrCevlebs da sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs aerTianebs, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imas, rasac Cven centralur administraciad miviCnevT. mTavars ekuTvnis mTeli Zalaufleba: dauSvebelia misi xelisuflebis Sez-Rudva, saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva romelime organos an Tanamdebobis piris mier. amitom, is uaryofiTad afasebda im garemoebas, rodesac mbrZaneblis gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas vinmes neba -survili axdenda. xelisuflebis arsi, mbrZaneblis TviT-mpyrobeloba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazo-gadoeba da qveSevrdomebi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr marTos. makiavelisaTvis absoluturad ucxo da miuRebelia idea: xalxi _ uzenaesi xelisuflebis wyaros Sesaxeb. mis naSromebSi araferia naTqvami xalxis uflebaze, marTos saxelmwifo. is ki ara, saerTodac uaryofilia xalxis minimaluri CarTuloba saxelmwifo saqmeebis aRsrulebaSi.

“mTavarSi” makiaveli miiCnevda, rom mbrZanebeli xalxis meurved unda gamodiodes. Ta-nac, mbrZanebels mudam unda axsovdes, rom didkacoba _ pativmoyvarea, xolo xalxi _ mouTokavi brbo. man kargad unda icodes, rom samyaroSi araferia im mdabios garda, romelsac garegnuli efeqti da warmateba itacebs. gonieri mbrZanebeli dakavebulia saxelmwifoSi wesrigis damyarebiTa da uzrunvelyofiT, rac qveyanas Tavidan aacilebs, Tanamdebobis da kerZo pirTa mxridan, danaSaulis Cadenas; daicavs qveSevrdomebs, moxe-leTa mxridan ganxorcielebuli, Zarcva-glejisgan, dazaralebuls ki miscems marTl-msajulebas. cudia is mbrZanebeli, romelic qveSevrdomebs ar meurveobs, xvleps maT da ar eZiebs maTi gulebis mogebis gzebs. qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva ganamtkicebs uzenaesi xelisuflebis avtoritets. “mTavarSi” makiaveli arafers ambobda qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze, rac sulac ar aris SemTxveviToba. iq, sadac saubaria qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze _ mudam problemebia. xalxs anaRvlebs mxolod misi kerZo sakuTrebis dacva . xalxi Tavisuflad egueba Tavisuflebis, prestiJis, xelisuflebis dakargvas. Tumca, is verasodes Seegueba qonebis xelyofas. imisaTvis, rom qalaqSi (qveyanaSi) damyardes wesrigi, makiavelis azriT, ra ufro sasurvelia: mbrZaneblis siyvaruli, Tu misi SiSi? Tu orive erTdroulad moqmedebs, amas ra sjobs. Tumca, Tu arCevanis winaSe davdgebiT, maSin upiratesoba eniWeba SiSs, radgan dasjis SiSiT, qveSevrdomi morCilebas gamoxatavs.

3. reformaciis droindeli samarTlebrivi ideologia

aRorZinebis epoqaSi, filosofiur-samarTlebrivi azris ganviTareba didad iyo dakavSi-rebuli reformaciis droindel moRvaweebTan. reformaciis periodSi moxda Sua-saukunovani sqolastikis ZiriTadi debulebebis gadafaseba, rasac, arsebiTad, Seuwyo xeli aRorZinebam,

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frangulad _ renesansma (rinaSimentom _ italiurad) da evropulma reformaciam. am or moZRvrebas Suasaukunovani sqolastikis kritikuli Sefasebebis xerxebi ganasxvavebda. Tumca, maTSi mkveTrad gamoixateba Sua saukuneebis filosofiis, ideologiis, politikuri Teoriebis krizisi; orive mimdinareoba axali drois samarTlis filosofiis, Tavisebur safuZvlad miiCneva.

a)martin luTeri

reformaciis erT-erT udidess warmomadgenlad martin luTeri (1483-1546) miiCneva. es germaneli reformatori protestantizmis fuZemdebelic gaxldaT. Tumca, is sulac ar iyo filosofosi da moazrovne, miuxedavad imisa, rom m. luTeris TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli germanul enaze 67, xolo laTinur enaze _ 38 tomad aris gamocemuli. nawarmoebaTa umravlesoba luTeris filosofiur-samarTlebriv Sexe-dulebebs adastureben. luTeri impulsur religiurobas avlenda da misi Teologia fi-losofiur elementebsa da ideebs Seicavda.

adamianis _ sazogadoebis wevris _ uflebebsa da movaleobebs luTeri religiur-zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT asabuTebda da sakuTari moZRvrebis mTavar arss mxolod imaSi xedavda, rom, adamianTa gadarCenis erTaderT gzad, rwmenas miiCnevda. piradi rwme -na, misi azriT, absoluturad upirispirdeba avtoritetisadmi rwmenas.

luTeris mixedviT, adamianis cxovreba da moRvaweoba aris, RvTis winaSe, movaleobebis aRsruleba, romelic realizebas axdens sazogadoebaSi. Tumca, sazogadoeba ar gan-sazRvravs am movaleobebs.

sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom samarTlebrivi Tavisufleba unda mianiWos adamians aseTi movaleobebis realizebisaTvis. adamiani xelisuflebisgan unda iTxovdes iseTi moqmedebis ganxorcielebis wminda da gadaudebeli uflebis miniWebas, romelic mimar-Tuli iqneba, RvTis winaSe, bralis gamosyidvisaken. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb luTeriseuli warmodgena SeiZleba ase ganimartos: ufleba, gwamdes sin -disierad _ aris ufleba cxovrebis yovelgvari wesis mimarT, romelic rwmeniT aris nakarnaxevi da rwmenis Sesabamisad SeirCeva.

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mTlianobaSi, luTeris filosofiur-samarTlebrivi koncefcia SeiZleba Semdegi debu-lebebiT daxasiaTdes: 1. rwmenis Tavisufleba sindisis Sesabamisad, aris universaluri da yvelasaTvis Tanaswori ufleba; 2. samarTlebrivi dacva aramxolod rwmenaze, ara-med mis winapirobebzec unda gavrceldes; 3. rwmenis Tavisufleba sityvis, beWvdiTi sityvisa da Sekrebebis Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs; 4. uflebis realizeba unda moxdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi daumorCileblobiT, Tu adgili eqneba sindisis Tavi-suflebis SezRudvas; 5. samarTlebriv uzrunvelyofas mxolod sulieri sfero imsa-xurebs, danarCeni sferoebi ki xelisuflebis gulmowyalebiT unda dakmayofildnen.

luTeri miiCnevda, rom sxva ram, garda RvTis sityvisa, saWiro ar aris, riTac is racio-nalizms upirispirdeboda. am principma filosofiisadmi luTeris damokidebuleba gana-piroba: sityva da goni, filosofia da Teologia erTmaneTSi ki ar unda avrioT, aramed _ maTi mkveTri gamijvna unda moxdes. Tumca, luTeri arasworad miiCnevda germanuli sazogadoebis demokratizacias da xalxisagan xelisuflebisadmi morCilebas moiTxov-da. is uaryofiTad afasebda radikalur gamosvlebsa da monarqiis winaaRmdeg Seuri-gebel brZolas.

b)

luTeris ideebisgan gansxvavebiT, saglexo moZraobis liderad Tomas miunceri (daaxl. 1490 -1525) gvevlineba, romelmac reformatoruli moZraoba, yovelgvari eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg mkveTrad radikalur brZolad gada-aqcia. misi ideali socialuri Tanasworoba iyo, risi miRweva mTavarTa da eklesiis batonobis aRmofxvriT iqneboda SesaZlebeli. revoluciuri brZolis pikia germaniis saglexo omi (1524-1526).

ajanyebuli glexobis socialuri da samarTlebrivi ideebi e.w. “12 muxlsa” da “mux-lobriv werilSia” asaxuli. pirveli dokumenti, SedarebiT zomieri da konkretuli moTxovnebisagan Sedgeboda. kerZod, masSi saubari iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom: yvela sasu-liero Cinosani unda airCes sasoflo Temis mier; savaldebuloa baton-ymobis gauqmeba; Semcirdes saglexo gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblis odenoba;

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sasamarTlosa da marTl-msajulebis ganxorcielebisas, aRmoifxvras TviTneboba da usamarTloba.

gacilebiT radikaluria is moTxovnebi, romlebic“muxlobriv werilSi” aisaxa. es naS-romi miunceris uaxloesma garemocvam dawera. am dokumentis avtorTa azriT, SeuZ-lebelia glexebis mdgomareobis moTmena. yvela saglexo Temi unda gaerTiandes e.w. “qristianul samyarosa da kavSirSi”, raTa, erToblivi ZalebiT, iaraRiT xelSi SeebrZolos im usamarTlobas, rasac, Cveulebriv, uqmnian xalxs saero da sasuliero mTavrebi. am gaerTianebaSi mTeli qveynis glexoba unda Sevides, rac samarTliani sazo-gadoebrivi wyobis damyarebas moitans; am gaerTianebis mizania “saerTo sargeb-lianobisadmi” samsaxuris gaweva. vinaidan “muxlobrivi werili” aseTi wyobis damyarebas xalxis masebs ukavSirebda, savaraudod, axali socialuri wesrigis Seqmnis Se mdeg, swored xalxi miiCneoda xelisuflebis wyarod. miunceri amarTlebda SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, arsebuli saero da sasuliero mTavrebis xelisuflebis damxobas. Uf-ro metic, is kanonier da aucilebel qmedebad miiCnevda, Zaladobis gziT, sazoga-doebrivi wyobis Secvlas. iaraRiT xelSi, saWiroa axali wyobis dacvac, vinaidan mis winaaRmdeg ibrZoleben egoisturi socialuri jgufebi.

miuncers ar gamouTqvams raime mwyobri koncefcia mmarTvelobis formebis, an mmarTve-lobis principebis Sesaxeb. savaraudod, is gaxldaT, im periodSi kargad cnobili, Taborituli moZraobis momxre. miunceri Teologi (Tumca, savaraudod, arc aTeizms uaryofda) iyo, amitom sakuTari ideebis dasabuTebas bibliis safuZvelze cdilobda.

4.Jan bodeni

XVI saukunis movlenebma arsebiTi gavlena iqonia axal ideologiur da politikur doqtrinaze. amitom, sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom aRniSnul periodSi Cndeba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb sruliad axali moZRvreba, romlis avtoroba gamoCenil Sveicarel iuristsa da publicists _ Jan bodens (1530-1596) ekuTvnis, romelic saf-rangeTSi moRvaweobda. man daasabuTa saxelmwifos prioriteti yvela sxva socialuri institutis, maT Soris eklesiis mimarT. bodenma

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suverenitetis _ saxelmwifos mTavari Tvisebis cneba SemoiRo. sakuTar naSromSi “eqvsi wigni respublikis Sesaxeb” (1578), bo -deni ayalibebda ideas im suverenuli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas avtonomiuri piris uflebebi da myarad danergos mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis principi, qveynis SigniT arsebul gansxvavebul socialur-politikur Zalebs Soris. bodeni amu-Savebda ra sakuTar filosofiur-samarTlebriv koncefcias saxelmwifos da poli-tikuri Zalauflebis Sesaxeb, iziarebda aristoteles mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos sa -fuZvels ojaxi warmoadgenda. bodenis azriT, saxelmwifo aris mravali meurneobisa da ojaxis samarTlebrivi mmarTveloba. is iziarebda, sazogadoebaSi, qonebrivi uTanas-worobis princips da aseT viTarebas bunebriv da aucilebel movlenad miiCnevda. bodenis politikuri ideali saero saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac Seswevs Zala, uzrun-velyos yvelas ufleba-Tavisuflebani. marTlwesrigis damyarebis saukeTeso gzad, bodeni Zlier absolutur monarqias miiCnevda, vinaidan monarqi samarTlisa da suve-renitetis erTaderTi wyaro iyo.

suverenuli saxelmwifos cnebis qveS, bodenis azriT, uzenaesi da SeuzRudavi sa-xelmwifo xelisufleba igulisxmeboda, romelic Sua saukuneebis sabatono monarqiebs upirispirdeba, sadac, Cveulebriv movlenad daqucmacebuloba, socialuri uTanaswo-roba, mefeTa xelisuflebis SezRudva iTvleboda.

suverenuli saxelmwifos mTavari niSnebi aris: 1. uzenaesi xelisuflebis simtkice da uryevoba; 2. misi SeuzRudavoba da absolutizmi; 3. erTianoba da ganuyofloba. mxolod aseT xelisuflebas ZaluZs yvelasaTvis saerTo da Tanabari uflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, bodenis azriT, suvereniteti sulac ar niSnavs saxelmwifos suverenitets. misi SexedulebiT, suverenitetis subieqti aris ara TviT saxelmwifo, mTlianobaSi, aramed _ konkretuli mbrZanebeli (monarqi, xalxi _ demokratiul respublikaSi), anu saxelmwifo organoebi. imis mixedviT, Tu vin aris suverenitetis matarebeli subieqti, bodeni gamo -yofda saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da de-mokratias.

bodenis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba “saxelmwifos geografiuli tipizacia”, anu sa-xelmwifos tipis gansazRvra geografiul-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, zomieri havis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia gonebis saxelmwifos arseboba, sadac iseTi adamianebi cxovroben, romlebsac samarTlianoba da kacTmoyvareoba axasiaTebT. samxreT regionebSi ki xalxi _ bunebrivad zarmacia; maT ar uyvarT garja. amitom, aq saWiroa religiuri Zalauflebisa da mkacri saxelmwifos arseboba. CrdiloeTis mcxov-rebTaTvis sakmarisia mxolod Zlieri saero saxelmwifos arseboba.

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bodeni suverenitetis 5 ganmasxvavebel niSans gamoyofda: 1. kanonebis gamocema, rom-lebic yvela qveSevrdomisa da saxelmwifos sxva uwyebisadmi iqneboda mimarTuli; 2. omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxTa gadawyveta; 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna; 4. uzenaesi sasamarTlos saxiT moqmedeba, saboloo instanciis sasamarTlod qceva; 5. Sewyaleba.

zogadsavaldebulo kanonebis gamocema suverenitetis pirveli da aucilebeli Tviseba aris. suvereni gamoscems kanonebs, Tumca ar qmnis samarTals. bodeni, erTmaneTisagan, mkveTrad mijnavda kanonsa da samarTals da maT gansxvavebulobas aRiqvamda. “samarTali sakuTar TavSi samarTlianobas atarebs , kanoni _ brZanebas”. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis xerxebidan gamomdinare, bodeni saxelmwifos sam nairsaxeobas gamo-yofda: kanonieri, samamulo (senoilaruri), tiranuli. kanonieri aris saxelmwifo, sadac qveSevrdomebi emorCilebian suverenis mier gamocemul kanonebs, xolo TviT suvereni _ bunebiT kanonebs da icavs sakuTari qveSevrdomebis bunebiT Tavisuflebasa da sakuT-rebis uflebas. senioraluria saxelmwifo, romelSic suvereni, iaraRiT xelSi, iqca qonebisa da xalxis mesakuTred da maTze batonobas axorcielebs imgvarad, rogoric aris mamis xelisufleba, ojaxis wevrTa mimarT. tiranul saxelmwifoSi suvereni gmobs bunebiT kanonebs, Tavisufal adamianebs eqceva rogorc monebs, xolo maT qonebas sakuTari Sexedulebisambr gankargavs.

5. XVI-XVII saukuneebis utopiuri socializmis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli, antikapitalisturi arsi, gamoxa-tuli iyo im sazogadoebrivi moZraobis warmomadgenelTa ideologiaSi, romelsac socializmi ewodeba. swored XVI-XVII saukuneebSi am moZraobam damoukidebeli xasiaTi SeiZina da evropuli sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaSi didi adgili daimkvidra.

aRniSnuli periodis evropuli utopiuri socializmis yvelaze gamoCenil warmomad-genlebad Tomas mori (1478-1535) da Tomazo kampanela (1568-1639) iTvlebian.

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Tomas morma, Tavisi drois epoqaluri naSromi _ “utopia” (1516) dawera, kampanelam ki saqveynod cnobili nawarmoebi _ “mzis qalaqi” (1602, pirvelad gamoica _ 1623) Seqmna.

sazogadoeba, moris azriT, aris mdidarTa SeTqmulebis Sedegi. saxelmwifo _ maTi mar-tivi iaraRi, romelsac xalxis Cagvrisa da sakuTari angarebiTi materialuri interesebis dacvisTvis iyeneben. Zalismierad, motyuebiT, veragobiT mdidrebi imor-Cileben mdabio xalxs da xvlepen mas. aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebas ki xels uwyoben, maT mier miRebuli kanonebi, saxelisuflo aqtebi, romlebsac, saxelmwifos saxeliT, Tavs axveven xalxs.

aRniSnuli sazogadoebis sapirispirod, mori qmnis warmosaxviT qveyanas _ utopias, ro-melmac Tavi daaRwia yvela ubedurebis sawyiss _ kerZo sakuTrebas da misiT gamowveul mankierebas, ris Sedegad sazogadoebam TiTqmis udardeli da netari cxovreba daiwyo. utopiaSi akrZalulia kerZo sakuTreba; miwa ki sazogadoebis saerTo sakuTrebaSia gada-cemuli. sazogadoebasve ekuTvnis miwaTmoqmedebis yvela produqti, romelic ojaxuri SromiT iqmneba. TiToeuli ojaxi raime xelobas misdevs. saojaxo-saxelosno organi-zacia utopiuri sazogadoebis sawarmoo struqturas warmoadgens. sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis aRsruleba utopiis moqalaqeTa sayovelTao begara aris. samuSao dRis xan-grZlivoba _ eqvsi saaTia. utopielTa Sromas zedamxedvelobas uweven gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobis pirebi.

utopiis moqalaqeni uzrunvelad cxovroben; maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobac norma-luria. Tumca, am mdgomareobis miRweva da SenarCuneba sakmaod specifikuri gziT xdeba: jer erTi, Sromas aiZuleben TiTqmis yvela qalsa da mamakacs; meore, (es garemoaba mniSvnelovania) moTxovnilebis done daqveiTebulia, vinaidan utopielebi mcirediTac kmayofildebian; utopiis moqalaqeni ubralo da mouxerxebel, Tanac yvela-saTvis erT-nair samoss atareben; maTTvis ucxoa fufuneba.

paradoqsia, magram utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. moris azriT, am idealur qveyanaSi aris da unda iyos kidec mona, romelic valdebulia daborkili iyos. “utopiis” avtori-saTvis warmoudgenelia, rom raime usiamovno samuSaos Sesrulebam Selaxos utopielTa bednieri cxovreba: pirutyvis dakvlam, sibinZuris gawmendam da a.S. imis gamo, rom aseTi samuSaos

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Sesruleba, nebayoflobiT, aravis surda, saWiro gaxda monaTa Sroma, romelTa mxrebs daawva usiamovno saqmeebis keTeba. monebad samxedro tyveebi, agreTve danaSau-lisaTvis gasamarTlebuli moqalaqeebi da is adamianebi xdebodnen, romlebic, sakuTar saxelmwifoSi sikvdilmisjilebad iTvlebodnen da isini utopielebma gamoisyides, damonebis mizniT. Tumca, utopiaSi monoba ar aterebs memkvidreobiT xasiaTs, mona kacis Svili _ Tavilufalia. monas SeeZlo Taviluflebis mopoveba.

moris mtkicebiT, sazogadoebaSi saerTo sakuTrebis batonoba iseTi danaSaulis Cadenas gamoricxavs, romelsac kerZo sakuTreba ganapirobebs. mwerlis azriT, swored kerZo sakuTreba aris mizezi adamianis iseTi mankieri Tvisebebisa, rogoric sixarbe, nebismieri xerxebiT sakuTari simdidris gazrda, egoizmi da sxva faqtorebia. Tumca, utopia ar aris Tavisufali danaSaulebriobisagan. amitom, saxelmwifos erT-erTi mTa-vari sazrunavia masTan brZola.

utopia saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazogadoebaa. Tumca, ar Cans misi saxelmwi-foebriobis tipi: unitarulia, Tu federaciuli. samagierod, Zalzed kargad aris daxa-siaTebuli sajaro xelisuflebis struqtura da misi Seqmnis wesi. yoveli 30 ojaxi irCevs filarqs, 10 filarqi _ erT protofilarqs. filarqebi specialur krebaze, xalxis mier dasaxelebuli oTxi kandidaturidan, faruli kenWisyriT irCeven saxelmwifos mmarTvels (princefss). princefsis xelisufleba samisdReSioa, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi gadayeneba, Tu is eWvmitanili iqneba tiraniis damyarebaSi. danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebi da senati, romlis SemadgenlobaSi brZeni da cxovrebiseuli gamoc-dilebis mqone moqalaqeebi Sedian, erTi wlis vadiT airCevian. saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs (administraciuls, sameurneo gegmebs, sazogadoebrivi pro-duqciis ganawilebas), senatTan SeTanxmebiT, princefsi wyvets. mors ar hqonda gan-sazRvruli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli forma _ demokratia, oli-garqia, Tu monarqia; savaraudod, is “Sereuli mmarTvelobis formas” emxroboda, rome-lic, sakuTar TavSi, samive martivi formis saukeTeso Tvisebebs Seicavda.

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morisagan gansxvavebiT, Tomazo kampanela “mzis qalaqSi”, Riad ar gmobda misTvis miuRebel socialur -ekonomokur da politikur-iuri-diul wesebs. maTi mkveTri kritika, italiel moazrovnes, TiTqos “kadrs miRma” moh-qonda. pirvel planze ki solariusebis qalaq-saxelmwifos cxovreba-moRvaweoba gamodis. qalaq-saxelmwifos politikuri mowyoba Semdegnairia: is xelisuflebis im sami Stosgan Sedgeba, romlebic saqmianobis im sami ZiriTadi sferos mixedviT iqmneba da romlebsac isini “meTauroben”, kerZod: 1. samxedro saqme, 2. mecniereba da 3. mosaxleobis kvlav-warmoeba, misi uzrunvelyofa sakvebiTa da samosiT, agreTve moqalaqeTa aRzrda. Xeli-suflebis samive Stos Tavisi mmarTveli hyavda, romlebsac, Sesabamisad,: Zliereba, sibrZne, siyvaruli ewodebodaT. samives TiTo meTauri emorCileba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam Tanamdebobis pirs gankargavs. mmarTvelobiTi piramidis saTaveSi uzenaesi mmarTveli _ metafizikosi dgas, romelic gansakuTrebuli ganswavlulobiT, talantiT, gamocdilebiTa da gonierebiT gamoirCeva. metafizikosi _ saero da sasuliero xeli-suflebis meTauria. masve eniWeba yvela saxis davebis saboloo gadawyvetis ufleba. metafizikoss xelisufleba upyria ara samudamod, aramed manam, vidre solariusebis rigebSi ar gamoCndeba adamiani, romelic dajabnis mmarTvels, sakuTari ganswav-lulobiT, talantiT, gamocdilebiTa da gonierebiT. xolo, rodesac es moxdeba, meta-fizikosi TviTon gadascems aseT pirs uzenaes xelisuflebas. metafizikosi xeli-suflebas aRasrulebs sami TanaSemwis _ Zlierebis, sibrZnis, siyvarulis daxmarebiT. am ukanasknelTac udidesi goniereba, gamorCeuli organizatoruli niWi da maRali zneobrivi principebi axasiaTebs. dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan, mxolod am oTxeulis gadayeneba aris SeuZlebeli, xalxis nebiT. xalxs arc maT Soris arsebul urTi-erTobebze zemoqmedebis saSualeba gaaCnia. danarCeni magistratebi, oficialur Tanam-debobis dakavebamde, arCevis specialur proceduras gadian.

“mzis qalaqSi”, sadac ar aris kerZo sakuTreba, miwaTmoqmedebas, xelosnobas da sxva saqmianobas solariusebi, Sromas sazogadoebriv

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sawyisebze axorcielebdnen. Sromis process mmarTvelebi da maTi qvemdebare Tanamdebobis pirebi _ specialistebi xelmZRva-neloben. saerTo SromiT Seqmnili, Tanabrad nawildeba, TiToeulis aucilebeli moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT. solariusebis yvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs Temi, da Tanamdebobis pirebi zedamxedveloben ganawilebis process, raTa TiToeulma saWiroze meti ar miiRos. “mzis qalaqis” Tanamdebobis pirebi zedamxedvelobas uweven sola-riusebis pirad cxovrebas: urTierTobebs, janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, dasvenebasa da garTobas, agreTve Temis wevrebis aRzrda-swavlebasa da sulier ganwyobas. kampanelas azriT, “mzis qalaqSi” didi yuradReba unda mieqces solariusebis gvaris gagrZelebas. saxelmwifo xelisufleba (saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare) unda ereodes poetebis SemoqmedebaSic da moiTxovdes maTgan, garkveuli formiT, sakuTari suliskveTebis asaxvas.

“mzis qalaqis” Sinaarsi naTlad asaxavs adreuli socializmis doqtrinis, praqtikulad erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel, or sawyiss: inteleqtualuri, zneobrivi faqtorebis gverdiT, romlebic adamianis Rirsebas da sazogadoebaSi mis adgils asaxaven, vawydebiT miTi-Tebas avtoritarizmze, asketizmze, adamianis pirovnebisadmi agdebul damokidebu-lebaze; misi Sinagani, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado organi-zaciuli da samarTlebrivi pirobebis ugulebelyofas. Tumca, solariusebi savsebiT akmayofilebT sakuTari cxovreba: kampanelas azriT, arc erTi maTgani ganicdis si-duxWiresa da damcirebas, sulier tkivils.

utopiuri socializmis samarTlebriv SexedulebebSi samarTlianad aris asaxuli sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisadmi maTi daintereseba, Tumca araferia naTqvami adamianis _ individis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze, saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis samarTlebriv urTierTkavSirze, aseTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis saimedo garantiebis sistemaze, rac, zogadad, mravali Taobis socialistur moZRvrebebs axasiaTebda.

Tavi X

evropuli ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi ideologia

1. evropuli ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi ideologiis zogadi daxasiaTeba

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XVII-XVIII saukuneebi dasavleT evropis qveynebSi filosofiuri mecnierebis, kulturisa da xelovnebis ayvavebis periodia. axalma xanam evropuli samarTlisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis, istoriuliad axal epoqas Cauyara safuZveli. warmoiSva saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli masStabebis gafarTovebis aucilebloba, riTac uzrunvelyofili iqne-boda aramxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, aramed saerTaSoriso kavSirebis ganmtkiceba (ekonomikis, politikisa da kulturis sferoebSi).

aRniSnuli epoqis ideuri da inteleqtualuri ganwyobis koncetrireba moxda univer-salurobis ideis irgvliv, rac, Tavis mxriv, samarTalmcodneobas moicavda. amitom, bu-nebrivad iqna aRqmuli iseTi inteleqtualuri produqtebi, rogoric iyo universaluri samarTali da samoqalaqo filosofia, rogorc moZRvreba samarTalganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Tanac, universaluri samarTlis safuZvlad miiCnies filosofia da ara romis samarTa-li. zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebis gavleniT, agreTve axali drois filosofiuri racio-nalizmis meSveobiT, samarTlebrivi moZRvrebis mTavar obieqtad bunebiTi samarTlis SemuSaveba da misi dasabuTeba iqca. moZRvreba bunabiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb axal Seferi-lobas iZens, kerZod: 1. is gaTavisuflda saRvTismetyvelo samoselisgan; 2. aRniSnuli periodis bunebiTi samarTali sulac aRar iyo gaigivebuli saerTo-saxalxo samar-TalTan da moazrovneebma bunebiT samarTalSi im idealuri normebis erToblioba dainaxes, romlebic nebismieri kanonmdeblobis ZiriTad safuZvlad unda gamxdariyo. swored am garemoebebma Seuwyves xeli samarTalmcodneobis axali mimarTulebis Seqmnas, romelsac bunebiTi samarTlis skola ewoda da romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi aqtiu-rad saqmianobda. axali drois bunebiTi samarTlis fuZemdeblad gamoCenili holan-dieli iuristi da politikosi _ hugo grociusi gvevlineba.

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2. holandieli ganmanaTleblebis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

a) hugo grociusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

hugo de groot grociusi (1583-1645) enciklopediurad ganaTlebuli adamiani da nayofieri avtori gaxldaT, romlis kalams ekuTvnis 90-ze meti naSromi samarTlis istoriasa da TeoriaSi, omisa da mSvidobis problematikaze, saerTaSoriso, bunebiTi da kanonikuri samarTlis sferoebSi, zogadi istoriis, eTnografiis, antikuri literaturisa da kulturis sakiTxebze. misi ZiriTadi naSromia, fundamenturi qmnileba “omisa da mSvidobis uflebis Sesaxeb . sami wigni, romlebSic ganxilulia bunebiTi samarTali da xalxis samarTali, agreTve sajaro samarTlis principebi” (1625). grociusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi agreTve asaxulia traqtatSi “nadavlis (alafis) uflebis Sesaxeb” (misi nawilia “Tavisufali zRva, anu holandielTa ufleba indoeTTan Tavisufali vaWrobis sferoSi”, 1609 wels gamoica).

axali drois samarTlis filosofiis amocanas grociusi da misi mimdevrebi, racio-nalisturi xerxebiT, mudmivi da absoluturi, yvela xalxisa da droisaTvis saerTo samarTlis axsnaSi xedavdnen, anu im samarTlisa, romelic gamocemulia TviT bunebis mier, ris gamoc is ufro maRla dgas, vidre pozitiuri samarTali.

grociusma samarTlis or mniSvneloba Camoayaliba: pirveli mniSvnelobiT, samarTali aris moraluri xarisxi, romelic SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians, iqonios garkveuli nivTebi da ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedebani (samarTali, subieqturi arsiT).

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meore mniSvnelobiT, samarTlis cneba gaigivebulia kanonis cnebasTan (samarTali, obieqturi gagebiT). grociusi Tvlida, rom bunebiTi samarTlis kanonebi saTaves iReben bunebiTi gonidan, amitom isini iseTive mudmivia, rogorc TviT goni. misi moZRvrebiT, TviT RmerTsac ki ar SeuZlia bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Secvla.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, is ganmartebulia, rogorc uzenaesi, mudmivi da srulyofili sazogadoeba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa uflebebisa da sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad. aristoteles msgavsad, grociusi mTel samarTals bunebiT da nebagamovlenil samarTlad yofda. bunebiTi samarTali ganmartebulia, rogorc “saRi azris moTxovna”, romelic, nebadarTuli da akrZaluli qmedebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis kriteriumebs warmoadgens. nebagamovlenili samarTali RvTiur (zemodan boZebul da RvTis nebiT dadgenil) da adamianur samarTlad iyofa.

adamianuri samarTali, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: adamianuri samarTali, farTo ga-gebiT da adamianuri samarTali, viwro gagebiT. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali (samo-qalaqo kanonebi), grociusis azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebisgan momdinareobs. Adamia-nuri samarTali, viwro gagebiT, Seicavs mamis, batonis uflebebs. adamianuri samarTali, farTo gagebiT _ xalxis doneze dadgenili samarTalia. bunebiTi samarTlis koncef-ciis SemuSavebisas, grociusma saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvlebi Seqmna, romlebsac calkeuli saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. aRniSnul sferoSi, grociusis naRvawi Zalzed mniSvnelovania da man didad Seuwyo xeli saerTaSoriso samarTlis ideis ganviTarebas, romelic ganxorcielda erTa ligisa da gaeros Seqmnisa da niurbergis procesis warmoebis dros. grociusi miuTiTebda im pirobebze, rom-lebsac unda akmayofilebdes saxelmwifo , raTa is msoflio Tanamegobrobis Tanaswor-uflebian wevrad iqces. misi azriT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs saxelmwifos moculobas; mTavaria mxolod misi stabiluroba da unary _ xelmowerili SeTanxmebis bolomde erTguli darCes. saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso urTi-erTobebis damyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia omisa da zavis problemasTan. grociusi mkveTrad akritikebda gavrcelebul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom omi mTlia -nad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals. misi azriT, omis dros dauSvebelia omis wesebis uaryofa. omis dawyebisa da msvlelobisas, savaldebuloa iseTi sayovelTao wesebis dacva, rogoricaa keTilsindisiereba da gulmowyaleba. grociusi Tvlida, rom omi aris brZola Zalismieri wesebiT. es zogadi cneba moicavs rogorc kerZo omebs (calkeul, kerZo pirebs Soris), ise sajaro omebs (omi, romelsac awarmoeben samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis organoebi). grociusi, agreTve gamohyofda e.w. “Sereul oms”, romelSic Seje-rebulia kerZo omisa da sajaro omis elementebi. omi, rogorc aseTi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba bunebiT samarTals; mas arc RvTiuri da xalxis samarTali krZalavs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs

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imas, rom yvela omi samarTliania. grociusi ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs. samarTliania is omi, romelic icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuvalobas. usamarTloa _ dapyrobiTi omi, romlis mizania sxvisi qonebis daufleba da sxva xalxis damoneba. aseTi omi ewinaaRmdegeba bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebs da, ufro metic, pirdapir arRvevs maT. aseTi omi miuRebelia RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT. dapyrobiTi omis gamCaRebeli pasuxis-mgebelia yvela im Sedegze, rasac aseTi omi moitans. manve unda aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani.

adamianis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonieri erToba (bunebiT samarTalSi warmod-genili) da, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, samarTlianobis da sar-geblis uflebis Tanafardoba, aucilebel gamoxatulebas poulobs saxelmwifoSi, rome-lic, deduqciis gziT, grociusis moZRvrebaSi bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Sedegs warmoadgens. grociusis azriT, saxelmwifo aris Tavisufal adamianTa kavSiri, romelc dadebulia uflebaTa da sayovelTao sargeblis dacvis mizniT. saxelmwifos es cneba aristotelesa (saxelmwifo, rogorc Tavisufali adamianebis urTierTobaTa uzenaesi da srulyofili forma) da ciceronis (saxelmwifo, rogorc samarTlebrivi urTierToba da sayovelTao sargeblis dacvis forma) ideebs gavlenas ganicdis da Tan saxelmwifos warmoSobis saxelSekrulebo koncefcias gamoxatavs. adamianTa cxovrebis winare-saxelmwifoebrivi xana, grociusis mier xasiaTdeba, rogorc “bunebiTi mdgomareoba”, romlis pirobebSi ar arsebobda kerZo sakuTreba; adamianebi “udides simartiveSi” cxov-robdnen da “saerTo qonebiT” sargeblobdnen. TandaTanobiT, adamianebma aiTvises sxva-dasxva saxelovnebo da saxelosno dargebi; maT daiwyes fufunebiT cxovreba da SeiTvi-ses adamianuri mankiereba. amitom, moxda jer moZravi, Semdeg uZravi qonebis pirvel-yofili erTobis uaryofa da qonebis gayofa. adamianebs Soris Sesustda samarT-lianobisa da urTierTsiyvarulis grZnoba, ramac Sedegad uTanasworobis damkvidreba moitana, Sromasa da miRebuli Semosavlebis gayofisas. aseTi procesis ganviTarebis Semdeg gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba, romlis warmoSobas grociusi im warmosaxviT SeTan-xmebas ukavSirebda, romelic, qonebis gayofis Taobaze dadebuli, sityvieri Tanxmobis an qonebis mdumared dauflebis Sedegi iyo. grociusis ganmartebiT, socialuri arsiT, saxelmwifo aris umravlesobis SeTanxmeba, umciresobis winaaRmdeg; kavSiri sustebisa da Cagrulebisa, ZlierTa da mdidarTa winaaRmdeg da ara “mdidarTa SeTqmuleba” Rari-bebisa da sustebis winaaRmdeg.

uzenaesi xelisuflebis arsi, grociusis azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom _ xelisufleba, romlis moqmedeba ar eqvemdebareba sxva romelime xelisuflebas da romlis gauqmeba ar ZaluZs sxva xelisuflebas, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr axorcielebs mis winaSe mdgar amocanebs. amrigad, uzenaesi xelisufleba aris suverenuli xelisufleba, romlis

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materebelia mTlianad saxelmwifo. sakuTriv xelisuflebis materebeli ki SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime piri (es damokidebulia aRniSnul debulebasa an, ama Tu im xal-xis kanonebsa da zneobaze). suvereniteti, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis klasifikaciisas (aristoteles, ciceronisa da senekas gavleniT), grociusi axsenebda samefo (TviTmpyrobelur) xelisuflebas, warCi-nebulTa mmarTvelobas, Tavisufal samoqalaqo Tems da demokratiul respublikas. misi azriT, mmarTvelobis formas ar aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba. Tumca, grociusi, upirobod, uaryofiTad afasebda tiranias (Zaladobis Sedegi, sadac ar moqmedebs marTlwesrigi) da dadebiTad ixseniebda TviTmpyrobelobas da aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom grociusi burJuaziuli politikuri Sexedulebebis mimdevari da im aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis damcveli gaxldaT, romlis ideals holandiuri sazogadoebis savaWro-samrewvelo zedafenis mmarTveloba warmoadgenda, is mainc ar uaryofda mmarTvelobis demokratiul formas.

grociusi arc xalxis suverenitetis ideas uaryofda, anu xalxisaTvis uzenaesi xeli-suflebis gadacemas. Tumca, igi mainc cdilobda aRmoefxvra azri imis Sesaxeb, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba yvelgan da ganusxviseblad ekuTvnis xalxs, romelsac aqvs ufleba daamxos im mbrZaneblis xelisufleba, romelic borotad iyenebs sakuTar mdgo-mareobas. grociusma specialuri yuradReba gaamaxvila xalxis uflebaze, winaaRmdegoba gauwios uzenaes xelisuflebas an misdami daqvemdebarebul organoebs. mTlianobaSi, is Tvlida, rom qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac iqm-neba saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo xelisufleba. qveSevrdomTa uflebas xelisuflebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaze, grociusi upirispirebda kanonisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis akrZalvas, romlis moTxovnis mimarT Tavis arideba, mxolod ukiduresi auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi da im pirobiT aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac qveSevrdomTa Seiara-Rebuli winaaRmdegoba, xelisuflebis mimarT, gamousworebel zians ar miayenebda TviT saxelmwifos.

b) benediqt (barux) spinoza

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sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebis mimarT, axali racionalisturi midgoma kidev ufro ganviTarda gamoCenili holandieli filosofosisa da politikuri moazrovnis benediqt (barux) spinozas (1632-1677) SemoqmedebaSi. spinozas politikuri da samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani Camoyalibebulia “saRvTismetyvelo politikur traqtatSi” (1670), “geometriuli meTodiT damtkicebul eTikaSi” (1675) da “politikur traqtatSi” (1677).

spinoza j. lokis Tanatoli da XVII s-nis racionalizmis erT-erTi aqtiuri warmo-madgeneli iyo. spinozas racionalizmi efuZneboda im Teziss, rom yvelaferi yofieri logikur aucileblobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amrigad, sinamdvile, miuxedavad misi gamovlinebis formebisa (maT Soris socialuric), aris gonieri da ara SemTxveviTi, vinaidan samyaroSi Tu ar arsebobs SemTxveviToba, maSin SeuZlebelia visaubroT arse-buli viTarebis kanonzomierebaze. spinoza amtkicebda, rom logikurad mowyobil samya-roSi, RmerTi gaTanabrebuli da gaigivebulia bunebasTan, riTac is panTeistur msofl-mxedvelobas qadagebda. spinoza iyo im bunebiT-samarTlebrivi doqtrinis mimdevari, romelic metad originalurad iqna ganmartebuli. mas bunebiTi samarTali gamohyavda ara gonidan, rogorc es grociuss hqonda ganmartebuli, aramed uSualod bunebidan. aramxolod adamians, aramed sxva nebismier arsebas gaaCnia bunebiTi ufleba, romlis farglebia bunebrivi individis Zala. bunebiTi samarTali (misi nebismieri subieqtisa) vrceldeba im farglebze, Tu ramdenad didia misi Zala. bunebis uzenaesi kanoni, spinozas azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeuli nivTi iswrafis TviTgadarCenisaken da sakuTari Tavis meti, araferi anaRvlebs. Sesabamisad, bunebiTi samarTali krZalavs mxolod imas, rac aravis surs, an aravis SeuZlia gaakeTos. rac Seexeba adamians, is bunebiT _ egoistia da misTvis yvela sxva adamiani _ mteria. yvelafers, rasac adamiani Tvlis TavisTvis sasargeblod, mas ufleba aqvs miiTvisos an miitacos, nebismieri gziT, “bunebis uzenaesi uflebis ZaliT”. yvela, vinc Seecdeba SeewinaaRmdegos adamianis aseT ganzraxvas, am ukanasknels SeuZlia mtrad miiCnios.

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, spinozas azriT, yvela arseba (adamiani da bunebrivi arsebani, gonieri da uWkuo, Zlieri da susti) _ Tanasworia im

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TvalsazrisiT, rom yvela maTgans SeuZlia, erTi da imave mizeziT, TviTneburad da survilisamebr, yvelafris ufleba moi-povos, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis realuri Sinaarsi da moculoba _ gansxvavebulia da dakavSirebulia mxolod mis faqtiur siZlieresTan (fizikur da gonebriv). bunebrivi mdgomareobis sirTule adamianebs aiZulebda daedoT saerTo xelSekruleba, romelic maT samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi Sesvlis saSualebas miscemda (sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi) da romelic TiToeulis bunebiTi ufle-bebisa da bunebrivad ganusxvisebeli moTxovnebis Tanxvedri aris.

politikis Sesaxeb uwindeli moZRvrebebis Secdoma, spinozas azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maTi avtorebi adamianis bunebis daxasiaTebisas, adamianebs aRiqvamdnen ara ise, rogoric aris maTi realuri arsi, aramed ise, rogoradac surdaT maTi xilva. amitom, am moazrovneebma ver SesZles politikis iseTi Teoriis Seqmna, romelic praqtikul gamoyenebas moipovebda. samoqalaqo mdgomareobis naTeli niSania _ uzenaesi xeli-suflebis (imperium) arseboba, romlis erToblivi sxeuli, spinozas azriT, saxelmwifo (civitas) aris. uzenaesi xelisuflebis qveS is saxelmwifo suverenitets gulisxmobda. uzenaesi xelisuflebisa da uzenaesi uflebis qveS ki saxelmwifos suvereniteti (vinai-dan ufleba aris Zala, Zliereba, Zalaufleba) igulisxmeba. saxelmwifos warmoSobis spinozaseuli saxelSekrulebo Teoria imaSi mdgomareobs, rom “TiToeulis bunebiTi ufleba...” samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSic ar wydeba, vinaidan rogorc bunebriv, ise samo-qalaqo mdgomareobaSi adamiani iqceva sakuTari bunebis kanonebis Tanaxmad, sakuTari sargeblis Sesabamisad da xelmZRvanelobs SiSiT an imediT. am ori mdgomareobis gansxvaveba ki is aris, rom samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi, xelSekrulebis gziT, adgili aqvs zemodan dadgenil uzenaes (suverenul) saxelmwifos bunebiT uflebas, anu aq Cnde-ba yvelasaTvis saerTo samarTali da cxovrebis wesi, usafrTxoebis saerTo garanti da damcveli da yvelas eSinia erTi ramis _ uzenaesi (suverenuli) xelisuflebisa.

uzenaesi xelisufleba saxelmwifos is erTiani suliskveTeba aris, romliTac yvelam unda ixelmZRvanelos. mxolod xelisuflebas aqvs ufleba gadawyvitos, Tu ra aris kargi da cudi, boroti an keTili, samarTliani an usamarTlo, ra unda gakeTdes da risgan unda Seikavon Tavi.

moqalaqis ufleba, saxelmwifo-politikuri xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, spinozas mier daxasiaTebulia, rogorc “TiToeulis Tavisufleba, Tavi SeinarCunos sakuTar mdgomareobaSi, romelic uzenaesi xelisuflebiT aris gansazRvruli da mxolod misi avtoritetiT aris daculi. es politikuri ufleba aris saerTo uflebis nawili; orive erTad, iseve, rogorc nebismieri ufleba (garda RvTiuri samarTlisa) bunebiT an samo-qalaqo mdgomareobaSi, sakuTari substanciiT aris

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bunebiTi samarTali, samarTali _ Za-la. moqalaqis uflebebi (politikuri samarTali), maSasadame, aris samoqalaqo mdgo-mareobis pirobebSi gadawyvetili, individis bunebiTi uflebebi, anu uzenaesi xeli-suflebebis mier nebadarTuli, bunebiTi samarTalis (uflebebis) nawili. xolo, Tu moqalaqe sxva (saxelmwifos mier akrZalul) bunebiT uflebebs ganaxorcielebs, es dana-Sauli iqneba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, spinoza marTlmsajulebis amocanebzec saubrobda. misi azriT, saerTo samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, TiToeuli ise unda iqceodes, rom meores ar miadges ziani da TiToeuls unda miezRos imdeni, rac mas ergeba poli-tikuri uflebis safuZvelze. rodesac spinoza saxelmwifos uflebamosilebaTa farg-lebze saubrobda, qveSevrdomTa urTierTobebis TavalsazrisiT, aRniSnavda, rom miuxe-davad imisa, rom TiToeulis bunebiTi uflebebi uzenaess xelisuflebaze gadavida, romelsac aqvs ufleba akeTos yvelaferi, rac surs, Tumca ki Seesityveba realobas, mainc, umeteswilad, wminda Teoriul pirobad rCeba, vinaidan SeuZlebelia, rom, sakuTari uflebebis sxvisTvis mTlianad gadacemis Semdeg, qveSevrdomi darCes ada-mianad. amrigad, saxelmwifos Zlierebis farglebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1. aseTi farg-lebi imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom saxelmwifos Zala ara imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sCa-diode Zaladobasa da TviTnebobas, aramed imis ganxorcielebaSi, rasac saRi azri Tvlis yvela adamianisaTvis sasargeblod; 2. saxelmwifos uflebaTa farglebi TviT qve-SevrdomTa bunebiT aris ganpirobebuli, romlebic mxolod im moculobiT aRiareben saxelmwifos am uflebas, ra moculobiTac eSiniaT misi muqaris an uyvarT samoqalaqo mdgomareoba; 3. “saxelmwifos uflebas yvelaze naklebad miekuTneba is, ris gamoc bra -zobs umravlesoba”. vinaidan “saxelmwifos uflebamosileba xalxis ZaliT” gani-sazRvreba, saxelmwifos xalxis azris codna sWirdeba, raTa ar misces xalxs SeTqmu-lebis mowyobis sababi, anu savaldebuloa sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlena. principSi, spinoza uaryofda qveSevrdomTa mxridan xelisuflebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis uf-lebas (politikur uflebas), agreTve dadgenili xelSekrulebis da kanonebis Secvlis, sxvagvari ganmartebisa da darRvevis SesaZleblobas. xolo, Tu xelisufleba daarRvevs am aqtebs, maSin moxdeba is, rom moqalaqeTa umravlesobis saerTo SiSi, xelisuflebis mimarT siZulvilSi gadaizrdeba, daingreva saxelmwifo, Sewydeba xelSekrulebac, romelic, amis gamo, daculia omis uflebis ZaliT. anu aRniSnul viTarebaSi spinoza, SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze xalxis bunebiT uflebas aRiarebda. spinoza gamohyofda da aSuqebda saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da demok-ratias. igi kritikulad iyo ganwyobili tiraniis mimarT, romelic mas arc ki aqvs miTi-Tebuli marTva-gamgeobis formebis CamonaTvalSi. man uaryo yvela is xelisufleba, ro-melic xalxis dapyroba-damonebis gziT aris dadgenili. monarqiis ganxilvisas, spinoza aRniSnavda, rom monarqs, ubralod, ar ZaluZs saxelmwifos yvela saqmis gaZRola, uze-naesi xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos Zlevamosilebis erTpirovnuli marTva,

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amitom mas esaWiroeba mrCevlebi da masTan daaxloebuli pirebi. amitom, monarqiuli mmarTvelobis forma aris aristokratiuli _ farulad da ara Riad, ris gamoc is uzenaesi xeli-suflebis ganxorcielebis yvelaze uaresi formaa.

uzenaesi xelisuflebis aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis formis dros xelisuflebas axorcielebdnen arCeuli pirebis garkveuli jgufebi; amitom es forma monarqiaze uke-Tesia, vinaidan is flobs saxelmwifos ufro met absolutur uflebas da, Sesabamisad, SeuZlia SeinarCunos Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos am formaSi savaldebuloa, rom mmarTveli patriciebis raodenoba bevri iyos, anu Tanafardoba Seadgens xalxis rao-denobis 1/50-ds. aristokratiis dros xalxs sakuTari xmis ufleba gaaCnia, magram, vinai-dan mmarTvelebs xalxis eSiniaT, es ukanaskneli Tavisuflebas inarCunebs, Tumca pir-dapir ar gaaCnia kanonismieri dacva. spinozas mowonebas aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis federaciuli forma imsaxurebda, romelSic uzenaesi xelisufleba Tavmoyrilia ram-denime qalaqSi, ris gamoc is gadanawilebulia am qalaqebSi _ federaciis wevrebSi.

demokratias spinoza axasiaTebda, rogorc “uzenaesi xelisuflebis absolutur formas”. demokratia imiT gansxvavdeba aristokratiisagan, rom masSi mmarTvelebs irCevs TviT ka-noni da ara patriciebis sabWo. demokratiuli saxelmwifo yvelaze metad aris bunebiTi da miaxlovebuli TavisuflebasTan, romelsac buneba aniWebs TiToeuls, vinaidan, demokratiaSi, TiToeuli sakuTar bunebiT uflebebs ar gadascems sxvebs. amitom demok-ratiis pirobebSi, yvela adamians, rogorc bunebiT mdgomareobaSi myofs, Tanaswori uflebebi gaaCnia.

3. inglisuri ganmanaTleblobis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

a) Tomas hobsi

didi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda gamoCenili ingliseli moazrovnis Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) damokidebuleba

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revoluciuri moZraobis mimarT. cnobilia misi siaxlove (garkveul etapze) roialistur wreebTan, revoluciuri pertrubaciis mimarT SiSi, absoluturi politikuri xelisuflebisadmi ltolva. miuxe-davad amisa, is arasdros yofila sabatono reaqciis momxreTa banakis wevri; misi inte-resebi ar yofila Tanxvedri samemkvidreo monarqiis “uflebaTa” damcvelebisa. hobsis samarTlebrivi doqtrina asaxulia mis naSromebSi: “moqalaqis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis filo-sofiuri sawyisebi” (1642), “leviaTani, anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifos ma-teria, forma da Zalaufleba” (1651). hobsis samarTlis Teoriis safuZvelSi devs indi-vidis bunebis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgena. is Tvlida, rom, Tavdapirvelad, yvela adamiani, fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis aspeqtSi, “Tanaswori iyo da TiToeul maTgans sxvisi msgavsi ufleba hqonda, yvelafris mimarT”. Tumca, adamiani Rrmad egoisturi arseba aris, romelsac sixarbe, SiSi da pativmoyvareoba amoZravebs. mas gars akrvia mxolod moSurne, moqiSpe da mtrad qceuli adamianebi. “adamiani _ adamianisaTvis mgelia”. aqedan warmoiSveba sazogadoebaSi “yvelas winaaRmdeg, yvelas omis” auci-lebloba. aseTi omis pirobebSi “yvelafris momarT, yvelas ufleba”, faqtiurad, srul uuflebobas niSnavda. swored aseT gausaZliss viTarebas miiCnevda hobsi “adamianTa modgmis bunebriv mdgomareobad”. moazrovnes eCveneboda, rom man Seiswavla adamianis bu-neba, zogadad, da gamoavlina yvela droisa da xalxis socialuri yofis bunebrivi forma.

hobsis azriT, yvelaze fundamenturi bunebiTi kanonis moTxovna mSvidobisaken ltolva da misi dacva (pirveli bunebiTi kanoni) aris. yvelaferi danarCeni unda iyos mSvidobis miRwevis saSualeba. am saSualebaTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar uflebebze uaris Tqma im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac amas mSvidobis da Tavdacvis interesebi (meore bunebiTi kanoni) moiTxovs. uflebebze uaris Tqma, umeteswilad, maTi gadacemiT xdeba garkveuli pirebisa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis, xelSekrulebis dadebis gziT. am meore bunebiTi kano-nidan gamomdinareobs mesame bunebiTi kanoni: xalxi valdebulia Seasrulos mis mier dadebuli SeTanxmebebi; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am SeTanxmebebs araviTari mniSvneloba aqvT. mesame kanonSi samarTlianobis wyaro da sawyisia asaxuli. am sami bunebiTi kano-nidan kidev 16 bunebiTi kanoni (Seucvleli da mudmivi) gamomdinareobs. yvela kanonis reziumireba xdeba erT zogad wesSi: sxvas nu gaukeTeb imas, rac ar gsurs Seni Tavi-saTvis. hobsisaTvis, bunebiTi kanoni aris Tavisufleba, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo raime, pozitiuri kanoni _ moTxovnaa, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo raime. bunebiTi kanoni aval-debulebs individs, surdes am moTxovnebis aRsruleba, Tumca ar SeuZlia mas daaZalos, praqtikaSi, am moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad moqmedeba. aucileblobas warmoadgenda Zala, romelic yvelafris mimarT TiToeulis uflebas gansazRvravda da wyvetda, Tu ra ekuTvnoda TiToeuls, anu risi ufleba hqonda an ar hqonda.

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saxelmwifos absoluturi xelisufleba aris mSvidobisa da bunebiTi kanonebis realizebis garanti. is aiZulebs individs aRasrulos, mis mier gamocemuli samoqalaqo kanonebi. Tu bunebiTi kanonebi ukavSirdeba gonebas, samoqalaqo kanonebi Zalas emor-Cileba. yvela pozitiuri kanoni, SinaarsiT, msgavsia. kanonmdebelTa nebismieri TviT-neboba ver iqneba samoqalaqo kanoni, vinaidan es ukanaskneli aris igive bunebiTi kanoni, Tumca saxelmwifos avtoritetiTa da ZlierebiT ganmtkicebuli. hobss surda, rom pozi-tiuri kanonebi bunebiT kanons daqvemdebarebodnen, radgan bunebiTi kanoni (samoqa-laqoSi gadaqceuli) ver Seicvleba da gauqmdeba saxelmwifos martivi nebisga-movlinebiT. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavda imas, rom hobss surda saxelmwifos samarT-lisTvis daeqvemdebareba. xalxi saxelmwifos qmnida imisaTvis, rom Tavi daeRwia “yvelas omisaTvis, yvelas winaaRmdeg”; SiSisaTvis _ daucvelobis gamo da mudmivi muqarisgan, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis gamo. Tu adamianebi erTxel dadeben sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas da samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi gadavlen, maT aRar SeeZlebaT mmarTve-lobis formis Secvla, uzenaesi xelisuflebis qvemdebarebidan gaTavisufleba. xalxs ekrZaleboda suverenis gadawyvetilebis gaprotesteba, am ukanasknelis aqtebis gansja da sxva. suverenis prerogativebi, qveSevrdomTa mimarT Zalzed farToa. yvelafers is garemoeba amwvavebda, rom uzenaesi xelisuflebis mflobeli ar iyo dakavSirebuli sakuTar xalxTan da amitom mas, principSi, arc pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. hobsis azriT, saxelmwifos warmoSoba SesaZlebelia aramxolom individis nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebiT, aramed _ Zalismierad. kerZod, rodesac ojaxis ufrosi, muqaris SiSiT, aiZulebs sakuTar Svilebs daeqvemdebaron mis Zalauflebas, an vinme daemorCileba mters, dapyrobiTi omis Sedegad. saxelmwifo, romelic Cndeba nebayoflobiTi Se-Tanxmebis Sedegad, hobss dadgenilad anu politikur saxelmwifod miaCnda, xolo fizi-kuri Zalis meSveobiT Seqmnil saxelmwifos, SeZenili ewodeba da mis mimarT hobsi uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili. saxelmwifoTa aRniSnuli klasifikacia saSualebas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom hobsi siZulvils gamoxatavda inglisis revoluciamdeli sabatono-monarqiuli wyobis mimarT. hobsis naSromebSi saubaria “suverenis movaleobebze”. yvela movaleoba erT debulebamdea dayvanili: xalxis keTildReoba _ uzenaesi kanoni. suve-renis movaleoba aris xalxis kargi mmarTveloba, vinaidan saxelmwifo dadgenilia ara sakuTari Tavis, aramed moqalaqeTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad. es formulebi aRsavsea politikuri sibrZniT da humanizmiT. politikuri absolutizmis Teoriis mim-devari hobsi, kmayofilebas gamoxatavda saxelmwifos SeuzRudavi xelisuflebis gamo, Tumca did yuradRebas ar uTmobda saxelmwifos formebis problemas. hobsis azriT, saxelmwifos mxolod sami forma arsebobda: monarqia, demokratia da aristokratia. isi-ni erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara maTSi gansaxierebuli uzenaesi xelisuflebis bune-biTa da SinaarsiT, aramed imiT Tu ramdenad vargisia esa Tu is forma, im miznebis gan-xorcielebisaTvis, risTvisac iqmneba saxelmwifos samive forma. da,

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mainc, hobsi ixre-boda monarqiisaken. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom monarqia danarCen formebze ukeT gamo-xatavs da axorcielebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis absolutur xasiaTs.

b) jon lokis politikuri Sexedulebani

jon loki (1632-1704) 1688 wlis socialuri kompromisis ideologi iyo, romelmac sakuTari samarTlebrivi moZRvreba Camoayaliba naSromSi “ori traqtati saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” (1690). lokma daikava im sazogadoebrivi jgufebis pozicia, romlebmac, rogorc iqna, sazogadoebis marTvis garantirebuli SesaZlebloba moipoves, ramac ganapiroba am jgufebis gandgoma im radikaluri Zale-bisagan, romlebic aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli inglisis revoluciur moZraobaSi.

loki mTlianad iziarebda bunebiTi samarTlis, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, saxal-xo suverenitetis, pirovnebis ganusxvisebeli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, xeli-suflebaTa gamijvnisa da dabalansebis, tiraniis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis kanonierebis ideebs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom loki mxolod mdumared aRiqvamda yvela-fer imas, rac manamde gamoiTqva sxva ideologebis mier. lokma, nawilobriv, Secvala da ganavrco es ideebi da isini erTian mTlian moZRvrebad Camoayaliba _ adreuli burJua-ziuli liberalizmis doqtrinis saxiT.

rogorc im droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, lokma sakuTari moZRvreba saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis ganxilviT daiwyo. misi azriT, saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, adamia-nebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. Tumca, am etapze sulac ar iyo “yvelas omi, yvelas winaaRmdeg”. piruku, am periodSi moqmedebda Tanasworoba, roca “yvela xeli-sufleba da yoveli ufleba aris urTierTsanacvlo da aravis aqvs sxvaze meti ufleba”. imisaTvis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi

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Tanacxovrebis normebi (kanonebi) dacu-li yofiliyo, bunebam TiToeuli individi daajildova SesaZleblobiT ganesajaT kano-nis damrRvevi da SeefardaT misTvis Sesabamisi sasjeli. Tumca, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda iseT organoebs, romlebic SesZlebdnen, adamianebs Soris arsebuli, davis miukerZoebel gadawyvetas, braldebulTa Sesabamiss dasjas, raTa xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo bunebiTi kanoni. yovelive zemoTqmuli uimedobis gancdas badebda da sazoga-doebaSi destabilizacias iwvevda. bunebiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis saimedod dacvis mizniT, pirovnebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis interesebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT politikuri sazogadoeba da daewesebinaT saxelmwifo. loki gansakuTrebul aqcents SeTanxmebis aqtze akeTebda. lokis azriT, sa-xelmwifo im adamianTa erToblioba aris, romlebic erT mTlianobaSi gaerTiandnen, maT mier dadgenili saerTo kanonis egidiT, agreTve sasamarTlo instanciis Seqmnis mizniT, romelic adamianebs Soris arsebul konfliqtebs moawesrigebda da damnaSaveT dasjida. danarCeni koleqtiuri formebisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos axasiaTebs politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva, am kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo agresiis Tavi-dan asacileblad. saxelmwifos nebayoflobiT Seqmnis Semdeg, adamianebi _ gonebis Zaxi-liT, Zalzed zustad gansazRvraven im uflebamosilebaTa moculobas, romlebsac isini saxelmwifos gadascemen. Tumca, sicocxlis, qonebis flobis ufleba, adamianis Tanas-woroba da Tavisufleba aravis gadaecema da arc gulisxmobs raime garemoebas, rodesac SesaZlebelia am ufleba-TavisuflebaTa vinmesaTvis gadacema. e.i. aRniSnuli uflebebi _ ganusxvisebeli faseulobania da xelisuflebis moqmedebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis saboloo farglebia, romelTa gadalaxva maT kategoriulad ekrZalebaT.

lokiDdid imeds kanonsa da kanonierebaze amyarebda. xalxis mier Seqmnili saerTo kanoni, romelic maT saerTo SeTanxmebiT aRiares da daadgines, rogorc sikeTisa da borotebis is sazomi, romelic yvela kolizias wyvets, lokis azriT, saxelmwifos konstituciurobis mTavari niSani aris. Tanac, kanonieria mxolod is aqti, romelic gonier arsebas im qcevaze miuTiTebs, romelic mis sakuTar interesebs Seesabameba da saerTo sargebels emsaxureba. kanoni mxolod maSin uwyobs xels saxelmwifos “mTavari da diadi miznis miRwevas”, rodesac yvelam icis kanonis Sesaxeb da yvela asrulebs mis moTxovnebs. saxelmwifoSi absoluturad aravis, arc erT organos aqvs ufleba gamo-vides kanonis qvemdebarebidan. lokis aseTi pozicia win uswrebda “samarTlebrivi sa -xelmwifos” Sesaxeb koncefciis Seqmnas.

g) xelisuflebaTa danawilebis koncefcia da konstitucionalizmi

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imisaTvis, rom moxdes Tavisuflebis reJimis dacva, politikuri Tanacxovrebis “mTavari da diadi miznis” realizeba, aucileblobad miiCneoda saxelmwifos sajaro-saxeli-suflo uflebamosilebaTa mkveTri gamijvna, saxelmwifos sxvadasxva organoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris. kanonis miRebis uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xeli-sufleba) mTeli eris warmomadgenlobiT organos _ parlaments ekuTvnis. kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatareba-aRsruleba (aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) monarqisa da misi mi-nistrTa kabinetis (mTavrobis) kompetenciaSi Sedis. maTive saqmea ucxo saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmoeba (e.w. federaciuli xelisuflebis ganxor-cieleba). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur TeoriaSi lokma Camoayaliba gacilebiT meti, vidre “mTavrobis xelisuflebis gawonasworebis” martivi ideaa (am TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba, zogadad, saxelmwifo), rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi calkeuli nawilebi _ saxelmwifo meqanizmis Semadgeneli elementebi _ man sxva-dasxva organos kompetenciaSi gadaanawila.

imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo, romelime organos mxridan, mTeli saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis uzurpacia da am xelisuflebis despoturi gziT ganxorcieleba, man “saxelmwifos calkeuli nawilis” kavSirisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis (urTierT-damokidebulebis) zogadi principebi Camoayaliba. sajaro-saxelisuflo saqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi lokma ierarqiuli wesiT ganalaga. qveyanaSi, saxelisuflo ierarqiis pirvel safexurze sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba dadga, rogorc uzenaesi, Tumca _ araabso-luturi. danarCeni sajaro organoebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen mas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom es organoebi sulac ar arian sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis martivi danamatebi. am organoebis kompetenciaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze zegavlenis mox-dena (kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) Sedis.

arsebiTad, “mmarTvelobis normaluri struqtura” loks warmodgenili hqonda, rogorc, mTeli rigi oficialurad, normatiulad ganmtkicebuli, urTierTSekavebisa da gawo-nasworebis sitema. erTiani saxelmwifo xelisuflebis diferencirebis, gadanawilebis principebis, misi calkeuli nawilebis kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi safuZvlad daedo, XVII s-Si Camoyalibebul burJuaziuli konstitu-cionalizmis doqtrinas, romelic gansakuTrebiT S.-l. monteskiem ganaviTara.

lokis moZRvrebaSi sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ramac aristoteles droidan moyolebuli, evropul samarTlebriv moZRvrebebSi tradiciuli xasiaTi SeiZina. Tumca, loki arc erT mmarTvelobis formas aniWebda upiratesobas. erTaderTi forma, romelic man kategoriulad uaryo, abso-lutur-monarqiuli mowyoba iyo. misi piradi simpaTia im SezRuduli

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monarqiuli mmarTvelobisken ixreboda, romelic inglisSi 1688 wlis e.w. saxelovani (usisxlo) revoluciis Sedegad damkvidrda, konstituciuri monarqiis saxiT. lokisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rom saxelmwifos nebismieri forma unda gamomdinareobdes sazoga-doebrivi xelSekrulebisa da adamianTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebidan, raTa mas “mmarTvelobis saTanado struqtura” hqondes; daicvas individis bunebiTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, izrunos sayovelTao keTildReobaze.

lokma kargad icoda, rom ar arsebobda saxelmwifos iseTi idealuri forma, romelic, erTxel da samudamod, tiraniaSi _ im politikur wyobaSi gadazrdis saSiSroebisagan iqneboda dazRveuli, sadac adgili aqvs “xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas samarTlis miRma”. rodesac saxelmwifo organoebi (sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli) iseT moqmedebas iwyeben, rom ignorirebulia samarTali da saerTo SeTanxmeba, agreTve saxelmwifos mier, saTanado wesiT miRebuli kanonebi, adgili aqvs qveynis normaluri marTvis dezorganizebas, sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevas da TviT xalxis damoneba-gadagvarebas. im mmarTvelobis mimarT, romelic sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg iyenebs despotur xelisuflebas, xalxs erTaderTi SesaZleoba rCeba _ “SesTxovos Semoqmeds daxmarebisaTvis da gamoiyenos Zala usamarTlo da ukanono Zalis winaaRmdeg”. amrigad, lokis azriT, xalxis suvereniteti, saboloo jamSi, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre xalxis mier Seqmnili, saxelmwifos suvereniteti. Tu xalxis umravlesoba gadawyvets, rom bolo unda moeRos sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis damrRvevi mmarTvelobis Tav-xedobas, SeiaraRebuli saxalxo ajanyeba xelisuflebis damxobis mizniT, raTa sa-xelmwifo dabrundes Tavisuflebis, kanonis, sayovelTao keTildReobisaken moZraobis gzaze, _ savsebiT legitimuri qmedebaa. xalxis SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze uflebis Tezisi _ ar aris lokis doqtrinis SemTxveviTi nawili. es misi liberalur-demokratiuli ideis mniSvnelovani debulebaa, riTac is, postfaqtum, 1688 wlis saxelmwifo gadat-rialebis gamarTlebas Seecada, rasac inglisSi mmarTvelobis formis Secvla mohyva.

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Tavi XI

franguli da italiuri ganmanaTlebloba

1. volteri

pativi imisa, rom yofiliyo evropuli ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi umTavresi sulisCamdgmeli, did frang moazrovnesa da literators _ volters (mari fransua arue _ 1694-1778) ergo. volters ar dautovebia raime specialuri xasiaTis politikuri an iuridiuli naSromi, iseTi, rogoric h. grociusma, T. hobsma, j. lokma am misma Tanamedrove frangma ganmanaTleblebma _ S.l. monteskiem an J.-J. Rusom Seqmnes. volteris Sexedulebani politikaze, saxelmwifosa da samarTalze, kanonze moazrovnis sxvadasxva naSromSi gvxvdeba, sxva Temebze msjelobis dros, sadac is mkacrad akritikeba, aSarJebda da uaryofda imdroindeli sabatono wyobis socialur, iuridiul da ideologiur viTarebas. meore mniSvnelovani garemoeba, riTac gansxvavdeba vol-teriseuli moZRvreba _ aris Tavisuflebis, humanizmisa da Semwynareblobis sulis-kveTeba. arsebuli ubedurebis yvela fesvs (gansakuTrebiT, socialur sferoSi), romlis aRmofxvra drois dRis wesrigSi dadga, volteri gaunaTleblobaSi, cru rwmenaSi, moZvelebul da dromoWmul warmodgenebsa da gonebis daTrgunvaSi xedavda.Yyovelive amis burjad da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mTavar muxruWad mas kaTolikuri eklesia miaCnda, ris gamoc, masTan Seurigebeli brZola moazrovnis Semoqmedebis mTavar amo-saval wertilad iqca. sakmaod udierad moxseniebulia RmerTic, romelsac, SuRlis da-Tesvis gamo, tirans uwodebs. Tanac, RmerTi brmaa, gansakuTrebiT _ ganrisxebuli. mRvdelmsaxurebis mimarT gamoTqmuli damcinavi epiTetebi im religiuri devnisa da fanatizmis Sedegia, rasac Sua saukuneebSi, sxvagvarad moazrovneTa mimarT kaTolikuri eklesiis mxridan hqonda adgili.

swored religiuri fanatizmi, erTgvarovani azrovneba, romelsac aqtiurad nergavda ek-lesia, volteris rwmeniT, Tavisuflebis cxovelmyofeli sawyisis _ rwmenisa da sityvis Tavisuflebis

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momakvdinebelia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom kaTolikuri eklesiis wina-aRmdeg gaCaRebuli brZola, misdami sruli Seuwynarebloba, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom volteri uaryofda religiasa da religiurobas, rogorc movlenas. volters frTosan gamoTqmas miaweren: “RmerTi rom ar yofiliyo, Cven is unda gamogvegonao .” antikle-rikaluri ganwyoba, volters sulac ar uSlida xels, religiaSi daenaxa xalxis mase-bis mTavari Semakavebeli Zala.

volteri arc demokratiis mimdevari iyo. misi ganmanaTleblobis ideebi, prin-cipebi“TerZisa da mewaRisaTvis” ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. fizikuri SromiT dakavebuli adamianebi ar iyvnen volteris guliTadi Tayvaniscemis obieqtebi. mas arc sazogadoebis demokratiul sawyisebze gardaqmna surda. ufro metic, volters xalxis mmarTvelobis eSinoda. Tumca, misi interesis sferos bunebiTi samarTali, Tavisufleba da Tanas-woroba warmoadgendnen. bunebiTi samarTlis koncefciisa da bunebiTi kanonebisadmi damokidebuleba _ volteris yvelaze sanukvari samarTlebrivi faseulobebis legi-timaciis xerxebia: Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, romlebic, erTdroulad, bunebis mier boZebul gonsa da interess warmoadgenen.

Tavisufleba, volterisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aris pirovnebis , individis da ara mTlianad sazogadoebis Tavisufleba. pirovnebis Tavisuflebis RerZi sityvis Tavisuf-lebaze gadis, romlis gverdiT didi mniSvneloba beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisuflebas eni-Weba. gansakuTrebuli interesis sferoa sindisis Tavisufleba _ kaTolikuri Seuwyna-reblobis antipodi. volteri maRal Sefasebas aZlevda Sromis Tavisuflebas _ axali xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas. es Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom “Ti-Toeuls SeeZlo sakuTari Sroma mieyida imisTvis, vinc ufro mets gadauxdida, radgan Sroma swored imis sakuTreba aris, visac sxva sakuTreba ar gaaCnia”. volteris azriT, WeSmariti Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebi aRar arian, formalurad, erTmaneTze damokidebulni; isini avtonomiur subieqtebad iqcnen. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom sazogadoebaSi qaosi da ganukiTxaoba, mouwesrigebeli avtonomiuri ne-bagamovlenis urTierTdapirispireba unda damkvidrdes. kvlav unda moqmedebdes indi-vidTa qmedebebis garkveuli kavSiri da Tanxvedra. volteris azriT, “Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela unda emorCilebodes kanons”. swored am debulebam Cauyara sa-fuZveli, dasavleTSi, yvelaze popularul da gavrcelebul ideas “samarTlis bato-nobis Sesaxeb”. xSirad, samarTlis filosofiaSi erTmaneTs Tavisuflebas da Tanas-worobas upirispirebdnen. volteri aseTi dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebas cdilobda. piruku, misTvis sanatreli da saSuria is garemoeba, roca Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba erTmaneTis gamvrcobi da ganmtkicebelia. adamianTa Tanasworobas volteri mkacrad iuridiul aspeqtSi aRiqvamda: yvela adamianisaTvis moqalaqis statusis Tanabari

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SeZena; yvela moqalaqis kanonisadmi Tanaswori morCileba; kanonis mier yvela moqalaqis Tana-bari daculoba. aseTi Tanasworoba ki sakmaod Sinaarsiani da socialurad efeqturia. Tumca, volteri, samarTlianad, uaryofda egalitarizms (qonebriv Tanasworobas). qonebis floba, misi azriT, gavlenas unda axdendes adamianis sazogadoebriv statusze, kerZod: xmis ufleba, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis sakiTxTa mogvarebisas, volteris azriT, unda hqondes ara yvelas, aramed mxolod mesakuTres.

Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi volterma, sabatono sazoga-doebis reformirebis Taobaze sakuTar winadadebebSi gamoiyena. swored aRniSnuli poziciidan gamodioda es moazrovne, wodebrivi privilegiebisa da saeklesio sasamarT-loTa gauqmebis moTxovniT. sabatono aristokratias, romelmac saxelmwifoSi, yvela wamyvani Tanamdebobis uzurpacia moaxdina, unda dapirispireboda biurokratia. moaz-rovne moiTxovda moqmedi kanonmdeblobis partikularizmis aucilebel aRmofxvras, rac gamoiwvevda: 1. samarTliani marTlmsajulebisa da samarTalwarmoebis danergvas, romel-Sic farTod unda monawileobdnen advokatebi (sasamarTlo procesSi) da 2. wamebis akrZalvas. aRniSnuli reformebis ganxorcielebis imeds, volteri Zlier da ganaT-lebul saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze amyarebda.

sxvadasxva viTarebasa da istoriul epoqaSi, sazogadoebrivi moTxovnis gaTvalis-winebiT, volteris azriT, dasaSvebia saxelmwifos mowyobis formaTa cvalebdoba. Tana-bari pirobebis arsebobisas, volteri upiratesobas, mis dros ukve damkvidrebul, abso-lutur monarqias aniWebda. yvelaze naklebad mas saxelmwifoebriobis rRevevis revo-luciuri gza xiblavda. Tumca, volteri moiTxovda absolutizmis “ganaTlebas”, rom-lis damkvidrebas maSin eqneboda adgili, rodesac samefo taxts“ganaTlebuli monarqi” daepatroneboda. monarqi unda iyos gulmowyale, adamianTa moTxovnebis Semwynarebeli. volters swamda, rom absolutisturi saxelmwifos institutebma jer kidev ar amowures SesaZleblobebi da maT TviTon SeuZliaT im socialur-ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da ideologiuri gadmonaSTebis daZleva, rac Sua saukuneebs axasiaTebda, Tu qveynis saTa-veSi maRali zneobisa da Rrma ganswavlulobis mqone TviTmpyrobeli movidoda. volte-risaTvis cnobilia saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis sxva formebis Rirsebebic. man kargad icoda, rom, Tavdapirvelad, saxelmwifo warmoiSva respublikis formiT, radgan misi Seqmna ojaxebis gaerTianebis Sedegad moxda. respublikuri forma _ bunebrivi ganvi-Tarebis Sedegia da is yvelaze axlos dgas adamianTa bunebriv mdgomareobasTan. Respub-likaSi xelisuflebas yvelas neba-survili warmarTavs. xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba ki erTi piris an pirTa jgufis mier xdeba, yvelas mier miRebuli kanonebis safuZvelze.

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respublikis garda, volteri didad afasebda, inglisSi arsebul mmarTvelobis formas, romlis damkvidrebas revoluciurma moZraobam Seuwyo xeli, anu konstituciur monar-qias. volteri aRmatebul xarisxSi axasiaTebda inglisis saxelmwifoebriv da samarT-lebriv sistemas.

2. Sarl-lui monteskie

Sarl-lui monteskie (1689-1755) _ franguli ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi didebuli warmomadgeneli, gamoCenili iuristi da politikuri moRvawe gaxl-daT.

garda iurisprudenciisa da politikisa, monteskies interesTa sferos filosofia, eTi-ka, istoria, sociologia, religia, politikuri ekonomia, sabunebismetyvelo mecnie-rebani, xelovneba da literatura warmoadgenda. monteskies vrceli naRvawidan, Cvens yuradRebas “sparsuli werilebi” (1721), “fiqrebi romaelTa didebisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb” (1734) da, bolos, ocwliani Sromis Sedegi _ “kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb” (1748) imsaxureben „...fiqrebSi” monteskies mowinave ganmanaTleblobiTi ideebi ganmtki-cebulia Zveli romis sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da sulieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, istoriuli kvlevidan SeZenili, gamocdilebiTa da argumentebiT. am gziT monteskiem arsebiTi nabiji gadadga sinamdvilis movlenaTa istoriuli Semecnebis aspeqtSi, isto-riuli ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonmdeblobis racionalisturi ganmartebis Tval-sazrisiT. moazrovne cdilobda im daskvnis dasabuTebas, rom samyaros marTavs ara RvTis gangeba an fortuna, aramed, nebismier sazogadoebaSi moqmedi, zneobrivi da fizi-kuri xasiaTis zogadobieqturi mizezebi, romlebic gansazRvraven “xalxis gonsa” da, misi saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi cxovrebisaTvis Sesabamiss, formebsa da nor-mebs.

monteskies humanistur-ganmanaTleblobiTi poziciis Tanmimdevruloba ganxilulia traq-tatSi “kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb”, romelmac frangi moazrovne saqveynod cnobil avtori-tetad aqcia samarTlebrivi da politikuri azris istoriaSi. monteskies samarTlebrivi Teoriis mTavari

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Tema da ZiriTadi faseuloba politikuri Tavisuflebis idea aris, romlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, aucilebel pirobaTa ricxvs samarTliani kanonebi da sa-xelmwifoebriobis saTanado organizacia miekuTvneba. “kanonTa gonis” moZiebisas, an kanonebSi kanonzomierebis dasadgenad, monteskie adamianis gonieri bunebis, nivTebis bunebis Sesaxeb racionalistur warmodgenebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda istoriulad cvalebadi, pozitiuri kanonebis logikurobas, agreTve maTi Seqmnis faqtorebsa da mize-zebs Caswvdomoda.

ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT, kanonzomieri (anu kanoni, Sesabamisi urTierTobis wesi), monteskies azriT, goniersa da aucilebels niSnavs, rac, Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobas, TviTnebobasa da fatalurobas (brma sve-beds) upirispirdeba.

monteskies azriT, swored kanoni gamoxatavs gansazRvrulobis, ganpirobebulobis da ganmsWvalulobis moments, ama Tu im urTierTobaSi; gonier sawyiss, anu gonivrulobisa da aucileblobis arsebobas aRniSnul urTierTobaSi.

kanonis saerTo cnebiT moculia yvela kanoni _ ucvleli, fizikur samyaroSi moqmedi da cvalebadi _ anu gonieri arsebebis samyaroSi moqmedi kanonebi. adamiani, danarCeni fizikuri arsebebis msgavsad, ucvleli bunebiTi kanonebiT imarTeba, Tumca _ rogorc gonieri arseba, romelic sakuTari ganzraxviT moqmedebs (gonebis gardauali SezRu-dulobis, SecdomaSi Sesvlis unaris, vnebebis gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo), mudmivad arRvevs rogorc bunebis am mudmiv kanonebs, ise cvalebad adamianur kanonebs.

adamianebTan mimarTebiT, bunebis (bunebiTi) kanonebs monteskie ganmartavda, rogorc “Cveni arsebis mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod gamomdinare” kanonebs. im bunebiTi kano-nebidan, romelTa arsebobas hqonda adgili, rodesac adamianebi bunebriv (winare-civilizaciur) mdgomareobaSi cxovrobdnen, gamomdinareoben adamianis bunebis Semdegi Tvisebani: mSvidobisken ltolva, sakvebis mopovebis survili, adamianebs Soris urTi-erTobis damyareba Txovnis safuZvelze, sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis survili. monteskie specialurad aRniSnavda hobsis moZRvrebis erT miuRebel debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebs Tavidanve agresiuloba da urTierTdapirispirebis survili axasiaTebdaT. piruku, monteskies azriT, adamiani Tavidanve susti da Zalzed mSiSara arseba iyo, romelic Tanasworobisa da sxvebTan mSvidobiani cxovrebisaken iswrafoda. garda amisa, xelisuflebisa da sxvebze batonobis idea imdenad rTuli da sxva mraval ideaze damokidebulia, rom ver iqneba adamianis Tavdapirveli azri. magram, vinaidan adamianebi sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian, isini sakuTari sisustis SegrZnebas kargaven; qreba maT Soris arsebuli Tanasworobac; iwyeba orgvari omebi _ calkeul

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adamianebsa da mTel xalxs Soris. iqmneba xalxs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (saerTa-Soriso samarTali); mmarTvelsa da qveSevrdomTa Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (pozitiuri samarTali); moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (samoqalaqo samarTali). sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis moTxovnas, zogad kanonebSi, monteskies azriT, saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucilebloba ganapirobebs: “sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarsebos mmarTvelis gareSe”. iqmneba e.w. politikuri mdgo-mareoba (saxelmwifo). calkeuli adamianebis Zalisxmevis aseTi SeerTeba ukve gu-lisxmobs adamianTa nebis erTobas, anu e.w. samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. saxelmwifos (politikuri mdgomareobis) Sesaqmnelad da saerTo kanonebis dasadgenad saWiroa, ada-mianTa sazogadoebaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli mdgomareoba, romelsac monteskie samoqa-laqo mdgomareobas uwodebda. dadebiTi (pozitiuri, adamianuri) kanoni samarTlianobis obieqtur xasiaTsa da samarTlian urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba win uswrebs pozitiur kanons da ara _ piruku. kanoni, zogadad, _ monteskies mixedviT, _ aris adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebas warmarTavs. amitom, “samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi, romlebsac yvela xalxi iRebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo gamoyeneba. aseTi midgomis realizaciis procesSi, monteskie im faqtorebs ikvlevda, romelTa erToblioba qmnis “kanonTa gons”, anu imas, rac pozitiur kano-nebTan mimarTebiT _ gonierebas, marTlzomierebas, kanonierebas, samarTlianobas gansazRvravs. kanonebze gadamwyvet gavlenas, monteskies azriT, buneba da im mTavrobis principebi axdenen, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi yalibdeba. monteskie mmarTve-lobis sam formas (saxes) gansazRvravda: respublikurs, monarqiuls, despoturs. respublikur mmarTvelobaSi uzenaesi xelisufleba an mTlianad xalxs (demokratia), an mxolod xalxis nawils (aristokratia) upyria. monarqia _ erTi adamianis mmarTvelobaa, Tumca _ dadgenili kanonebis meSveobiT. despotiaSi yvelafers erTi piris neba da TviTneboba gansazRvravs, nebismieri kanonisa da rigis miRma. amrigad, monterskies Sefa-sebiT, mmarTvelobis samive saxeobas sakuTari buneba gaaCnia, romlisganac avtori mmarTvelobis principis formas ganasxvavebda. es formac Zalzed mniSvnelovania, kanon-Semoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT. demokratiis ZiriTadi kanonebi kenWisyris uflebas gan-sazRvraven. xalxi, monterskies mtkicebiT, sxva pirTa saqmianobis gakontrolebis unars avlens, Tumca mas ar Seswevs unari TviTon gauZRves saqmeebs. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniS-nuli kanonebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis pirobebSi, igulisxmeba xalxis ufleba, airCios sakuTari rwmunebulebi (saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirebi) da gaakontrolos maTi saqmianoba. demokratiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia is, romelic sakanonmdeblo xeli-suflebas mxolod xalxs aniWebs. garda kanonebisa, savaldebuloa senatis dadgeni-lebanic, romlebsac is droebiTi moqmedebis aqtebs miakuTvnebda.

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aristokratiis ZiriTadi kanonebi, monteskies azriT, xalxis nawilis uflebas gan-sazRvraven, riTac xalxi kanonebs gamoscems da Tvalyurs adevnebs maT Sesrulebas.

monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebis Tanaxmad, yoveli politikuri da samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis wyaro aris monarqi.

despoturi mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi kanonia is, sadac saerTod ar aris kanoni da mis adgils TviTneboba da despotis axireba, religia da Cveuleba ikaveben; dadgenilia SeuzRudavi uflebebis mqone veziris daniSvna. TiToeuli mmarTvelobis formis buneba gansazRvravs, misi wyobis Semqmneli, ZiriTadi kanonebis saxeobas (da am TvalsazrisiT, _ konstituciur kanons).

mmarTvelobis TiToeuli saxeobis bunebas sakuTari principi gaaCnia, romelsac moqmedebaSi mohyavs adamianis vnebebis meqanizmi _ gansakuTrebuli politikuri wyobis SigniT.

respublikaSi aseTi principia saTnoeba, monarqiaSi _ Rirseba, despotiaSi _ SiSi.

specialur yuradRebas monteskie kanonisa da Tavisuflebis Tanafardobis problemas aq-cevda. is ganasxvavebda, politikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, arsebuli kanonebis or nair-saxeobas: 1. is kanoni, romelic, saxelmwifo wyobasTan mimarTebiT politikur Tavisuflebas adgens da 2. kanonebi, romlebic politikur Tavisuflebas adgenen, moqa-laqesTan mimarTebiT. maSasadame, saubaria politikuri Tavisuflebis institucionalur da pirovnul aspeqtebze, romlebic sakanonmdeblo wesiT unda ganmtkicdes. am ori aspeqtis Tanafardobis gareSe politikuri Tavisufleba arasrulyofili, ararealuri da garantiis gareSe darCenili iqneba.

monteskie miiCnevda, rom politikuri Tavisufleba mxolod zomieri mmarTvelobis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli da ara _ demokratiis an aristokratiis, miTumetes _ des-potiis dros. zomieri mmarTvelobac ar aris sakmarisi, vinaidan iq, sadac xdeba xeli-suflebis gadameteba an borotad gamoyeneba, veraviTar politikur Tavisuflebas daamkvidreben. mxolod xelisuflebaTa ganawilebis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli politikuri Tavisuflebis upirobo garantireba. xelisufleba unda gadanawildes sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebs Soris; misi mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acileba.

Tavisufleba ki aris yvelaferi imis keTeba, rac nebadarTulia kanoniT. moqalaqeTa politikuri Tavisufleba, mniSvnelovan wilad, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis principis dacvazea damokidebuli.

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Tavisufleba ki zeimobs iq, sadac sisxlis samarTlis kanoni awesebs sasjels, TviT danaSaulis specifikis Sesabamisad: sasjeli ar aris damokidebuli kanonmdeblis TviTnebobasa da kaprizze, aramed _ saqmis arsze. Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli sasamarTlo formalobebis (procesualuri normebisa da wesebis) dacva. Tumca, mxolod im xarisxiT, rom isini Seesabamebodnen kanonis realizaciis miznebs da ar iqcnen am miznis miRwevis muxruWad.

monteskies moZRvreba kanonis Sesaxeb arasrulyofili iqneba, Tu ar ganvsazRvravT kanonTa gansxvavebul tipebs (kategoriebs). xalxis marTva xdeba: bunebiTi samarTliT; RvTaebrivi (religiuri) samarTliT; saeklesio (kanonikuri) samarTliT; saerTaSoriso samarTliT (msoflio samoqalaqo samarTliT, romlis mixedviT, yoveli xalxi msoflios moqalaqe aris); saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi samarTliT, romelic yvela sazogadoebas miekuTvneba; kerZo saxelmwifo samarTliT, romelic mxedvelobaSi iRebs calkeul sazogadoebas; dapyrobis uflebiT; calkeuli sazogadoebis samoqalaqo samarTliT; saojaxo samarTliT. kanonmdeblobis fuZemdebluri principia zomiereba: “zomierebis goni kanonmdeblobis gonad unda iqces”. monteskie kanonis Sedgenis Semdeg wesebs ayalibebda: kanonis marcvali unda iyos martivi da SemWidrovebuli; kanonis sityva unda iyos erTmniSvnelovani da yvela xalxisaTvis erTgvarovani cnebebiT dad-genili; kanoni ar unda davides wvrilmanebis donemde; kanoni ar unda saWiroebdes gamo -naklisebs, SezRudvebsa da saxecvlilebas.

3. Jan-Jak ruso

Jan-Jak ruso (1721-1778) _ msoflio samarTlebrivi azris istoriaSi erT-erTi gamoCenili da originalurad moazrovne moZRvari. Mmisi samarT-lebrivi da socialuri Sexedulebani Semdeg naSromebSia asaxuli: “adamianebs Soris uTanasworobis warmoSobisa da misi mizezebis Sesaxeb msjeloba” (1754); “politikuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb” (1755); “mudmivi mSvidobis Sesaxeb mosazrebani” (1782, gardacvalebis

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Semdeg gamoica); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, anu politikuri uflebebis principebi” (1762).

sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebs rusos moZRvreba saxalxo su-verenitetis ideisa da principis dasabuTebisa da dacvis poziciidan exeba. im periodSi gavrcelebul warmodgenas adamianis bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ruso iyenebs ro-gorc hipotezas, raTa Camoayalibos sakuTari, absoluturad axleburi, warmodgena ada-mianTa sulieri, socialuri da politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

rusos azriT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda kerZo sakuTrebas da yvela ada-miani Tavisufali da Tanaswori iyo. uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris mxolod maT fizi-kur mdgomareobas exeboda, rac bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tumca, kerZo sakuTrebis gaCenis Semdeg, iwyeba socialuri uTanasworoba, rac bunebiT Tanasworobas ewinaaRmdegeba da iwvevs brZolas mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. es iyo Seurigebeli, antagonisturi dapirispireba, romelmac moicva winareistoriuli, anu winaresa-xelmwifoebrivi peroidi da misgan erTaderT gamosavals, yvelas sasicocxlo inte-residan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kanonebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb “eSmaki mdidrebiT inspirirebuli, sayovelTao SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda, romelsac unda damor-Cileboda yvela adamiani. Tumca, samwuxarod, bunebrivi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, Raribebs arc politikuri ufro met borkilebs adebdnen, xolo mdidrebs kidev ufro met Zalas matebdnen; Seuqcevadad ganadgurda bunebrivi Tavisufleba, samudamod dad-ginda kerZo sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis damcveli kanoni, romelmac eSmakuri uzur-pacia xelSeuval uflebad gadaaqcia da, ramdenime pativmoyvares sasargeblod, mTeli kacobrioba, amis Semdeg, sastik SromaSi, monobasa da siRatakeSi Caeba”. rusos Tanaxmad, kerZo sakuTrebis uTanasworobam, romelsac Tan erTvoda politikuri uTanasworoba, saboloo jamSi, despotizmis pirobebSi, absoluturi uTanasworoba gamoiwvia, rodesac despotis mimarT yvela Tanabaria, sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi. aseTi cru, man-kier da mTeli kacobriobisaTvis damRupveli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis nacvlad, “politikuri organizmis, rogorc xalxsa da mmarTvelebs Soris WeSmariti xelSekrulebis Taobaze” ruso sakuTar koncefcias gvTavazobda. amasTanave, WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi amocanaa, adamianTa masebis suverenul xalxad gadaqceva, xolo TiToeuli adamianisa _ moqalaqed, agreTve “asociaciis iseTi formis Seqmna, romelic saerTo ZaliT, asociaciis yvela da Ti-Toeuli wevris pirovnebasa da qonebas daicavs da daifaravs, da, romlis wyalobiT, TiToeuli, yvelasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, mxolod sakuTar Tavs eqvemdebareba da iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric uwin iyo”. TiToeuli, sakuTari qonebis gaerTianebisa da erTian umaRles

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xelisuflebaSi daqvemdebarebis Semdeg, sakuTar pirovnebasa da mTel Tavis Zalas, erTiani mTlianis ganuyofel nawilad aqcevs. rusos mier dasabuTebuli, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcia, mTlianobaSi, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb mis idealur warmodgenas gamoxatavs. rusos ZiriTadi azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxolod saxelmwifos warmoSobiT, politikuri urTierTobebisa da kanonebis, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi koncefciis dadgeniT, SeiZleba gamarTldes bunebiTi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi gadasvla, raTa mudmivad arse-bobdes gonis, samarTlianobisa da samarTlis batonoba. rusos es idea upirispirdeba missave mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTrebis da sazogadoebriv urTi-erTobebSi uTanasworobis gaCena aseve iyo saxelmwifoebriobis warmoSobis obieqturi aucilebloba. “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb”-is pirvelive winadadebaSi naT-qvami iyo: “adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali, Tumca _ mudmivad borkilebis qveSaa; arada, bunebiTi mdgomareoba _ Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, rusos azriT, iyo is oqros xana”, romlis idealizacias cdilobda frangi moazrovne. sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da saxelmwifos Seqnis procesSi myofi, suverenis uflebamosilebaTa safuZvelSi devs saerTo neba.Aam SemTxvevaSi ruso xazs usvamda imas, rom saerTo neba gansxvavdeba yve -las nebisagan: saerTo neba gulisxmobs saerTo interesebs, yvelas neba ki iTva-liswinebs mxolod kerZo pirTa kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens saxelmwifosa da mis kanonebSi saerTo nebis arsebobas. ruso mkveTrad akritikebda yovelgvar kerZo asociaciebs, partiebs, jgufebsa da gaerTianebebs, romlebic suverenTan gaumarTlebel konkurenciaSi Sevidodnen. maTi neba saerTo xdeba sakuTari wevrebis mimarT, da es neba kerZo xasiaTs iZens saxelmwifos mimarT, rac amaxinjebs moqalaqeTa WeSmariti saerTo nebis Seqmis process, vinaidan irkveva, rom xmis mimcemTa raodenoba ar emTxveva xalxis raodenobas, aramed _ mxolod organizaciebisas. ruso uerTdeba makiavelis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom “seqtebisa da partiebis arseboba” zians ayenebs saxelmwifos. saerTo saxiT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis farglebi, misi da individis urTierTobaTa Tval-sazrisiT, rusos Tanaxmad, isea gansazRvruli, rom “suvereni, Tavis mxriv, qve-Sevrdomebs ver daadebs borkilebs, romlebic usargeblo iqneba TemisaTvis”; mas amis gakeTeba arc ki surs, vinaidan kanonis “gonisa da bunebiTi kanonis ZaliT, araferi xdeba umizezod”. valdebuleba, romelic akavSirebs xalxs sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo) organizmTan, uryevia mxolod imitom, rom is urTierTsanacvloa da iTvaliswinebs maTi ufleba-movaleobebis Tanasworobas. amasTanave, suvereni ar aris SeboWili sakuTari kanonebiT. Tu suvereni daadgenda mis SemboWav kanonebs, romelTaganac is ver SesZ-lebda gaTavisuflebas, moxdeboda TviT politikuri organizmis bunebis sawinaaRmdego movlenis ganxorcieleba. suvereni “dgas mosamarTlesa da kanonze maRla”. suverenis rolis swored aseT gagebasTan akavSirebda ruso warmodgenas, braldebulis sasje-lisgan gaTavisuflebis an misi Sewyalebis uflebis

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Sesaxeb, rac kanoniT da garkveuli sasamarTloTi iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli. rusos azriT, suverenis xelisufleba qve-SevrdomTa sikvdil-sicocxlis gadawyvetis uflebasac iTvaliswinebs.

rusos azriT, mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba saSualebas aZlevs politikur organizms (saxelmwifos) iqonios SeuzRudavi xelisufleba saxelmwifos yvela wevris mimarT. es xelisufleba, romelsac saerTo neba warmarTavs, aris suvereniteti, rome-lic, rusos koncefciiT, aris erTiani da, saerTod, mxolod erTaderT suverenitetze _ saxalxo suverenitetze unda visaubroT. Tanac, “xalxis cnebis qveS, romelic rusosTan aris erTaderTi suvereni, igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis (mTeli eri, mTeli mosaxleobis mamrobiTi sqesis nawili) yvela monawile da ara sazogadoebis romelime erTi wodeba an fena (Raribebi, “mesame wodeba”, “mSromelebi”), rogorc amas ganmar-tavdnen misi koncefciis radikaluri momxreebi (mogvianebiT _ iakobinelebi, marq-sistebi), saxalxo suverenitetis ideis ganxilvisas. swored imis gamo, rom suvereniteti xalxis saerTo neba aris _ is ganusxvisebeli da ganuyofelia, riTac, arsebiTad, rusom uaryo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi forma (parlamenti an sxva organo saxalxo warmomadgenlobis formaSi) da agreTve, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principi. sakanon-mdeblo xelisuflebas, rogorc sakuTriv suverenul saxelmwifo xelisuflebas TviT xalxi _ suvereni, uSualod axorcielebs. rac Seexeba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas (mTavrobas), mas ar SeiZleba axorcielebdes xalxis mTeli masa an suvereni, radgan es xelisufleba mxolod kerZo xasiaTis aqtebSi gamoixateba, romlebic kanonis sferos da, maSasadame, suverenis kompetencias ar miekuTvneba. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iqmneba ara sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, aramed suverenis gadawyveti-lebiT, Sualeduri organizmis saxiT,QqveSevrdomsa da suverens Soris urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. imis mixedviT, Tu vin axorcielebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas (yvela, zogierTi, erTi), ruso mmarTvelobis Semdeg formebs ganasxvavebda: demokratias, aris-tokratias da monarqias.

rusos azriT, kanonebis meSveobiT, mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba aris respublikur mmarTveloba.

ruso oTxi saxis kanonebs ganasxvavebda: politikur, samoqalaqo, sisxlis samarTlis da “meoTxe saxis kanoni, romelic yvelaze mniSvnelovania _ Cveuleba, zne da gansa-kuTrebiT, sazogadoebrivi azri”. Tanac, xazgasmulia, rom sazogadoebrivi xel-Sekrulebis Temas ganekuTvneba mxolod politikuri kanoni. kanonebis nebismieri sis-temis mizania _ Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis dacva. ruso aRniSnavda, rom Tavi-sufleba ar arsebobs Tanasworobis gareSe. kanoni _ samoqalaqo asociaciisa da Tanacxovrebis aucilebeli pirobaa. Tumca, kanonTa sistemis Seqmna _ didi da rTuli saqmea, romelic did codnas da

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gamWriaxobas moiTxovs, raTa sazogadoebriv organizmSi gonisa da nebis kavSirs miaRwion.

4. jambatista viko

jambatista viko (1668-1744) _ erT-erTi pirveli moazrovne iyo, romlis ideebma, ramdenime mimarTulebiT, win gauswro mecnieruli sociologiis ganviTarebas. is istorias obieqtur da kanonzomier procesad ganixilavda, romelic ciklurad mimdinareobda (“mudmivi idealuri istoria, romlis Tanaxmad, drois gark-veul monakveTSi, yvela eris istoriaSi yvelaferi xdeba”). vikosaTvis _ istoria aris adamianTa qcevebis usasrulo jaWvi. vikos damsaxureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man Tavis mTavar NnaSromSi “axali mecnierebis safuZvlebi eris saerToO bunebis Sesaxeb” (1725), saxelmwofo-samarTlebrivi institutebis asaxsnelad, istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodisa da determinuli midgomis gamoeyenebis mcdeloba ganaxorciela. istoriis mier ganvlili cikli sam fazas Seicavs: sawyisi stadia _ RvTaebrivi , RmerTebis epoqa, romlis dros ar arsebobda saxelmwifoebrioba da iuridiuli kanonebi. kanonebis rols misteriebi da orakulTa winaswarmetyveleba asrulebdnen, romlebic adamianebs RmerTebis nebas gadascemdnen. vinaidan am epoqaSi sasamarTlo zneobriv avtoritets efuZneboda, vikos azriT, dauSvebelia raime saxis racionaluri axsna-ganmarteba. sazogadoebas qurumebi marTaven. materialuri moTxovnebi, sapirispiro mimdevrobebis brZola kanonebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobas amzadebs. anu es iuridiul-sazoga-doebrivi movlenebi iqmneba ara individis subieqturi nebiT, aramed obieqturi auci-leblobiT. viko mkacrad da zedmiwevniT zustad akritikebda, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi skolis wminda xelovnur debulebebs (saxelmwifosa da samarTlis warmoSobis saxel-Sekrulebo koncefcia). viko saxelmwifos warmoSobas ar ukavSirebs xelSekrulebas. TiToeuli mmarTvelobis formas vikom sakuTari safuZveli da warmoSobis sakuTari mi-zezi mouZebna.

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istoriuli ciklis meore fazaze, gmirebis epoqaSi, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saTaveSi ukve aristokratia dgas, romelic sakuTar angarebian samarTlis normebs karnaxobs sazogadoebas da mkacrad Trgunavs plebeebs. am fazaze samarTali aris uxeSi Zalis samarTali.

istoriuli ciklis mesame faza aris adamianTa epoqa, romelsac respublikur-demok-ratiuli mowyoba an warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiebi axasiaTebs, rodesac, adamianis Rirsebis Sesabamisi, uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi moqmedeben, romlebic saxalxo suve-renitets uzrunvelyofen. am periodSi kanoni brZnulad da moqnilad iTvaliswinebs rogorc kerZo, ise sayovelTao interessa da adamianebs Soris (rasakvirvelia, iuri-diuli Tanasworoba) Tanasworobas amyarebs. vikos simpaTia mTlianad “Tavisufali sa-xalxo saxelmwifos mxares aris, sadac yvela adamiani an maTi udidesi nawili war-moadgens saxelmwifos kanonier Zalas ... da iqceva saxalxo Tavisuflebis batonad”.

5. Cezare bekaria

Cezare bekaria (1738-1794) _ vikos ideebma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver moipoves mxardaWera-gavrceleba, rasac ver vityviT sisxlis samarTlis e.w. klasikuri skolis fuZemdeblis _ Cezare bekarias Sesaxeb, romlis ideebi asaxulia mis cnobil naSromSi “danaSaulisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb” (1764).Bbekariac bunebiT-samarT-lebrivi skolis mimdevari iyo, romelic Tvlida, rom odesRac mudmivi omebi da TviTneboba sabolood Rlida individs, ris gamoc man gaimeta da uari Tqva sakuTari Tavisuflebis nawilze da SeerTda sxva individebTan, raTa sxvebTan erTad mSvidobiani da usafrTxo cxovrebiT damtkbariyo. adamianebs unda SeeqmnaT samarTliani kanonebi, romlebic maT normalur arsebobas uzrunvelyofdnen. magram samyaroSi, bekarias azriT, mSvidoba da samarTali ar aris, yvelgan Zaladoba da uuflebobaa, vinaidan kanonebis umetesoba sxva araferia, Tu ara privilegia, anu xarki, romelic yvelas, mcire-ricxovani jgufebis sasargeblod. bekaria aRSfoTebulia imiT, rom erTi da igive dana-SaulisaTvis Raribsa da mdidars gansxvavebul sasjels ufardebdnen. is sastikad gmobda raime saxis privilegias da kategoriulad acxadebda, rom iq, sadac warCinebuli da mdidari adamianebi martivad iZvrenen Tavs, ubralo xalxs sastiki msjavri ekisreba, batonobs Zlieris samarTali

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da samarTlianobisa da valdebulebis yovelgvari cneba ingreva . sazogadoebis polarizaciis Taobaze bekarias erTi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli. is miuTiTebda usamarTlobis materialur fesvebze da kerZo sakuTrebas adamianTa didi nawilis yvela ubedurebis mTavar mizezad miiCnevda. danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad da sazogadoebis gasajansaReblad, bekaria ar iTxovda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Ziri-Tadi principebis radikalur Secvlas. is upiratesobas aniWebda saubars imis Sesaxeb, rom TandaTanobiT aRmoifxvriliyo siRatake da yvela moqalaqis zneobrivi da mate-rialuri gaTanabreba moxdariyo; gamoiTqmeba azri sayovelTao ganaTlebasa da karg aRzrdaze. igi werda martivi da brZnuli kanonebis Seqmnisa da maT winaSe yvela ada-mianis Tanasworobaze, kanonierebis mkacr da aucilebel dacvaze, agreTve pirovnebis uflebaTa savaldebulo garantirebaze. “danaSaulisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb” naSromSi gamoTqmuli ideebis mniSvneloba didad scildeba sisxlis samarTlisa da samarTal-warmoebis problemas. es ideebi iseT universalur faseulobebs icaven, rogoricaa ada-mianis Tavisufleba, Rirseba, pativi, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, romlis dacva unda mox-des ara represiebiT, uxeSi ZaliT, aramed samarTliani kanonebiT, individebis TviT-discipliniTa da maRali sazogadoebrivi SegnebiT.

Tavi XII

aSS-is samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

a) Tomas jefersoni (1743-1826)

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bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideebis argumentireba, anu “adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebisadmi” apelireba, miuxedavad misi saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa, amerikaSi 1744 wlidan gaZlierda, rodesac abso-luturad naTeli gaxda, rom inglisis parlamenti raime daTmobaze wasvlas ar apirebda. j. adamsis, T. jefersonisa da a. hemiltonis pamfletebSi aisaxa, amerikaSi da-saxlebuli kolonistebis bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dasabuTeba. aSS-is damou-kideblobis deklaraciis sazeimod gamocxadebamde (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis Sesaxeb mosazreba aramxolod publiccistur naSromebSi, aramed politikur da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, konstituciur dokumentebSi aisaxa. 1776 wlis 12 ivliss jorj meisonma, j. medisonis redaqciiT, gamosca virjiniis Statis uflebaTa deklaracia, romelSic pirvelad, oficialurad ganmtkicda, rom yvela adamiani aris bunebiT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli, rom mas ganusxvisebeli uflebebi gaaCnia, romlebzec uaris Tqma maSinac ki ar SeiZleba, ro-desac adamianebi TanamegobrobaSi erTiandebian. am uflebebs adamianebi ver waarTmeven sakuTar STamomavlobas. deklaraciaSi saubari iyo sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis xel-Seuxeblobaze, agreTve bednierebisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebisaken ltolvis uf-lebaze (dekl., m.1). Semdeg, saubari exeboda imas, rom xalxs ufleba aqvs Secvalos iseTi mTavroba, romelc ar pasuxobs sakuTar daniSnulebas _ uzrunvelyos sayovelTao keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba.

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b. franklinisa da j. adamsis monawileobiT, Tomas jefersonis mier dawerili damouki-deblobis deklaracia, romelic 13 Statma erTxmad miiRo, zustad asaxavda adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis logikurobasa da dasabuTebulobas. dekla-raciis teqsti im samarTlebrivi mizezebisa da dasabuTebis CamoTvliT iwyeba, rom-lebmac koloniebis gamoyofisa da mmarTveli xelisuflebis formis Secvlis aucilebloba ganapirobes. “rodesac adamianTa cxovrebaSi momxdari movlenebiT, erTi xalxisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba im politikuri kavSirebis gawyveta, riTac is sxva xalxs ukavSirdeboda, am gankerZoebul xalxs evaleba Tanaswori da damoukidebeli mdgomareobis dakaveba msoflio derJavebs Soris. es ufleba mas mopovebuli aqvs bu-nebis kanonebisa da maTi Semoqmedis TanxmobiT. maSin, adamianTa azrisaTvis sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli pativiscema moiTxovs, rom CamoTvlili iqnas is mizezebi, romlebic aiZuleben am xalxs gamoyofisaken”. Semdeg modioda “ganusxvisebeli uflebebis” Camo -naTvali, sadac, lokiseul triadaSi miTiTebuli “sakuTreba” (sicocxlis, Tavi-suflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba) Seicvala “uflebiT iyo bednieri”. es, erTi mxriv, Seesabameboda aristoteleseul gagebas im umTavresi miznisa, Tu ratom erTian-debodnen adamianebi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi da, meore mxriv, ganmanaTleblobis suliskveTebiT ganmtkicebul, Tavisuflebis cnebis gagebas asaxavda, ris gareSec SeuZ-lebelia adamianis srulyofileba da misi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna. garda amisa, cnobilia is faqti, rom T. jefersoni ar urCevda mis megobars, general markizs de lafaiets, rom kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba asaxuliyo 1789 wlis safrangeTis “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi”, rogorc adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli ufleba. T. jefersoniseul redaqciaSi, ganusxvisebeli uflebebis dasabuTeba Semdegi saxiT aris mocemuli (frCxilebSia Setanili b. fran-klinisa da j. adamsis mier Casworebuli cnebebi): “Cven vTvliT, rom TvalnaTelia Sem-degi WeSmariteba: yvela adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad; is misi SemoqmediT dajil-dovebulia garkveuli (Tandayolili) ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT, romelTa ricxvs si-cocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken ltolvis ufleba miekuTvneba; am ufle-bebis uzrunvelsayofad adamianebi qmnian mTavrobas, romelic sakuTar Tavze iRebs samarTliani xelisuflebis aRsrulebas, maT mier namarTi xalxis TanxmobiT; Tu mmarTvelobis romelime forma amsxvrevs am principebs, maSin xalxis ufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Secvalos an saerTod gaauqmos is da daadginos axali mmarTveli xelisufleba, romlis saqmianobis safuZvelSi iseTi principebi da formebi Caideba, romlebic, xalxis azriT, yvelaze sasurvelia xalxis usafrTxoebisa da bednierebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis”. garda amisa, warsulis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom “adamianebi ufro metad iTmenen borotebas, manam SesaZlebebia misi moTmena, vidre, gauqmebis gziT, cvlian maTTvis Cveul mmarTvelobis formebs”. Tumca, mmarTveli xelisuflebis Secv-lis moTxovna

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aucilebeli da gadaudebeli xdeba im momentidan, rodesac xelisufleba gamoamJRavnebs sakuTar ganzraxvas, daTrgunos xalxi da dauqvemdebaros is TviTnebobas an absolutur despotizms. “Tumca, rodesac borotad sargeblobisa da uzurpaciis grZeli CamonaTvali (garkveul periodSi dawyebuli), absoluturi despotizmisTvis xalxis daqvemdebarebis erTsa da imave mizans ucvlelad isaxavs, xalxi ufleba-mosilia, es misi movaleobac aris, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli xelisufleba da, momavali usafrTxoebis mizniT, uzrunvelyos sakuTari Tavi axali damcvelebiT”. bunebiT-samarT-lebrivi Teoriis ideebis aseTi axsna-ganmartebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda da gaJRerda saxalxo suverenitetsa, politikur TviTgamorkvevasa da damoukidebel arsebobaze xal-xis uflebaTa konstituciuri principi. XVIII saukunis 70-ani wlebis Sua xanebis Teo-riuli siaxlis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principis dazusteba da xelaxali gaazreba iyo. 1776 wels j. adamsma pamfletSi “mmarTveli xeli-suflebis azris Sesaxeb”, garda argumentebisa orpalatiani legislaturis RirsebaTa sasargeblod, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis ideebis saxiT, wamoayena Sekavebisa da urTierTgawonasworebis sistemaTa idea, romlis Tanaxmad, urTierTdapirispirebuli an moqiSpe xelisuflebebs Soris, SeenarCunebinaT Tanazomiereba da, nawilobriv, gan-kerZoebasa da gaTanabrebas daqvemdebarebuli uflebamosilebaTa SeTavseba moexdinaT. kerZod, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Camocilebulia sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas, maSin, adamsis sakmaod realisturi da zusti mosazrebiT, mas warmoeSveba dapirispireba legislaturasTan da maT Soris winaaRmdegoba ar damTavrdeba mxolod paeqrobiT, vinaidan mTeli xelisufleba, sakanonmdebloc da aRmasrulebelic, SeiZleba ukanonod daipyros konfliqtis monawile ufro Zlierma xelisuflebam. am viTarebaSi sasamarTlo xelisufleba ver SesZlebs Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas da, miTumetes moqiSpe xeli-suflebaTa Soris, Tanazomierebis damcvelad gamosvlas, rac aseve mis damorCilebas gamoiwvevs romelime xelisuflebis mxridan.

T. jefersoni icavda rwmenis Tavisuflebas, romelic man bunebiTi uflebebis CamonaT-valSi Seitana. amitom dauSvebeli iyo am uflebis daTmoba romelime mTavrobisaTvis. jefersonisaTvis erT-erTi magistraluri Tema bunebiTi da samoqalaqo uflebebis dasa-buTeba iyo. damoukideblobis deklaraciis daweris Semdeg, man uari Tqva lokiseuli bunebiTi uflebebis triadis (sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba) dacvaze da upiratesoba “sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken ltolvis uf-lebas” mianiWa. Tumca, federaluri konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, man specialuri weri-li gaugzavna j. medisons da gamovida winadadebiT, Sevsiliyo konstitucia im ufle-bebisa da Tavisuflebebis CamonaTvaliT, romlebic, mogvianebiT, 1791 wlis Bill of rights-Si Sevidnen, sadac sabolood da samudamod damkvidrda lokiseuli bunebiTi uflebebis triada (sicocxlis,

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Tavisuflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ V Sesworeba). Semd-gomSi, T. jefersonma kidev ufro daazusta sakuTari warmodgenebi bunebiT uflebebze. kerZod, is usafuZvlod miiCnevda hobsisa da lokis azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom sazo-gadoebaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, adamianebi uars amboben romelime bunebiT uflebaze. kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba efuZneba adamianis bunebiT moTxovnebs im saSualebebze, romelTa meSveobiT adamiani sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas SesZlebda. TiToeuli adamiani da sazogadoeba uflebamosilia moipovos TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, romelsac isini bunebisgan iZendnen. arsebobs iseTi uflebac, romlis gadacema mTavrobisaTvis uazro da usargeblo qmedeba iqneba: azris gamoxatvis ufleba, zepirad da werilobiT; Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba; piradi Tavisuflebis da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da sxva.

b) benjamin franklini (1706-1790)

benjamin franklinma saqveyno aRiareba sakuTari naSromebis wyalobiT moipova. kerZod, mecnieruli gamokvlevebiT eleqtrobaSi, agreTve sagan-manaTleblo da diplomatiuri moRvaweobiT. franklini enciklopediurad ganaTlebuli moZRvari gaxldaT, romlis respublikurma ideebma is damoukideblobis mosurne kolo-nistebTan daakavSires. 60-ani wlebis bolos man uari Tqva britaneTis imperiis erTia-nobis aRqmaze, rogorc erTiani politikuri warmonaqmnisa da homrulis, anu Crdilo-amerikuli provinciebis TviTmmarTvelobisa da politikuri TviTgamorkvevis uflebis idea ganaviTara. 1769 wels, franklinma pirvelma uwoda Crdiloamerikuli provinciebs Statebi. Semdgom wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ “bostonis Cais smis” Semdeg, homrulis idea aitaces da ganaviTares radikaluri orientaciis mqone, politikuri pamfletebis avto-rebma. franklins Statebis konfederaciuli mowyobis erT-erTi gegmac ekuTvnis. is 1781 wlis “konfederaciis muxlebis” erT-erTi aqtiuri Semdgenelic gaxldaT. agreTve mas damoukideblobis

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deklaraciisa da, filadelfiis mexuTe kongresze, aSS-is konsti-tuciis miRebaSic miuZRvis wvlili.

franklini ar iyo radikaluri politikuri gardaqmnebis momxre. naxevarsaukunovani sa-zogadoebrivi, politikuri da diplomatiuri saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi, franklini ucvlelad icavda sakuTari qveynis, rogorc “Sromis qveynis” harmoniuli da damou-kidebeli ganviTarebis ideas, sadac ar arsebobs mdidrebsa da Ratakebs Soris mkeTri polarizacia, sadac adgili ar aqvs erTis fufunebas, meoris _ asketizms, sadac xalxi cxovrobs “bednieri zomierebis” pirobebSi, sadac respublikuri zneobis sisadave gan-sazRvravs materialuri da politikuri zne-Cveulebebis principebs. franklini ar iyo arc gulubryvilo demokrati, arc _ demagogi. safrangeTidan, revoluciuri moZraobis dawyebis Taobaze cnobis miRebis Semdeg, man didi wuxili gamoTqva da aRniSna, rom “Tavisuflebis cecxls SeuZlia rogorc ganwmenda, ise ganadgureba”. brbos xmaurSi saeWvoa, rom vinmem filosofiis Zaxili gaigonos. amitom, franklini upiratesobas socialur evoluciasa da reformistul nabijebs aniWebda da ara _ radikalur moTxov-nebs.

franklinis mosazrebani sakanonmdeblo politikis aqtualur sakiTxebze _ monobaze, indielebis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaze, zRvaze mekobreobis SenarCunebasa (kape-robaze) da sakuTrebis dacvaze _ gamoxatuli da dasabuTebulia moralisturi filo-sofiisa da adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis koncefciis poziciidan.

g) Tomas peini

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Tomas peini (1737-1809), warmoSobiT ingliseli, amerikaSi franklinis rCeviTa da rekomendaciiT Camovida. amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis omis wlebSi is Zalzed popularul publicistad iqca. misi politikur-filosofiuri narkvevi “adaminis uflebebi” (1791) mravalgzis da Zalzed didi tiraJiT gamoica. peini aqtiurad monawileobda revoluciuri periodis safrangeTis politikur cxovrebaSi; iskonventis deputatad iyo arCeuli. iakobinelTa teroris dros peini daapatimres da dilegSi _ dantonis gverdiT Casves, Tumca bednieri SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT, is sikvdiliT ar dasajes. robespieris diqtaturis damxobis Semdeg, peini gaaTavisufles da deputatis statusSic aRadgines. cixeSi yofnisas, man antiklerikaluri pamfleti “gonebis saukune” (1794-1795) dawera. pamfletSi “saRi azri” (1776 wlis ianvari), peini _ saRadmoazrovne amerikeli patriotis poziciidan, Wkvianurad icavda Statebis respublikuri TviTmmarTvelobis ideebs da mamacurad Tavs esxmoda memkvidreobiTi mo-narqiis aSkara da dafarul mankierebebs, agreTve metropoliis naxevradrespublikur parlamentarizms.

peinma, erT-erTma upirvelesma, gaavlo mkveTri ganmasxvavebeli xazi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos cnebebs Soris, maTi warmoSobis, rolisa da daniSnulebis mixedviTa da gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadoeba iqmneba Cveni moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTavroba ki _ Cveni mankierebiT: pirveli _ Cvens bednierebas uwyobs xels, dadebiTad aerTianebs Cvens keTil zraxvebs, meore _ uaryofiTia, vinaidan moTokavs Cvens mankier Tvisebebs; erTi waaxalisebs daaxlovebas, meore _ ganxeTqilebas. “sazogadoeba, nebismieri mdgoma-reobiT, aris sikeTe; mTavroba _ yvelaze saukeTesoc ki, aucilebeli boroteba, uaress SemTxvevaSi ki _ mouTmeneli boroteba”. peinis azriT, mTavroba iqmneba mmarTvelobaSi myofTa upirobo monawileobiTa da TanxmobiT. mmarTvelobis yvela formas is or nair-saxeobad hyofs: arCeviT-warmomadgenlobiTi da

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memkvidreobiTi mmarTveloba. pirvel formas respublika ewodeba, meores _ monarqia da aristokratia. vinaidan xelisufleba moiTxovs talantsa da unars, xolo es Tvisebebi memkvidreobiT ver gadaecema, peinis azriT, yvelaze gaunaTlebeli qveyana yvelaze ukeT egueba monarqiul da aristo-kratiul da ara respublikur mmarTvelobas.

adamianis uflebebi _ adamianis socialuri yofierebis garkveuli Tvisebebi, amavdrou-lad, “mmarTveli xelisuflebis principebicaa”. am Tvisebebis arseboba swraf progress uwyobs xels. adamianis uflebebi bunebiT da samoqalaqo uflebebad iyofa, Tanac isini “sxva uflebebad” gamomdinareoben. “adamiani sazogadoebaSi gaerTianda ara imisa-Tvis, rom icxovros ufro cudad, vidre manam cxovrobda, aramed imisaTvis, rom ukeT uzrunvelyos es uflebebi”. yvela samoqalaqo uflebis safuZvelSi devs bunebiTi uflebebi. uflebaTa problematikis argumentacias peini axorcielebda filosofiur-samarTlebrivi doqtriniT, rasac, xSirad asabuTebda saRi azris moTxovniT. traqtatSi “gonebis saukune”, religiuri msoflmxedvelobis sistemaSi, peini mouwodebda revo-luciuri gardaqmnebisaken da erTmaneTs upirispirebda gonierebis Zalasa da “bibliur zRaprebs saocrebebsa da winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb”. saeklesio ierarqiis Seqmnas peini im aucileblobiT asabuTebda, rom daeSinebinaT da daemonebinaT adamianebi, xelT egdoT xelisuflebis uzenaesoba da yovelgvari Semosavali.

d) aleqsander hemiltoni

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aleqsander hemiltoni (1757-1804) _ federalistebis udao lideri, farTo masStabisa da msoflmxedvelobis mqone, gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe, konstituciuri Teoriisa da praqtikis sferoSi mravali siRrmiseuli gamokv-levis avtori da federaluri mTavrobis centralizebuli xelisuflebis energiuli damcveli iyo. centralist-federalistTa warmomadgenlebi Sors iyvnen im azrisgan, rom ZiriTadi aqcenti im pirTa sibrZnesa da samarTlianobaze gaekeTebinaT, vinc xelT ig-debda saxelmwifo xelisuflebas. federalistebi saxelmwifoSi, xalxis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb demokratTa ideas iziarebdnen da, amavdroulad, am ideas adamianTa mankieri Tvisebebisa da midrekilebebis moTokvis aucileblobas ukavSirebdnen, vinaidan aseTi zemoqmedebis gareSe, adamianebi gonierebisa da samarTlianobis moTxovnebs aras-dros daemorCilebodnen. federaluri konstituciis proeqtis komentarebis krebulSi, saxelwodebiT “federalistTa SeniSvnebi”, xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis yvela nair-saxeoba eqsperimentatoris sizustiT aris ganxiluli, romlisTvisac yvela dawese-buleba _ adamianis mier Seqmnili instituciaa, romelsac sakuTari Rirseba da naklic gaaCnia. hemiltoni iziarebda j. adamsis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom xelisuflebis sferoSi check and balanses sistemis dadgena aucilebelia imis gamo, rom adamianebs daucxromeli egoizmi axasiaTebs; isini unda aiZulo iRvawon sayovelTao keTil-dReobisaTvis, miuxedavad aseve daucxromeli sixarbisa da pativmoyvareobisa. am gare-moebaTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe nebismieri konstitucia faratina qaRaldad iqceva. xalxi _ uzarmazari mxecia, romlis azris gaTvaliswineba brZen mmarTvels imdenad esaWiroeba, ramdenadac xalxSi arsebuli ukmayofileba da winaaRmdegoba mis xeli-suflebas emuqreba.

hemiltoni “federalistas” muxlebis erT-erTi avtori iyo. es dokumenti 1787 wlis oqtomber _ 1788 wlis maisSi, Zvelromaeli patrioti-

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respublikelis _ publiuss vale-riusis fsevdonimiT gamoqveynda. dokumentis samive avtori konstituciis mosamzadebel jgufSi Sevida; samives maRali Tanamdebobebi ekavaT saxelisuflo struqturebSi: hemiltoni finansTa ministry iyo, jon jei _ uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, j. medisoni _ qveynis, rigiT meoTxe, prezidenti. Statebis axali federaluri kavSiris SenarCunebis gzebis gamarTlebis mizniT, hemiltoni xSirad iyenebda, winaswar gaazrebul, Zalzed martivad aRsaqmel da rTulad dasamtkicebel, simarTlesTan axlos mdgom argumentebs. kerZod, “federalistas” 23 nomerSi, Tavdacvis sferoSi, is axali mTavrobis SeuzRudav uflebamosilebas iyenebda, rasac imiT asabuTebda, rom SeuZle-belia winaswar gansazRvro eris moTxovnaTa xarisxi da mravalferovneba aRniSnul sferoSi.

ufro safuZvliani iyo misi argumenti sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sazedamxedvelo funqciebis sasargeblod, romelic man “federalistas” 33 da 78 nomrebSi Camoayaliba, sadac konstituciis proeqtis formalur-dogmaturi dacva iyo ganxiluli da dasabu-Tebuli. kanoni, werda hemiltoni, _ terminidan gamomdinare, _ “uzenaesobas” niSnavs. Tu individebi sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian, kanoni individTa qcevis uzenaess regulatorad unda iqces. Tu federaluri xelisufleba sakuTari ufleba-mosilebis farglebs borotad gamoiyenebs da maT samarTlian CarCoebs gaametebs, tiranulad isargeblebs naboZevi uflebebiT, xalxs _ xelisuflebis wyaros _ ufleba aqvs mimarTos, mis mier Seqmnili modelis Secvlas da gamoasworos konstituciiT miyenebuli ziani im xer-xebiT, romlebsac mas ukiduresi garemoeba karnaxobs da keTilgoniereba amarTlebs. sasamarTlos erT-erTi aucilebeli amocana aris: “konstituciasTan winaaRmdegobaSi mo-suli yvela aqti, baTilad gamoacxados. amis gareSe yvela konkretuli uflebisa da privilegiis SezRudva arafers niSnavs”. hemiltonis azriT, samudamod daniSnuli, kargi azrovnebis mqone, damoukidebeli da pativnacemi mosamarTleebi mmarTvelobis uzrun-velyofas, saTanado pasuxismgeblobiT SesZleben.

e) oliver uendel holmsi _ umcrosi

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oliver uendel holmsi _ umcrosi (1841-1935), bostonSi, cnobili poetis ojaxSi daibada. man moaswro samoqalaqo omSi monawileobis miReba da samjer daWrilic iyo. holmsma harvardis universitetSi filosofiuri da iuridiuli ganaTleba miiRo. moRvawis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis yvelaze aqtiuri periodi -1902 ww. modis 1882, rodesac is jer masaCuseTsis Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevri, Semdeg _ aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevri gaxda, prezedent T. ruzveltis rekomendaciiT. holmsis klasikuri naSromia “saerTo samarTali” (1881), romelic harvardis universitetSi, konstituciur samarTlSi wakiTxuli leqciebis kursis safuZvelze Seiqmna. holmsis Tanaxmad, samarTlis wyaro primitiuli adamianis mxridan, samagieros mizRvis survilSi unda veZioT, zianis mimyeneblis mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlis evolucia, uciloblad, adamianis yofiT pirobebze aris damokidebuli; aRniSnuli periodis gadaudebel moTxovnebze, moraluri da politikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaze da sxva.

holmsisaTvis, qveynis konstitucia Taviseburi socialuri eqsperimentia, riTac is ada-mianTa cxovrebas SeiZleba SevadaroT. naSromSi “samarTlis gza” (1897), im dros gabatonebuli pragmatizmis suliskveTebiT, holmsma ganacxada, rom samarTalSi _ Ses-wavlis obieqti aris “sajaro Zalis gamoyenebis sferos winaswarmetyveleba, romelic samarTlis meSveobiT unda moxdes”. imisaTvis, rom, zogadad, SevicnoT samarTali, ada-mianma uari unda Tqvas zneobasa da wminda formalur mosazrebebze da sakuTar Tavs unda Sexedos, rogorc garemoralur subieqts, romelic mxolod sakuTar SenaZensa an danakargze zrunavs. aRniSnuli debulebis Tanaxmad, holmsma Camoayaliba samarTlis Semdegi cneba: samarTali aris sxva araferi, Tu ara imis winaswarmetyveleba, Tu rogor moiqceva sasamarTlo praqtikul saqmianobaSi. kanonier uflebaze (samarTalze) war-modgena dakavSirebulia imis winaswarmetyvelebasTan, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, Tu rogor daisjeba adamiani, ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

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is gaakeTebs an ar gaakeTebs imas, rac mas evaleba. winaswarmetyvelebis seriasTan samarTlis miaxlovebiT, holmsma es ukanaskneli TiTqmis gaaigiva empiriul mecnierebasTan. mecnierebis, maT Soris iuri-diulisa, mizani aris is, rom ganisazRvros Cveni socialuri miznebis garkveuli, Seda-rebiTi faseuloba.

Tavi XIII

evropuli samarTlebrivi azris ganviTareba XVIII -XIX saukuneebSi

1. imanuil kanti

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a) apriopuli Semecneba

liberalizmis ideologiis (sazogadoebis axali fenebis _ burJuaziisa da prog-resulad moazrovne warCinebulTa) SemuSaveba pirvelad kionigsbergis universitetis profesorma imanuil kantma (1724-1804) daiwyo. saxelmwifosa da samarTlebrivi sa-kiTxebis SemuSavebas igi, uSualod, cxovrebis bolo aTwleulSi Seudga, rodesac erT-maneTis miyolebiT (1793, 1795 da 1797 wlebSi), Seqmna naSromebi _ statia “andazis Sesaxeb _ SesaZloa, es zustic aris TeoriisaTvis, magram ar gamodgeba praqtikaSi”, traqtati “saukuno mSvidobisaTvis” da fundamenturi qmnileba _ “zneobis metafizika”. swored aRniSnul naSromSi moxda socialur-politikuri problematikis ganzogadeba. kantis moZRvrebis safuZvelSi codnis saxeebis _ empiriuli (cdebis) da aprioruli (laT., a priori _ winamdebaredan gamomdinare codna, romelic win uswrebs cdebs) _ meTodologiebis urTierTdapirispireba devs. samyaros Secnoba cdebiT (grZnobis organoTa meSveobiT), empiriuli SecnobiT iwyeba, romelic codnas iZleva mxolod movlenis garegnuli mxaris Sesaxeb _ feri, forma, wona... xolo, arsis gageba mxolod gons SeuZlia. Semecnebis es saxe _ Semecneba gonebis meSveobiT, kantma “apriorul Semecnebad” Seracxa. praqtikuli filosofia (adamianis qcevis sfero) ori elementisgan _ eTikisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb moZRvrebisgan Sedgeba. maTi analizis dros wamyvani adgili aprioruli Semecnebis meTods uWiravs.

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Tu bunebis Semecnebis (sabunebis-metyvelo mecnierebani) dros wamyvani adgili empiriul meTods (gamocdileba) uWiravs, eTikis kanonebi ar SeiZleba adamianTa urTierTobebis sferodan gamoidevnon. empiriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT, zneobisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb samecniero Teoriis Seqmna SeuZ-lebeli aris. im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogoria samarTlianobis sayovelTao kriteriumi, iuristebi jer kidev ver garkveulan, miTumetes, Tu isini sakuTar msje-lobaSi ar daeyrdnobian gonebas da mxolod cdebiT ixelmZRvaneleben. filosofiis amocanac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, gonebidan gamomdinare, ganvsazRvroT qcevis sayo-velTao wesebi. mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli eTikisa da samarTlis Teoriis mecnierebad qceva.

b) zneobis kanoni

Taviseburad axsna kantma adamianis gonieri buneba. goni, rogorc adamianis ganmasxva-vebeli Tviseba, mTlianad viTardeba ara individsa, aramed adamianTa modgmaSi _ erTma-neTis monacvle TaobebSi. amitom ganaTleba msoflio Teoriuli procesia, sadac ada-mians (kulturisa da progresis meSveobiT) bunebisgan damokidebulebis daZleva da Tavisuflebis mopoveba SeuZlia. aqedan _ kantis daskvna: gonieri _ kulturis mzardi Sedegi da ara arsebuli praqtikis ganzogadeba aris. kantis am doqtrinam udidesi roli Seasrula socialuri kanonebis Semecnebis saqmeSi. Tavisuflebis kanonebs, bune-bis kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT, zneobrivi kanonebi ewodeba. vinaidan es kanonebi mxolod garegnul qcevebs da maT kanonSesabamisobas exeba, amitom maT agreTve iuridiuli kano-nebi ewodebaT; xolo, Tu maT mier gamoTqmulia moTxovna, rom isini (kanonebi) qcevis safuZvlis gamomxatveli iyos, maSin maT eTikuri wesebi ewodebaT. amave dros, iuri-diul kanonebs legaluric ewodebaT da maTvis Sesabamisia _ legaluroba, xolo ka-nonTa meore saxisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia moraluroba.

kantis racionalizmis Tavisebureba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: miuxedavad imisa, rom zneob-riobis matareblebi yvela adamianebi (rusos azriT) arian, yvela zneobrivi da samarT-lebrivi kanonis wyaro aris praqtikuli goni, anu adamianis Tavisufali neba. zneobriv pirovnebad gaxdoma adamians mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia, Tu is, kacobriobis wi-naSe, sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis Secnobis donemde amaRldeba. xolo, vinaidan yvela adamiani Tanasworia, TiToeul maTgans absoluturi zneobrivi faseuloba gaaCnia. swo-red amgvarad, kantis eTika zogadsavaldebulo, individis zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas amkvidrebda, msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT. am principebze dayrdnobiT, kantma zneobrivi kanonis cneba Camoayaliba. zneobrivad myari pirovneba xelmZRvanelobs ara hipoTeturi (pirobiTi) wesebiT, aramed man unda ixelmZRvanelos kategoriuli (upirobo) imperativis moTxovniT, romelic ar Seicavs miTiTebas, Tu rogor unda iqceodes ada-miani konkretul

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SemTxvevaSi da, maSasadame, aris formaluri wesebi. kategoriuli (upi-robo) imperativi mxolod “kacobriobis winaSe valdebulebis zogad ideas” Seicavs da adamians SesaZleblobas utovebs, gadawyvitos sakiTxi, Tu misi romeli qceva Seesabameba zneobriv kanons. kantma kategoriul (upirobo) imperativs zneobrivi Tavisuflebis ka-noni uwoda da moiyvana misi formulebi.

g) samarTlis Teoria

kantis samarTlis Teoria mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli eTikasTan. es imiT aixsneba, rom samarTalsa da eTikas erTi wyaro _ adamianis praqtikuli goni da erTi mizani _ sayo-velTao Tavisufleba gaaCnia adgens. samarTali zneobisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is, iZulebis gziT qcevis wesebis Sesrulebas. Tu zneoba Sinagan zraxvebs efuZneba da aq ar aris savaldebulo kodeqsebi, samarTali iZulebas efuZneba. aq moqmedebs sajaro kanonmdebloba. zneobisa da samarTlis urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, kanti kanons zneobriobis pirvel safexurad (minimumi) miiCnevda. Tu dadgenili samarTali zneobriv kanonebs Seesabameba, maSin sazogadoebaSi iseTi CarCoebia Seqmnili, rodesac erTis Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba, ar ewinaaRmdegeba sxvaTa Tavisuflebas. msgavsi urTi -erTobebi ar aris bolomde zneobrivi, vinaidan xalxi am urTierTobebSi ara valde-bulebiT, aramed dasjis SiSiT dadgenili sargebliT xelmZRvanelobs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, samarTali garegnulad uzrunvelyofs civilizebul urTierTobebs, Tumca adamianebs am dros SeuZliaT erTmaneTis mimarT antipaTiac gaaCndeT. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac “mxolod samarTali _ zneobis gareSe batonobs, sruli antagonizmia SenarCu-nebuli”. samarTali aris im pirobaTa erToblioba, romelTa dros, erTi piris TviT-neboba meore piris TviTnebobas Seesabameba, Tavisuflebis sayovelTao kanonis Tval-sazrisiT. aseT pirobebs kanti miakuTvnebda iZulebiTi kanonebis arsebobas, kerZo sakuTrebisa da piradi uflebebis garantias, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas, davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadawyvetas. kanti samarTals bunebiT (Tandayolil) da pozitiur samarTlad hyofda. pozitiuri samarTali kerZo pirebs, saxelmwifo (sajaro) da kosmo-politur samarTals (yvela saxelmwifoTa Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba, samudamo mSvidobis Sesaxeb) exeba. bunebiTi samarTlis ganmartebisas, kanti aRiarebda hipoTetur bunebriv mdgomareobas (rusos azri), sadac uaryofilia obieqturi samarTali. adamians am mdgomareobaSi mxolod bunebiTi uflebebi gaaCnda _ zneobrivi arCevanis Tavi-sufleba. misgan gamomdinareobs adamianis ganusxvisebeli moraluri Tvisebebi: Tanas-woroba, sakuTari azris gaziarebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, adamiani subieqtur bunebiT uflebebsac iZens, maT Soris kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas. Tumca, es uflebebi arafriT aris uzrunvelyofili, garda mflobelis fizikuri Zalisa. da es uflebebi winaswar aris dadgenili. kantma am subieqtur bunebiT uflebebs, gabatonebuli tradiciis sapi-

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rispirod, kerZo samarTali uwoda, romelic, misi azriT, garantiasa da iuridiul Zalas saxelmwifoSi iZens, mxolod sajaro kanonebis Seqmnis Semdeg. saxelmwifos warmoSobis safuZvelSi aprioruli midgomis principi devs, romelsac socialur-poli-tikuri movlenebis axsnisaTvis iyeneben. Tavdapirveli xelSekruleba, kantis azriT, mxo-lod gonebis idea aris. Tumca, gonebas praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs _ is avalebs ka-nonmdebels ise gamosces kanonebi, rom es kanonebi xalxis gaerTianebuli nebidan gamom-dinareobdnen. es samarTlianic iqneba. amrigad, xelSekrulebis idea, erTi mxriv, regu-laciur princips asrulebs, meore mxriv _ es aris samarTlisa da usamarTlobis sazomi. “saxelmwifo aris pirebis simravlis gaerTianeba, samarTlebrivi kanonebis qveS”. misi umniSvnelovanesi niSania _ kanonis uzenaesoba (Tanac, es aris ara realuri, aramed idealuri _ sasurveli saxelmwifo). saxelmwifos mizania _ myari marTlwesrigis garan-tireba, romlis Seqmna sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da xalxis suverenitetis piro-bebSi aris SesaZlebeli. saxalxo suvereniteti, kantis azriT, aris ara “saxalxo mmarTveloba” (rusos azri), aramed xalxis warmomadgenloba parlamentSi da im uf-lebiT aRWurva, romelic deputatebs SesaZleblobas miscems uari uTxran mTavrobas, yvela miuRebel moTxovnaze. saxelmwifos mTavari mizania _ individualuri Tavisuf-lebis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, es uzrunvelyofa ar exeba xalxis bednie-rebaze zrunvas. am poziciidan gamomdinare, kanti sam mTavar organos gamohyofda: par-laments (gamoscems kanonebs), mTavrobas (aRasrulebs kanonebs) da sasamarTlos (icavs kanonebs). kantis saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi ideali xelisuflebaTa dayofa da sub-ordinacia iyo. amave principidan gamomdinare, kanti saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis for-mebis diferencirebasac axdenda: respublika (aris xelisuflebaTa dayofa) da despotia (ar aris xelisuflebaTa dayofa). kanti yuradRebas ar aqcevda saxelmwifos formebis klasifikacias: monarqiad, aristokratiad, demokratiad, vinaidan, misi azriT, es aris kanonis asos da misi saxelmwifo wyobilebis sulis gamoxatuleba. kantis koncefciis mixedviT, monarqia gadaiqceva respublikad, Tu moxdeba xelisuflebaTa dayofa, xolo despotia damkvidrdeba _ Tu ar iqneba xelisuflebaTa gamijvna. xelisuflebis gadacemis xerxebia _ permanentuli reformebi. kacobriobis ganviTarebis momavali kantnma samarTlebrivi respublikis msoflio konfederaciis Seqmnas daukavSira: saerTa-Soriso samarTali Tavisufal saxelmwifoTa federalisms unda efuZnebodes. saerTa-Soriso samarTlis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi man saukuno mSvidobis proeqtis idea wamoayena: saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigi, omebis gareSe, adamianebis Tanasworobisa da erTmaneTis saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis principebs unda efuZnebodes. kantis moZRvreba saxelmwi-fosa da samarTalze _ pirveli politikuri doqtrinaa, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebTan da, Sesabamisad, _ misi gamarTlebis germanuli varianti.

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2. hegelis sulis filosofia

a) dialeqtika _ Semecnebis WeSmariti saSualeba

gamoCenili germaneli moazrovnis georg vilhelm hegelis (1770-1831) mTavari naSromi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sferoSi aris “samarTlis filosofia” (1821). misi meTodo-logiuri principi: absoluturi codna miiRweva mxolod erTian filosofiur sivrceSi, romelmac SeiZleba yvela sakuTari kategoriisa da cnebis Sinaarsi axsnas, maT lo-gikur urTierTkavSirSi. aseTi sistemis mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa dialeqtikis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli, romelic Teoriuli cnebebisa da, maT Soris, gardamavali debulebebis struqturis gamokvlevis meTodia. hegelis azriT, dialeqtika aris Semec-nebis erTaderTi WeSmariti xerxi, romelic saSualebas iZleva CamovayaliboT Teoria, erTi cnebidan meoreze azris Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis meSveobiT. am meTodis gamo-yenebiT, hegelma filosofiuri sistema Camoayaliba, romlis Semadgeneli elementebia: logika, bunebis filosofia da sulis filosofia. TiToeuli nawili ramdenime moZRv-rebad iyofa. saxelmwifosa da samarTals is sulis filosofias miakuTvnebda da misi Semecnebis sagnad miiCnevda. sulis filosofiaSi ganxilulia adamianis Segnebis ganvi-Tarebis procesi, romelSic man ramdenime safexuri gamoyo: 1) subieqturi suli (anTro-pologia, fenomenologia, fsiqologia); 2) obieqturi suli (abstraqtuli samarTali, mo-rali); 3) absoluturi suli (xelovneba, religia, filosofia). saxelmwifo da sa-marTali obieqtur suls miekuTvneba.

b) hegelis esencializmi.

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samarTlis Teoriis, rogorc mecnierebis sagani samarTlis idea aris _ samarTlis cne-bisa da am cnebis realobaSi (sinamdvileSi) ganxorcielebis erToblioba. Tu kanti sa-xelmwifosa da samarTlis ideas gonebis wminda Semecnebad, apriorul konstruqciad xsnida, hegelis azriT, _ WeSmariti idea _ subieqturi (SemecnebiTi) da obieqturi momen-tebis zeimia. anu _ idea sakuTari sagnis adekvaturi cnebaa. filosofiis amocanas hege-li imaSi xedavda, rom Caswvdomoda saxelmwifosa da samarTlis arss, radgan es mov-lenebi adamianis gonivruli saqmianobis Sedegebia. samarTalSi adamianma unda ipovos sakuTari goni da, maSasadame, unda ganixilos samarTlis gonivruloba. samarTlis filosofiis sagnisa da meTodis aseTi aRqma da Secnoba hegelma gamoxata aforizmSi: “is, rac gonivrulia _ WeSmaritia, rac WeSmaritia _ gonivrulia.” amiT aRiniSna misi socialur-politikuri doqtrinis kvintisencia (dedaazri). WeSmaritebis Sesa-xebHhegeliseuli daskvna sxvadasxvagvarad aixsneba: hegeli WeSmaritebis qveS ara im yvelafers gulisxmobda, rac sazogadoebaSi xdeboda, aramed mxolod imas, rac, auci-leblobis gamo, anu kanonzomierad xdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac aixsna saxelmwifos arsi, SeiZleba gadawydes sakiTxi _ “saWiro da gonivruli politikuri wyobis Sesaxeb”. amrigad, socialur urTierTobebSi, hegelis mier Camoyalibebulma arsebiTisa da saval-debulos problemis gadawyvetam, esencializmis saxelwodeba miiRo.

g) samarTlis idea

“bunebiTi samarTlis” qveS hegeli samarTlis ideas icnobda. misi azriT, “bunebiTi samarTali” ara im moTxovnaTa erTobliobaa, romelsac unda Seesabamebodnen saxelmwi-fos kanonebi, aramed _ adamianebs Soris arsebuli, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis bune-bis (arsis) filosofiuri gageba da gaazreba aris. samarTlis idead mas sayovelTao Tavisufleba miaCnda. igi adamianebs absolutur Tavisuflebas aniWebda, xolo sa-marTali Tavisufali nebis cnebidan gamohyavda. hegeli samarTals ar miiCnevda, sayo-velTao samarTlis interesebis Sesabamisad, Tavisuflebis urTierTSezRudvad, vinaidan WeSmariti Tavisufleba ara sayovelTao, aramed mxolod individualur nebas gaaCnia. amrigad, sayovelTao Tavisufleba moiTxovs, rom adamianis miswrafeba, emorCilebodes zneobriv movaleobas, adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebi _ saxelmwifos winaSe arsebul movaleobebs unda emorCilebodnen, xolo pirovnebis Tavisufleba _ aucileblobas Seesityvebodes. hegels samarTlis gansakuTrebul saxeebad qonebrivi urTierTobebis monawileTa formaluri Tanasworoba, zneoba da msoflio sulis samarTali miaCnda. sayovelTao Tavisufleba msoflio istoriis arss Seadgens. Tavisuflebis ganviTareba sayovelTaobis xarisxamde, dialeqtikis kanonebis Sesabamisad, ganixileba rogorc TviT samarTlis ideis logikuri axsna. samarTlis idea sam safexurs gadis: 1. abstraqtuli samarTali _ ufleba; Tavisufali neba, Tavdapirvelad, adamianis Segnebas

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ewvia, im individualuri nebis saxiT, romelic sakuTrebis uflebidan warmoSobil urTi-erTobebSi aisaxa. Tavisufleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom TiToeuls hqondes nivTebis (sakuTrebis) flobis, sxava adamianTan garigebaSi (anu dados xelSekruleba) Sesvlis, sakuTari darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenis (usamarTloba da danaSauli) ufleba. amrigad, abstraqtuli samarTali qonebrivi urTierTobebisa da pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis sferos moicavs. abstraqtuli samarTlis normebi _ moTxovnebi akrZalvis saxiT (amkrZalavi normebi) aris Camoyalibebuli. isini formaluri xasiaTisaa, radgan adamianebs mxolod Tanabar uflebaunarianobas aniWeben, Tavisuflebas _ sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr imoqmedod qonebis zomis (moculobis), misi daniSnulebis, Semad-genlobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas hegeli kerZo sakuT-rebas aqcevda da amtkicebda, rom mxolod igi aqcevs adamians pirovnebad. Tumca, ada-mianis sakuTrebad gadaqceva SeuZlebelia da arc sakuTrebis gantolebaa mizanSewonili da, Sesabamisad, dasaSvebi. 2. morali; aq formaluri samarTlis abstraqtuli da nega-tiuri moTxovnebi dadebiTi SinaarsiT ivseba. morali _ Tavisufali nebis subieqturi gamoxatulebaa. moraluri mdgomareoba aamaRlebs adamianebs da maT SeeZlebaT, saku-Tari moqmedebisadmi, Segnebuli midgoma. Tu samarTalSi Tavisufali neba, nivTis mimarT, garegnuli saxiT (sxva piris neba) ganisazRvreba, zneobaSi _ Tavisufali neba, piruku, _ Sinagani motiviT, zraxvebiT ganisazRvreba, ramac moraluri qceva SeiZleba abstraqtul samarTalTan (Rataki purs iparavs) koliziaSi Seiyvanos. am safexurze Tavisufleba gamovlindeba unarSi, raTa Cadenil iqnas gaazrebuli moqmedeba (brali da ganzraxva), dasaxul iqnas bednierebisaken swrafvis mizani (sikeTe da ganzraxva) da moq-medebisa da movaleobis (sikeTe da boroteba) urTierTSerwyma. amrigad, moralSi samarTaldarRvevis subieqturi mxaris _ bralis, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlis sakiTxia gadawyvetili. 3. zneobrioba; es aris adamianis mier samarTlis (uflebebis) gaazrebis umaRlesi xarisxi _ Tavisufali nebis obieqturi gamoxatuleba. adamiani mxolod maSin iZens zneobriv Tavisuflebas, rodesac sxvebTan urTierTobaSi Sedis da sakuTar qcevas Segnebulad umorCilebs saerTo miznebs. im gaerTianebaTa (urTierTobis) formebis ricxvs, sadac xdeba zneobrivi Segnebis Camoyalibeba, miekuTvneba ojaxi, samo-qalaqo sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo.

d) samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba materialur moTxovnilebaTa garkveuli sistemiT xasiaTdeba, romelic mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebis doniT aris ganpirobebuli. is axal xanaSi warmoiSoba da mis wevrebs burJua ewodebaT. hegelis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba burJuaziul samyarosTan aris gaigivebuli da, Tanac, xazgasmulia, rom aq aris antago-nisturi urTierTobebi: ”brZola yvelasi, yvelas winaaRmdeg”

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(hobsi). es sazogadoeba, kerZo sakuTrebis niadagze aRmocenebuli, urTierTobebisa da wesrigis dasamyareblad Seqmnil dawesebulebebs _ samarTals, policias, korporaciebs Seicavs. sxva sityvebiT _ samoqalaqo sazogadoeba _ burJuaziuli urTierTobebi da Zalovani dawesebulebebia. amrigad, “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris adamianTa gaerTianeba, maTi moTxovnebis safuZ-velze da samarTlebrivi mowyobis gziT, romelic uzrunvelyofs pirovnebisa da sakuT-rebis dacvasa da usafrTxoebas”. aseT sazogadoebaSi sami wodebaa: miwaTmoqmedni (azna-urebi da glexebi), mrewvelni (mewarme, vaWari da xelosani) da sayovelTao (Cinovnikebi). Tumca, samoqalaqo sazogadoebas TviTon ar SeuZlia socialuri winaaRmdegobenid mowesrigeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aqvs kanonebi. winaaRmdegobebis dasaZlevad mas poli-tikuri Zalaufleba _ saxelmwifo sWirdeba. saxelmwifoSi is or mxares ganasxvavebda: obieqturs (sajaro xelisuflebis mowyoba) da subieqturs (sulieri samyaro, sadac yve-la wevri patriotizmis suliskvetebiTa da erovnuli erTianobis SegnebiT aris ganmsWvaluli). saxelmwifos safuZvelia erovnuli suli, religiis formiT. hegeli gamodioda konstituciuri monarqiis momxred; Tu is gonivrulad aris mowyobili, maSin aq aris xelisuflebaTa danawileba: uzenaesi (mTavris, mefis xelisufleba saxelmwi-foSi), saSualo (samTavrobo moxeleebi), qveda (sakanonmdeblo _ orpalatiani parla-menti, sadac zeda palata _ memkvidreobiTia, xolo qveda _ arCeviTi). saxelmwifos mar-Tavs kanoni; yvela xelisufleba qmnis erTian mTlians, xolo xelisuflebis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa _ monarqi. amrigad, hegeli biurgerobasa da aznaurobas kompromisisaken mouwodebda, raTa konstituciuri wyoba, zemodan gatarebuli reformebis meSveobiT damkvidrebuliyo. hegeli Tvlida, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis (sagareo-samarT-lebrivi) sakiTxebSi daculi unda iqnas xelSekrulebebi, Tumca omi dasaSvebia, radgan is eris suls asufTavebs.

3. samarTlis istoriuli skola

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samarTlis istoriuli sko-lis Sexedulebani saxelmwifosa da samarTalze geTingenis universitetis samarTlis profesoris gustav hugos, berlinis universitetis _ fridrih karl fon savinisa da misi mowafis _ georg fridrih puxtas naazrevSia warmodgenili. isini bunebiTi samarT-lis Teoriis racionalizmisa da kanonis uZlevelobis kritikiT gamovidnen. amis sababi maT iurist Tibos damokidebulebam misca, romelic, feodalurad daqucmacebul germa-niaSi erTiani samoqalaqo kodeqsis (napoleonis kodeqsis msgavsad) Seqmnas moiTxovda. samarTlis istoriuli skolis warmomadgenlebi uaryofdnen sazogadoebriv xel-Sekrulebas da amtkicebdnen, rom saxelmwifoebi ufro sxva gziT warmoiqmnen da ganvi-Tardnen; xelSekrulebebi ki arasdros dadebula. sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis da-deba, praqtikulad, SeuZlebelia, vinaidan milionobiT erTmaneTisaTvis ucxo adamianebs arc urTierTSeTanxmeba SeuZliaT da arc saxelmwifosa da misi dawesebulebebisadmi, agreTve ucxo adamianebisadmi damorCilebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis dadeba surT. Tanac, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria mavnebelia, vinaidan xelisufleba ar iq-neba mtkice, Tu damorCilebis movaleoba mxolod xelSekrulebas efuZneba. amitom, samarTals ara kanonmdeblis neba, aramed kacobriobisa da sazogadoebrivi urTi-erTobebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba hqmnis. misi dasabamia jer kidev winareistoriuli xana. Tanac, kanonmdebeli ar aris samarTlis Semoqmedi, aramed is aris saxalxo sulis gamomxatveli. saxalxo sulis Secnoba ki mxolod xalxis istoriis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli. axali samarTlis Seqmna da Zvelis _ gauqmeba iseve SesaZlebelia, rogorc enis an misi dialeqtebis Seqmna-gauqmeba. samarTlis warmoqmnas puxta imiT xsnida, rom, Tavdapirvelad, samarTali saxalxo sulidan gamomdinare Cveulebis formiT arsebobda, saxalxo Segnebas asaxavda, xolo Semdeg _ “Cveulebis myari formiT” warmoqmnisaTvis, Seiqmna kanonmdebloba, rasac iurisprudenciis warmoqmna mosdevs; Seiqmna iuristebis sa-marTali, romelmac saxalxo sulis siRrmeSi arsebuli iuridiuli debulebebi

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axsna. Tumca, am debulebebs mkveTrad ar gamoxatavdnen Cveulebebi da kanonebi. kanonmdeblebi da iuristebi ar qmnian samarTlis normebs, aramed mxolod avseben samarTals, xels uwyoben saxalxo sulis garkvevas, saxalxo marTlSegnebas gamoxataven. samarTlis istoriuli skolis mTavari idea aris _ SemoqmedebiTi kanonmdeblobis uaryofa, kano-nisa da kanonSemoqmedebis ganaxlebisadmi rwmenis kritika. Tumca, am skolis warmo-madgenlebma, politikur-samarTlebrivi mecnierebis uwyveti ganviTarebis TeoriaSi, istorizmis elementebi Seitanes. am skolis miRwevaa samarTlis istoriis kanon-zomierebaTa aRmoCena; samarTlis istorias isini kanonmdeblobisagan damoukidebel, obieqtur procesad ganixilavdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom samarTali iqmneba ara kabi-neturi gziT, aramed sazogadoebis cxovrebis obieqturi procesiT da, Tanac, SeuZ-lebelia misi xelaxali da TviTneburi ar dadgena. mecnierTa da kanonmdebelTa mTavari problema SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “xalxis zogadi rwmenis” (savini) aRmoCena da “saxalxo darwmuneba” (puxta).

Tavi XIV

evropuli liberalizmis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

1. evropuli liberalizmis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebis mokle analizi.

XIX saukunis I-l naxevarSi, dasavleT evropis sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovreba burJuaziuli wesebis damkvidreba-ganmtkicebis niSnis qveS mimdinareobda, gansakuT-rebiT iseT evropul civilizaciebSi, rogoric inglisi, safrangeTi, germania, Svei-caria, holandia iyo. dasavleT evropaSi kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidreba lebera-lizmis ideologiaSi aisaxa. XIX saukuneSi liberalizmi Zalzed gavleniani poli-tikuri da inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba iyo, romlis mqadageblebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebSi moRvaweobdnen. Tumca, liberalizmis socialur dasayrdens, ZiriTadad, samewarmeo wreebis (samrewvelo da savaWro fenebi), moxeleTa nawili, Tavi-sufali profesiebis mimdevrebi da universitetebis profesorebi warmoadgendnen.

liberalizmis konceftualur birTvs ori fundamenturi Tezisi hqmnida: 1. piradi Tavi-sufleba, TiToeuli individis Tavisufleba da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, rogorc uzenaesi socialuri faseulobani da 2. aRniSnul faseulobaTa realizacia aramxolod uzrunvelyofda pirovnebis SemoqmedebiT potencialsa da mis keTildReobas, aramed, erTdroulad, xels uwyobda, mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebisa da misi saxelmwi-foebrivi organizaciis Semdgom ganviTareba-ayvavebas. swored aRniSnuli koncef-tualuri, fuZemdebluri birTvis irgvliv moxda liberalizmis ideologiis danarCeni elementebis gaerTianeba. maT Soris

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aucilebelia warmodgena istoriuli progresisa da samyaros mowyobis, sayavelTao keTildReobisa da samarTlis, konkurenciisa da kont-rolis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli elementebis ricxvSi, agreTve, upirobod Sedian samarT-lebrivi saxelmwifos, konstitucionalizmis, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis, warmomad-genlobiTi demokratiisa da TviTmmarTvelobis ideebi da sxva.

a) adamianTa yvelaze didi nawilisaTvis, bednierebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba; meoTxe :

sayovelTao sargeblobis maqsimalizacia _ individualuri da sazogadoebrivi interesebis harmonizaciis gziT, _ aris adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavari mizani. swored aRniSnuli postulatebi warmoadgendnen bentamis moZRvrebis mTavar arss, saxelmwifos, samarTlis, kanonmdeblobis, politikis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli ideebis TvalsazrisiT. bentamis samarTlebrivi ideebi asaxulia mis Semdeg naSromebSi: “Sesavali zneobriobisa da kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebSi” (1789), “mTavrobis Sesaxeb fragmenti” (1776), “yvela saxelmwifosaTvis konstituciuri kodeqsis safuZvlebis saxelmZRvanelo” (1828), “deontologia anu zneobis Sesaxeb mecniereba” (1815-1834). ukve didi xania bentams mtkiced miiCneven XIX saukunis evropuli liberalizmis burjad. Tumca, misi liberalizmi ar atarebda Cveulebriv xasiaTs. zogadad, aRiarebulia, rom liberalizmis birTvad iTvleba debuleba individis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rac Tavidanve damaxasiaTebeli iyo am mimdinareobisaTvis, agreTve saqmianobis sferos avtonomiurobis, individis TviTdamkvidrebis Sesaxeb. amis uzrunvelyofa ki SesaZlebelia kerZo sakuTrebiTa da politikur-iuridiuli debulebebiT. bentami upiratesobas aniWebda ara calkeuli adamianis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saubars, aramed pirovnebebis interesebisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. adamianma TviTon unda izrunos sakuTar Tavze, keTildReobasa da ar elodebodes sxvis daxmarebas. Mxolod adamianma unda gansazRvros, Tu raSi mdgomareobs misi interesi da raSia misgan miRebuli sargebeli. bentani rCevas iZleoda, rom ar iqnas Seviwrovebuli individi, rom man “sxvas ar misces SesaZlebloba Caerios mis cxovrebaSi da Tqven sakmariss gaakeTebT sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis”. rac Seexeba “Tavisuflebis” kategorias, is sZulda bentams, radgan masSi moZRvari raRac fantoms, warmosaxvis nayofs xedavda da misTvis Znelad gasamijni iyo Tavisuflebisa da TviTnebobis cnebebis arsi. swored aman ganapiroba bentamis siZulvili Tavisuflebis mimarT: cota Tu Segvxvdeba sityva, romelic ufro momakvdinebelia, vidre Tavisufleba da misgan nawarmoebi sityvebi”. Tavisuflebasa da pirovnebis uflebebs bentami miiCnevda borotebis WeSmarit gansaxierebad, ris gamoc uaryofda maT iseve, rogorc, zogadad, bunebiTi samarTlis skolas da, am skolis ideaTa safuZvelze, Seqmnil politikur da samarTlebriv aqtebs. bentamis azriT, adamianis uflebebi _ sisulelea, xolo ganusxvisebeli uflebebi _

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orCofexebze Semdgari sisulele. safrangeTis “adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia”, bentamis azriT, “metafizikuri nawarmoebia”, romlis nawilebi (muxlebi) sam jgufad iyofa: 1) gauazrebeli, 2) cru, 3) erTdroulad, gauazrebeli da cru. bunebiTi samarTlis skolis aseTi mkveTri kritika aisaxa bentamiseul damokidebulebaSi kanonisa da samarTlis gansxvavebaTa ideis mimarT. aRniSnuli ideis uaryofis mizezi aris ara imdenad Teoriuli, ramdenadac pragmatul-politikuri. is, vinc ganasxvavebs kanonsa da samarTals, misi azriT, samarTals aniWebs kanonsawinaaRmdego arss. bentams samarTlianad uwodebdnen, axali drois iuridiul mecnierebaSi, pozitivizmis mimarTulebis mamamTavars.

2. franguli liberalizmi

a) benJamen konstani

saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis sakiTxTa damuSavebas didi dro dauTmo frangma moazrovnem benJamen konstanma (1767-1830), romelsac mkvlevarebi evropuli liberalizmis naTlimamad miiCneven. misi ZiriTadi naSromia “konstituciuri politikis kursi”(1818-1820).

konstanis Teoriuli konstruqciis qvakuTxedi individualuri Tavisuflebis problema iyo. axali drois evropelisaTvis (konstanic maT ricxvSi iyo), Tavisufleba sxva ara-feria, Tu ara is Tavisufleba, romelsac xalxi antikur samyaroSi flobda. Zvel eli-nebsa da romaelebs Tavisuflebad miiaCndaT SesaZlebloba, koleqtiurad ganexorcie-lebinaT uzenaesi xelisufleba _ rogorc moqalaqeebs da, agreTve yvela moqala-qisaTvis miniWebuli ufleba, uSualod mieRoT monawileoba saxelmwifos saqmeebSi. amasTanave, antikuri samyaros Tavisufleba Sejerebuli iyo individis, TiTqmis mTlian, morCilebasTan

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sajaro xelisuflebis mimarT, romelic individs individualuri damou-kideblobis Zalzed mcire farglebs utovebda.

Tanamedrove evropelis Tavisufleba ki (konstanisaTvis sasurveli) _ piradi damou-kidebloba, usafrTxoeba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaze gavlenis moxdenis ufleba aris.

TiToeuli individis pirdapiri, mudmivi monawileoba saxelmwifo funqciaTa aRsru-lebaSi ar Sedioda aRniSnuli tipis Tavisuflebis (mkacrad gansazRvruli) saval-debulo elementebis rigSi. adamianis materialuri da sulieri avtonomia, kanoniT misi saimedo daculoba konstanma pirvel adgilze daayena, gansakuTrebiT, individualuri Tavisuflebis problemis ganxilvisas. swored am faseulobas unda daemorCilos saxelmwifos mizani da mowyoba. mas bunebrivad miaCnda politikuri cxovrebis mowyobis is wesi, romlis dros saxelmwifo institutebi qmnian, individualuri Tavisuflebisa da agreTve pirovnebis ganusxvisebeli uflebebis saZirkvelze aRmocenebul piramidas. xolo TviT saxelmwifoebrioba, politikuri mTlianobis saxiT, qveyanaSi Camoya-libebuli, adamianTa sxvadasxva koleqtivebis sistemas agvirgvinebs.

konstani darwmunebuli iyo, rom Tavisufal adamians damoukideblad da gonivrulad, SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis cxovrebaSi realizeba. maT, sakuTari individualuri Zalis-xmevis wyalobiTa da romelime zepirovnuli Zalis zemoqmedebis gareSe, Rirseuli arse-bobis pirobebis Seqmnac SeuZliaT. am warmodgenebiT xelmZRvanelobisas, konstanma seriozuli koreqtivebi Seitana rusoseul TezisSi, saxelmwifo suverenitetis yovlis-SemZleobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. konstanis azriT, misi farglebi unda mTavrdebodes iq, sadac iwyeba “kerZo piris damoukidebloba da misi sakuTari cxovreba”. msgavsi CarCoebis arseboba xelisuflebis Sekavebasa da mis mimarT kontrols, sazogadoebis politikur-instituciuri mowyobis fuZemdeblur principad aqcevs. Tumca, konstani sulac ar miekuTvneboda im liberalTa ricxvs, romlebsac surdaT, rom saxelmwifo, zogadad, susti da qmeduunaro yofiliyo. es moazrovne sul sxva rames moiTxovda, kerZod: saxelmwifo xelisuflebis institutebi mkacrad unda aRasrulebdnen social-luri sargeblianobis konkretul RonisZiebebs, agreTve zustad unda ganisazRvros am institutebis kompetenciis sfero. konstanis politikur ideals arasdros warmoadgenda pasiuri da umweo saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad mas konstituciuri monarqia miaCnda. am formisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba ar yofila SemTxveviTi. konstituciuri monarqiis saxiT, sazogadoeba “neitralur xelisuflebas” iZenda, romelic sami “klasikuri” xelisuflebis miRma dgas (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasru-lebeli, sasamarTlo), damoukidebelia maTgan da Seswevs unari uzrunvelyos maTi erTianoba, kooperireba da normaluri

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funqcionireba. garda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis institutebisa da sazogadoebrivi azrisa, romlebic beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisuflebas emyareba, individualuri Tavisuflebis garantad sasamarTloc gamodis. aRniSnuli debuleba aris konstanis uryevi pozicia. sasamarTlo win aRudgeba TviTnebobis nebis-mier gamovlinebas. samarTlis, rogorc socialuri yofis erT-erTi xerxis, funda-menturi mniSvnelobis aRiareba, misi upirobo dacvis moTxovna, mas politikuri insti-tutebis saqmianobis mTavar arbitrad aqcevs.

b) aleqsis de tokvili

individualuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas yvela marTlzomieri xerxiT, mis saukunovan ganxorcielebasa da mkacr dacvas konstanis Tana-memamule _ aleqsis de tokvili (1805-1859) moiTxovda, romelic winamorbedis did ideur gavlenasac ganicdida. Cvenamde moaRwia tokvilis orma naSromma _ “amerikaSi demok-ratiis Sesaxeb” (1835) da “Zveli reJimi da revolucia” (1850), romlebmac mas, saxelmwi-fosa da samarTlis mecnierebaSi, didi avtoriteti da saxeli moutanes. tokvilis inte-resis sferos demokratiis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebi Seadgenda, romelSic is aRniSnuli epoqis udidesi mniSvnelobis movlenas xedavda. tokvili demokratiis farTo ganmartebas iZleva: es erTi sazogadoebrivi wyobaa, romelc sabatono wyobas upiris-pirdeba da mas, wodebrivi an CveulebiTi samarTliT Semofargluli sazRvrebi gaaCnia, sazogadoebis zeda da mdabio fenebs Soris; demokratia aris, aRniSnul sazogadoebriv wyobaSi

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ganxorcielebuli, politikuri forma, romlis Suagulia, istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, mudmivad gamarjvebuli Tanasworobis principi. Tu demokratiisa da Tanas-worobis perspeqtivebi (Tanasworoba _ sxvadasxva individebis sazogadoebrivi mdgoma-reobis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikur, socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi, Tanabari sas-tarto SesaZleblobebis Seqmna) naklebad ainteresebdaT moazrovneebs, demokratiis pirobebSi, individualuri Tavisuflebis bedi maT mudam aRelvebda. tokvili miiCnevda, rom Tanasworoba sulac ar iyo Tavisuflebis gabatonebis upirobo garantia; sxva sityvebiT, TavisTavad, Tanasworoba sulac ar niSnavs iseTi politikuri wyobilebis avtomatur damkvidrebas, romelic mkacrad daicavs individis avtonomiurobas, gamo-ricxavs TviTnebobasa da xelisuflebis mxridan uflebebis ugulebelyofas. tokvilis azriT, Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba gansxvavebuli movlenebia. arc maT Soris damoki-debulebaa erTgvarovani. adamianebic maT gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen. tokvilis azriT, adamianebi Tanasworobas yovelTvis ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre Tavi-suflebas, radgan Tanasworobis mopoveba ufro advilia, umravlesobisaTvis _ ufro sa-survelia da aRsaqmeladac _ ufro sasiamovnoa. TanasworobiT miniWebuli sixaruli arc msxverplsa da arc socialur Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. imisaTvis, rom TanasworobiT isiamovno, ubralod, sicocxlea saWiro. sxva saqmea _ Tavisufleba (kerZod, politikuri Tavisufleba). Tavisuflebis pirobebSi arsebobisaTvis, adamianebs didi Zalisxmeva moeTxovebaT, rac damoukideblad yofnis aucileblobasTan, sakuTari arCevanis gakeTebasTan, sakuTar namoqmedarsa da mis Sedegebze _ pasuxismgeblobasTan aris dakav-Sirebuli. TavisuflebiT sargebloba, garkveulwilad, jvris tarebacaa; misi upira-tesobani da Rirsebani, rogorc wesi, dauyonebliv ar Seicnoba. tokvili didad afa-sebda Tavisuflebis gansakuTrebul socialur Rirebulebas. mxolod Tavisuflebis wya-lobiT, individi cxovrebaSi TviTrealizebas axdens; is sazogadoebis myarad ganvi-Tarebisa da progresis miRwevis saSualebas iZleva. Tumca, tokvili afrTxilebda mkiTxvels: dauSvebelia vulgaruli, utilitaristuli iluziebiT da Tavisuflebisgan, raRac saocrebis molodiniT cxovreba; is ar unda gaigivdes RvTaebriv wyalobasTan, romelsac kacobriobisTvis, erT wamSi, materialuri da sulieri keTildReobis motana SeuZlia. tokvili naTlad acnobierebda, rom Tanamedrove demokratia mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas Soris mWidro kavSiri dam-yardeba. Tanasworobisadmi ukiduresi ltolva da misdami usazRvro siyvaruli Tavisuflebis daTrgunvasa da despotiis damkvidrebas iwvevs. despoturi mmarTveloba ki, Tavis mxriv, uazrobad aqcevs Tanasworobas. Tumca, Tanasworobis gareSe, arc Tavi-suflebis arsebobas aqvs azri, vinaidan is xanmokle da daucveli xdeba. tokvilis azriT, Tanasworobas da, Sesabamisad, demokratias did safrTxes xelisuflebis usazRv-ro centralizacia uqmnis, rodesac xelisuflebis centralizaciiT

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individis Tavisufleba iTrguneba da mas wvrilmani meurveoba uwesdeba; romlebic rodesac saxelmwifo aparati ise iqceva, rogorc mas moesurveba da rasac revoluciamdel safrangeTSi hqonda adgili. tokvili moiTxovda Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatarebas: xelisuflebaTa danawilebas, adgilobrivi (saTemo) TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebas, ro-melSic is saxalxo suverenitetis sawyisebs xedavda. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom tokvili sulac ar iyo saxalxo suverenitetis SeuzRudaobis momxre da xalxis uze-naesobis farglebis dadgenas moiTxovda, radgan am farglebis daucveloba umrav-lesobis tiraniis damkvidrebas iwvevs, romelic arafriT sjobs TviTmpyrobeli mbrZa-neblis tiranias. demokratiuli institutebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi tokvili gamoh-yofda: beWvdiT sityvas, religiur Tavisuflebas, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos, mosa-marTleTa damoukideblobas. saintereso detali _ tokvils naklebad adardebda is, Tu rogori iqneboda demokratiuli sazogadoebis politikuri wyobileba _ monarqiuli, Tu respublikuri. misTvis, mTavari mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi forma iyo.

3. germanuli liberalizmi

a) vilhelm fon humbolti

vilhelm fon humbolti (1767-1835), i. kantTan erTad, germa-nuli liberalizmis sawyisebTan idga da sakuTari SemoqmedebiT, am mimdinareobis gan-viTarebaze didi gavlenac iqonia. humboltis mTavari politikuri Txzulebaa “saxelmwifos saqmianobis farglebis dadgenis cda” (1792 w. dawerili da mxolod 1851 wels gamoqveynebuli). humboltis zogadi pozicia, romliTac is saxelmwifos mimar-Tavda, humanisturi individualizmia. moazrovnes imdenad

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saxelmwifo ki ar ainte-resebda, ramdenadac adamianisa da saxelmwifos uflebaTa Tanafardobis sakiTxi. “gamocdilebaSi” yvelaze mTavari amocanaa gadawyvetili: “saxelmwifoSi, adamianis yve-laze xelsayreli mdgomareobis” gansazRvra. humbolti ganagrZobda, socialuri mecnie -rebis mier XVIII saukuneSi dawyebuli, sazogadoebis (samoqalaqo sazogadoeba) da sa-xelmwifos diferencirebis mxardaWeras. aRniSnuli diferencireba gulisxmobda dayofas: 1. erovnul dawesebulebaTa sistemas Soris (organizaciebi, kavSirebi da sxva gaerTianebebi, romlebsac individebi, TviTon, qvemodan qmnian); 2. “bunebiT da saerTo samarTalsa” da saxelmwifos mier, uSualod, Seqmnil pozitiur samarTals Soris; 3. “adamiansa da moqalaqes Soris”. saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris sazRvris gav-lebiT, humbolti maT araTanabar sidideebad miiCnevda. misi azriT, sazogadoeba, prin-cipulad, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre saxelmwifo; adamiani ki ufro didi Rirebulebaa, vidre moqalaqe _ politikuri kavSiris wevri. swored amave mizeziT, “bunebiTi da zo-gadi samarTali” unda iyos pozitiuri samarTlis erTaderTi safuZveli, saxelmwifo kanonebis SemuSavebisa da miRebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo sawyisi.

saxelmwifos mTavari mizani sazogadoebis samsaxuri unda iyos. Tumca, “sazogadoebis” abstraqtuli cnebis qveS, humbolti, sazogadoebis Semadgeneli, yoveli calkeuli individis danaxvas cdilobda, ramac ganapiroba Tezisi: “saxelmwifo wyobileba ar aris TviTmizani, is mxolod adamianis ganviTarebis saSualebaa”. saxelmwifo, Tu is swored asrulebs misTvis gansazRvrul rols, sakuTar saqmianobaSi, garda moqalaqeTa saSinao da sagareo usafrTxoebis dacvisa, sxva miznis miRwevas arc ki unda eswrafodes. hum-bolti, adreevropuli liberalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, “minimaluri saxelmwifos” momxre iyo. is absoluturad uaryofda ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifom SeiZleba moqalaqeebs sikeTe moutanos, Tu adgili eqneba am ukanasknelTa mimarT wvrilman meur-veobas. misTvis miuRebeli iyo saxelmwifos Careva sameurneo saqmianobasa da sazoga-doebriv karieraSi, cxovrebis zneobriv sferoSi, fizikur janmrTelobaze zrunva, cxov-rebis wesebis gansazRvra da piradi bednierebis reglamentireba. moazrovne miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos funqciaTa aqtiurobis diapazini mkveTrad unda SeizRudos, Semdegi mizezebis gamo: adamianTa erT kavSirSi gaerTianebas, Tan sdevs adamianTa Zalebisa da saqmianobis mravalferovneba; aseT pirobebSi ki, srulfasovani xasiaTis mqone, mdidari naturebi viTardebian, rac, Sinagani Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis mqone, adamianebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels; saxelmwifo ki uzenaess xelisuflebas ganasaxierebs, rome-lic, tradiciulad, ver egueba raime unikalursa da araerTgvarovans, yovelgvar konf-liqtsa da winaaRmdegobas; amitom saxelmwifo cudad itans sazogadoebisaTvis, social-luri kavSirisaTvis Cveul, individTa umravlesobis uzarmazar siWrelesa da ebrZvis interesTa, neba-survilTa, azrTa da qcevaTa mravalferovnebas. saxelmwifos meSveobiT, uzenaesi

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xelisufleba adamianTa Segnebisa da qcevis, erisa da sazogadoebrivi cxov-rebis yvela sferos unificirebas cdilobs. individisa da erisaTvis saxelmwifo, gansa-kuTrebiT saSiSi maSin xdeba, rodesac is sakuTar Tavze paternalistur misias iRebs da maT megobruli zrunviT mfarvelobs. humbolti Tvlida, rom, Tu aseTi mzrun-velobiT moxdeba moqalaqeTa aRzrda, xelisufali imas miaRwevs, rom individi Seasus-tebs sakuTar nebasa da energies, gadaeCveva cxovrebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis damou-kideblad gadaWras, sirTuleebis sakuTari ZalisxmeviT daZlevas, rac, saboloo jamSi, adamianis gaRatakebasa da umoqmedobis sindromis damkvidrebas gamoiwvevs. misi azriT, rac metia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis moqmedebis diapazoni, miT naklebia individisa da moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba. maSinac ki, rodesac savaldebuloa adamianTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, dauSvebelia iseTi RonisZiebebis gatareba, romlebic xelyofen individTa Tavisuflebas da, bunebrivia, maTve usafrTxoebas, vinaidan Tavi -suflebis dakargvisas, usafrTxoebaze saubaric ki nonsensia.

saxelmwifos funqciaze msjelobisas, absurdulia humboltis azri kanonebis Sesaxeb. igi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos kanoni, miuxedavad misi konkretuli arsisa, amoraluri da socialurad mavnea, radgan adamianis qcevas warmarTavs da, Tanac, iZulebiT sanqcias awesebs.

b) lorenc fon Staini

am germanel moazrovnes sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos, sa-marTlis, mmarTvelobis sakiTxebis irgvliv fundamenturi kvleva ekuTvnis. am Tval-sazrisiT, CvenTvis Stainis iseTi naSromebia saintereso, rogorebic aris: “safrangeTSi socialuri moZraobis istoria, 1789 wlidan Cven dromde” (1850), “moZRvreba mmarTve -lobis Sesaxeb” (1865-1868), “germaniaSi, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb mecnierebis awmyo da momavali” (1876). Stainis liberalizmis gamoxatulebad individis, misi ufle-bebisa da sakuTrebis Sesaxeb socialur-politikuri doqtrina iqca. moazrovne, indi-vidis

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mamoZravebel mTavar momentad, TviTrealizaciisaken swrafvas miiCnevda, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda _ keTildReobis mopoveba, gadamuSaveba, damzadeba da gam-ravleba. pirovnebis mier Seqmnili yovelgvari sikeTe mxolod mas ekuTvnis, gaigivdeba masTan, ris gamoc iseTive xelSeuxebeli xdeba, rogorc TviT persona. sikeTis xel-Seuxebloba aris samarTali. samarTlis meSveobiT, pirovnebasTan erT mTlianobaSi SeerTebuli sikeTe sakuTrebad iqceva. adamians ar SeuZlia TviTrealizebis martod-marto moxdena, mwarmoebluri saqmianobiT dakaveba, sxva adamianebisgan izolirebuli cxovreba da arseboba. is mudam damokidebuli iqneba sxva adamianebze da, amitom unda iTanamSromlos maTTan. amrigad, Stains warmoeSva adamianTa erTobis, sazogadoebis problema. is sazogadoebas garkveuli socialuri urTierTobebis wesad miiCnevda, rom-lis farglebSi mudmivad wydeba, adamianis yofierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, funda-menturi winaaRmdegoba: 1. gare samyaroze (materialur da sulier sikeTeze) sruli batonobis dauZleveli survili; 2. konkretuli individis Zalzed mokrZalebuli SesaZ-leblobani, vinaidan is aris SezRuduli potenciis mqone arseba. Staini miiCnevda, rom nebismieri sazogadoebis mowyobis amosavali wertili qonebis gayofa unda iyos. qonebis mflobeli da SromiT dakavebuli adamianebi yovelTvis erTmaneTTan arian dakav-Sirebulni da amis uaryofa an daZleva SeuZlebelia. amitom, sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs ori _ gabatonebuli da Cagruli _ fenis gareSe. Stainis Sexedulebani sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb hegelis Sesabamisi ideebis gavlenas ganicdian. Stainis kon-cefciiT, sazogadoeba damoukidebeli da, Taviseburad, personificirebuli socialuri warmonaqmni aris. individTa martivi, amorfuli simravlisgan gansxvavebiT, sazo-gadoebas iseTi integrirebadi faqtori axasiaTebs, rogoric adamianebis, erTma-neTisadmi, mudmivi da yovelmxrivi damokidebuleba iyo. sazogadoebis Tavisebureba ima-Si mdgomareobs, rom TiToeuli misi wevri, mxolod sakuTari nebiT xelmZRvanelobs. sazogadoebis uzenaesi forma aris saxelmwifo, romelsac sazogadoebisagan gansxva-vebuli mowyoba da miznebi aqvs. saxelmwifoSi dadgenilia gansxvavebul individualur nebaTa da adamianTa moqmebis organuli erToba. Staini Tvlida, rom saxelmwifo aris sayovelTao nebis personificirebuli organizmi, ris gamoc is mxolod sayovelTaobas unda emsaxurebodes. swored aseTi mowyobisa da daniSnulebis gamo, saxelmwifo uzrun-velyofs Tavisuflebas. Tavisufleba is principia, romelsac saxelmwifo efuZneba da romlisTvisac is arsebobs. sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian erT-maneTs (radgan isini dafuZnebulia, principulad gansxvavebul moTxovnebze), Tumca _ mudmivadac zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze. Tanac, sazogadoeba cdilobs, sakuTari neba-surviliT Seqmnas misTvis sasurveli saxelmwifo, xolo saxelmwifos mizania _ misTvis sasurveli sazogadoebrivi wyobis Seqmna. sazogadoebaze gabatonebuli saxelmwifo unda iyos mbrZanebeli da damrigebeli. saxelmwifos umTavresi miznis miRweva maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _

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saimedod da erTgulad moemsa-xureba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. aseTi subordinacia, martivi saxelmwifos, samarTlebriv saxelmwifod gadaqcevis mTavari piroba aris. Stainis azriT, samarT-lebrivi saxelmwifos optimalur formad konstituciuri monarqia iTvleba, romlis amocana socialuri reformebis gatarebaa. am reformebisgan Staini mudmivi progresis miRwevas moeloda, rac mosaxleobis qveda fenebis ganaTlebasa da maTi statusis amaRlebas, Sromis nayofierebis zrdas, samomxmareblo donis amaRlebas gamoiwvevda. Stainis aseTi ideebi, saxelmwifoSi socialuri reformebis gatarebis Sesaxeb uaryo-fiTad Seafases proletaruli Sexedulebebis mimdevrebma.

Tavi XV

dasavleT evropis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

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1. pozitivizmis filosofiis ideologia. o. konti

a) “ideebi marTaven samyaros”. sami stadiis kanoni

saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb liberaluri koncefciisagan principulad gansxva-vebuli iyo sen-simonis mowafisa da mdivnis _ filosofoss ogiust kontis (1798-1857) samarTlebrivi Teoria. o. konti franguli pozitivisturi (dadebiTi) filosofiis fuZe-mdebeli da “sociologiis mama” gaxldaT. kontis Teoria Camoyalibebulia 6-tomian naS-romSi _ “pozitiuri filosofiis kursi” (1830-1842), agreTve “pozitiuri filosofiis sistema, anu sociologiuri traqtati adamianurobis religiis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb” (1851-1854).

pozitivizmi, arsebiTad, filosofiisa da politikisgan yalibdeba, romlebic, aucileb-lobidan gamomdinare, ganuyofelni arian, radgan erTian safuZvels qmnian. kontis azriT, mecnierebasa da sazogadoebaSi mefobs anarqia, xolo vinaidan “ideebi marTaven samyaros”, adamianis gonidan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba sam stadiad (sami stadiis kanoni) iyofa: I stadia _ Teologiuri (fiqcia) _ mecniereba moqceulia saRvTis -metyvelo garsSi, xolo yvela movlena sulieri nivTebisa da zebunebrivi arsebebis ne-bis Sesabamisad aixsneba; II stadia _ metafizikuri (kritikuli) _ ufro mraval-ricxovani faqtebi ganyenebuli, aprioruli da abstraqtuli cnebebis meSveobiT (arsi, materia, samarTali) aixsneba. am stadiis damsaxurebaa Teologiuri mdgomareobis msxvreva; III stadia _ pozitiuri (samecniero) _ pozitiuri filosofiis amocana imaSi

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mdgomareobs, rom moaxdinos mecnierebaTa gansxvavebuli sferoebis klasificireba da gaerTianeba. mecnierebis amocana movlenaTa kavSiris Sesaxeb kanonebis gamokvlevaa. sami stadiis kanoni kontis filosofiis sakvanZo cnebaa. es kanoni adamianis ganviTarebasac adasturebda.

b) kontis “sociokratia”: “wesrigi da progresi”

konti mecnierebaTa sferoebs imis mixedviT hyofda, Tu rogor xdeba maTi garTuleba da ganzogadebis Semecneba: maTematika, astronomia, fizika, qimia, biologia, sociologia (kontis mier damkvidrebuli terminia). am sqemaSi ver moxvdnen Teologia, metafizika, zneoba, vinaidan pirveli ori ar aris pozitiuri mecniereba, xolo mesame _ socio-logiur gadawyvetas eqvemdebareba. kontis filosofiis mTavari amocana pozitivizmis safuZvelze sazogadoebis gardaqmna aris; “retrogradiuli aristokratiisa da anarqis-tuli respublikis” Secvla sociokratiiT. sociologiis dabadeba mecnierebis mwver-valia. konti sociologias or nawilad hyofda: 1. socialur statistikad, romelic sazogadoebis mowyobas ikvlevs da 2. socialur dinamikad, romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebas ikvlevs. orive nawils is saxelganTqmul formulaSi ganazogadebda: “wes-rigi da progresi”. adamianebi sazogadoebaSi cxovroben, vinaidan is maTi socialuri bunebis nawils Seadgens. adamianebi Tavidanve socialuri arsebani iyvnen da amitom saWiro ar aris “sazogadoebrivi SeTqmuleba”, romelsac ruso aRwerda. sazogadoebas konti organulad, mTlian qmnilebad ganixilavda. antagonisturi fenebi arseboben, Tum-ca yoveli maTgani sazogadoebrivad savaldebulo funqcias aRasrulebs da amitom Ti-Toeuli maTgani solidarobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. saxelmwifos daniSnulebaa _ ZalTa gaerTianeba saerTo miznis misaRwevad, xolo mTavroba _ ganamtkicebs sazoga-doebriv solidarobas. magram, vinaidan solidaroba materialuri da sulieri saSua-lebebis gamoyenebiT miiRweva, aucileblobas warmoadgens xelisuflebis orive Stos _ saerosa da sasulieros _ arseboba.

saRvTismetyvelo-samxedro epoqaSi saero xelisuflebas samxedro beladebi axorcie-lebdnen, sasuliero epoqaSi _ qurumebi, Teologiur epoqaSi _ xelisufleba Tavmoy-rili iyo erTi piris xelSi (Teokratia). metafizikur-logikur epoqaSi saero xeli-suflebas mekanoneebi, iuristebi, advokatebi axorcielebdnen, xolo sasuliero xeli-suflebas _ metafizikosebi (ganyenebuli iuristebi), mogvianebiT ki _ literatorebi da publicistebi. pozitiur stadiaze gadasvlisas samxedro yofa-cxovrebis nacvlad, mrewveloba ganviTarda, ramac axali pozitiuri politika ganapiroba. kontis azriT, politika axla unda amaRldes im mecnierebaTa donemde, romlebic dakvirvebas efuZ-nebian. kontma SeimuSava adamianTa sazogadoebis saboloo gardaqmnis proeqti _ “socio-kratia”. sociokratiaSi SenarCunebulia mewarmeTa da

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proletarebis fenebi, 1/33 Tanafar-dobaSi. materialuri xelisufleba mewarmes ekuTvnis, romelic sociokratias marTavs, sasuliero xelisufleba pozitiuri eklesiis qurumebs upyriaT, romlebic mosax-leobaSi solidarobis grZnobis aRzrdas uwyoben xels.

samarTali da pirovnebis uflebebi sociokratiisaTvis ucnobia, vinaidan TiToeuls yvelas winaSe, movaleobebi gaaCnia da aravis aqvs uflebebi. Tumca, samarTlis Secvla pozitiuri politikiTa da religiiT, xolo pirovnebis uflebebisa _ yvelas winaSe movaleobebiT, sulac ar niSnavs sakuTrebis uflebis xelyofas. sakuTreba aucilebel socialur funqcias asrulebda _ qmnida da marTavda kapitals, romlis meSveobiT, TiToeuli Taoba momdevno TaobisaTvis samuSao adgilebs qmnida. sociokratiaSi soli-darobis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba _ aRzrdaa, pozitiuri religiis suliskveTebiT. saboloo jamSi, kontis mier kacobrioba 500 sociokratiis saxiT (TiToeulis zoma belgiisa da holandiis teritorias ar aRemateba) aris warmodgenili, romlebsac saer-To sabWoebi xelmZRvaneloben. Kkonti Tvlida, rom ubedurebaa, rodesac politika advokatebisa da literatorebis xelSia, romlebsac araferi gaegebaT sazogadoebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. socialuri movlenebis Secvla, iseve, rogorc bunebrivisa _ mxolod im pirobiT SeiZleba, Tu adamianebs ecodinebaT kanonebi.

2. rudolf fon ieringi

XIX saukunis meore naxevris evropuli

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iurisprudenciis erT-erT yvelaze gamoCenil figurad germaneli samarTalmcodne rudolf fon ieringi (1818-1892) iTvleboda.

misi saqveynod cnobili naSromebia “brZola samarTlisaTvis” (1872), romelSic ieringi amtkicebda, rom samarTali yovelTvis rodi gamoxatavda sazogadoebis interess, agreTve “romis samarTlis suliskveTeba, misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze” (1852 -1865) da “mizani samarTalSi” (1877 -1883).

ieringis Semoqmedebas araerTgvarovani daxasiaTeba SeiZleba mivceT. kerZod, ganasxva-veben ieringis SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis or periods: pirveli periodi _ XIX saukunis 50-an wlebamde, rodesac is “cnebaTa iurisprudencias” emxroboda, romlis mTavari daniSnuleba zogadi debulebebidan konkretuli samarTlebrivi definiciebis gamoyvana (deduqcia) iyo; misi warmomadgenlebi codnis mTavar wyaros swored cnebebSi xedavdnen. ieringis SexedulebaTa evoluciis meore etapi XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo, rodesac is “interesTa iurisprudenciis” SemuSavebas Seudga. iyo dro, rodesac samarTali stiqiurad da mSvidobianad viTardeboda (istoriuli skolis gavlena). piru-ku, samarTali, wodebaTa da fenebs Soris, sisxlismRvreli brZolis piribebSi viTar-deboda, vinaidan isini samarTalSi sakuTari interesebis gansamtkiceblad (monobis, baton-ymobis gauqmeba, sakuTrebisa da sindisis Tavisuflebis dacva da sxva) ibrZodnen. Tumca, Seicvala brZolis xasiaTi. samarTalSi Tanasworobis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da sxva uflebebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg, saxelmwifos amocanad myari wesrigis dadgena da misi ganmtkiceba iqca, anu arsebuli samarTlis Sesruleba da dacva. Sesabamisad, war-suls Cabarda Tezisi _ “samarTlis sisxliani gzis” Sesaxeb. imis gamo, rom adamiani yovelTvis rodia mzad ibrZolos misi uflebebis wvrilmani darRvevis winaaRmdeg, ieringi mouwodebda “gonieri samarTlebrivi grZnobis” _ rogorc brZolis motivis _ gamoxatvis aucileblobisken, vinaidan “mxolod brZolaSi moipoveb Sen sakuTar uf -lebas”. samarTali saxelmwifos mier daculi interesia. interesebis dasacavad saval-debuloa saxelmwifos arseboba _ sazogadoebisa, romelic aiZulebs da iyenebs iZu-lebas. samarTlis saxelmwifosagan damokidebuleba aramxolod misi warmoSobis, aramed _ arsebobis xerxSic vlindeba. ieringi, arsebiTad, ar ganasxvavebda samarTalsa da kanons da TiTqmis yvelgan vxvdebiT am ori movlenis erTianobisa da Tanabari mniSvne-lobis Sesaxeb msjelobas. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, isini sulac ar arian identuri mov-lenebi. ieringis msjelobaTa umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT “romis samarTlis sulis-kveTebaSi, misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze” da “mizani samarTalSi”, kanons da ara samarTals eZRvneba. ieringi germanuli burJuaziis interesebs icavda, mxars uWerda oto bismarkis “rkinisa da sisxlis” politikas da amtkicebda, rom TiToeul saxelmwi-fos sakuTari sazRvrebis gafarTovebis survili axasiaTebs, raSic TiToeuli saxelmwi-fos interesi gamoixateba. Tumca,

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yvela saxelmwifos kanoni unda zRudavdes _ anu gonivruli politikuri xelisufleba.

3. marqsizmis ideebi socialisturi revoluciis, proletariatis

diqtaturis da klasTa brZolis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifosa da samarTlis

ekonomikuri bazisis idea

1) saxelmwifosa da samarTlis marqsistuli gagebis socialur -istoriuli safuZvlebi

saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb marqsisa da engelsis moZRvrebis genezisi didad iyo damokidebuli XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi dasavleT evropis qveynebSi mimdidare ekonomikur da socialur-politikur movlenebze. marqsizmis ideologTa ZiriTadi Sexedulebani maTi Tanamedrove dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis mdgomareobis Taobaze komunistTa kavSiris saprogramo dokumentSi _ “komunisturi partiis manifestSia” (1848) asaxuli.

ra daskvnebs akeTebdnen marqsistebi? maTi azriT, am sazogadoebaSi gabatonebulma kapi-talizmma ganviTarebis piks miaRwia da mas aRar Seswevs unari win aRudges warmoebisa da gacvlis im uZlieres saSualebebs, romlebic burJuaziuli urTierTobebis wiaRSi aRmocenda. es saSualebebi sawarmoo ZalTa Semdgom zrdas aSkarad abrkoleben da

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so-cialuri progresis muxruWad iqcnen. burJuaziam ara Tu gamowrTo missive gamanad-gurebeli iaraRi (misi kontrolidan gamosuli sawarmoo Zalebi), aramed Sva kidec is xalxi, romelic am iaraRs burJuaziis winaaRmdeg mimarTavs, _ Tanamedrove muSebi, pro-letariati. TviT burJuazias aRar SeuZlia gabatonebul klasad yofna. kapitalizmma, rogorc socialuri organizaciis tipma, amowura sakuTari Tavi. burJuaziis winaaRmdeg proletariatis brZola gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida da proletaruli revolucia kars aris momdgari: “evropaSi dawrwis aCrdili – komunizmis aCrdili”. momavali revo-luciis Sedegad muSaTa klasma unda mospos kerZo sakuTreba da daamsxvrios yvela is instituti, romelic mis simtkices-xelSeuvalobas uzrunvelyofda da mas icavda. proletariatis (romelic damoukidebel klasad yalibdeba) uaxlovesi praqtikuli mi-zani – burJuaziis batonobis damxoba da politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebaa.

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi dasavleT evropis qveynebSi burJuaziuli wyobisa da socialuri mdgomareobis marqsisa da engelsiseuli zogadi Sefasebebi ucvleli darCa am moZRvarTa moRvaweobis mTels periodSi. rasakvirvelia, aRniSnulma Sefasebam, droTa ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli koreqtivebi ganicada, Seivso da daixvewa, magram marqsizmis moZRvrebis ori momenti ucvleli darCa. kerZod, pirveli: myari azri imis Sesaxeb, rom, rogorc iqna, Camoyalibda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb namdvili mecniereba da miRebulia kapitalizmis, rogorc movlenis _ mTlianobaSi da rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri formaciis Sesaxeb WeSmariti codna; meore: azri imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalizmi, rome-lic mowinave burJuaziul qveynebSi batonobs, mTlianobaSi, mzad aris socialisturi revoluciisTvis da, TiTqmis dgas kidec mis zRurblze.

marqsizmis ideologiis formirebaze didi gavlena iqonies evropuli filosofiis war-momadgenelTa ideebma, maT Soris _ germanuli filosofiis klasikosebma, kerZod g. f. hegelma. arc i.kants, arc i.fixtes da, miTumetes, l.foierbaxs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis marqsistul koncefciaze iseTi gavlena ar mouxdeniaT, rogoric “samarTlis filosofiis” avtorma iqonia. marqsizmma misi winamorbedebis (gansakuTrebiT, hegelis) Tavisuflebis idea SeiTvisa, romelSic TviTnebobis antipodi igulisxmeboda. xolo kan-tisgan, fixtesa da hegelisgan, am ukanasknelTa naSromebSi mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli, samarTlis _ im specifikuri realuri urTierTobis konstruqcia aitaca, romelic sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtTa Soris yalibdeba. aRniSnuli urTierTobis monawileni, Tavisufali da Tanaswori partniorebi (TviTon akeTeben arCevans, anu arian avtonomiuri individebi), erTmaneTTan kontaqts amyareben socialuri faseulobebis (niv-Tebis, momsaxurebis, sxva sikeTis) urTierTgacvlis procesSi. sakuTriv ideologiuri kuTxiT, marqsizmis klasobrivi simpaTia-antipaTia im mrwams Seesabameboda, romelic Cagruli mSromeli masebis poziciidan

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gamomdinare, eqspluatatoruli sazogadoebis sa-marTalsa da kanonmdeblobas akritikebda. T.moridan moyolebuli, o.blankis CaTvliT, socialistur literaturaSi myarad damkvidrda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifos kanonebi mdidari da privilegirebuli adamianebis batonobis uzrunvelyofisa da dacvis iaraRs warmoadgenen.

2) saxelmwifo da samarTali, rogorc zednaSenuri movlenebi

saxelmwifosa da samarTlisadmi istoriul-materialisturi midgomis arsi aRniSnuli movlenebis Sefasebas gulisxmobs, rogorc sazogadoebis ekonomikuri bazisis zednaSenur warmonaqmns, rac im kvlevis meTodad miiCneoda, romelic daadgenda, rom saxelmwifo da samarTali „materialuri cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebis“ safuZvelze warmoiSva da, Sesabamisad, „realur baziss“ efuZneba da sakuTari arsebobiTac maszedaa damokidebuli. „realuri bazisi“, mwarmoebluri urTierTobebi aramxolod devs politikuri da iuridiuli zednaSenis safuZvelSi, aramed mis winapirobas qmnian da mis arss gansazRvraven: „materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi, zogadad, cxovrebis socia-lur, politikur da sulier procesebs ganapirobebs“. swored ekonomikuri struq-turidan gamomdinareobs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis mizezobriv-Sedegobrivi damoki-debulebis xazi. nebismieri, met-naklebad mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenis saboloo mizezs da gadamwyvet mamoZravebel Zalas marqsizmi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis xarisxSi eZiebda da povebda. marqsizmi miiCnevda, rom „realuri bazisi“ (eko-nomika) yovelTvis pirveladi da gadamwyveti momentia politikuri da iuridiuli zed-naSenis mimarT. aRniSnuli debuleba – sayovelTao kanonia, romlis konkretuli gamov-lineba, droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. magaliTisaTvis, marqsizmi Tvlida, rom burJuaziuli saxelmwifoebriobis determinireba kapitalisturi ekonomikiT – for-mis, meTodebis, socialur-determinirebis zusti asli. ufro metic, erTi sazoga-doebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis SigniTac, mwarmoebluri urTierTobebi gansxvavebuli saxiT zemoqmedeben saxelmwifo wyobilebaze, am ukanasknelis evoluciis adrindel da ufro gviandel etapze. „ekonomikur urTierTobaTa samefo“ monopolurad ar zemoq -medebs zednaSenze, Tumca, zogadi wesiT, maszed gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens da Tanac, iribad da mxolod „saboloo jamSi“. misi ganmsazRvreli rolis realizeba, sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis sxva mxareebTan, mravalferovani mizezobriv-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis gziT (socialuri kanonzomierebiT, klasebis urTierTobiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiT, kulturuli tradiciebiT, sagareo-politikuri faqtorebiT da sxva) xdeba. ekonomikuri bazisiT zednaSenuri warmonaqmnebis determinirebis idea ganuwyvetliv ukavSirdeba TviT zednaSenis (saxelmwifosa da, gansakuTrebiT samarTlis) mudmivi aqtiurobisa da SedarebiTi damoukideblobis ideas. orive idea bunebrivad avsebs urTierTs; maTi er-Toba klasobrivi sazogadoebis politikur-iuridiuli sistemisa da

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socialur-ekono-mikuri struqturis Tanafardobis Teoriul models qmnis.

zednaSenuri warmonaqmnebis SedarebiTi damoukidebloba Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawi-lebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli, mravalferovani socialuri funqciebis TandaTanobiTi diferencirebisa da urTierTgamijvnis procesebidan gamomdinareobs. aRniSnuli funq-ciebis irgvliv sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis damoukidebeli sferoebis koncentrireba (kerZod, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis) xdeba. es sferoebi erTmaneTisgan sakuTari arsiT _ tipiuri niSnebiT _ sazogadoebaSi mikuTvnebuli adgiliT gansxvavdeba, vinaidan gansxvavebulia maT safuZvlad miCneuli buneba.

3) saxelmwifosa da samarTlis klasobrivi arsi

marqsizmis Sexeduleba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis klasobriv xasiaTze, socialuri klasebisa da maTi urTierTobebis arsis istoriul-materialisturi gagebidan gamom-dinareobda. swored aRniSnuli gagebis wyalobiT, kidev ufro dazustda saxelmwifosa da samarTlis fesvebis moZiebis aucilebloba „materialuri cxovrebis wiaRSi“, maTi arsebobis obieqturi aucilebloba istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze da maTSi mimdinare cvlilebebis kanonzomierebebma ufro mkveTri xasiaTi SeiZina.

marqsizmis Tanaxmad, klasobrivi sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formacia politikur da iuridiul zednaSens aucileblad gadascems im klasobriv xasiaTs, romelSic ori saxis Tvisebaa Cadebuli: erTi saxea is abstraqtuli, zogadi momentebi, romlebic nebismier saxelmwifosa da samarTals axasiaTebs. marqsizmis mixedviT, aseTi momentebia: poli-tikuri da iuridiuli zednaSenis arseboba socialuri klasebiT aris ganpirobebuli; saxelmwifosa da samarTlis formebi aRniSnuli klasebis zemoqmedebis procesebiT ganisazRvreba; klasobriv ZalTa Tanafardobazea damokidebuli saxelmwifo aparatis saqmianobis mimarTulebani da meTodebi, agreTve samarTlis realizebis xerxebi da sxva. meore saxea is Tvisebebi, romlebsac ganisazRvreba gansazRvruli klasobrivi formaciis konkretul-istoriuli specifika qmnis. am TvisebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba: saka-nonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis (Tu adgili aqvs xeli-suflebaTa danawilebas) urTierTkavSiris tipi; saxelmwifo aparatis Seqmnis, da-kompleqtebisa da funqcionirebis principebi; normaSemoqmedebis wesi; oficialuri moTxovnebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi da a.S.

sazogadoebis mowinaaRmdege klasebad dayofis pirobebSi politikuri da iuridiuli zednaSenis sicocxlisunarianoba (mis yvela aspeqtSi), mTlianad gansazRvravs gabato-nebuli klasis interess. aRniSnul

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interess maSinac aqvs adgili, roca zednaSeni asru-lebs, klasobrivi antagonizmiT ganpirobebul, rogorc wminda iZulebiT aqciebs, ise „im saerTo saqmeebs“, „romlebic nebismieri sazogadoebis bunebidan gamomdinareobs“. Marq-sizmi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifosa da samarTlis orive roli erTmaneTTan mWidro da ganuyofel kavSirSi imyofeboda. marqsisa da engelsis azriT, klasobriv sazogadoebaSi ar SeiZleba klasobrivad neitraluri saxelmwifoebriobisa da kanonmdeblobis funq -cionirebas hqondes adgili, vinaidan TviT saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia klasobrivad neit-raluri roli. aRniSnuli mosazreba Tan sdevda marqsistebis yvela im naSroms, rome-lic socialur-politikur da socialur-iuridiul problematikas ixilavda.

marqsizmSi klasobrivi brZola antagonistur klasebad dayofili sazogadoebis, arsis umTavresi kanonzomierebaa. amitom SeuZlebelia, rom aRniSnuli sazogadoebis socia-luri cxovrebis yvela, met-naklebad arsebiTi movlena (miTumetes gabatonebuli klasis qceva, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis buneba) gagebuli da axsnili iyos klasobrivi brZo-lis konteqstis miRma. swored klasobrivi brZolis wyalobiT, saxelmwifo aparati im dawesebulebad gvevlineba, romelic sazogadoebaSi legitimur Zaladobas axorcielebs. xolo saxelmwifosaTvis instituciuri Zaladobis organos statusis miniWeba marqssa da engelss civilizebuli sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb warmodgenam „ukarnaxa“, romelsac isini, ZiriTadad, antagonizmebiT „moqarguli“ da mravalferovani brZolebis (saSinao da sagareo) stiqiiT aRsavse procesad miiCnevdnen.

„komunisturi partiis manifestSi“ xazgasmulia, rom politikuri Zalauflebis mopo-vebis Semdeg, proletariati despotur Carevas ganaxorcielebs (sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad) sakuTrebis uflebasa da burJuaziul mwarmoeblur urTierTobebSi, sakuTar xelSi aiRebs saxelmwifoSi arsebul warmoebis yvela iaraRs, moaxdens transportisa da kreditis centralizacias, SemoiRebs yvelasaTvis Tanabrad iZulebiT Sromas da Seqmnis samrewvelo armiebs („manifestis“ avtorebi Sromis militarizacias misi orga-nizebis erT-erT xerxad miiCnevdnen). proletariati, rogorc „sazogadoebis gabato-nebuli klasi, ZaliT gaauqmebs Zveli drois mwarmoeblur urTierTobebs“. manam, vidre mTeli warmoeba „ivdividTa asociaciis“ xelSi ar moeqceva, sajaro xelisufleba poli-tikur xasiaTs inarCunebs. xolo „politikuri xelisufleba, sityvis pirdapiri mniSvne-lobiT, erTi klasis organizebuli Zaladobaa danarCenebisDdaTrgunvis mizniT“.

marqsis azriT, „Zaladoba aris nebismieri Zveli drios sazogadoebis bebia qali maSin, roca es sazogadoeba fexmZimedaa axliT. TviT Zaladoba aris ekonomikuri potenciali“. saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis politikur aspeqtze yuradRebas amaxvi-lebda engelsic. misi azriT, „... saxelmwifo mxolod warmavali

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dawesebulebaa, rom-liTac iZulebuli varT brZolaSi, revoluciis dros visargebloT, raTa iZulebis we-siT davrTgunoT mowinaaRmdege... vidre proletariati saWiroebs saxelwifos, es saWi-roeba ara Tavisuflebis interesSi, aramed sakuTari mowinaaRmdegis davrTgunvis inte-resSi gamoixateba; xolo, roca SesaZlebelia Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saubari, maSin sa-xelmwifo, rogorc aseTi, wyvets arsebobas“. engelsis aRniSnul mosazrebas marqsizm-leninizmis ideologiis yvelaze odiozuri figura – lenini, marqsisa da engelsis TxzulebebSi, saxelmwifos Sesaxeb gamoxatul yvelaze saukeTeso da sasargeblo debu-lebad miiCnevda. engelsis sityvebidan naTeli xdeba, rom saxelmwifo, romelsac prole-tariti politikuri mowinaaRmdegis dasaTrgunad qmnis da iyenebs, am ukanasknels Tavi-suflebas arTmevs. sakiTxavia, es saxelmwifo, proletariats Tu mainc unarCunebs Tavi-suflebas (Seswevs unari uzrunvelyos proletariatis Tavisufleba)? rogorc marqsis Sexedulebidan irkveva, _ ara, radgan sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Tu vinmes Tavi-suflebas daemuqra safrTxe, safrTxe emuqreba, zogadad, Tavisuflebas.

4) socialistiri revolucia da proletariatis diqtatura

marqsistuli politikuri Teoriis sworad gageba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu erTi klasis mier, danarCeni sazogadoebis mimarT, diqtaturis aucileblobis ideas CavwvdebiT, maT Soris im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelSic proletariati gabatonda. is faqti, rom proletariatis diqtaturis ideas marTlac centraluri adgili upyria marqsizmis politikur moZRvrebaSi, imiTac dasturdeba, rom mis Sesaxeb mudvivad aris msjeloba marqsisa da engelsis naSromebSi.

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom am ideas yovelTvis ar hqonia ganxorcieleba terminebSi „pro-letariatis diqtatura“, „muSaTa klasis diqtatura“, radgan 1844-1849 wlebSi aRniSnuli formulebi jer kidev ar iyo SemuSavebuli. xolo, roca isini politikur leqsikonSi damkvidrdnen, iseTi garemoebac iyo, rodesac maTi gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aR-moCnda taqtikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare. miuxedavad amisa, proletariatis revolu-ciuri diqtaturis idea wiTel xazad gasdevs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb marqsizmis moZRvrebas da am ukanasknelis mTavar maxasiaTebel niSnad miiCneva.

marqsi amtkicebda, rom „vidre arseboben sxva klasebi, gansakuTrebiT – kapitalistTa klasi da vidre proletariati mis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis (radgan proletariatis xeli-suflebaSi mosvliT, jer kidev ar momxdara misi mtrebis saboloo ganadgureba, ar gamqrala sazogadoebis Zveli politikuri organizacia), man unda gamoiyenos Zaladobis RonisZiebani...“ proletariatis xelisuflebaSi mosvliT, radikalurad icvleba is pi-robebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen, klasTa brZolisas mimdinare,

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revoluciuri pro-cesis Semdgomi gagrZelebisa da gaRrmavebis konkretul xexrebze. marqsis azriT (engelsic igives fiqrobda), proletariati Zalian aris dainteresebuli iseTi viTarebis SeqmnaSi, romelic am klasobrivi brZolis „ganxorcielebas yvelaze racionaluri da humanuri gziT“ Seuwyobs xels. am SemTxvevaSic, aqvs Tu ara adgili winaaRmdegobas marqsizmis ideologTa mosazrebebSi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad miesadageba mu-SaTa klasis mSvidobiani da legitimuri revoluciis idea Teziss, SedarebiT mkacri, „Zalismieri RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis“ aucileblobis Sesaxeb. pasuxia, _ ara, ar aqvs adgili raime winaaRmdegobas. Zaladoba, romelsac individis, jgufis, sazogadoebis mimarT aqvs adgili sxvadasxva saxiT vlindeba da yovelTvis saxezea, roca xelyofilia adamianTa Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe. Zaladoba SeiZleba iyos uxeSi, uSualo da fi-zikuri: damoneba, Zarcva, sasamarTlos gareSe TviTgasworeba da a.S. Tumca, misi ganxor-cieleba SesaZlebelia naklebad mkveTri (xSirad, oficialurad sanqcionirebuli) for-miT: Tavisuflebis SezRudva, uflebrivi diskriminacia, ekonomikuri da ideologiuri wnexi, sxva saxis devna. aRniSnuli formebi aranakleb qmediTi xasiaTisaa, vidre pir-dapiri da uSualo Zaladoba.

marqsisa da engelsis droindeli proletariatis diqtaturis naTeli magaliTia pa-rizis komuna (1871 weli), romelsac maT maRali Sefaseba misces, rogorc „xalxis meS-veobiT, saxalxo mmarTvelobis“ axladSeqmnil sistemas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom, saxelmwifoebriobis mowyobis TvalsazrisiT, parizis komunarTa qmedebebSi adgili hqonda iseT aqtebsac, romlebsac araferi akavSirebda saxelmwifos demokratiul-samarTlebrivi mowyobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebTan da, miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli qme-debani marqsisa da engelsis did mowonebas imsaxurebdnen. am TvalsazrisiT, gansa-kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principis uaryofa, rac xeli-suflebis monopolizaciasa da mmarTvelobis samarTlebrivi formebis uaryofas iw-vevda. marqsisa da engelsis SefasebiT, parizis komuna iyo ara saparlamento, aramed momuSave korporaciis naTeli magaliTi, romelmac xelT igdo „sakanonmdeblo da aRmas-rulebebi funqciebi“.

3. ludvig gumploviCi

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saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb ieringis moZRv-rebis mraval debulebas Seesityveboda gamoCenili avstrieli sociologisa da saxelmwifomcodnis ludvig gumploviCis (1838-1909) politikur-Teoriuli Sexedulebani. saxelmwifos sakiTxebze misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: „rasa da saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos formirebis kanonis Sesaxeb kvleva“ (1875), „zogadi saxelmwifo samarTali“ (1897). gumploviCi sakuTar msoflmxedvelobas realisturs uwodebda. swored realisturi mrwamsis CarCoebidan da sociologiuri poziciidan gamomdinare, mecnieri ganixilavda saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan, arssTan, mowyobasa da rolTan dakavSirebul problemebs.

gumploviCis azriT, brZola arsebobisaTvis socialuri cxovrebis mTavari faqtoria. saxelmwifo mTlianad moqceulia aRniSnuli faqtoris zemoqmedebis sferoSi. es brZo-la – kacobriobis mudmivi Tanamgzavri da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mTavari stimu-latoria. praqtikulad ki, adgili aqvs adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris brZolas da TiToeuli jgufi meoris damorCilebas da maszed gabatonebas cdilobs. saxezea isto-riis mudmivi kanoni: „uZlieresni amarcxeben sustebs, Zlierni dauyonebliv erTian-debian, raTa erTianobiT daamarcxon mesame, aseve Zlieri jgufi da ase – usasru-lobamde“.

adamianebs Soris mudmivad mimdinare sastiki brZolis sawyiss gumploviCi araerTgva-rovnad xsnida. erTi mxriv, is brZolis mizezad adamianTa jgufebs Soris arsebul ra-sobriv gansxvavebas (Tumca, rasad is miiCnevda arabiologiur, aramed socio-kulturul fenomens) asaxelebda. meore mxriv, socialuri konfliqtis saboloo mizezad mas materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisadmi adamianebis usazRvro ltolva miaCn-da. gumploviCi, TiTqmis universalur mniSvnelobas, swored meore

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garemoebas aniWebda.

gumploviCis azriT, uZveles droSi, sxvadasxva qonebrivi sikeTis dauflebis mizniT, adamianTa Soris mimdinare sastiki konfliqtebi damarcxebuli jgufis saboloo ganad-gurebiT sruldeboda. mogvianebiT, damarcxebul jgufs aRar anadgurebdnen da monad aqcevdnen; iwyeba damonebulTa sastiki eqspluatacia. gamarjvebulebs (aseTebad gumplo-viCs ufro maRali inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebisa da mtkice samxedro disciplinis mqone rasebi miaCnda), sakuTari batonobis SesanarCuneblad da damonebulTa morCi-lebaSi mosayvanad organizaciuli da sxva xasiaTis mTeli rigi RonisZiebani esaWi-roeboda. swored aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad Seiqmna pirveli saxelmwifo. amieridan rasebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris omebs, TviT saxelmwifos SigniT, adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris mimdinare brZola daemata.

vinaidan gumploviCi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifo adamianTa erTi jgufis (uZlieresni, ga-marjvebulebi) mier, meoris (sustebi, damarcxebulebi) damoneba-daTrgunvis Sedegad da mizniT Seiqmna, is kategoriulad uaryofda, antagonisturi interesebis mimarT, saxelmwifosaTvis momrigeblisa da mSvidobismyofelis rolis miniWebas. misi azriT, sa-xelmwifos mTavari daniSnuleba legitimuri iZulebisa da Zaladobis ganxorcielebaa. amavdroulad, mecnieri miiCnevda, rom sazogadoeba ver SesZlebda saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebis gareSe arsebobas. aqedan gamomdinare, gumploviCi saxelmwifos „batonobis bunebrivad amozrdil organizaciasad axasiaTebda, romlis mizania garkveuli marTl-wesrigis dacva“. saxelmwifos aqtiuroba mxolod garkveuli marTlwesrigis uzrun-velyofas ar gulisxmobda. moZRvari usazRvrod ganadidebda saxelmwifoebriobis rols, romlis suliskveTebac samarTlis zogadi sakiTxebis gumploviCiseul interpre-taciaSi aisaxa. misi SexedulebiT, garegnuli saxiT, samarTali „saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis moTxovnaTa ganmxorcielebelia“. Sinaganad ki, samarTali zneobriobiT aR-savsea, romelic misTvis „ulev wyaros warmoadgens“. samarTlis SeqmnaSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba saxelmwifos eniWeboda. maSasadame, winaresaxelmwifoebriv xanaSi aravi-Tari samarTali ar arsebobda. zneobrioba, romelic saxelmwifos kanonebSi ganmtkicda, samarTlad iqca; es ukanaskneli ki, sakuTari warmoSobiT da Semdgomi ganviTarebiT, mTlianad saxelmwifos unda umadlodes.

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Tavi XVI

XIX-XX saukuneebis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi moZRvrebani

1. jon ostinis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

iuridiuli pozitivizmis skolis Camoyalibebas jon ostinis (1790-1859) saxels ukav-Sireben, miuxedavad imisa, rom am skolis ganviTareba XX saukunis pirvel naxevarze modis. 1826 wlidan jon ostini londonis universitetis iurisprudenciis kaTedras Caudga saTaveSi, romelic, ramdenime xniT adre, i. bentamma da misma mimdevrebma gaxsnes. ostinma, sakuTar saleqcio kursSi “iurisprudenciis sagnis ganmarteba”, ganavrco T. hobsis ideebi samarTlis, rogorc suverenis meTaurobisa (samarTlis sameTauro Teoria) da i. bentamis utilitarizmis Tezisebi imis Sesaxeb, rom suverenis msgavsi brZaneba, adamianTa rac SeiZleba didi nawilisaTvis, bednierebis uzrunvelyofisaken unda iyos mimarTuli. Tumca, misi ufrosi Tanamedrovisagan gansxvavebiT, ostini ar iyo iseTi radikaluri, aRniSnuli Tezisis ganmartebisas, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo wyobilebisa da politikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, sargeblis principis ganmar-tebisas, ostini kritikulad afasebda bentamis koncefcias zneobrivi grZnobebis Se-saxeb, rac RvTaebrivi mcnebebis Sefarul krebuls niSnavda. hobsis poziciis mimarT, ostini acxadebda, rom am moZRvris naSromebSi naqadagevia qveSevrdomTa absoluturi movaleobis Sesaxeb, daemorCilon mbrZaneblis nebas da ar ganixilon SemTxvevebi, Tu rodis aris daumorCilebloba sasargeblo. garda amisa, ostinis SefasebiT, hobsi Sec-domiT miawerda suverenitetisa

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da damoukidebeli sazogadoebis warmoSobas raRac “fiqtiur SeTanxmebas an xelSekrulebas”. ostinis saxelTan unda davakavSiroT ara TviT iuridiuli pozitivizmis Camoyalibeba, aramed samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis tra-diciis Taviseburi profesionalizacia da sagnobrivi racionalizacia. 1863 wels, osti-nis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma qvrivma _ saram da erTgulma mowafem _ j.s. milma mecnieris mTavari naSromi “iurisprudenciis leqciebi anu pozitiuri samarTlis filo-sofia” gamosces. o. kontis msgavsad, ostini miiCnevda, rom “keTili da stabiluri mTav-robis arseboba warmoudgenelia manam, vidre politikuri mecnierebis safuZvlebi mosax-leobis ZiriTadi masisaTvis ar gaxdeba cnobili. amrigad, racionaluri mmarTvelobisa da ganaTlebuli mosaxleobis Tavisebur kombinaciaSi devs socialuri progresis gasa-Rebi. ingliseli samarTalmcodnis SemoqmedebaSi gaerTianda, misi Tanamedrove utili-tarizmisa da pozitivizmis kvlevis meTodologia, romlebsac samarTlis empiriul Taviseburebebze (samarTali, rogorc faqti) aqcentis gakeTeba axasiaTebda. samarTlis empiriuli Semecneba, samarTlis zneobrivi Sefasebidan gankerZoebul Seswavlas gu-lisxmobda, mxolod wminda iuridiuli kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT; agreTve, socialur-politikur maxasiaTeblebze uaris Tqmas, rac ase Zlier gavrcelda bunebiT sa-marTalSi, samarTlisa da samarTalmcodneobis problematikis ganxilvis dros. amis Sesabamisad, is Sedegi miviReT, rodesac samarTali, SedarebiT garkveuli da martivad dasanaxi, qcevis wesebis, principebisa da tipiuri danawesebis erTobliobis saxiT gamo-dioda. amrigad, samarTlis wyaro suverenuli xelisufleba iyo; Tanac, samarTlis normaluri funqcionirebisa da TviT suverenuli xelisuflebis simtkicis garantad sazogadoebis umravlesobis is Cveva gamodioda, rom aRniSnuli xelisuflebis moTxov-nebs usityvod damorCilebodnen. ostinis konstruqciiT, suvereni yovlisSemZle dawese-bulebas, xolo samarTlis norma _ saxelisuflo iZulebis normas ganasaxierebda. sanq-ciiT ganmtkicebuli suverenis brZaneba, arsebiTad, samarTlis normaa (pozitiuri kanonis norma). am logikiT, pozitiur kanonad, sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, is kanoni gamodis, romelic garkveuli valdebulebebis dakisrebas gulisxmobs da garkveul Sedegebs iwvevs, maT Soris, _ negatiurs, kanonieri zianis miyenebis saxiT. amrigad, norma mxolod maSin iZens iuridiul xasiaTs, rodesac is piri, romelic saxelisuflo SesaZleblobiT da unariT aris aRWurvili, normisTvis mavalebeli Zalis miniWebas SesZlebs, im pirTaTvis zianis miyenebis muqariT (negatiuri Sedegis unariT), romlebic aRniSnul normas daarRveven. ostinis azriT, aRniSnuli xasiaTis suverenuli saxeli-suflo uflebamosilebis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc adamiani, ise RmerTi. pozi-tiuri kanoniT dadgenili sanqciebi erTdroulad iuridiul da politikur xasiaTs atareben, vinaidan isini, praqtikaSi, aRniSnuli politikuri sazogadoebis mier, iZu-lebis wesiT, subieqtis nebas axorcieleben. miTiTebuli arsiT, mTlianobaSi, samarTali suverenuli xelisuflebis brZanebaa, romelic adgens movaleobebs da saxelmwifos

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mxridan eZiebs misi ganxorcielebis garantiebs politikur sanqciebsa da iZulebaSi. ostini mkveTrad uaryofda pirovnebis uflebebis aRiarebisa da dacvis bunebiT-samarT-lebriv elementebsa da principebs, riTac is f. savinisa da g. hugos pozicias iziarebda, romelTa xelmZRvanelobiT ostini berlinisa da getingenis universitetebSi swavlobda. Tumca, ostini ar iziarebda misi maswavleblebis koncefcias, samarTlis istoriuli fesvebis Sefasebisas, vinaidan, danarCeni utilitaristebis msgavsad, samarTlis Ses-wavlisas _ istoriul meTods uaryofda. ostinis koncefciaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba sa-marTlis ganmartebas eniWeba, am cnebis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. samarTali dadgenilia erTi gonieri arsebis mier, danarCeni gonieri arsebebisaTvis. swored aseTia RvTis mier dadgenili RvTiuri kanonebi da adamianebis mier dadgenili adamianuri kanonebi. Tumca, meore kategoriis kanonebi ar SeiZleba, upirobod, miviCnioT samarTlad, am cnebis pirdapiri da mkacri mniSvnelobiT (pozitiur samarTlad), anu pirebis an dawese-bulebebis mier dadgenili kanonebi ar CaiTvleba samarTlad, radgan es pirebi ar arian suverenebi. amave kategorias ganekuTvneboda is wesebi, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi azris Sedegad adgenen, agreTve modis, eTiketis normebi da Rirsebis kanonebi. ostini norma-tiuli regulirebis am nairsaxeobas terminiT “pozitiuri zneoba” moixseniebda. Amri-gad, samarTali, farTo gagebiT, RvTiur, pozitiur samarTalsa da pozitiur zneobas moicavda. pozitiur samarTalsa da zneobas Soris arsebobs ara siaxlove an msgavseba, aramed dapirispireba, iseve, rogorc pozitiur samarTalsa da religias Soris, rasac kanonmdebeli unda iTvaliswinebdes. iurisprudenciis sagnisa da samarTlis sferos ganxilvisas, ostinma gverdi ver auara mosamarTleTa samarTalSemoqmedebiT rolsa da sasamarTlos daniSnulebis problemas. is emxroboda im azrs, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebac unda aRviqvaT, rogorc samarTlis nawili im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT am daniSnulebiT aRiarebs suvereni (sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba iqceva precedentul samarTlad, Tu arsebobs suverenis, Tundac, mdumare neba). rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso sa-marTals, romelic sanqciiT ganmtkicebuli suverenis brZaneba ar iyo, ostini mas pozi-tiuri samarTlis kategorias ar miakuTvnebda da, Sesabamisad, mas “saerTaSoriso pozi-tiur zneobas” uwodebda, romlis wesebi civilizebul erebSi moqmedeben, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeul ers Zalzed bundovani warmodgena aqvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori un-da iyos saerTaSoriso zneobriobis cneba.

2.iuridiuli neokantianeloba. rudolf Stamleris samarTlebrivi Sexedulebani

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axali Teoriuli safuZvlebis Ziebam mecnierebi kantis ideebis aRorZinebamde miiyvana. neokantianelobam bunebis Sesaxeb mecnierebani (mizezobriobis kanoni) sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebebs (mizanSewonilobis kanoni) daupirispira. aRmocenda neokan-tianelTa ramdenime skola: fraiburgisa da marburgis skolebi. samarTlis Sesaxeb iuridiuli neokantianelobis moZRvrebis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis germanel mecniers _ fraiburgis skolis warmomadgenels rudolf Stamlers (1856-1938). naSromSi “meurneoba da samarTali, istoriis materialuri gagebis TvalsazrisiT” (1896) Stam-lerma istoriuli materializmis uaryofa da sazogadoebis obieqturi kanonzomierebis Secnoba daisaxa miznad. kritika mimarTuli iyo bazisisa da zednaSenis, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebisa da maTi Secvlis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb marqsizmis moZRv-rebis winaaRmdeg. samarTlis Sesaxeb Stamleris moZRvrebaSi cvalebadi Sinaarsis bune-biTi samarTali igulisxmeba. vinaidan saubari exeba bunebiTi samarTlis apriorul ga-gebas, samarTlis “cvalebadi Sinaarsi” _ samarTlis formaluri maxasiaTebelia da ara misi faqtiuri Sinaarsi. “cvalebadi Sinaarsis bunebiTi samarTlis” Stamleriseuli moZRvrebis aRniSnuli koncefcia niSnavda, rom swored samarTali da misi cvlilebani gansazRvraven yvela socialuri movlenisa da, zogadad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZvlebs. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa uaryofa marqsizmis kriti-kasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic Segnebuli saqmianobis aucileblobas aRiarebda. Stamleri werda, rom, “Tu mecnierulad dadgenilia, rom cnobili movlena unda dadges, maSin _ uazrobaa, mas an SevuwyoT, an SevuSaloT xeli”.

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bibliografia

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