1 2

  After learning this chapter, students should be able to;   Identify the basic forms of data movement in shift registers.

  Explain how serial in/serial out (SISO), serial in/parallel out (SIPO), parallel in/serial out (PISO) and parallel in/parallel out (PIPO) shift registers operate.

  Determine how bidirectional shift register operates.

  Analyze output waveform for general shift register and 74HC195 shift register IC.

  Construct Johnson and ring counters from shift register.

  Describe shift register applications such as time delay, serial to parallel converter, universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) and keyboard encoder.

3

  Register – one or more flip-flops used to store or hold data.

  Shift registers -  A group of flip-flops used to shift/transfer data from flip-flop to flip-flop.

-  a group of D flip-flops connected in a chain and the clock of the flip-flops is connected in a synchronous manner.

-  They are generally provided with a Clear or Reset connection so that they can be "SET" or "RESET" as required.

-  Shift registers are available in IC form or can be constructed from discrete flip-flops.

 Shift register has 2 basic functions such as; ◦  Data storage ◦  Data movement

 Shift register has 4 classifications namely; ◦  Serial in/serial out (SISO) ◦  Serial in/parallel out (SIPO) ◦  Parallel in/serial out (PISO) ◦  Parallel in/parallel out (PIPO)

5

  The storage capacity is the total number of bits of digital data it can retain. The total number of bits depend on the number of flip-flops being used.

  Storage capability make it important type of memory devices

  For example,   When 1 is applied to D flip-flop, its output

becomes 1 at the triggering edge of clock   The output remains 1 until next trigger   Therefore, 1 is stored

  Next,

  When 0 is applied to D flip-flop, its output becomes 0 at the triggering edge of clock

  The output remains 0 until next trigger   Therefore, 0 is stored

6

  Shift capability permits data movement within the register or into or out of the register when trigger by clock pulse

  For example, various data movement of four 4-bit registers with direction indicated by arrows

Data in Data out

Serial in/shift right/serial out

Data out Data in

Data in

Data out

Serial in/shift left/serial out Parallel in/serial out

Serial in/parallel out

Data in

Data out Data out

Data in

Parallel in/parallel out

Rotate right Rotate left

7

  The serial in/serial out shift register accepts data serially – that is, one bit at a time on a single line.

  It produces the stored information on its output also in serial form.

  Example of IC: 74HC165, 74HC195

  Each clock pulse will move an input bit to the next flip-flop. Figure 1 shows 5-bit SISO shift register.

Figure 1

Example: 5-bit serial-in serial-out register.

Each clock pulse will move an input bit to the next flip-flop. For example, a 1 is shown as it moves across.

1 1 1 1 1 1

CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK

Example: To shift 1011 in a 4-bit serial-in serial-out register starting with LSB. The register is initially reset.

1st clock pulse

2nd clock pulse

3rd clock pulse

4th clock pulse

5th clock pulse

After 8th clock pulses, the register is CLEAR

Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3

Timing diagram for 1011 in a 4 bit SISO

11

  Initially, all FF are being RESET. Q2Q1Q0=000

  1st clock, shift register contains Q2Q1Q0=001

  2nd clock, shift register contains 010

  3rd clock, shift register contains 101, all 3-bit input have been completely stored

Eg: To shift 101 starting with LSB

12

  4th clock, the 1st bit is shifted out, shift register contain 010

  5th clock, the 2nd bit is shifted out, shift register contains 100

  6th clock, the 3rd bit is shifted out, shift register is CLEAR

13

  Timing waveform for 3-bit SISO shift register

Exercise 1 (SISO)-Tutorial 4 no.6

  Show the states of the 5-bit register for the specified data input and clock waveforms. Assume that the register is initially cleared (all 0s). Show the states of the 5-bit register in Figure 4.6 for the specified data input and clock waveforms. Assume that the register is initially cleared (all 0s).

Figure 4.6

Answer Exercise 1

Data bits CLEAR after 10 clock pulses

Exercise 2 (SISO)-Tutorial 4 no.7

Show the states of the 4-bit register (SRG 4) for the data input and clock waveforms in Figure 4.7. The register initially contains all 1s.

Figure 4.7

Answer Exercise 2

Data bits CLEAR after 8 clock pulses

18

  Data bits are entered serially (LSB first) in a SIPO shift register in the same manner as SISO. Example of IC: 74HC164, 74HC195

  The difference is the way in which the data bits are taken out of the register; in the parallel output register.

  Data bits are taken out in parallel

  Once all bits are store, the bits are shifted out simultaneously

  Example, Figure 2 shows 4-bits SIPO shift register

Figure 2

An application of shift registers is conversion of serial data to parallel form. For example, assume the binary number 1101 is loaded sequentially, one bit at each clock pulse.

CLK CLK CLK CLK

After 4 clock pulses, the data is available at the parallel output.

20

21

  Example: Timing waveform for 4-bit SIPO shift register when data bits 0110 is entered. The register initially contains all 1’s.

(LSB)

(LSB)

Exercise 1 (SIPO) Show the states of the 4 bit register (SRG 4) for the data input and clock waveforms in the figure below. The register initially contains all 0’s.

Answer Exercise 1 (SIPO)

24

  Data bits are entered parallel on the same time and data bits are shifted out in a single line. Example of IC: 74HC165, 74HC195.

  D0, D1, D2 and D3 are parallel inputs where, D0 is MSB and D3 is LSB.

  Example, Figure 3 shows 4-bits PISO shift register.

  To write data in, the mode control line is taken to LOW and the data is clocked in. The data can be shifted when the mode control line is HIGH as SHIFT is active high.

SHIFT/LOAD

Serial data out

CLK

D0 D1 D2 D3

Figure 3

25

  Example: Timing waveform for 4-bit PISO shift register when data bits D0D1D2D3 = 0101 is entered. Assume D input remains a 1.

Write = Load, initial state = 0000, assume D input remains a 1

Exercise 1 (PISO)-Tutorial 4 no.8 Show the data output waveform for a 4-bit register with the parallel input data and the clock and SHIFT / LOAD waveforms. The register initially contains all 0’s. Assume the D input remains a 0.

Figure 4.8

Answer Exercise 1

29

  Example of IC: 74HC195

  Data bits are entered parallel on the same time

  Data bits are shifted out parallel on the same time

  Example, Figure 4 shows 4-bits PIPO shift register inserted with D0=1, D1=0, D2=1 and D3=0.

Figure 4 30

  Capable to shift data bits either left or right. Example of IC: 74HC194

  Use gate logic that enables the transfer of a data bit a stage to the next stage to the left or right.

  Example, Figure 5 shows 4-bit bidirectional shift register.

  If the signal RIGHT/LEFT is 1, serial data bits will enter into FF0 and move to the right , otherwise it will be entered into FF3 and move to the left.

Figure 5

31

  Example: Timing waveform for 4-bit bidirectional assume that initial value for Q0 = 1, Q1 = 1, Q2 = 0 and Q3 = 1 and the serial data-input line is LOW.

# Try the exercise on page 165

1.  An 8 bit serial in/parallel out shift register 74HC164 SIPO

2.  An 8 bit parallel load shift register 74HC165 PISO, SISO

3.  A 4 bit parallel access shift register 74HC195 PIPO, SISO, SIPO and PISO.

4.  A 4 bit bidirectional universal shift register 74HC194 bidirectional shift register

A 4 bit parallel access shift register (74HC195)

The 74HC195 4 bit parallel-access shift register. (refer to page 493)

 The 74HC195 can be used for PIPO operation.

  It also has a serial input, so it can be used for SISO and SIPO operations.

  It can be used for PISO operation by using Q3 as an output.

33

  74HC1945 block diagram

  When SH/LD’ is LOW, the data on the parallel inputs are entered synchronously on the positive transition of the clock.

  When SH/LD’ is HIGH, stored data will shift right (Q0 to Q3) synchronously with the clock.

  Inputs J and K’ are the serial data inputs to the first stage of the register (Q0). Q3 can be used for serial output data.

  The active-LOW clear input is asynchronous.

34

35

  For the 74HC195 4 bit shift register shown in Figure 1, determine all the output of Q in Figure 2. Assume register is initially clear. (Page 172)

36

Figure 1

37

Figure 2

Answer Exercise (74HC195)

  A shift register counter is basically a shift register with the serial output connected back to the serial input to produce special sequences.

  These devices are often classified as counters because they exhibit a specified sequence of states.

  Shift registers can form useful counters by recirculating a pattern of 0’s and 1’s. Two important shift register counters are: 1. Johnson counter 2. Ring counter.

39 40

  Known as twisted ring counter, switch tail counter or binary counter.

  Produce 2n modulus counter where n is the number of bits.

2n = number of stages

Eg: mod-10 Johnson counter has 10 stages, so there are 5 ffs in this counter.

  The complement of the last flip-flop is feedback to the input of first flip-flop

  The Johnson counter is useful when you need a sequence that changes by only one bit at a time but it has a limited number of states (2n, where n = number of bits).

  Can use D and JK flip-flop but not T flip-flop.

41

… or with a series of J-K flip flops. Here Q3 and Q3 are fed back to the J and K inputs with a “twist”.

  For example, 4-bit Johnson counter using D flip-flop 2n = 2 x 4 = 8 stages

The Johnson counter can be made with a series of D flip-flops

  Mod-8 Johnson counter / 4 bit Johnson counter (8 stages)

42

Figure: 4 bit Johnson sequence

43

  Timing waveform for 4-bit Johnson counter

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Redrawing the same Johnson counter (without the clock shown) illustrates why it is sometimes called as a “twisted-ring” counter.

Johnson counter

“twist”

45

  Example 2: 5 bit Johnson counter / mod-10 Johnson counter 2n = 2 x 5 = 10 stages

Figure: 5 bit Johnson sequence

  Using D flip-flops with negative-going triggered (NGT) clock, draw a circuit diagram including timing diagram for a MOD-12 Johnson counter with an initial state of all “0’s”.

46

  Mod-12 counter has 12 stages (clock pulse: 1 12)

  2n = 12 ; n = 6 flip-flops

47 48

  The ring counter   Produce n modulus counter where n is the number of stages

  The last stage is feedback to the input of first flip-flop

  The ring counter can also be implemented with either D flip-flops or J-K flip-flops.

Here is a 4-bit ring counter constructed from a series of D flip-flops. Notice the feedback.

Like the Johnson counter, it can also be implemented with J-K flip flops.

  For example, 4-bit ring counter using D flip-flop

  Initially, FF0 is set while the others are cleared

49

4 bit ring counter

50

Figure: 4 bit Ring sequence

The initial value is Q0 = 1, Q1 = 0, Q2 = 0 and Q3 = 0

51

  Timing waveform for 4-bit ring counter which initially reset all flip-flop except FF0

Advantage of ring counter   A ring counter requires more flip-flops than a johnson counter for the same

MOD number. For example, a MOD-8 ring counter requires 8 flip-flops while a MOD-8 johnson counter only requires 3 (23 = 8). So if a ring counter is less efficient in the use of flip-flops than a johnson counter, why do we still need ring counters?

  One main reason is because ring counters are much easier to decode. In fact, ring counters can be decoded without the use of logic gates. The decoding signal is obtained at the output of its corresponding flip-flop.

Disadvantage of ring counter   It is not "self starting". Have to press preset button.   More flip-flop than johnson counter

52

53

Johnson counter with decoding circuit

The disadvantage to this counter is that it must be preloaded with the desired pattern (usually a single 0 or 1) and it has even fewer states than a Johnson counter (n, where n = number of flip-flops.

On the other hand, it has the advantage of being self-decoding with a unique output for each state.

Redrawing the Ring counter (without the clock shown) shows why it is a “ring”.

Ring counter

55

1.  Time delay (for SISO)   Shift registers such as SISO can be used to delay a digital signal by a

predetermined amount.   The time delay can also be increased by cascading shift registers.

Example:

An 8-bit serial in/serial out shift register has a 40 MHz clock. What is the total delay through the register?

Solution:

The delay for each clock is 1/40 MHz = 25 ns

The total delay is 8 x 25 ns = 200 ns

56

2. Serial to parallel converter   Serial data transmission is widely used by peripherals to pass data

back and forth to a computer.

  Serial data transmission from one digital system to another is commonly used to reduce the number of wires in the transmission line.

  However, all computers process data in parallel form. Therefore, a serial to parallel converter is required.

  To connect peripheral devices, serial port has largely been replaced by USB. USB (Universal Serial Bus) is used to connect keyboards, printers, scanners to the computer.

  USB was designed as a high-speed serial bus which could efficiently interconnect peripherals such as hard disks, audio interfaces, and video equipment.

3. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)   A piece of computer hardware that translate data between parallel and

serial forms.   A microchip with programming that controls a computer’s interface to

its attached serial devices.   A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used

for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers.

57

MAX232 is a voltage converter to convert -8V/8V from PC to 5V microcontroller or either way.

UART is a data format converter to convert from serial to parallel data (External device to PC) or parallel to serial data (PC to external device).

58

4.  Keyboard Encoder   The keyboard encoder is an example of where a

ring counter is used in a small system to encode a key press.

  Two 74HC195 shift registers are connected as an 8-bit ring counter preloaded with a single 0. As the 0 circulate in the ring counter, it “scans” the keyboard looking for any row that has a key closure. When one is found, a corresponding column line is connected to that row line.

  The combination of the unique column and row lines identifies the key. The schematic is shown on the following slide…

1. The shift register that would be used to delay serial data by 4 clock periods is

a. c.

b. d.

2. The circuit shown is a a. serial-in/serial-out shift register b. serial-in/parallel-out shift register c. parallel-in/serial-out shift register d. parallel-in/parallel-out shift register

3. If the SHIFT/LOAD line is HIGH, data a. is loaded from D0, D1, D2 and D3 immediately b. is loaded from D0, D1, D2 and D3 on the next CLK c. shifted from left to right on the next CLK d. shifted from right to left on the next CLK

4. A 4-bit parallel-in/parallel-out shift register will store data for

a. 1 clock period

b. 2 clock periods

c. 3 clock periods

d. 4 clock periods

5. The 74HC164 (shown) has two serial inputs. If data is placed on the A input, the B input

a. could serve as an active LOW enable

b. could serve as an active HIGH enable c. should be connected to ground d. should be left open

CLK

Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3

CLR

Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7

Serial inputs

A B

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

6. An advantage of a ring counter over a Johnson counter is that the ring counter

a. has more possible states for a given number of flip-flops

b. is cleared after each cycle

c. allows only one bit to change at a time

d. is self-decoding

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

7. A possible sequence for a 4-bit ring counter is

a. … 1111, 1110, 1101 …

b. … 0000, 0001, 0010 …

c. … 0001, 0011, 0111 …

d. … 1000, 0100, 0010 …

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

8. The circuit shown is a a. serial-in/parallel-out shift register b. serial-in/serial-out shift register c. ring counter d. Johnson counter

9. Assume serial data is applied to the 8-bit shift register shown. The clock frequency is 20 MHz. The first data bit will show up at the output in

a. 50 ns

b. 200 ns c. 400 ns d. 800 ns

10. For transmission, data from a UART is sent in

a. asynchronous serial form

b. synchronous parallel form

c. can be either of the above

d. none of the above