SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand...

32
2019 Kinsman Bioethics Conference Raising Voices: The Ethics of Dialogue and Communication in Health Care SESSION A4 Theme Obscured Voices in Healthcare Title Understanding & Addressing Gender Violence in Medical Training: An Ethical Imperative Speaker(s) Caroline King, M.P.H. Kelsey Priest, M.P.H. Date Thursday, April 11, 2019 Time 9:40 – 10:50 AM Location Wilder SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications. Understand the organizational, policy and regulatory constraints for addressing gender violence in medical training. Understand the barriers to reporting gender violence in the medical training environment. Understand the limitations of current research on gender violence in medicine. SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) Caroline King, M.P.H Caroline is a second year MD/PhD student at Oregon Health & Science University. She is the co-founder of OHSU's Gender Equity Center and a member of the Gender Equity Center's Leadership team. She also serves on the Oregon Attorney General's Sexual Assault Task Force, where she assists on the Advocate Response Committee. Caroline's work focuses on realizing community-identified methods to reduce violence in all forms. Kelsey Priest, M.P.H Kelsey is a fifth-year MD/PhD candidate at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) and Health Systems & Policy doctoral program. She studies hospital-based treatment policy and practice for opioid use disorder. During medical school, Kelsey co-founded OHSU’s Women’s Leadership Development Program, the Gender Equity Center, and she has served as a trainer and facilitator for Primary Care Progress’ Relational Leadership Institute.

Transcript of SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand...

Page 1: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

2019 Kinsman Bioethics Conference

Raising Voices: The Ethics of Dialogue and Communication in Health Care

SESSION A4 Theme Obscured Voices in Healthcare

Title Understanding & Addressing Gender Violence in Medical Training: An Ethical Imperative

Speaker(s) Caroline King, M.P.H. Kelsey Priest, M.P.H.

Date Thursday, April 11, 2019

Time 9:40 – 10:50 AM

Location Wilder

SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications. • Understand the organizational, policy and regulatory constraints for addressing gender violence in medical

training. • Understand the barriers to reporting gender violence in the medical training environment. • Understand the limitations of current research on gender violence in medicine.

SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) Caroline King, M.P.H Caroline is a second year MD/PhD student at Oregon Health & Science University. She is the co-founder of OHSU's Gender Equity Center and a member of the Gender Equity Center's Leadership team. She also serves on the Oregon Attorney General's Sexual Assault Task Force, where she assists on the Advocate Response Committee. Caroline's work focuses on realizing community-identified methods to reduce violence in all forms. Kelsey Priest, M.P.H Kelsey is a fifth-year MD/PhD candidate at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) and Health Systems & Policy doctoral program. She studies hospital-based treatment policy and practice for opioid use disorder. During medical school, Kelsey co-founded OHSU’s Women’s Leadership Development Program, the Gender Equity Center, and she has served as a trainer and facilitator for Primary Care Progress’ Relational Leadership Institute.

Page 2: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

1

Content Warning• This presentation covers the topics of sexual assault and harassment

• We invite you to take care of yourself and to leave at anytime

• Please hold your questions to the end

1

Resource Triggers Title 9 Investigation

Population Phone Email

Confidential Advocacy Program

NO Primarily students 1‐833‐495‐2277 or 503‐494‐3256

[email protected]

JBT Student Health Services NO All OHSU trainees 503‐494‐8665

Office of the Ombudsmen NO Anyone at OHSU 503‐494‐5397

Title IX Office YES Anyone at OHSU 503‐494‐0258 [email protected]

National Sexual Assault Hotline (24‐7)

NO Anyone 1‐800‐656‐4673

Call to Safety (24‐7) NO Anyone 1‐888‐235‐5333

Crisis Text Link (24‐7) NO Anyone Text HOME to 741741

Understanding & Addressing Gender Violence in Medical Training: Structural, Legal, & Ethical Implications

Caroline King, MPH

Kelsey C. Priest, PhD, MPH

@kelseycpriest

April 11, 2019

Page 3: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

2

Learning Objectives

• Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

• Understand the structural constraints—organizational, policy and regulatory—for addressing gender violence in medical training.

• Understand the barriers to reporting gender violence in the medical training environment.

• Understand the limitations of current research on gender violence in medicine.

3

Funding Disclosures

No. F30 DA044700

4

Page 4: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

3

Priest & King, 2019

5

"I still don’t think that the prospect of being sexually assaulted was as bad as watching the next generation of sexual harassers being formed. I think that was the worst part for me."

‐‐Nontenure‐track faculty member in medicine 

From: NASEM Report From the NASEM report  6

Priest & King, 2019

Page 5: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

4

50%

7

Priest & King, 2019

8

Priest & King, 2019

Page 6: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

5

Ethical Challenges For Consideration

Ethical Responsibilities. In communities we are a part of (both within and outside of medicine), people experience gender violence. 

• What are our (collective) ethical and moral responsibilities as members of these communities to address the violence?

Code of Ethics. Most ethical codes imply that gender violence would violate its code. 

• If this is true, why is gender violence prevalent in medicine? Considering ramifications for all involved, how can we call on professional ethics to create systems that address gender violence in medicine?

Ethical Acts of Resistance. Ethical acts of resistance can be framed as "morally right" and "morally wrong"; more interestingly, at times it can be a moral imperative to resist a system that is ethically volatile, or morally amiss to intervene in a system that is not truly morally wrong (Brulde, 2018).

• How do we determine our ethical responsibility to acts of resistance in addressing gender violence in medicine? What might an ethical act of resistance look like in medicine or health care?

9

Priest & King, 2019

Organizational Environment: Culture (Norms), Policies, and Regulations

Medical Trainee

Other trainee

Faculty

Staff

Program Director

Administrator

Patient

Domestic partner

Societal Environment: Culture (Norms), Policies, and Regulations

Federal Agencies (e.g., Department of Education)

Regulatory Bodies (e.g., AAMC)

Medical and Honor Societies (e.g., AAFP)

From Kelsey C. Priest, based on the socio‐ecological‐model of health by Dahlberg LL & Krug EG., 2002.  

The Behavior

10

The People

Priest & King, 2019

Page 7: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

6

The National Academy of Science, Engineering, & Medicine (NASEM)

• 2018 landmark report on sexual harassment of women in academia

• Findings woven throughout presentation

• A must read and concludes with 15 items for organizational action

11

Priest & King, 2019

Part 1. The Behavior and the People

12

Priest & King, 2019

Page 8: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

7

“’We know that sexual assault doesn’t mean that you were raped, doesn’t mean genitals pushing together. Personally, for me, that’s a change. Five years ago if a friend told me a guy groped her I wouldn’t necessarily have called that sexual assault.’”

‐‐‐Blurred Lines

Language and Understanding Shifts Over Time

From: Blurred Lines13

Priest & King, 2019

The Gender Violence Continuum

The Behavior Non‐consensual sexual comments

Non‐consensual flashing

Non‐consensual peeping; harassing calls, texts, emails

Non‐consensual touching, fondling, grouping or grabbing

Non‐consensual penetration (oral/anal/vaginal)

Non‐consensual sex work

The Crime Harassment (not a crime; but not allowed per statute)

Obscenity Voyeurism, stalking, cyberstalking

Battery, sexual battery

Rape Sex trafficking 

The Impacts Silenced, ashamed, frustrated, violated, disgusted, shocked, isolated, anxious, overwhelmed, angry, afraid, overwhelmed, powerless, embarrassed, worthless , confused, unsafe, hurt, PTSD, and depressed 

From: Caroline King, MPH, and the Oregon Sexual Assault Task Force 

Power = control and intimidation

14

Assault

Priest & King, 2019

Page 9: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

8

Consent = Core of Gender Violence

From: Planned Parenthood, 201815

• Core competency of medical training = consent

• Ethical and legal obligation

• Bodily autonomy and respect

Priest & King, 2019

Terminology Related to Survivorship

• Victim, survivor, patient or target

• The Oregon Sexual Assault Task Force  recommends the use of person first language: “individual who has experienced sexual assault”

16

Priest & King, 2019

Page 10: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

9

Gender Violence is Common in the U.S.

1 in 3 women experiencedgender violence

From: CDC, 2017

Nearly 23 million women and 1.7 million men have experienced rape or attempted rape in their lifetime

1 in 6 men experiencedgender violence

17

Priest & King, 2019

Axes of Oppression Increase Risk

• Sexual assault occurs over the life course for: • 47% of transgender people • 53% of African American transgender people

• 65% of American Indian transgender people

• Data about transgender/non‐binary populations is largely missing from surveys

From: US Transgender Survey, 2015 18

Priest & King, 2019

Page 11: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

10

Myth Debunking

FALSE• Stranger rape is most common

• Women lie about harassment/assault

TRUE• 70% of rapes are committed by someone known by the survivor1

• 2 to 8% of reported rapes are unfounded (different than false)

• Reports where respondents are intentionally lying are far less common

1. RAINN, 2018a; 2. Harding, 2017.  19

Priest & King, 2019

Gender Violence in the Workplace

The What• Most common is sexist hostility/crude behavior

• Occurs most often in the military (68%) and academia (58%)1

The How• Harassment is repeated2 and sustained over time3

1. lies, R., et., al ., 2003.; 2.Rosenthal, Smidt, & Freyd, 2016; 3. Schneider, Swan, and Fitzgerald 1997; 4.USMSPB 1995; 5. Magley, Waldo et al. 1999; 6.Kabat‐Farr and Cortina 2014; 7. USMSPB, 2018; 8. AAUW 2005; 9. Schneider, Pryor, and Fitzgerald 2011.; 10. Buchanan, Settles, and Woods 2008; 11. Clancy et al. 2017; 12. Cortina 2004; Cortina et al. 1998; 13. Konikand Cortina 2008; 14. Rabelo and Cortina 2014.

The Who: Harassers• Men2,4,5 (including when men are 

harassed too)5,6

• For students most common harassers are peers 2,5,7,8,9

The Who: At risk• People who experience multiple axes of 

oppression: women of color, gender and sexual minorities10,11,12,13,14

20

Priest & King, 2019

Page 12: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

11

Gender Violence in Medical Training 

21

Faculty Harassment• First study

• Women medical students• Only two schools• No patient data

• Elevated incidence• 220% more likely than non‐STEM students experience sexual harassment

• Negative effects of harassment• Worse mental /physical health  outcomes

• Feeling less safe on campus• Doing poor work more often

22From: NASEM Report: Swathout, 2018 

= 50% sexually harassed

= 49% sexually harassed

Priest & King, 2019

Page 13: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

12

Peer Harassment• Unpublished findings for women medical students

• 96% more likely than non‐STEM majors to experience sexual harassment by peers

• Highest rate for medical students at UT compared with non‐STEM, science and engineering

• Lowest for medical students at Penn State compared with graduate and undergraduates

23

From: Swathout, forthcoming 

= 51% sexually harassed

= 39% sexually harassed

Priest & King, 2019

Part 2. The Environment

24

Priest & King, 2019

Page 14: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

13

Societal Culture

“In a rape culture, women perceive a continuum of threatened violence that ranges from sexual remarks to sexual touching to rape itself. A rape culture condones physical and emotional terrorism against women and presents it as the norm.”

‐‐ Buchwald, Fletcher, and Roth

From: Transforming a Rape Culture 25

Priest & King, 2019

1) Misogynistic language

2) Objectification of women's’ bodies

3) Disregard for safety and glamorization of sexual violence

4) Physical and emotional terrorism against women26

Priest & King, 2019

Page 15: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

14

Organizational Structural & Cultural Drivers of Sexual Harassment

1. Perceived tolerance

2. Environments where men outnumber women

3. Hierarchical power structures

4. Institutional protectionism

5. Uninformed leadership

From: NASEM Report  27

Priest & King, 2019

There Are Many Recent Examples….

28

Priest & King, 2019

Page 16: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

15

Medicine Training Culture and Structure

"But, the thing is about residency training is everyone is having human rights violations. So, it’s just like tolerable, sexual harassment."

‐‐Nontenure‐track faculty member in medicine

From: NASEM Report From the NASEM report 

29

Priest & King, 2019

Training Structures Perpetuate Drivers

• Apprenticeship model

• System built by and for white cis‐gendered men

• Historic exclusion • Flexner report

• Intense physical and emotional learning conditions

30

Priest & King, 2019

Page 17: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

16

Policies and Regulations

1972Title IX

1964Title VII

1990Clery Act

31

Priest & King, 2019

History of Title IX

1969• PhD student denied a job: Bernice Sandler; “you come on too strong for a woman”

• *Files Title VII violation: Against 250 universities and sent copies to Congress.

1972 • Title IX legislation introduced: Edith Green, a Congresswoman from Oregon, received a copy of the violation letter and introduced legislation that became Title IX.

From: Blurred Lines

Congresswomen Edith Green

32**At the time Title VII prohibited employment discrimination based on sex  but did not include academia.

Dr. Sandler,The “Godmother of Title IX”

Priest & King, 2019

Page 18: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

17

Contemporary Title IX

• All academic institutions receiving federal funding, including student financial aid1

• Overseen by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights1

• Institutions are legally required to respond and remedy hostile educational environments (investigation and action) and failure to do so is a violation2

• We have a civil right to an education free from harassment. These rights apply to everyone working and learning at the institution

1. U.S. Department of Education, 2018; 2. Know Your IX, n.d. 

“No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be 

excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination 

under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

33

Priest & King, 2019

Proposed changes to Title IX guidance

Definitions

• Redefines sexual harassment

Reporting

• Changes the action requirements of responsible employees.

Investigation• Require investigations only for complaints 

made through formal channels• Allow institutions use the clear and 

convincing evidence standard• Require investigation only for crimes on 

campus• Allow to make the appeals process 

optional • Allowing cross examination by offender

Support of Survivors• Supportive measures for complainants may 

be “time‐limited”

34U.S. Department of Education, 34 CFR Part 106

Priest & King, 2019

Page 19: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

18

Part 3. Case Study

35

Priest & King, 2019

Case study: SusanThird year medical student “Susan” was assaulted by her clinical preceptor:

On rounds, the attending doctor was supposed to show the students how to examine the level of distress in a patient's heart by placing a hand over the chest. But instead of demonstrating on the patient, the doctor reached over and placed his hand on her breast.

From: CBC Radio, 2018 36

Priest & King, 2019

Page 20: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

19

Case Study: Susan’s Experience

"I was in the capacity [as a student] to feel as if my intelligence and my analytical abilities should have been celebrated. Instead my body was used.”

‐‐ “Susan” medical student in Canada

From: NASEM Report  37From: CBC Radio, 2018

Priest & King, 2019

What are Susan’s options?

38

Page 21: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

20

Paths

Institutional Options

Confidential Resources

Title 9 Reporting Criminal Reporting

Civil Action

39

Priest & King, 2019

Institutional options: Title 9 Reporting

• A federally required (Title IX) and informed process (Title IX guidance) that Is a “civil” like proceeding.

• This includes an investigation and determination conducted by designated OHSU staff.

• Anonymous reporting is possible. Call OHSU’s Integrity Hotline 1‐877‐733‐8313, or visit www.ohsu.edu/integrity_report

• You may also speak with Laura in hypotheticals to gather more information if helpful.

Laura Stadum, J.D.Director and Title IX Coordinator, AAEOc: 971‐352‐5149p: 503‐494‐0258AAEO: 503‐494‐5148

40

Priest & King, 2019

Page 22: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

21

41

• 28% of med students chose not to report because they feared retaliation1

• 75% who spoke out against workplace mistreatment faced reataltion2

Retaliation

• Time/energy

• Lawyers fees

Resource burden 

• Fear of not being believed

• Fear of physical harmFear

Institutional Reporting Barriers 

1. Binder R, Garcia P, Johnson B, et al. Sexual Harassment in Medical Schools: The Challenge of Covert Retaliation as a Barrier To Reporting. Academic Medicine. 2018; 2. Lilia M. Cortina & Vicki J. Magley, Raising Voice, Risking Retaliation: Events Following Interpersonal Mistreatment in the Workplace, 8:4 J. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOL. 247, 255 (2003).

Priest & King, 2019

Faculty & Staff are Responsible Reporters

• Institutional dependent**

• At OHSU if you disclose gender violence to faculty, staff, and/or resident they are required (by Title IX) to report this to the Title IX office.

• The good news OHSU has confidential/privileged resources to help you navigate if you do not want to report right away.

42

Priest & King, 2019

Page 23: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

22

Privileged & Confidential Advocates

• State variation: Protections vary by state. In Oregon, privileged advocates are protected by subpoenas (those with institutional confidential designation are not). 

• General duties: Provide information about reporting options at the institutional, criminal, and civil systems, as well as the range of non‐reporting alternatives and supports (discretely). 

• Little is known broadly about access to these resources for medical students.

43

Priest & King, 2019

Confidentiality Reminder

• JBT/Mental Health: Care received from mental health professionals and JBT staff is confidential (not responsible employees).

•Other Students: If you tell another student you have experienced gender violence that student is not obligated to report (not a responsible employee).

44

Priest & King, 2019

Page 24: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

23

OHSU Institutional Options

Stephanie McClure

Confidential Advocacy Program Director

Privileged advocate

Serves: Primarily students, will not turn anyone away 

503‐494‐3256

[email protected]

Jackie Wirz, PhDAssistant Dean for Graduate Studies 

Privileged advocate 

Serves: Students

503‐494‐[email protected]

Merle Graybill*OHSU Omsbuds

Confidential advocate Not protected from subpoenas*

Serves: Everyone

503 494‐[email protected]

45

Priest & King, 2019

Criminal Pathway

• Filing a report with either OHSU Police or Portland Police (or in whatever jurisdiction the crime took place)

• This triggers the investigation of a crime by law enforcement

• After the investigation the prosecutor will decide whether or not to prosecute

46

Priest & King, 2019

Page 25: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

24

Criminal Convictions Are Infrequent1000 rap

es

690 not reported

310 reported

257 not arrested

57 lead to arrest

46 not referred to prosecutor

11 cases referred to prosecutor

4 cases not convicted

7 cases result in felony conviction

1 non‐incarceration

6 incarcerations

994 out of 1000 rapes the perpetrators will face no criminal consequences

RAINN, 2018b47

Priest & King, 2019

Civil Pathway

• Could entail the use of the civil law system to receive compensation for the damages from the gender violence (from the survivor)

• Can file criminal and civil charges at the same time

• Need to have proof of actual damages to receive compensation‐can include tuition, potentially other costs from rearranging life

48

Priest & King, 2019

Page 26: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

25

Civil Pathway Barriers

• Statute of limitations varies by crime and state

• Burden of proof falls on the survivor to prove event happened

• Fear of defamation/slander/libel claims

49

Priest & King, 2019

Paths

Institutional Options

Confidential Resources

Title 9 Reporting Criminal Reporting

Civil Action

50

If you were Susan what would you do?

Page 27: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

26

Part 4. Structural and Individual Action

51

Priest & King, 2019

Structural Action: The four “Rs”

52

Area for Improvement Potential Intervention Target

Research in medical education Improve trainee surveys (label vs. behavior)

• AAMC/LCME• AOA• ACGME

Resources for survivors Mandate dedicated support resources for medical students experiencing gender violence

• AAMC/LCME• Medical schools

Regulations and policies Federal agencies stop funding sexual harassers

• NIH• NSF• FDA

Reconceptualize gender violence interventions

Pilot and implement restorative justice programming

• Medical schools

Priest & King, 2019

Page 28: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

27

But structural interventions take time…

What can we do today as individuals? 

53

Individual Action

Get informed.Read, watch, and listen.

Support.People and organizations are already doing the work.

Amplify the issue.You voice is privileged inthe spaces you occupy.

54

Priest & King, 2019

Page 29: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

28

Most Importantly…..

When someone comes to you and shares their experience

1) Believe them.

2) Know how to connect them to resources immediately.

55

Priest & King, 2019

Join or Support Local and National Organizations

OHSU Groups

• Confidential Advocacy Program 

• Gender Equity Center 

• Women Employee Resource Group

• American Medical Women’s Association

• Women in Academic Medicine 

Outside of OHSU

• Women in Science

• Call to Safety

• RAINN

• Know your IX

• End Rape on Campus (EROC)

• #MeTOOinSTEM

• Times Up Health Care

56

Priest & King, 2019

Page 30: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

29

We want to honor and acknowledge those who have come before us and those who lead with us! 

Faculty/Staff• Dr. Elena Andresen• Dr. Sharon Anderson• Dr. Esther Choo• Tara Foley• Dr. David Jacoby• Stephanie McClure• Laura Stadum• Dr. Jackie Wirz• And many others!!!

Student Leaders

• Jackie Emathinger

• Cameron Fisher

• Amy Jones

• Amanda Koonce

• Kim Lepin

• Alix Melton

• Sarah Newhall

• Monique Herman

• Kayla Sheridan

• Any many others!!

57

Priest & King, 2019

Learn more

Books• Missoula, by Jon Krakauer

• Asking for It, by Kate Harding

• The Mother of All Questions, Rebecca Solnit

• Blurred Lines, Vanessa Grigoriadis

• Feminism is for Everybody, bell hooks

• Queering Sexual Violence, Jennifer Patterson 

• Not that Bad, Roxanne Gay

• Unsportsmanlike Conduct, Jessica Luther

• Trauma and Recovery, Judith Herman MD

• The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma, Bessle Van Der Kolk, MD 

Other Resources• The Hunting Ground, documentary on Netflix

• Ending Rape on Campus 

• Know your Title IX 

• #Metoo video made by and for men: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i21xmCbd8iw&feature=youtu.be

• NASEM: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/shstudy/index.htm

• The Silence & Complicity of Good Men: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i21xmCbd8iw&feature=youtu.be

58

Priest & King, 2019

Page 31: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

30

59

Resource Triggers Title 9 Investigation

Population Phone Email

Confidential Advocacy Program

NO Primarily students

1‐833‐495‐2277 or 503‐494‐3256

[email protected]

JBT Student Health Services

NO All OHSU trainees

503‐494‐8665

Office of the Ombudsmen

NO Anyone at OHSU

503‐494‐5397

Title IX Office YES Anyone at OHSU

503‐494‐0258 [email protected]

National Sexual Assault Hotline (24‐7)

NO Anyone 1‐800‐656‐4673

Call to Safety (24‐7) NO Anyone 1‐888‐235‐5333

Crisis Text Link (24‐7) NO Anyone Text HOME to 741741

ReferencesAAUW (American Association of University Women) (2005). Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus.

Buchwald, Fletcher, Roth (eds). (2005). Transforming a Rape Culture, Revised Edition. Milkweed Editions.

CBC Radio (2018). #MeToo in medicine: Culture of silence keeps med students from reporting abuse by their mentors. From: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/metoo‐in‐medicine‐1.4559561/metoo‐in‐medicine‐culture‐of‐silence‐keeps‐med‐students‐from‐reporting‐abuse‐by‐their‐mentors‐1.4559570

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010‐2012 State Report. Atlanta GA.

Ilies, R., Hauserman, N., Schwochau, S., & Stibal, J. (2003). Reported incidence rates of work‐related sexual harassment in the United States: using meta‐analysis to explain reported rate disparities. Personnel Psychology, 56(3), 607‐631

Grigoriadis, V. (2017). Blurred Lines: Rethinking Sex, Power, and Consent on Campus.

Harding (2017. Asking for it: The alarming rise of rape culture. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Kabat‐Farr, D., and Cortina, L. M. (2014). Sex‐based harassment in employment: New insights into gender and context. Law and Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000045

Know Your IX. (n.d). Title IX. From: https://www.knowyourix.org/college‐resources/title‐ix/

Magley, V. J., Waldo, C. R., Drasgow, F., and Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). The impact of sexual harassment on military personnel: Is it the same for men and women? Military Psychology, 11(3), 283–302.

Planned Parenthood: (2018). All about consent. From: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/sex/all‐about‐consent.

RAINN, 2018a. Perpetrators of Sexual Violence: Statistics. From: https://www.rainn.org/statistics/perpetrators‐sexual‐violence;

RAINN, 2018b. The Criminal Justice System: Statistics. From: https://www.rainn.org/statistics/criminal‐justice‐system

Rosenthal, M. N., Smidt, A. M., and Freyd, J. J. (2016). Still second class: Sexual harassment of graduate students. Psychology of Women Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316644838

Schneider, K. T., Swan, S., and Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997). Job‐related and psychological effects of sexual harassment in the workplace: Empirical evidence from two organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021‐9010.82.3.401

Schneider, K. T., Pryor, J. B., and Fitzgerald, L. F. (2011). Sexual Harassment Research in the United States. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. L. Cooper (eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace (2nd edition, 245–266). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Swartout, K. (2018). University of Texas Climate Survey. Appendix D of Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC

USMSPB (1995). Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Trends, Progress, and Continuing Challenges.

USMSPB (2018). Update on Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace.

US. Transgnder Survey (2015). From: http://www.ustranssurvey.org/

U.S. Department of Education (2018). The Office of Civil Rights: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/aboutocr.html

U.S. Department of Education, 34 CFR Part 106. From: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/title‐ix‐nprm.pdf

60

Page 32: SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES SESSION A4 SPEAKER(S) · 2019-04-08 · SESSION A4 OBJECTIVES • Understand gender violence related terminology, behaviors, and public health implications.

4/4/2019

31

Ethical Challenges For Consideration

Ethical Responsibilities. In communities we are a part of (both within and outside of medicine), people experience gender violence. 

• What are our (collective) ethical and moral responsibilities as members of these communities to address the violence?

Code of Ethics. Most ethical codes imply that gender violence would violate its code. 

• If this is true, why is gender violence prevalent in medicine? Considering ramifications for all involved, how can we call on professional ethics to create systems that address gender violence in medicine?

Ethical Acts of Resistance. Ethical acts of resistance can be framed as "morally right" and "morally wrong"; more interestingly, at times it can be a moral imperative to resist a system that is ethically volatile, or morally amiss to intervene in a system that is not truly morally wrong (Brulde, 2018).

• How do we determine our ethical responsibility to acts of resistance in addressing gender violence in medicine? What might an ethical act of resistance look like in medicine or health care?

61

Priest & King, 2019