Senegal - Alaska Center for Energy and Power...
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Transcript of Senegal - Alaska Center for Energy and Power...
Geography
• Area: 197,000 mi^2 • 11 Provinces
• Capital: Dakar
www.worldatlas.com www.digiatlas.com
Population • Population: 13.3 million • Growth Rate: 2.5% • 53% under 20 years old • Urban: 45% • Language: French • Religion:
• 94% Muslim • 5% Christian • 1% Other
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Vegetation
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Socio-Political Factors • Independence from France 1960 • “Democratic leader in West Africa” – U.S. State
Department • President: Macky Sall 4/2/12 – present • 2010 Gender Parity Law – requires half of parties
candidates to be women • Women hold 43% seats in National Assembly
• Senegal ranks 140th out of 155 countries on UNDP Gender Development Measure
• Ranks 154th out of 186 countries on the 2012 U.N. Human Development Index
Casamance
• Separatists movement active since 1982 – 5,000 killed
• Government and rebels signed peace accord in 2004. However, Casamance Movement of Democratic Forces continues to fight (MFDC)
• Land mines in area make agriculture difficult
• May 2013 12 de-mining volunteers taken hostage
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ECOWAS Regional Relationships Gambia (Center)
Independence Portugal 1965 Two nations of the same people
Senegambia Senegal-Gambia Permanent Secretariat
Yahya Janneh coup in 1994 Casamance MFDC
Guinea-Bissau (South) Independence from Portugal 1974
Boarder disputes from colonial times 1998 Civil War: Related to disagreement
over Senegal’s Casamance 2012 Military coup d'état
Mauritania (North) Boarder conflict 1989
Fossil Valley Rehab Project Senegal River
47% employed in agriculture, 1% arable land
Mali (West) Positive relations
Guinea (South-East) Senegal former President Wade
backed 2008 coup
Economy Services: • Re-export activities, transport,
telemarketing, tourism
Agriculture products: • peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum,
rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Industries: • agricultural and fish processing,
phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining; iron ore, zircon, and gold mining
Agriculture 15%
Industry 23%
Services 62%
2012 GDP By Sector
Source: CIA World Fact Book
Economy and Employment
• Unemployment rate:
• 48% (2007 est.)
• GDP – real growth rate • 3.5% (2012 est.) • 2.6% (2011 est.) • 4.3% (2010 est.)
• GDP - per capita:
• $2,100 (2012 est.) Agricultu
re 77%
Industry and
Services 23%
2007 Employment By Sector
Source: CIA World Fact Book
Energy Use • 2011 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) 2,858 GWh
1 Petajoule = 277.8 GWh Source: IRENA, 2012
Energy Demand Profile
52%
30%
14%
4%
2012 Energy Use by Sector
Households
Transportation
Industrial Sector
Agriculture & Public Services
Source: IRENA 2012
Electric Generation
• SENELEC national utility has monopoly for national grid transmission and distribution
• 60% of total production • GTI-Dakar, ESKOM-
Manantali, and IPPs produce 218 MW
• SENELEC presentation: “Deficit of generation fulfilled by 150 MW Diesel power plant rental at an annual cost of 106,8 billions CFA Francs (217 Millions USD)”
49%
39%
10% 2%
2012 Electric Generation by Fuel Fuel Oil Diesel Hydro Gas
Source: Maristes, 2012
Cost of Importing Oil • All fossil fuels consumed in
country are imported
• Energy Self-sufficiency • 55%
• Not counting biomass, over
90% foreign dependence
• Fuel Imports • $1.2 Billion USD • 23.2% of all imports
• 35% of its foreign exchange
earnings used for oil imports
Rural Electrification Concessions • The rural regions of Senegal that have yet to be electrified are
divided into 10 concession regions • Competitive bidding process • Each bidder develops an electrification plan and indicates
percentage of funding to provide (minimum 20%), remainder from the State
• Must electrify at least 50% of rural population in concession • Exclusive if choose grid extension • Output based subsidy • Minimum of 10% Renewables required for subsidy addition • Creation of a big market: 5,000 to 25,000 clients • 25 year period • Tariffs vary by region • Technology neutral
Rural Community Sizes • Rural population accounts for 59% of total population • Approximately13,212 villages • 75% of villages have less than 500 inhabitants (2005)
Solar Potential
http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Senegal-and-Gambia-en.png
Wind Potential
2005 Northern Coast Wind Analysis
• Potential along Northern Coast • 158 kWh/m^2 extracted
annually • Most suitable use small scale water
pumping stations • Windy season coincides with
dry season
Source: Youm et al., 2005
Taiba N’Diaye Wind Farm • Project Development began
2006 • Developer: Sarreole • 153.75 MW • 75 km Dakar • 2 sites – 3 km apart
• Site 1: 20 turbines 61.5 MW • Site 2: 30 turbines 92.25
MW
• SENELEC grid connected • May 2011 approved sale of
carbon credits • May 2013 still negotiating PPA
• “First in Senegal and largest (by capacity) in West Africa”
Hydro Resources Senegal River Gambia River
http://www.sy-gabber.nl/gabber/verhalen/waypointstracks/main_waypointstracksENG.htm
Hydropower Development
• Diama Dam: • Constructed 1986 • 40 km upstream Saint Louis • Prevent encroachment of
salt water on irrigation • Manatali Dam
• Completed in 1988 without hydropower plant
• Began power production 2001
• Produce 740 GWh per year • Highly controversial
• SRB Multipurpose Water Resource Development Project
• World Bank report Sep 2013 • Dam feasibility studies
International Rivers
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/09/18405843/africa-senegal-river-basin-multi-purpose-water-resources-development-project
Energy Policies • In 1997, Senegal passed the “Lettre de Developement du
Secteur de l’Energie (LPDSE), in order to facilitate more private partnership with its electricity sector
• LPSDE broke the nationwide monopoly of SENELEC (Société Nationale d’Electricité du Sénégal), allowing private producers to generate and distribute electricity in rural areas not served by the national utility
• Created two new agencies CRSE and ASER • Updated LPDSE 2003 LPSDE 2007
• Currently negotiating National Strategy for Renewable Energy to set a target of 20% renewables in electricity mix by 2020.
Targets and Goals • Senegalese Rural Electrification Action
Plan (PASER) • 8% Electricity access to rural
households in 2000 • 50% Rural electrification target for
2012 • 62% Rural electrification target by
2022
• Programme 2013-17 (update to LPDSE) Goals: • Natural gas rise to 25-35%
• 150 MW gas plant • May 2013 announce deal to Import LNG from U.S.
• 25% targeted for coal • 250 MW coal plant to be built by KEPCO
• A combined goal of 15% for renewable energy and biofuel has been set for 2020 Source: PERACOD, 2011
Regulatory • The Regulatory Commission for the Electricity Sector (CRSE)
• Independent regulating authority • Promote competition, efficiency, and economy in bulk power
markets (IRENA, 2012) • Set maximum tariffs • Rural concessions
• “One major issue that emerged is that the regulator (CRSE) is currently obliged to approve tariffs for electricity supply to the final consumer, regardless of the size of the installation. This process is time-consuming and acts as a barrier to the implementation of small concessions” (IRENA, 2012).
Stakeholders • Ministry of Renewable Energy (MER) MER is responsible for framing
policies for the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources
• Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification (ASER) ASER is responsible for Senegal's off-grid rural electrification and power generation. Fully operational in 2005, ASER has been given the responsibility of implementing the strategy for rural electrification (PASER).
Source: PERACOD, 2011
Stakeholders • The Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) has provided
technical assistance to the government of Senegal since 2000 in support of its objectives to foster the effective development of private sector participation in infrastructure
• National Agency for Solar Energy (ANDES) is a new agency set up by Senegal in response to the 2010 mandate it received from the heads of states of ECOWAS countries to promote solar energy in the sub-region.
• University Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar Houses the Research and Study Centre for Renewable Energy (CERER), a leading research institute in Senegal.
• Inter-sectorial Committee for the Implantation of Synergies between Energy and other Strategic Sectors (CIMES) CIMES is a multi-sectorial group comprising, among others, the relevant ministries, civil society, private sector and donors. The group worked towards including energy issues within the National Poverty Reduction Strategy
Domestic Programs and Initiatives • Programme for the Promotion of Rural Electrification and
Sustainable Supply of Domestic Fuels (PERCOD): The focus of PERCOD is to contribute to access of renewable energy, particularly solar systems and the sustainable use of non-fossil fuels
• Rural Electrification Senegal Project (ERSEN): 265 target villages with populations less than 1000, long distance from grid, must have at least one school and one clinic
Finance • In Senegal, investment and finances in the energy sector largely rely on
funding from multi and bi lateral banks or donors, but rarely from the private sector
• Local banks reluctant to invest in energy due to risk perception
• CMS and SenFinance are local micro-banks seeking to fund income generating activities
• Rural Electrification Fund (REF): Through the REF, ASER supports
investments by granting subsidies to operators, financing credit lines and guaranteeing funds to banks, micro-finance institutions and other program partners (IRENA, 2012)
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
• Micro-Power Economy Model
http://www.inensus.de/download/MicroPowerEconomy.pdf
Conclusions 1. “Since 2003, the focus of Senegal's energy policy has been on the
contribution that the energy sector can make to provision of basic ‘social’ services, implying education, health and water” (Diop, 2009).
2. Rural electrification looking for low wattage (1-5kW) “Micro-grid” systems 1. Module 2. Incremental infrastructure: scaled-up as demand grows and
investment capital available 3. Semi-Automated 4. Pre-paid aggregated metering – purchase of small amounts at
irregular intervals 3. Electrification depends on government planning and therefore has a
lengthy and complex start-up process: high transaction costs relative to project size
4. Demand and ability to pay for: improved cook stoves, solar rechargeable lanterns and cell phone charging stations