SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

The Market Revolution

Manifest Destiny

Expansion in Texas

The War with Mexico

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Expanding Markets and Moving West

Section 1

The Market RevolutionTechnological changes create greater interaction and more economic diversity among the regions of the nation.

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U.S. Markets Expand

Changing Economic Activities• Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy

what cannot make• Mid-century farmers begin specialization—raise

1or 2 cash crops • Market revolution—people buy and sell goods

rather than make them

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Continued . . .

The Entrepreneurial Spirit• Capitalism—private control of means of

production, used for profit• Business capital (money, property, machines)

fuels growing economy• Entrepreneurs invest own money in new

industries; great loss, profit

CapitalismCapitalism hasn’t always been like the way it is today. Throughout the 1800s, it was mainly dominated by small family-owned firms. In 1830 the biggest company in the world was the Cyfartha iron company, worth about $2 million, with 5,000 employees. A hundred years later the biggest company, U.S. Steel, was worth $2.3 billion, and employed 250,000 people. Today, the world’s largest company is the energy producer Royal Dutch Shell. It raked in a staggering $458 billion in revenue in 2008.

New Inventions• Inventor-entrepreneurs develop new products• Charles Goodyear creates vulcanized rubber in 1839• Elias Howe patents sewing machine; I. M. Singer

adds foot treadle• Factory production of clothing prices drop by over

75%

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continued U.S. Markets Expand

Impact on Household Economy• Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment;

boost industry output• Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers

become consumers

The Economic Revolution

Impact on Communication• 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse develops electromagnetic

telegraph: - messages tapped in code, carried by copper wire- businesses, railroads transmit information

In 1843, Congress agreed to pay for the construction of the first telegraph line, from Baltimore to Washington. On May 24, 1844, the first message was sent across the wires: “What hath God wrought?”—a quotation from the Bible.

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Continued . . .

continued The Economic Revolution

Impact on Transportation• 1807, Robert Fulton’s steamboat goes 150 miles

up Hudson in 32 hours• By 1830 steamboats on western rivers and

canals cut freight costs, speed travel, carry heavy machinery and raw materials

• Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets

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Continued . . .

Emergence of Railroads• 1840s, shipping by railroad much costlier than by

canal • Railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland• Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers• By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops,

safety increased

Birth of the RailroadsBefore the opening of the first major railway line, the Liverpool & Manchester in 1830, there were fears it would be impossible to breathe while travelling at such a velocity, or that the passengers’ eyes would explode due to having to adjust to the motion. The first moving picture, "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station“, was shown to an audience in France in 1895. When the film was first shown, the audience was so overwhelmed by the moving image of a life-sized train coming directly at them that people screamed and ran to the back of the room. Hellmuth Karasek in the German magazine Der Spiegel wrote that the film "had a particularly lasting impact; yes, it caused fear, terror, even panic.“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk

New Markets Link Regions

Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing• Canals, railroads turn Northeast into center of

American commerce• New York City central link between U.S. farms

and European markets• Great rise in manufacturing: more, better, less

expensive goods

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Midwest Farming• John Deere invents steel plow; farmers replace

oxen with horses• Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper;

1 farmer can do work of 5• Farmers shift from subsistence farming to

growing cash crops

continued New Markets Link Regions

Effect of Regional Links• Improved transportation, communication make

regions interdependent• Growing links lead to development of regional

specialties

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Southern Agriculture• Most of South agricultural; relies on cotton,

tobacco, rice• South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in

land, slave

Continued . . .

Section 2

Manifest DestinyAmericans move west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

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The Frontier Draws Settlers

American Mission• Before 1840, few Americans go to Louisiana

Territory; many do after• Manifest destiny—belief that U.S. destined to

expand to Pacific Ocean

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Attitudes Toward the Frontier• Many settlers try fresh start in West after

panic of 1837• Land for farming, speculation important for

building prosperity• Merchants seeking new markets follow

farmers, miners• Oregon Territory harbors expand trade with Asia

Manifest Destiny

In the summer of 1845, John L. Sullivan, a magazine editor, had written of “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”. The phrase manifest destiny came to signify the inevitability of the continuing growth of the US—to the Pacific Ocean, certainly, and who knew where else?

Settlers and Native Americans

Effects on Native American Communities• Most Native Americans maintain own traditions

even if forced to move• Some assimilate into white culture; some fight

to keep whites out

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The Black Hawk War• In 1830s, settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressure

natives to go west• Chief Black Hawk leads rebellion in Illinois,

Wisconsin Territory• Sauk, Fox tribes defeated, forcibly moved west

of the Mississippi

Continued . . .

Black Hawk War As a young man, Abraham Lincoln served very briefly as a volunteer during the Black Hawk War of 1832. He saw no action, but joked that he “had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.”

When Black Hawk was captured he was placed in the charge of a recent West Point graduate, Jefferson Davis.

continued Settlers and Native Americans

Middle Ground• Middle ground is area not dominated by Native

Americans or settlers• Good relations where settlers need Native

American trading partners• Middle ground west of Mississippi, result of

1830 Indian Removal Act

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Continued . . .

continued Settlers and Native Americans

Fort Laramie Treaty• Small numbers of displaced natives fight

settlers moving west• 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between U.S.

government, native nations- Native Americans get control of Central Plains- promise not to attack settlers- U.S. pledges to honor boundaries

• Settlers increase, deplete buffalo, elk; U.S. violates treaty

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The Santa Fe Trail• Thousands trek west on old Native American trails,

new routes• Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route; Independence,

MO to Santa Fe, NM• First 150 miles wagons go alone, then band together

for protection

Trails West

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The Oregon Trail• 1836, settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go

into Northwest• Oregon Trail—trail from Independence, MO to

Portland, OR• Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push handcarts;

trip takes monthsContinued . . .

The Donner Party

http://www.history.com/topics/donner-party/videos/the-donner-party

The Mormon Migration• Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus Christ

of Latter-day Saints in NY• Mormons—religious group, settles in Illinois;

clashes over polygamy• Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads

Mormons outside U.S.- settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah

continued Trails West

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Resolving Territorial Disputes• 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in

East, Midwest • “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for

annexation of Oregon• 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along 49th

parallel

Joseph Smith and the Mormons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06jF1EG8o-QSmith says that in 1827, he found golden plates inscribed in Egyptian characters, which he translated with the help of God. The result was the “Book of Mormon” (published in 1830): gives the history of a group of Jews who escaped from Jerusalem when it fell to invaders in ancient times…they eventually arrived in the Americas.

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Section 3

Expansion in TexasMexico offers land grants to American settlers, but conflict develops over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery.

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Americans Settle in the Southwest

Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers• To protect territory, Mexico encourages U.S.

farmers to go to Texas • Offers land grants to empresarios (agents) who

sell land cheaply• Until 1830s, Anglo settlers live as naturalized

Mexican citizens

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Austin in Texas• Stephen F. Austin, successful empresario,

establishes colony in 1821• Old Three Hundred get 177 farming acres or

4,428 grazing acres• U.S. wants lands south to Rio Grande; Mexico

refuses to sell Texas

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“Come to Texas”• Cultural differences arise between Anglos and Mexico:

- Anglos speak English, not Spanish- Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery

• In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber Tejanos• Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna

imprisons Austin- revokes local powers; rebellions erupt, including Texas Revolution

Texas Fights for Independence

Continued . . .

“Remember the Alamo!”• Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells Texans to

arm themselves• Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission; all 187 U.S.

defenders killed

The AlamoIn February of 1836, General Santa Anna led an army of 4,000 men and began a siege of the Alamo, an old chapel in San Antonio. The Alamo was commanded by James Bowie, the inventor of the Bowie knife. Also in the fort was Davy Crocket. The Alamo siege cost Santa

Anna ¼ of his army. http://www.solarmovie.tl/link/play/1343595/

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continued Texas Fights for Independence

The Lone Star Republic• Sam Houston (former Governor of TN) defeats,

captures Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto• Santa Anna grants TX independence in exchange for

his freedom• Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas

(April 1836)• Houston becomes president of the Republic

of Texas

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Texas Joins the Union• 1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or incorporate,

Texas• South favors, North opposes annexation • British recognize TX independence; even the North

now approves of annexation over fears of Brit control• Texas becomes state in 1845

The Republic of TexasSam Houston was elected President of Texas over Stephen Austin, who was appointed Secretary of State. The Republic was an independent country until its annexation by the US in 1846. The capital of Texas since 1839 is Austin. But the largest city in TX, on the site of the Battle of San Jacinto, is named Houston. It’s the 6th largest city in the US, and the largest to be named for an American.

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Section 4

The War with MexicoTensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States.

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Polk Urges War

Election of 1844• 1844 election about expansionism in TX --Dems increasingly pro-slavery; Whigs anti --Whigs nominate Clay = anti-TX, slavery --Tyler fails to win Dems nomination --Dems nominate James K. Polk --Dems expansionist views appeal to public…Polk wins a close

election• President Polk favors war with Mexico

- believes U.S. will get Texas, New Mexico, California

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Sectional Attitudes Toward War• North opposes war, fears spread of slavery,

Southern control of Congress• South favors war to extend slavery, increase its

power in Congress

continued Polk Urges War

Polk Considers War • FL & TX enter US as slave-states; IA & WI enter as free-states• Slave states want war to expand in more territory• Texans claim land all the way to Rio Grande• Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande

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Polk Provokes War• False rumors that MX being egged on British

enrages the public• U.S. repeatedly violates Mexico’s territorial rights • Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near Matamoros;

9 Americans killed• Polk sends war message to Congress, withholds

facts• Congress approves war, stifles opposition

The War Begins

Kearny Marches West• Polk orders Colonel Stephen Kearny to march to

Santa Fe• New Mexico surrenders to U.S. without a fight

Continued . . .

There was great internal division over the war with Mexico. Many in the free states opposed “Mr. Polk’s War”. One of the more vocal dissenters was a young congressman from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln.

Can you think of other American wars with a great amount of opposition?

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The Republic of California• 1830s, 12,000 Mexican settlers in California;

1840s, 500 Americans• John C. Frémont, urged by Polk, proclaims

Republic of California in 1846

continued The War Begins

The War in Mexico• MX troops 6x Amer troops; have poor leaders• US=better trained soldiers & tech. advantage• U.S. has many military victories; Invasion of Mexico

led by generals Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott• Polk helps Santa Anna regain power to negotiate

peace, but Santa Anna fights U.S.

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• Occupation of Mexico City ended the war.• U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo in 1848-Texas border set at Rio Grande- Mexico cedes lands from TX to CA for $15 million- guarantees rights of Mexicans living in territories

• War enlarges U.S. territory by about one-third; almost equal in area to all of Europe

• Mexican War serves as a battleground for officers who in a decade will fight the Civil War

America Gains the Spoils of War

Taylor’s Election in 1848• Democrats divided over extension of slavery• Polk decides not to run• Whig nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily

wins election

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The California Gold Rush

The Rush Begins• Jan, 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in CA• Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to

California in 1849• Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from Asia,

South America, Europe

Continued . . .

San Francisco San Francisco’s population grows from 500 to 150,000 in 15 years due to the gold rush. The gold rush did not only lead to just Americans leaving their home and heading to CA. People from all over the world did as well. Above right illustrates Chinese migrants who sailed east digging for gold.

The violence of the gold rushA grim portrayal of violent goldfield life in California critical of the outgoing Polk administration. Mayhem erupts, as prospectors and thieves brawl over the gold being taken from the hills. In the center one man discharges a pistol in the face of miner carrying a large sack of gold. Behind them others fight with knives and fists. One desperate character accosts another, demanding “Bread! Bread! Damn you! Bread.” On the far right is a table where a buckskin-clad man is served by another man who exacts “A pinch of Gold for a drink.” On the left another man, kneeling on the ground, vomits. In the left background rises a mountain with several prospectors hard at work. In the center distance the Capitol and White House are visible. On the “High Road to California,” former President James K. Polk and his cabinet, armed with spades and pickaxes, hurry toward the goldfields. Polk, in the lead, says, “Off Boys to reap the reward of our four years labor.” The California territory was acquired from Mexico during Polk’s administration.

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continued The California Gold Rush

Impact of Gold Fever• San Francisco becomes supply center for miners,

major port

Gold Rush Brings Diversity• By 1849, California’s population exceeds 100,000• Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large

numbers• Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849

constitutional convention• California joins Union in 1850 even though half of

the state lays south of MO Compromise line