Section 1 Bones and Joints
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Transcript of Section 1 Bones and Joints
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Bone Tissue DevelopmentBone Tissue DevelopmentThereThere areare threethree mainmain typestypes ofof cellscells involvedinvolvedinin bonebone development,development, growthgrowth andand remodellingremodelling..
OsteoblastsOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteocytes
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts
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Bone Tissue DevelopmentBone Tissue Development
BoneBone forming cellsforming cellsFound in -
Deeper layers of the periosteumCentre of ossification
At the ends of the diaphysis to the epiphyseal
cartilages of long bones
Fracture sites
OsteoblastsOsteoblasts
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Bone Tissue DevelopmentBone Tissue Development
MatureMature osteoblastsosteoblastsWhen bone develops osteoblastsbecome trapped and remainisolated.
They stop forming new bone andbecome inactive- at this point theyhave become osteocytes.
OsteocytesOsteocytes
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Bone Tissue DevelopmentBone Tissue Development
Bone reabsorption and remodellingThese cells reabsorb bone by breaking down osteocyteshelping to maintain the optimum shape of the bone.
Osteoclasts release enzymes which breakdown the proteincomponents of the matrix and pump hydrogen ions whichreduces the pH which aids decalcification
DecalcificationWhen bone cells (Osteocytes) are broken down byOsteoclasts to allow new cells to take their place andcalcium is lost from the bone
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts
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Bone growthBone growthBlood vesselsBlood vessels
PeriosteumPeriosteum
Bone collarBone collar
HyalineHyaline
cartilagecartilagemodelmodel
MedullaryMedullary cavitycavity
ArticularArticular cartilagecartilageSpongy boneSpongy bone
EpiphysealEpiphyseal plateplate
PeriosteumPeriosteumCompact boneCompact bone
PrimaryPrimaryossificationossification
centrecentre
SecondarySecondary
ossificationossificationcentrecentre
The hyalinecartila e model has
the approximateshape of the boneto be developed.
Osteoblasts producecancellous bone onthe surface of the
cartila e model whichforms the bone collar
A primary ossificationcentre forms as blood
vessels and osteoblasts
invade the calcifiedcartila e.The osteoblasts lay down
bone matrix formincancellous bone.
Calcified cartila estarts to form in the
epiphyses which leadsto the formation of
secondaryossification sites.
The medullary cavitybe ins to form in the
centre of thediaphysis.
The ori inalcartila e model isalmost completely
ossified. Unossifiedcartila e becomes
the epiphyseal plateand the articular
cartila e .
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Bone growthBone growth ² ² hormonal influenceshormonal influencesHormone Source FunctionGrowthhormone
Anteriorpituitary
land
Stimulates the liver andother tissues to secrete
Insulin-li e rowthfactor-1 (IGF-1)
IGF-1 stimulates rowthof chondrocytes(cartila e tissue)
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Bone growthBone growth ² ² hormonal influenceshormonal influencesHormone Source FunctionThyroidhormone
(T 3)
Thyroidland
W or s in syner y withGrowth hormone
Is required for bonerowth durin childhood.
Re ulates bone turnoverand mineralisationthrou hout adulthood
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Bone growthBone growth ² ² hormonal influenceshormonal influencesHormone Source FunctionOestro en
Tetosterone
Formative tas 1.1
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OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
It is believed that the condition ofosteoporosis occurs when osteoclastactivity (over a number of years) has
resulted in the brea down of more bonetissue than has been replaced which has
led to wea er bones.
Osteoporosis literallymeans ´porousµ bones and
is often referred to as
´fra ile boneµ disease. 1 in 3 women and 1 in 12
men over the a e of 50 will sustain a spine, hipor wrist fracture due
to osteoporosis
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OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
tors i i re ses s epti ilit to evelopi gosteoporosis i l e -
Ge esAgeGe erR e
o o eig tPrevio s fr t resSo e e i l o itio s
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´It·s not all´It·s not allaboutabout
calcium andcalcium andvitamin Dµvitamin Dµ
Bone healthBone health
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Identification of major bones
Identification of major bones
Revision activity 1.Revision activity 1.
Bone typesBone typesFormative task 1.2Formative task 1.2
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JointsJointsMuscles pull on bones to make them move butMuscles pull on bones to make them move butmovement would not be possible without jointsmovement would not be possible without joints
between bones.between bones.
A joint or articulation is a place where two bonesA joint or articulation is a place where two bones
come togethercome togetherThree classificationsThree classifications ² ²
Fibrous or fixed jointFibrous or fixed joint
Slightly moveable /Slightly moveable / CartiliginousCartiliginous joint jointFreely moveable / synovial jointFreely moveable / synovial joint
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JointsJointsJointC lassification
Functional significance Examples
Fibrous
Cartili inousConnected entirely bycartila e. Allows for onlya small amount ofmovement
Manubriosternal jointInvertebral discsPubic symphysis
Synovial
Formative tas 1.3
Examples of synovial joints ²refer to the handout
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The Shoulder girdle ² a closer look
There are three main joints that ma e upthe shoulder irdle,
these are -Glenohumeral joint
Sternoclavicular joint
cromioclavicular joint
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The Glenohumeral joint ² a closer look
Bones that ma e up the jointhumeruslenoid cavity of scapula
Ball and Soc et joint
Ran es of movementadduction / abductionflexion / extensionmedial / lateral rotation
circumduction
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The Sternoclavicular joint ² a closer look
Bones that ma e up the jointclaviclesternum (manubrium)1st costal cartila e
Strictly a saddle jointRan es of movement(ball and soc et li e movements)
Abduction / adductionFlexion / extensionCircumduction
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The Knee ² a closer look
The nee is the lar est synovial joint of the human body.
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The Knee ² a closer look
There are two main joints thatma e up the nee, these are -
The shoulder girdle consists of the following articulations ±
Tibio-femoral jointPatellofemoral joint
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The Tibio-femoral joint ² a closer look
Bones that ma e up the jointfemurtibia
in e jointRan es of movement(180º ran e)
Flexion / extension
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The Patella-femoral joint ² a closer look
Bones that ma e up the jointfemur (trochlear roove)patella
Glidin jointRan es of movement
Slidin / lidinmovement in and aroundthe trochlear roove.
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Formative task 1.4
Articulations ofthe Elbow joint
Articulations ofthe Ankle joint
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T heT he s y no v ia l j oints y no v ia l j oint ±± aa c los e r lookc los e r look
FemurFemur
FibulaFibulaTibiaTibia
PatellaPatella
BursaBursa
BursaBursa
ArticularArticular cartila ecartila e
ArticularArticular cartila ecartila e
Patella tendonPatella tendon
Synovial fluidSynovial fluid
Synovial membraneSynovial membrane
FatFatMeniscusMeniscus
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T heT he s y no v ia l j oints y no v ia l j oint ±± anan ex amp leex amp le
FemurFemur
FibulaFibulaTibiaTibia
PatellaPatellaSynovial membraneSynovial membrane
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T heT he s y no v ia l j oints y no v ia l j oint ±± anan ex amp leex amp le
FemurFemur
FibulaFibulaTibiaTibia
PatellaPatella
Synovial fluidSynovial fluid
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T heT he s y no v ia l j oints y no v ia l j oint ±± anan ex amp leex amp le
FemurFemur
FibulaFibulaTibiaTibia
PatellaPatella
MeniscusMeniscus
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T heT he s y no v ia l j oints y no v ia l j oint ±± anan ex amp leex amp le
FemurFemur
FibulaFibulaTibiaTibia
PatellaPatellaBursaBursa
BursaBursa
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T heT he s y no v ia l j oints y no v ia l j oint ±± anan ex amp leex amp le
FemurFemur
FibulaFibulaTibiaTibia
PatellaPatella
FatFat
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T he ve rt eb ra l co lumn T he ve rt eb ra l co lumn ±± a c los e r looka c los e r look
Cervical
Thoracic
umbar
SacralCoccyx
C 1-7
T 1-12
1-5
S 1-5 4
The spine's naturalcurves position the
head over the pelvisand wor as shocabsorbers to
distribute mechanicalstress durin
movement.
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T he ve rt eb ra l co lumn T he ve rt eb ra l co lumn ±± a c los e r looka c los e r look
In between the vertebraare discs which are
composed of cartila e andact as shoc absorbers.
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The spine needs a natural curve tofunction correctly. This is due to theshape of the individual vertebrae.
If the curve becomes too reat thenstress is placed on other parts of thespine causin pain.
Scoliosisordosis
Kyphosis
Ab norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin eAb norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin e
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Kyphosis
The term ´Kyphosisµ refers toexcessive curvature of theupper spine. The bactherefore appears hunchedand more rounded than normal.
Ti htenin of the pectoralmuscles is common in thiscondition.
Ab norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin eAb norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin e
Kyphosis
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KyphosisW hat causes yphosis?
Ab norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin eAb norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin e
Poor posture over a number of yearsDiseases such as osteoarthiritis and osteoporosiswhich affect the spine
Children may have yphosis but the causes areun nown
Kyphosis
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LordosisW hat causes Lordosis?
Ab norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin eAb norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin e
Bein overwei ht
W ea abdominal muscles or poor posture
Havin phosis ma even lead to Lordosis
Lordosis
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Ab norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin eAb norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin e
ScoliosisThe term ´Scoliosisµ comes fromthe Gree word ́ curvatureµ andsimply indicates an abnormallateral curvature of the spine.This occurs most often in theupper chest area or lower bac .
It is believed thatapproximately 2% of thepopulation have Scolosis
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ScoliosisW hat causes Scoliosis?
Ab norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin eAb norma l cur v atur e s of t he spin e
Con enital ² born with the condition
Diseases such as muscular dystrophy which causewea ness around the spine.
If the lower limbs are not the same len th
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FlexionFlexionBendinBendin
movementmovement
DecreasinDecreasinthethe an le atan le at
aa joint joint
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ExtensionExtension
Strai hteninStrai hteninmovementmovement
Increasin theIncreasin thean lean le at theat the
joint joint
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AbductionAbduction
Movement ofMovement of
a body parta body partaway fromaway fromthe midline ofthe midline ofthethe bodybody
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RotationRotationRotationRotation -- Turnin of a structure around aTurnin of a structure around acentral axis and cancentral axis and can bebe
Medial or LateralMedial or Lateral
Occurs in theOccurs in the tranversetranverse plane of motionplane of motion
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Medial Rotation
Medial RotationTurninTurnin ofof
a structurea structurearound aaround acentralcentralaxisaxis inin
towardstowardsthe midlinethe midline
of theof thebody.body.
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Lateral Rotation
Lateral RotationTurninTurnin ofof
a structurea structurearound aaround acentralcentral
axisaxisoutwardsoutwardsfrom thefrom themidline ofmidline ofthe body.the body.
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Inversion andInversion and EversionEversionSpecialised movement of the an le.Specialised movement of the an le.
InversionInversion
TiltinTiltinof soleof soleinwardsinwards
EversionEversion
Tiltin ofTiltin of
solesoleoutwardsoutwards
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DorsiflexionDorsiflexionM ovementM ovement
term forterm forflexion offlexion ofthe an lethe an le
joint. joint.
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Circumduction
CircumductionSpeciallisedSpeciallised
movementmovementwhich involveswhich involves
flexion,flexion,extension,extension,abduction,abduction,
adduction andadduction androtation.rotation.
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DepressionDepressionM ovementM ovement
in anin aninferiorinferiordirection.direction.
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ElevationElevationM ovementM ovementin a superiorin a superior
direction.direction.
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AnatomicalAnatomical planes of the bodyplanes of the body
In order to performanalysis of human
movement you must befamiliar with the
terminolo y that preciselyidentifies body position
The human body is dividedinto three anatomical
planesThese planes are
ima inary lines which aredrawn vertically orhorizontally throu h an
upri ht body.
Frontal
Sagittal
Horizontal
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The Frontal PlaneThe Frontal Plane
The frontal plane divides theThe frontal plane divides thebody from front to bac .body from front to bac .
Abduction and adductionAbduction and adductionmovements such as jumpinmovements such as jumpin
jac s or side bends occur in jac s or side bends occur inthis plane.this plane.
Performin aPerformin acartwheel is a primecartwheel is a prime
example of aexample of amovement within themovement within the
frontal plane.frontal plane.
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TheThe SagittalSagittal PlanePlane
TheThe sa ittalsa ittal plane cuts throu hplane cuts throu hthethe bodybody dividin it into twodividin it into twohalves, left and ri ht.halves, left and ri ht.
Flexion and extension movementsFlexion and extension movementsoccur in this plane i.e. bicep curlsoccur in this plane i.e. bicep curls
All movement involvin forwardAll movement involvin forwardand bac ward motion areand bac ward motion are
referred to asreferred to as sa ittalsa ittal planeplanemovements i.e. wal in , forwardmovements i.e. wal in , forwardroll etc.roll etc.
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The Horizontal PlaneThe Horizontal PlaneThe horizontal plane cutsThe horizontal plane cutsthrou h the body dividinthrou h the body dividin
it into two halves, theit into two halves, theupper and lower half.upper and lower half.
RotationalRotationalmovements such asmovements such as
pronation,pronation,supination andsupination and
rotation occurs inrotation occurs in
this plane.this plane.A twist performed by a diver or trampolinistA twist performed by a diver or trampolinistare examples of horizontal plane movement.are examples of horizontal plane movement.
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Axis of RotationAxis of RotationAn axis is a strai ht line throu h which somethin rotates.An axis is a strai ht line throu h which somethin rotates.
M ovement around joints ta es place in a plane around anM ovement around joints ta es place in a plane around anaxis and there are three axis of rotation.axis and there are three axis of rotation.
There are three reference axes for describin humanThere are three reference axes for describin humanmotionmotion
TheThe FrontalFrontal axisaxis
TheThe SSa ittala ittal axisaxisTheThe VerticalVertical axisaxis
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Axis of RotationAxis of RotationTheThe FrontalFrontal axisaxis
The frontal axis lies at a ri ht an le to theThe frontal axis lies at a ri ht an le to the sa ittalsa ittal planeplane
TheThe SSa ittala ittal axisaxisTheThe sa ittalsa ittal axis has the same direction as theaxis has the same direction as the sa ittalsa ittal
plane and lies at a ri ht an le to the frontal planeplane and lies at a ri ht an le to the frontal plane
The Vertical axisThe Vertical axis
The vertical axis runs strai ht down throu h the top ofThe vertical axis runs strai ht down throu h the top ofthe head and is at a ri ht an le to the horizontal plane ofthe head and is at a ri ht an le to the horizontal plane ofmovementmovement