Science Week 2018 The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space … · 2019. 1. 8. · classification...
Transcript of Science Week 2018 The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space … · 2019. 1. 8. · classification...
M.J. Losekamm | Technical University of Munich
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The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space Missions
Science Week 2018
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ISS Internal Payload
• Payload mass: < 10 kg
• Cost: “free”, ~ 50 k€ per kg
• Time to orbit: < 1 year
ISS External Payload
• Payload mass: < 50 kg
• Cost: “free”, ~ 100 – 200 k€ per kg
• Time to orbit: 1 – 2 years
Small Satellites
• Payload mass: < 50 kg
• Cost: 60 – 80 k€ per kg
• Time to orbit: 2 – 3 years
Commercial Spacecraft/Landers
• Payload mass: < 100 kg
• Cost: ?
• Time to orbit: 2 – 4 years
Why Rapid Space Missions?Page 9 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Technology Readiness LevelPage 10 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Actual system flight proven through
successful mission operations
System prototype demonstration
in space environment
System/subsystem model or prototype
demonstration in a relevant
environment (ground or space)
Analytical or experimental critical function
and/or characteristic proof of concept
Critical Steps
• Instrument R&D
• Scientific methods
• Data analysis
The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space MissionsPage 11 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
ORIGINS LRSM
Science Community Tech Community
+
• “Space” experience
-
-
+
• Payload instruments
• “Science” experience
• Spacecraft R&D
• Space mission design
• Mission operations
Mission Coordinator
PhD students for common R&D
• Instrument R&D
• Scientific methods
• Data analysis
The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space MissionsPage 12 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
ORIGINS LRSM
Science Community Tech Community
+
• “Space” experience
-
-
+
• Payload instruments
• “Science” experience
• Spacecraft R&D
• Space mission design
• Mission operations
Mission Coordinator
PhD students for common R&D
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Small SatellitesPage 14 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Small SatellitesPage 15 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Small SatellitesPage 16 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
CubeSatsPage 17 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Solar and Space Physics
• Targeted science missions using novel
measurements techniques
• Augmentation of larger facilities
• Constellation and swarm missions
Earth Science
• Technology demonstration
• Augmentation of larger facilities
• Constellation and swarm missions
• Mitigate data gaps
From: Achieving Science with CubeSats: Thinking Inside the Box; National
Academies Press
Planetary Science
• Unique vantage point / multipoint measurements
• High-risk missions
• Low-gravity laboratories
Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Interferometry: multi-aperture observations
• Technology demonstration
Biological and Physical Sciences
• Microgravity laboratories
• Access to space environment (microgravity,
radiation)
Science on CubeSatsPage 18 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
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First-MOVE
• 1U CubeSat, 0.912 kg
• Experimental triple-junction solar cells
• 1.3 MP camera
• Launch: 21 Nov 2013
MOVE-II
• 1U CubeSat
• Experimental quadruple-junction solar cells
• Tech demo: S-band transceiver, magnetic ADCS
• Launch: TODAY (18:32:54 UTC)
CubeSats at TUMPage 21 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
MOVE-II CubeSatPage 22 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
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Communications
TRL 8 (MOVE-II)
• UHF/VHF transceiver (< 2.5 W, 25 kbit/s)
• S-band transceiver (< 5 W, < 40 Mbit/s)
TRL 2/3
• X-band transmitter (< 15 W, > 100 Mbit/s)
• V-band inter-satellite link
Attitude Determination and Control
TRL 8 (MOVE-II)
• Embedded magnetorquers
• De-tumbling / sun-pointing
• 10 deg pointing, 1 deg determination accuracy
TRL 2
• Reaction wheels / gyros
Subsystem ExpertisePage 24 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Electrical Power System
TRL 7/8 (M2)
• Extendable Modular Power Supply (EMPS)
• Solar cell, battery, and electronic in one board
• Redundancy through distributed system
Command and Data Handling
• Commercial system on MOVE-II
TRL 2
• Modular, scalable system under development for
several projects
• Fault- and radiation-tolerant computing
Subsystem ExpertisePage 25 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Electronics
Batteries
Test Electronics
MOVE-II
• 1U CubeSat
• Technology demonstration (ADCS, COM)
Launch: TODAY (18:32:54 UTC)
MOVE-III
• 3U CubeSat
• Technology demonstration (all subsystems)
Launch: 2022
Upcoming TUM CubeSat MissionsPage 26 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
MOVE-IIb
• 1U CubeSat
• Technology demonstration (ADCS, COM)
Launch: March 2019
M2/EMPS
• 2 CubeSats
• Technology demonstration (EPS)
Launch: Spring 2019
SG-Sat
• 2 8U to 12U CubeSats (tethered)
• Technology demonstration, payloads
Launch: 2022
Page 27 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Other ExpertisePage 28 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
• Instrument R&D
• Scientific methods
• Data analysis
The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space MissionsPage 29 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
ORIGINS LRSM
Science Community Tech Community
+
• “Space” experience
-
-
+
• Payload instruments
• “Science” experience
• Spacecraft R&D
• Space mission design
• Mission operations
Mission Coordinator
PhD students for common R&D
• 12U CubeSat, 600-km sun-synchronous orbit
• 20 x 10 cm2 3-mirro anastigmat telescope
• > 0.25 x 0.25 deg2 field of view
• Actively cooled, 2048 x 2048 pxs IR sensor
− 4-band simultaneous imaging
• 4 reaction wheels, 3 deg/s slew rate
− 1000x faster than Hubble
− pointing stability ~ 0.001 deg
➢ Poster about dichroic prism for 4-band imaging
by Jochen Greiner
Trailblazer #1: SkyHopperPage 30 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Search for Earth-like Exoplanets
• Complementary to NASA’s TESS
• Measure masses through transit-timing variations
Near-IR Observation of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Redshift z > 5
• Expected discovery rate: 5 ± 2 yr-1
Measure Cosmic Microwave Background
• Broadband imaging
• Constrain history of star formation
Observe Planetary System Formation
• Multi-day observations of NEOs
• Characterize spin, binarity, and spectral
classification
Trailblazer #1: SciencePage 31 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)
• 98% nuclear component
− 87% protons, 12% helium, 1% heavier elements
• 2% electrons, protons
• energies up to 1020 eV
• galactic sources: supernovae
• extragalactic sources for highest energies?
• hardly shieldable
Solar Energetic Particles (SEP)
• protons, electrons, some nuclei
• produced in local bursts of radio waves, X rays, and
coronal matter
• energies up to several GeV
• travel along interplanetary magnetic field lines
• potentially harmful events quite rare
• easily shieldable, except during EVA
Van Allen Radiation Belts
• Earth’s magnetic field
− deflects low-energy particles
− traps particles
• inner belt: protons & electrons from albedo neutron decay
• outer belt: solar electrons
• energies up to
− 7 MeV (electrons)
− 2 GeV (protons)
• large portion of dose received on ISS from radiation belts
and secondary neutron production
Trailblazer #2: (Ionizing) Radiation in SpacePage 33 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
From Interstellar Space to Earth
Heliopause Magnetopause Exosphere Boundary
Interstellar Space Heliosphere
Magnetosphere
Atmosphere
- Solar Wind
- Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field
- Radiation Belts
- Atmospheric Particles
and Molecules
- Interstellar Medium
Production Detection
Transport
Interactions with…
Interplanetary Space
Interplanetary Space
From Interstellar Space to Earth
Heliopause Magnetopause Exosphere Boundary
Interstellar Space Heliosphere
Magnetosphere
Atmosphere
- Solar Wind
- Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field
- Radiation Belts
- Atmospheric Particles
and Molecules
- Interstellar Medium
Production Detection
Interactions with…
Transport Codes Monte-Carlo Simulations
Transport
The geomagnetic field is approximated by a
tilted dipole field.
➢ Rigidity- and position-dependent
shielding
➢ Cut-off rigidity varies due to solar
magnetic disturbances
Back-tracing of charged particles through
magnetosphere using
• PLANETOCOSMICS and
• IGRF & Tsyganenko models
Magnetosphere
Effective vertical cut-off rigidity (h = 20 km)
The geomagnetic field is approximated by a
tilted dipole field.
➢ Rigidity- and position-dependent
shielding
➢ Cut-off rigidity varies due to solar
magnetic disturbances
Back-tracing of charged particles through
magnetosphere using
• PLANETOCOSMICS and
• IGRF & Tsyganenko field models
➢ AMS-02 exposed to low-rigidity
antiprotons only about 10% of its
measurement time!
Magnetosphere
pbar
Rigidity (GV)
Energy (GeV)0.4330.005 9.105# o
f days p
bar
reach d
ete
cto
r
Matter traversed by CR
in IM: ~ 6 to 10 g/cm2
in atmosphere: ~ 6 g/cm2
1. Attenuation
• Energy loss ~10% at ground level
for 0.1 GeV/n < E < 10 GeV/n
2. Background production
• Upscattering into space (albedo)
• Low-energy particles at locations with high
geomagnetic cut off
Corrections using
• PLANETOCOSMICS and
• semi-analytical models
➢ More in-depth studies needed!
Atmosphere
50 km
100 km
700 km
~190,000 km
~10-17 to 10-8 g/cm3
~10-8 to 10-6 g/cm3
~10-6 to 10-3 g/cm3
Total mass: ~1 kg/cm2
• Measurements at energies below ~ 10 GeV per nucleon require strict event selection and complicated
corrections
• Measurements below ~ 500 MeV almost impossible in LEO
Cosmic Ray Measurements in LEO
Science Case #1: Space Radiation MonitoringPage 40 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Age at Exposure (y) Exposure Limit (Sv)
Female Male
25 0.4 0.7
35 0.6 1.0
45 0.9 1.5
55 1.7 3.0
1000-day Mars
mission> 1.0
Exposure (µSv/day)
Earth (world average) 8.2
ISS 600
Mars surface 640
Mars cruise 1800
Typical Exposures in Space
Ten-Year NCRP Limits for Astronauts
Earth: 𝛽 particles, 𝛾 rays, and low-energy 𝛼 particles
Space: protons, neutrons, and high-charge, high-energy (HZE) particles
Science Case #1: Space Radiation MonitoringPage 41 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
(1) Direct Production
𝑝 + 𝐴 → 𝑝 + 𝑝 + ҧ𝑝 + 𝑋
𝐴: ቊ60% Hydrogen40% Helium
kinematic threshold (lab frame): 𝐸𝑝 = 6𝑚𝑝 ≈ 5.63 GeV
(1a) prompt hadronization
(1b) weak decay of hyperons (𝑡~10−10 s)
ഥΛ → ҧ𝑝 + 𝜋+ (Br: 63.9 ± 0.5%)
തΣ+ → ҧ𝑝 + 𝜋0 (Br: 51.6 ± 0.3%)
𝑓hyp
𝑓prompt= 0.2 − 0.3
(2) Decay of Antineutrons (CRANbarD)
ത𝑛 → ҧ𝑝 + 𝑒+ + 𝜈𝑒
Science Case #2: Radiation-Belt AntiprotonsPage 42 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Dark Matter Annihilation
𝜒 + ഥ𝜒 ⇌ 𝑓 + ҧ𝑓,𝑊+ +𝑊−, 𝑍0 + 𝑍0, … ⇌ ҧ𝑝, ഥ𝐷,𝐻𝑒, 𝑒+, 𝛾, …
Science Case #3: Indirect Dark Matter DetectionPage 43 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
neutralino mass: a) 36.5 GeV, b) 61.2 GeV,
c) 90.4 GeV, d) 120 GeV
Science Case #3: AMS-02 Antideuteron Sensitivity
??
??
• 1024-channel active-target detector
• Scintillating-fibers and silicon photomultipliers
• ~800 cm2sr acceptance
• < 2 deg angular resolution
• 2% / 10% energy resolution (< 100 / < 600 MeV/n)
Trailblazer #2: RadMap TelescopePage 45 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Trailblazer #2: EvolutionPage 46 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
?
Technology ISS CubeSat
ISS
?
LOP-GPage 47 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Plans for assembly of new LOP-G in moon
orbit in 2020’ies.
The LOP-G will spend about two thirds of
its time outside of Earth’s magnetosphere
• No shielding of low-energy cosmic rays
• Passage through bow shock,
magnetosheath, and magnetotail
➢ Why not install a new detector there?
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (LOP-G)
Moon orbit, ~60 RE
(not to scale)
Bow shock, ~15 RE
Antimatter Observatory on the Gateway
• Sensitivity at lower energies significantly decreases system complexity, size, and cost
• Advances in processing electronics and algorithms ensure increased performance at
lower data volumes through better pre-processing of science data on instrument
50DEEP SPACE GATEWAY CONCEPT SCIENCE WORKSHOP | FEBRUARY 27 – MARCH 1, 2018
PARAMETER INSTRUMENT ON LOP-G AMS-02 ON ISS
MASS (KG) 100 to 200 8,500
VOLUME (M) < 1 m3 64 m3
POWER (W) 200 to 400 (steady state) 2,500
DAILY DATA VOLUME ~ 10 GB (gigabytes) or ~ 0.9 Mb/s > 100 GB (gigabytes) or > 9 Mb/s
WAG COST & BASIS$10 – $15 million for hardware & instrument
tests~ $1.5 billion total cost
DURATION OF
EXPERIMENT
Open-ended, but min. 2 years Operating since 2011
OTHER PARAMETERS - 1,200-kg Neodymium magnet
Antimatter Observatory on the Gateway
The proposed instrument concept is similar to the one of AMS-02 on the ISS.
Major difference: Sensitivity at lower particle energies.
However, recent advances in
• embedded processing electronics (ASICs, FPGAs, real-time MCUs),
• on-line data analysis and reduction algorithms (e.g. neural networks),
• photosensors (silicon-based photodetection vs. photomultiplier tubes), and
• silicon-based tracking detectors
allow to build an instrument that is more compact, lighter, and more efficient than previous ones.
51DEEP SPACE GATEWAY CONCEPT SCIENCE WORKSHOP | FEBRUARY 27 – MARCH 1, 2018
• Instrument R&D
• Scientific methods
• Data analysis
The ORIGINS Laboratory for Rapid Space MissionsPage 53 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
ORIGINS LRSM
Science Community Tech Community
+
• “Space” experience
-
-
+
• Payload instruments
• “Science” experience
• Spacecraft R&D
• Space mission design
• Mission operations
Mission Coordinator
PhD students for common R&D
• Identify potentially interesting Missions of Opportunity
• Identify other parties (beyond ORIGINS) who might be interested in LRSM technology
Science
• Identify potential payloads / experiments beyond trailblazers
• Assess TRL of potential payloads
• Payload R&D
Technology
• Identify potential for common hardware
• Assess scalability
• Perform TRL-raising activities / missions (e.g. MOVE-III)
• Develop 12U to 16U CubeSat bus
LRSM: Next StepsPage 54 Technical University of Munich | M.J. Losekamm | ORIGINS LRSM Overview
Thank you!