Science f1 CHAPTER 2

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All livings things (animals, plants and humans) consistsof cells.

What is a cell?

Cells are the basic units of all living things.

A cell is the smallest unit of living things.

Chemical reactions take place in cells to keep livingthings alive.

Humans, animals and plants is made up millions of cells.

These cells have different shapes and sizes. These cells are so tiny so they are called microscopic.

Need to use microscope to see them clearly

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An instrument that magnifies small

objects so they can be seen easily.

It is one of the most important tools

of science.

Physicians and biologists use

microscopes to examine bacteria and

blood cells.

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1. Eyepiece

2.Coarse focus knob

3. Fine focus knob

4. Nosepiece

5. Objective lens

6. Stage

8. Diaphragm7. Clip

9.condenser

10. Stage heightadjustment

11. mirror or light source

THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND THEIRFUNCTIONS

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THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE ANDTHEIR FUNCTIONS

NO PARTS OF MICROSCOPE FUNCTION

1. Eyepiece Magnify the specimen by 10x.2. Coarse focus knob For rough focusing with low-powered objective

lens.

3. Fine focus knob For precise focusing with high-poweredobjective lens

4. Nosepiece Revolves to move desired lens into position5. Objective lens Magnify the size of a specimen by 4x, 10x or

40x.

6. Stage Holds the slide which contains the specimen

7. Clip Hold the slide on the stage

8. Diaphragm Control the amount of light entering objectivelens

9. Condenser Focuses light on the specimen

10. Stage height adjustment To allow high, long objective lens to fits over theslide

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A cell is the basic unit of life and its function

to carry out life processes

Generally, all cell have cell membrane and

protoplasm Protoplasm is made up of the cytoplasm and

nucleus.

Protoplasm = cytoplasm + nucleus

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Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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Structure of cell Function

Nucleus -Control all the activities of the cell

- contain DNA that carries genetic information

Cytoplasm -A place where all chemical reaction take

place

- store dissolves materials

Cell membrane - Controls the movement of material in and

out of the cell

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Cytoplasm

Chloroplast

Cell wall

Cell

membrane

Vacuole

Nucleus

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Structure of cell Function

Nucleus -Control all the activities of the cell

- contain DNA that carries genetic information

Cytoplasm -A place where all chemical reaction take

place

- store dissolves materials

Cell membrane - Controls the movement of material in and

out of the cell

Vacuoles - Stores salt and sugar solution, hold waste

substances

Chloroplast -A place where plant make food by

photosynthesis

- contain chlorophyll which used to trap

sunlight for photosynthesis

Cell wall Support and gives cell a regular shape

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Similarities- Both cells have:-

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

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ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES PLANT CELL

Smaller Size Bigger

Irregular/not fixed Shape Regular/fixed

Not arranged in the

fixed pattern

Cell Arrangement Arranged in the same

patternAbsent Cell Wall Present

Absent Chloroplast Present

Absent, if present it

is small and called

vesicles

Vacuole Present, usually have

big vacuole

Glycogen Granule Stored Starch

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Unicellular organism are living things withonly one cell

Unicellular = one cell (uni means one)

A simple organismAlso known as microorganism

Carry out life processes inside the cell

Absorbs nutrient, expel wastes andexchange gas with their environment

Mostly are aquatic living things (in ponds,drains and the sea)

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amoeba paramecium

yeast plasmodium


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euglenachlamydomonas

navicula pleurococcus


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Amoeba


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Multicellular organism is made up of morethan one cell

Multicellular = many cell (multi means many)

Most organisms are multicellular organismMore complex than unicellular organism

Life processes are more complex. Varioustype of cell work together to perform a

specific tasks

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hydracat

fishhuman


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spirogyra mucor

fern moss


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Human body is the most complexmulticellular organism. It has about 60 000

billion of cellsCell organisation is the grouping of simplecell into more complex structures

The specialized cell is a cell that performs

only one specific function in order to carryout and maintain the stability of a hugeprocesses

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Types of

humancells

Redblood cell

Whiteblood cell

Nervecell

Musclecell

Bone cell

Epithelialcell

Sperms

Egg cell(ovum)

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Type ofhuman cell

Structure Function

Red blood cell Carry oxygen to all parts of the body.

White blood

cell

Protects the body from damage by invaded

microorganisms

Nerve cell Send nerve impulse (message) to the whole body

Muscle cell Allow body movement

Bone cell Form bones to support the body and protect

organs.

Epithelial cell Form the outer layer of skin to protect the bodysurface

Sperm Fertilises the ovum in sexual reproduction

Egg cell

(ovum)

Fertilised egg cell will develop into an embryo.


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A tissue is a group of similar cells that carry

out the same function.

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An organ consist of two or more kinds oftissues joined into one structure that has acertain task

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Other organs:

ear, nose, skin, bone, mouth, intestines,

liver, testis, ovary


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Organ Structure Component Function

Brain Nerves, blood

and

connectives

tissues

Controls and

coordinates

various body

system

Heart Muscles,nerves, blood

and

connectives

tissues

Pumps bloodaround the

body

Stomach Epithelium,muscles, blood

and

connectives

tissues

Digests orbreak down the

food

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A body system is made up of various type of

organs working together to perform a main

body function or living process

The body system as a whole enable human tocarry out life process normally and more

efficient

There are 11 main systems in a human body

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Excretory

system


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System Main organs in the system Function

Circulatory Heart, blood, blood vessels Heart pump blood around

the body to carry food and

oxygen to the cells andwaste products away from

the cells

Digestive Mouth, stomach, small intestine,

large intestine, rectum, anus

Breaks down food into

simple substances that can

be absorbed into

bloodstream; removedundigested food from the

body as feces

Endocrine Glands that produces hormones

(thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries,

testis)

To secrete hormones to

regulate metabolism of the

body, growth, development

and reproduction.

Excretory Kidney, lungs, skin Removes wastes product

from the body

Lymphatic Lymph nodes, tonsils, liver,

spleen

Act as body defense;

remove bacteria from the

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S t M i i th t F ti


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System Main organs in the system Function

Muscular Skeletal, cardiac and

smooth muscles

Moves body parts, mostly through

the skeletal

Nervous Brain, spinal cord andsensory organs (eyes, ears,

nose, tongue, skin)

Coordinates and control activitiesin the body; responds the stimuli

through sensory organs

Respiratory Nose, trachea, lungs, Exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide between the blood and air

Reproductive Testis, ovaries Produce sperms (male) and egg

cell (female)

Skeletal Skull, backbone and

skeletal bones

Protects the soft organs; support

body weight; allows movement;

produces blood cells; stores

minerals

Urinary Kidney, urinary bladder,ureters, urethra

Discharge metabolic wastesoutside the body through

urination; maintain internal

balance of water and salt; adjust

pH of blood

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Lungs

Kidney

Skin


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male female


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All system in the body works together to

perform a life process that produce anindependent organism

Cell organisation allows different types of

work in body work more smoothly and

efficiently

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The human body is well-organized to carryout all the living things

Human are considered to be a complex

organism because they have various types of

cell that form tissues, organs and systems

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Oh my too many thingsto study huhuhu..


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How food is beingdigested?

-The Blood Mobile Song-

(Circulation System + Lymphatic

System+ Digestive System +Excretory System +

Endocrine System)
http://digestion.swf/http://digestion.swf/http://blood%20mobile.avi/http://blood%20mobile.avi/http://digestion.swf/http://digestion.swf/http://digestion.swf/


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Science f1 CHAPTER 2

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