saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli

Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

mzia tyavaSvili

saqarTvelosa da Crdilo

kavkasiis urTierToba Zv.w. IV saukunidan _ XVII saukunemde

meomris biblioTeka #14

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meToTxmete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda,

saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs,

rom brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori giorgi saiTiZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

saqarTvelos mTel CrdiloeT sazRvarze gadaWimulia kavkasionis

mTavari qedi, romlis gadaRma odiTganve sxvadasxva erovnebis mravali

xalxi cxovrobda: ubixebi*, Cerqezebi*, yabardoelebi*, yaraCaelebi*,

osebi*, inguSebi*, CeCnebi*, daRestnelebi* da sxva. xalxTa

mravalferovnebis gamoKkavkasias enaTa da xalxTa qveyanasac uwodebdnen.

saukuneebis manZilze urTierTmtrobisa da gansakuTrebiT, XIX

saukuneSi ruseTis mier am mxaris dapyrobisTvis gaCaRebuli

sisxlismRvreli omebisa da misi kolonialuri politikis wyalobiT1

zogierTi Crdilokavkasieli xalxi samudamod gaqra istoriis

asparezidan.

saqarTvelos istoriaSi iyo periodebi, rodesac kavkasionis qedis

CrdiloeTiT mdebare samflobeloebis sakmaod didi nawili qarTuli

saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semodioda, iq mcxovrebi xalxebi ki

qarTul politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi iseTive

aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis

mkvidrni. amis Tqmis uflebas Crdilo kavkasiaSi dRevandlamde

SemorCenili qarTuli stiliT aSenebuli eklesia-monastrebis naSTebi da

qarTul-warwerebiani qva-jvrebi gvaZlevs. Aamaze cnobebi araerT qarTul

Tu ucxour saistorio matianeSicaa* SemorCenili.

dadasturebuli faqtia isic, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi qristianobac

sakmaod fexmokidebuli iyo. Tavdapirvelad, aq mcxovrebi xalxebi

warmarTebi* iyvnen, Semdgom moxda maTi umetesobis gaqristianeba. isini

ZiriTadad saqarTvelos eklesiis, kerZod ki, niqozisa* da nekresis*

eparqiebis* samwysoSi Sediodnen. mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT XVI saukunis

meore naxevridan, Crdilo kavkasiaSi daiwyo mosaxleobis masiuri

gamahmadianeba*, Tumca aq kidev didxans SemorCa da XIX saukuneSic

sakmaod myari poziciebi ekava warmarTobas.

qarTuli samyarosTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo mSvidoba da

stabiluroba ara marto Tavis teritoriaze, aramed mis mezoblad

mdebare qveynebSic. qarTveli politikosebi gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTis

sazRvrebis dacvaze zrunavdnen, risTvisac aq mcxovreb xalxebTan

megobrul da keTilmezoblur urTierTobas udides mniSvnelobas

aniWebdnen. Tavis mxriv Crdilikavkasielebic sisxlxorceulad iyvnen

dainteresebulni qarTvelebTan kargi urTierTobiT.

kavkasiisAam ori regionis urTierToba ekonomikuri interesebiT iyo

Semagrebuli. Crdilo kavkasiaSi mkacri klimatis gamo (aq zamTari

seqtembris bolodan maisis damdegamde grZeldeba) arc miwaTmoqmedebis

da arc mesaqonleobisTvis ar iyo xelsayreli pirobebi, amitom mTielebi

saqarTvelodan sasicocxlod aucilebeli produqtebiT: puriT, mariliT

1 am politikis erT-erTi yvelaze saSineli gamovlineba iyo Crdilokavkasieli mosaxleobis

ZaldatanebiTi ayra mSobliuri adgilebidan da maTi TurqeTsa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva

qveynebSi masiuri gadasaxleba _e. w. muhajiroba*.

3

da a. S. maragdebodnen. isini saqarTvelos sazamTro saZovrebiTac iyvnen

dainteresebulni. maT ukve seqtembris bolos qarTl-kaxeTSi CamohyavdaT

TavianTi saqoneli da mTel zamTars saqarTvelos barSi atarebdnen.

samagierod, qarTvelebi sazafxulo saZovrebis naklebobas ganicdidnen da

Crdilo kavkasiis ialaRebiT* sargeblobdnen.

ekonomikuri interesebis garda saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis mTiel

mosaxleobas sxva saxis urTierTobac hqondaT. mtris Semosevisas orive

xalxi erTmaneTs daxmarebis xels uSurvelad uwvdida da ltolvil

mosaxleobas TavSesafars aZlevda.

istoriam amisi damadasturebeli araerTi cnoba Semoinaxa. marTalia,

saqarTvelo da mTeli CrdiloeTi kavkasia mofenili iyo cixe-koSkebiTa

da safortifikacio* nagebobebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad strategiul da

TavdacvisTvis mosaxerxebel adgilebSi iyo agebuli, magram isini arc Tu

mTlad usafrTxo iyo. Tavganwiruli brZolebi, romlebic aq

mimdinareobda, mSvidobiani mosaxleobisTvis saxifaToc iyo da mravali

ubedurebis momtanic. isini brma SemTxvevis msxverplnic SeiZleba

gamxdariyvnen da mtris mier cixis aRebis dros faqtiurad xafangSi

aRmoCeniliyvnen. garda amisa, mtris ricxvmravlobis, Sinagamcemlobis,

damxmare jaris droulad mousvlelobisa da sxva mizezebis gamo, mteri

cixe-simagreebis aRebas zogjer mainc axerxebda. am SemTxvevaSi mis

damcvelebsa da iq TavSefarebul xalxs: qalebs, bavSvebs, moxucebs

sastiki angariSsworeba elodaT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT mteri

daindobda da sicocxles SeunarCunebda, tyveobis mZime xvedrsa da

samSoblodan samudamod gadaxvewas ver gadaurCebodnen.

mtris mravalricxovani da Zlieri laSqris Semosevis dros

saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dacvis sxva ufro usafrTxo da

efeqturi saSualebac arsebobda: mosaxleobas mefis Sikrikebi

afrTxilebdnen, rom saswrafod gaxiznuliyvnen da miuvali mTebisa da

tyeebisTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi. magaliTad, rodesac V saukuneSi

saqarTveloSi iranis mravalricxovani garnizonebi Semovidnen, vaxtang

gorgasalma macneebi daagzavna da xalxs mouwoda, rom `daetovebinaT

soflebi da qalaqebi, romlebic kargad ar iyo gamagrebuli da

kavkasionis mTebisTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi~.

amdenad, Crdilo kavkasias saqarTvelosTvis TavSesafris funqciac

ekisreboda da masTan kargi urTierTobiT qarTuli saxelmwifo

sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli.Mmtris mier qarTuli laSqris

damarcxebisa da saqarTvelos teritoriebis aoxrebis drosac qveyana

inarCunebda Tavis mTavar simdidres _ mosaxleobas. saSiSroebis

gadavlis Semdeg, gaxiznuli xalxi Tavis keras ubrundeboda da axali

SemarTebiT iwyebda dangreuli qveynis aRdgenas.

yovelTvis simSvide arc Crdilo kavkasiaSi iyo. Aaq mcxovreb

xalxebs erTmaneTTan da Crdilo kavkasiis mTiswineTsa da samxreT

4

ruseTis velebis momTabareebTan xSirad garTulebuli urTierToba

hqondaT, romelic arcTu iSviaTad omiTa da sisxlisRvriT mTavrdeboda.

gaWirvebaSi myof Crdilo kavkasielebs qarTvelebi uSurvelad

uwvdidnen daxmarebis xels.Mmtrisgan Seviwrovebuli kavkasiis mkvidrni

saqarTveloSi gadmodiodnen da aq poulobdnen TavSesafars. amis

SesaniSnav magaliTad uaxloes warsulSi momxdari faqtic gamodgeba. XX

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelom uyoymanod miiRo rusebis mier

Seviwrovebuli CeCeni ltolvilebi, romlebic droebiT daasaxla

saukunenaxevris win bedis ukuRmarTobis Sedegad, aseve, CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan pankisis* xeobaSi gadmosul TavianT TanamemamuleebTan.

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es maSin moxda (XX s-is 90-ian

wlebSi), rodesac qarTvel xalxs ukiduresi gaWirvebis xana edga da

Tavisi, afxazeTidan da Sida qarTlidan gamodevnili, ltolvilebis

auarebeli problema hqonda mosagvarebeli.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli warmoadgens TvalsaCino magaliTs imisas,

Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelebsa da Crdilokavkasielebs

Soris keTilmezoblur urTierTobebs maTive qveynebis da saerTod,

regionis winsvlisa da ganviTarebisTvis,Erac, ra Tqma unda, kargad

icodnen rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve Crdilo kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa

mesveurebma.Aamitom yvelanairad cdilobdnen yovelgvari problema da

gaugebroba mSvidobianad, molaparakebebisa da daTmobebis gziT

moegvarebinaT da daZabuloba konfliqtamde ar mieyvanaT.

amis damadasturebelia is xSiri damoyvreba, romelsac qarTuli da

Crdilo kavkasiuri samefo saxlebi araerTgzis mimarTavdnen. araerTi

qarTveli mefe daqorwinebuli iyo Crdilo kavkasiis romelime qveynis

mefis asulze. xSiri iyo qarTveli mefisa Tu qveynis upirvelesi

didebulebis asulebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi gaTxovebis

SemTxvevebi.Ddamoyvrebuli samefoebi erTmaneTis mters mtrulad,

moyvares ki moyvrulad xvdebodnen da erTmaneTis interesebsac mtkiced

icavdnen:Oomis SemTxvevaSi exmarebodnen erTmaneTs jariT, mokavSire

qveynis saTareSod mimaval sxva qveynebis laSqars ar atarebdnen TavianT

teritoriaze da a. S.

damoyvreba xSirad mtrulad ganwyobil qveynebs Sorisac xdeboda.Ees

niSnavda, rom Zvelma mowinaaRmdegeebma Tavis Tavze iwvnies

urTirTdapirispirebis mavne Sedegebi da qorwinebiT ganizraxes

keTilmegobrobis damyareba da mtrobis Sewyveta.

qarTul da ucxour istoriul matianeebSi moipoveba araerTi cnoba

saqarTvelosa da Crdilo kavkasiis sxvadasxva qveynis samefo saxlebs

Soris dinastiur* qorwinebaze.Mamjerad, mxolod ramdenime cnobili

magaliTis moyvaniT davkmayofildebiT: pirvel qarTvel mefe _ farnavazs

colad hyavda ZurZukeTis* mefis asuli, misi da ki ovsTa mefeze iyo

gaTxovili; bagrat IV-es colad hyavda osTa mefis dorRolelis da

5

borena; saqarTvelos dedofali Tamari daqorwinebuli iyo os

ufliswul daviT soslanze, Zalze xSiri iyo kaxeTisa da daRestnis

samefo ojaxebis damoyvrebis SemTxvevebi da a. S.

mSvidobian urTierTobebTan erTad, saqarTvelosa da Crdilo

kavkasiis xalxebs Soris, iseve rogorc sxva nebismier qveynebs Soris,

iyo daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi, rasac xSirad sastiki da daundobeli

omi mosdevda.

X X X

Zveli welTaRricxvis IV_III saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelo

pirvelma mefe farnavazma (mefobda daaxloebiT Zv. w. 328-268 ww.)

gaaerTiana da igi erT-erTi qarTuli dinastiis _ farnavazianTa

damaarsebeli gaxda.Mmisi mefobis periodSi saqarTvelos siZlieris erT-

erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom qveyanas mWidro da keTilmezobluri

urTierToba hqonda Crdilo kavkasiis udides qveynebTan: durZukebTan da

oseTTan.

keTilmezobloba dinastiuri qorwinebiT iyo ganmtkicebuli:

farnavazs ZurZuki coli hyavda, misi da ki osTa mefeze iyo gaTxovili.

M

am periodSi diplomatiur urTierTobebSi aseTi wesi moqmedebda:

mokavSire qveynebs saerTo mteri da saerTo moyvare hyavdaT. amitom

saqarTvelosDCrdiloeTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba garantirebuli

hqonda.Ees farnavazs SesaZleblobas aZlevda Tavisuflad emoqmeda

qveynis samxreTiT, dasavleTiT Tu aRmosavleTiT, gaemagrebina sazRvrebi

da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZalebiT gadasuliyo Setevaze

momZlavrebuli da ricxvmravali mtris winaaRmdeg. man kargad icoda,

rom omis SemTxvevaSiOosebi da ZurZukebi mis mokavSired gamovidodnen da

saWiro samxedro daxmarebasac droulad aRmouCendnen.

farnavazma samxedro reforma ganaxorciela, romelic warmatebuli

gamodga da qveyana gaaZliera. `misi drois qarTlis samefo samxedro

principebze agebuli qveyana iyo. teritorias saidanac aTasi molaSqre

gamodioda, aTasisTavi ganagebda. ramdenime aTasisTavi Tavisi jariT

spasalars* eqvemdebareboda. ramdenime spasalari Tavisi laSqriT

saerisTavos laSqars qmnida, romelsac ukve erisTavi edga saTaveSi.

erisTavebi qarTlis jarebis saerTo meTauris spaspetis droSis qveS

erTiandebodnen. garda umaRlesi mxedarTmTavrobisa, spaspets didi

uflebebi hqonda. is mefis Semdeg qveyanaSi meore piri iyo da samefoSi

mefis aryofnis an mcirewlovanebis dros samefos marTavda. Cveulebriv,

spaspeti taxtis memkvidris, momavali mefis, `mamamZuZe~ anu aRmzrdeli

iyo. spaspeti qarTlis samefos mtkvars, aragvsa da suramis qeds Soris

6

mdebare centralur teritorias, zena sofels, igive Sida qarTls

ganagebda. farnavazis dros saqarTvelos ricxvmravali, kargad

gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli jari hyavda, romlis saSualebiTac

farnavazi qarTuli saxelmwifos teritoriebis dacvas uzrunvelyofda.

farnavazma gonivruli saSinao da sagareo politikis wyalobiT

SeZlo qarTuli miwebis didi nawilis gaerTianeba. misi mefobis

periodSi qveyanaSi SedarebiT mSvidobianoba damkvidrda.Fmaterialur

keTildReobas kulturuli aRmavlobac mohyva.

farnavazis gardacvalebis Semdeg, samefo taxti daikava saurmagma

(mefobda Zv. w. III saukuneSi), farnavazisa da ZurZukeTis mefis asulis

vaJma.

adreul xanaSi ama Tu im piris mefed dasmisas aucileblobas

warmoadgenda, rom saqarTvelos mefe Tavisi fizikuri da gonebrivi

monacemebiT, Tu sabrZolo xelovnebiT Tavis qveSevrdomebze Zlieri,

gamorCeuli, aRmatebuli da ,,mZle~ yofiliyo.

rogorc Cans, es tradicia omis mimdinareobis maSindeli wesebiTac

iyo ganpirobebuli. TiTqmis yoveli brZolis dawyebis win ewyoboda

gmirebis anu, rogorc maT maSin uwodebdnen, ,,bumberazTa~,

SebrZolebebi:Ddapirispirebuli banakebidan gamodiodnen sabrZolo

xelovnebaSi daxelovnebuli, simamaciTa da fizikuri ZaliT gamorCeuli

meomrebi (e. w. ,,bumberazebi~) da erTmaneTs erkinebodnen. aseTi

orTabrZolebi xSirad ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.

gamarjveba an damarcxeba qveynis prestiJisa da Rirsebis saqme iyo da

nawilobriv gansazRvravda kidec omis beds, radganac brZolis dawyebis

win mas udidesi fsiqologiuri zegavlenis moxdena SeeZlo meomrebze.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom aseT orTabrZolebSi umetes

SemTxvevaSi mefeebi monawileobdnen, Serkineba ki TiTqmis yovelTvis

damarcxebulis sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda, advili warmosadgeni gaxdeba, Tu

ra mohyveboda erTmaneTis pirispir sabrZolvelad ganlagebuli ori

mtruli banakis Tvalwin erT-erTi mxaris pirveli piris damarcxebasa da

miT umetes, sikvdils. qarTvel didmoxeleebs afiqrebdaT is garemoeba _

iqneboda Tu ara taxtis memkvidre ,,mZle~, fizikuri da gonebrivi

SesaZleblobiT sxvebze aRmatebuli. winaaRmdegoba sul ufro da ufro

izrdeboda. saurmagi taxts ar Tmobda. samefo taxtis mamidan Svilze

gadacemis dakanonebasTan Seguebas arc qarTveli warCinebulebi

apirebdnen.

didebulebma saurmagis sikvdili ganizraxes. saurmagma es droulad

Seityo da ZurZukeTs, deduleTs miaSura. ZurZukTa (dedis Zmebis) da

osTa (osTa maSindeli mefe misi mamidaSvili iyo) daxmarebiT man

moagrova uzarmazari laSqari, Semovida saqarTveloSi da gandgomil

warCinebulebTan sastiki brZolebis Semdeg samefo taxti isev daibruna.

saqarTvelo kvlav farnavazis droindel sazRvrebSi aRdga.

7

am dros ZurZukebi Zalian iyvnen gamravlebulebi da TavianT

qveyanaSi miwa ar hyofnidaT dasasaxleblad. WarbiMmosaxleoba yvela

dros da nebismieri qveynisTvis sakmaod seriozuli problemaa. is

gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebis momtania mTis pirobebSi. mTas mcire da

mwiri miwianobis gamo, isedac mxolod gansazRvruli da sakmaod

mcirericxovani mosaxleobis gamokveba SeuZlia. Mmosaxleobis zomaze

metad gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi ki misi mcxovreblebi SimSiliT

sikvdilisTvis arian ganwirulni. isini an sxvagan unda gadasaxldnen, an

Tavis rCenis sxva saSualebebi eZion. erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba ucxo

qveynis jarSi daqiravebiT samsaxuria. samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod,

miRebuli jamagiriT mTielebi cdilobdnen arsebobisTvis aucilebeli

produqti SeeZinaT da wlidan wlamde Tavi rogorme gaetanaT. swored

amitomac iyo farTod gavrcelebuli CrdilokavkasielTa daqiraveba

sxvadasxva qveynis jarebSi. maT xSirad iyenebdnen saqarTvelos

xelisufalnic. sxvadasxva dros qarTul laSqarSi qarTvelTa

mxardamxar ibrZodnen: ZurZukebi, osebi, lekebi da Crdilo kavkasiis sxva

xalxebi. Tumca maTi daqiraveba sxva qveynis mesveurebis keTil nebasa da

saWiroebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, Tanac daqiravebul jarSi yvelas

dasaqmeba verc xerxdeboda.

gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili, SimSiliT sikvdilis saSiSroebis pirispir

mdgomi mTielebi iZulebulni xdebodnen qurdoba-avazakobiTa da mezobel

raionebze TareSiT SeevsoT sakvebis is maragi, romelic akldaT. AaseT

SemTxvevaSi mTa barisTvis metad saSiSi da mrisxane Zala xdeboda. Mmisi

SeCereba aRaravis SeeZlo.

8

uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli TiTqmisYyvela saukuneSiAara marto

saqarTvelo, aramed somxeTi, irani da Crdilo kavkasiidan sakmaod

daSorebuli qveynebic ki ukiduresad iyvnen Sewuxebuli Crdilo

kavkasielTa bolomouRebeli da sastiki TavdasxmebiT. aqedan gamomdinare,

savsebiT cxadia, Tu ra mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba, romlis mdidari da nayofieri teritoriebi Crdilo

kavkasias uSualod emezobleboda. isini pirvel dartymas iRebdnen.

TareSs yoveldRiuri xasiaTi hqonda da Sedegic erTob savalalo iyo.

mTielTa Tavdasxmebi mTlianad anadgurebda qveyanas, Slida mis

ekonomikas, xels uSlida miwaTmoqmedebasa da vaWrobas; gansakuTrebiT

mZime ki is auracxeli adamianuri msxverpli iyo, romelic Tan mosdevda

Semosevebsa da rbevas.

yovelive es kargad icodnen qarTul samefo karze. Aamitom

qarTveli mefeebi ara marto Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikuri

movlenebis saqmis kursSi iyvnen, aramed yovelTvis didi yuradRebiTa da

gulisyuriT adevnebdnen Tvals iq mimdinare socialur da demografiul

procesebs, raTa saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi saswrafod mieRoT Sesabamisi

gadawyvetileba da mTaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebisTvis saWiro

RonisZiebebi droulad gaetarebinaT. mSvidi mTa xom, upirveles yovlisa,

saqarTvelosTvis iyo xelsayreli da qveynis ganviTarebis erT-erT

aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda. D

saurmagma gonivrulad Seafasa arsebuli situacia da taxtis

dabrunebaSi gaweuli samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod ZurZukebis

naxevari, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi, mis CrdiloeT raionebSi, kavkasionis

qedis samxreT ferdobebze, kerZod ki, egrisidan* didoeTamde* gadaWimul

teritoriaze, daasaxla. AamiT man ZurZukebsac gauwia daxmareba,

radganac gadauWra umiwobis sakmaod seriozuli problema, riTac

uzrunvelyo mSvidobianoba Crdilo kavkasiis am Zlier, did,

saqarTvelos mokavSire qveyanaSi da qarTul saxelmwifosac aaSora

Tavdasxmebi da rbeva.Ees saurmagis mxridan SorsmWvreteluri saqcieli

iyo.Aam RonisZiebiT man ara marto SeinarCuna, aramed ufro ganamtkica

durZukeTTan megobruli urTierToba, SeiZina erTguli mokavSire,

amasTanave, daicva saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba da

uzrunvelyo saWiroebis dros samxedro daxmarebis miReba.Mman aseve xeli

SeuSala ZurZukebis ukontrolo gadmosaxlebasa da qarTul

teritoriebze TviTnebur dasaxlebas; daaswro maT da isini daasaxla iq,

sadac qarTuli saxelmwifosTvis iyo sasargeblo da ara iq, sadac

TviTon moisurvebdnen.

ZurZukebis gadmosaxleba saqarTvelos aZlierebda samxedro

TvalsazrisiT, radganac saurmagma isini samxedro sferoSi daasaqma.

amiT man ZurZukebis xarjze gazarda saqarTvelos jaris raodenoba da

dazoga qveynis ekonomikisa da sameurneo cxovrebis umTavresi sayrdeni,

9

qarTuli miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleoba _ glexoba. mTieli ZurZukebi kargi

meomrebi iyvnen da mefis erTgul dasayrdenad iqcnen. maTi umetesoba

saqarTveloSi mSvidobianad cxovrobda da nel-nela egueboda axal

garemos. gadmosaxlebulebs did daxmarebas uwevda qarTuli

saxelmwifoc. saurmagis sicocxleSi maTTan saqarTvelos mosaxleobas

raime seriozuli dapirispireba, xolo qarTul saxelmwifos

mougvarebeli problema ar hqonia. Tumca aseTma mSvidobianma yofam

didxans ar gastana.

saurmagis Semdeg gamefda misi siZe da Svilobili mirvani, igive

mirian I (mefobda Zv. w. II s., 230-180 ww.). swored misi mefobis

periodSi xdeba Crdilo kavkasiasTan, kerZod ki, ZurZukebis

saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis garTuleba.MmaT daiviwyes farnavazisa da

saurmagis amagi da qarTuli teritoriebis rbeva daiwyes.

saqarTveloze mowyobil TareSSi ZurZukebs exmarebodnen saurmagis

dros saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki WarTalSi*, dasaxlebuli ZurZukebi. isini

saqarTveloze saTareSod momaval, qeds iqiT mcxovreb TavianT

TanamoZmeebs TavianT teritoriaze aZlevdnen gzas, TavSesafars,

mohyvebodnen gzis maCveneblebad da gamcileblebad, TviTonac

uamxanagdebodnen da aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen TavdasxmebSi.

WarTalSi mcxovrebi ZurZukebis aseTi saqcieli TavianT istoriul

samSoblosTan maTma siaxlovem da mWidro urTierTobam gamoiwvia.

saurmagis dros gadmosaxlebul ZurZukebs ltolvilTa axali nakadi

daemata, ramac maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad gazarda. gadmosaxlebulebma

sxvadasxva sababiT TavianTi axloblebis gadmoyvana da maTi qarTul

miwebze dasaxleba rom daiwyes, Tavdapirvelad es saxifaTod arc

adgilobriv mosaxleobas mosCvenebia da arc qarTvel politikosebs.

male axalmosaxleebma adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba ise

Seaviwroves, rom maTi umetesoba iZulebuli gaxda maT gamorideboda,

mSobliuri adgilebi mietovebina da sxvagan gadasuliyo sacxovreblad.

mokle xanSi ZurZukebma adgilobriv qarTul mosaxleobas ricxobrivad

sagrZnoblad gadaaWarbes. isini zomaze metad gamravldnen da

gaZlierdnen, ris Semdegac qarTuli teritoriebis rbevas mihyves xeli.

Tavidan Tavdasxmebi mcire masStabis iyo da SedarebiT iSviaTad

xdeboda. maTi alagmva qarTvelebs ar uWirdaT da raime seriozul

yuradRebas arc aqcevdnen. Tumca WarTalSi mcxovrebi ZurZukebi male

sakmaod saSiS Zalad iqcnen. maTi TareSi gaxSirda.Aadre Tu moZaladeebis

dasjas qarTvelTa mcire razmic advilad axerxebda, bolo dros maTi

damarcxeba mefis laSqarsac uWirda, radganac maT mokavSired da

maSvelad yovelTvis gverds umagrebda kavkasiis erT-erTi uZlieresi

qveynis _ ZurZukeTis samxedro Zala.

saqarTvelo teritoriis dakargvis realuri safrTxis winaSe dadga.

qarTuli damsjeli eqspediciis masStabebic sul ufro da ufro

10

izrdeboda. aqeT, kerZod ki WarTalSi, gadmosaxlebuli ZurZukebis

TviTnebobis alagmva dRiTidRe ori saxelmwifos _ ZurZukeTisa da

saqarTvelos Soris oms ufro emsgavseboda, vidre qarTuli saxelmwifos

SigniT urCebis dasjis samxedro operacias. moTareSe ZurZukebis

damarcxeba ki dRiTidRe ufro da ufro Zneldeboda. saqmes durZukebis

mier arCeuli brZolis taqtikac arTulebda, romelic saerTod

damaxasiaTebelia mTis xalxisTvis: Tavdasxmis Semdeg isini maleve ukan

ixevdnen, mTebsa da tyeebs afarebdnen Tavs da samSobloSi ase

gadadiodnen, ris gamoc mouxelTeblebi xdebodnen.

mTis pirobebSi damsjeli operaciis xSiri mowyoba, ara marto

ZurZukeTSi, aramed WarTalSic ki, sakmaod did sirTuleebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. WarTalisa da ZurZukeTis mTiani reliefi da miuvaloba

laSqrobisTvis araxelsayrel pirobebs qmnida.Ees kargad icodnen

Tavdamsxmelebma da dausjelobis imediT uSiSrad grZnobdnen Tavs.

damsjeli eqspediciis gagzavnis SemTxvevaSic, mTiani adgilmdebareoba

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ZurZukebs mefis laSqrTan SedarebiT ukeTes

pirobebSi ayenebda. ZurZukeTTan siaxlovis gamo istoriuli

samSoblodanac droulad mosdiodaT samxedro daxmareba. viTareba sul

ufro da ufro rTuldeboda da umarTavi xdeboda.Gase gagrZeleba aRar

SeiZleboda. zomebi saswrafod iyo misaRebi.

erT-erTi Semosevis dros, durZukebi da WarTalSi Casaxlebuli

kavkasielebi gaerTiandnen da kaxeTi da bazaleTi moaoxres. mirvanis

moTminebis fiala aivso.M

qarTvelma diplomatebma kargad icodnen, rom verc WarTalSi

mcxovrebi ZurZukebi gabedavdnen qarTuli teritoriebis rbevas

TanamoZmeTa dauxmareblad da verc qeds iqidan, istoriuli

ZurZukeTidan, SeZlebdnen raime seriozuli vnebis miyenebas

saqarTvelosTvis WarTlis mcxovrebTa Tanadgomis gareSe.Osamefo karze

gadawyvites, rom orive erTnairad iyo damnaSave da samagaliTod unda

dasjiliyvnen.

mirvani iZulebuli gaxda WarTalsa da ZurZukeTSi laSqrobis

gadawyvetileba mieRo.Ggegma aseTi iyo: jer kavkasionis qeds iqiT unda

gadasuliyvnen da ZurZukeTis qveyana moeoxrebinaT, Semdgom ki qarTul

teritoriaze, kerZod ki WarTalSi, Camosaxlebuli ZurZukebi daesajaT.

mirvanma laSqris Seyra brZana. Crdilo kavkasiaSi laSqroba

sakmaod rTuli iyo da igi mravalricxovan, kargad SeiaraRebulsa da

gawvrTnil jars saWiroebda. warmatebisTvis aucilebeli iyo

jariskacebs mTaSi brZolis gamocdileba hqonodaT, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi maTi damarcxeba garduvali iqneboda, radganac mTiani

adgilmdebareobis gamo, qarTvel molaSqreebs Tavidanve

mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiT araTanabar pirobebSi mouwevdaT yofna da

gamarjvebis miRweva gaWirdeboda. ZurZukebs mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiT

11

bevri upiratesoba hqondaT. isini TavianT qveyanaSi ibrZodnen, SeCveulni

iyvnen mTis klimats da arc mTaSi gadaadgileba uWirdaT.

mirvanma saomrad saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis erisTavebs* mouwoda.

Seikriba qarTuli laSqari: mxedari Tu qveiTi. maT Soris saurmagis mier

gadmosaxlebuli ZurZukebic iyvnen (WarTlelebis garda). maT Ralati

gulSic ki ar gauvliaT, erTgulad emsaxurebodnen mefesac da qveyanasac.

sruliad saqarTvelos laSqriT mirvani CrdiloeTisken daiZra.Pmas

pirvel rigSi ZurZukeTSi Sesvla da misi dalaSqvra hqonda

gadawyvetili. ZurZukebi gaerTiandnen da didi laSqari Sekribes. isini

cdilobdnen qarTveli meomrebi TavianT qveyanaSi ar SeeSvaT. ZurZukebi

kavkasionis gadasasvlelebTan (darialTan) agebul simagreebSi Cadgnen da

gadasasvlelebi Caketes.

gadasasvlelebis dasakaveblad Seupovari brZolebi gaimarTa.

qarTvelebisPpirveli Setakeba uSedegod damTavrda. maT rTuli aRmarTis

avla mouxdaT, rac simagreSi gamagrebulTagan Zlieri winaaRmdegobis

fonze mimdinareobda. ZurZukebi setyvasaviT ayridnen isars, agorebdnen

qvebs da did zarals ayenebdnen qarTvel meomrebs. gansakuTrebiT mZime

mdgomareobaSi laSqris saTaveSi mdgomi qveiTebi iyvnen.Mmirvanma maTi

gaWirveba droulad SeamCnia. man gadawyvita jariskacebi piradi

magaliTiT gaemxnevebina da pirveli dartyma Tavis Tavze mieRo.

igi cxenidan Camoxta da laSqari Semdegnairad daawyo: laSqris

saTaveSi qveiTebi Caayena. maT ukan ki cxenosnebi ganalaga. TviTon win

waruZRva qveiTebs da jari Setevaze gadaiyvana.Mmematiane mirvanze werda,

rom igi ise ibrZoda, rogorc ,,jiqi sificxiTa, viTarca vefxvi simxniTa,

viTarca lomi zaxiliTa~; Aanu igi Tan mxned ibrZoda da Tan xmamaRali

SeZaxilebiT amxnevebda jars. ZurZukebsa da qarTvelebs Soris Zlieri

brZola gaCaRda.Mmirvani omis qar-cecxlSi trialebda. marTlac Zneli

iyo aRmarTSi winsvla, cixe-simagreSi gamagrebuli kbilebamde

SeiaraRebuli ZurZukebis ieriSis gaZleba da Tanac Setevaze gadasvla.

mirvanis misamarTiT auarebeli isari mohqroda, Tumca qarTvelTa mamaci

mefe uSiSrad idga da ukan ar ixevda. ,,mirvan idga viTarca koSki

mtkice. Mmas ver hkveTda maxvili durZukTa, viTarca kldesa sipsa, da

dga uZravad~. simamace da Tavdadeba arc qarTvel meomrebs akldaT. mefis

magaliTi ki maTze gadamdebad moqmedebda da Zal-Rones uorkecebda.

brZola didxans gagrZelda.Oorive mxridan brZolis velze mravali

meomari daeca gmirulad.Bbolos gamarjvebis saswori qarTuli mxarisken

gadaixara. ZurZukebma maT mowolas veRar gauZles, simagreebi miatoves

da brZolis velidan gaiqcnen. qarTvelebma brwyinvale gamarjveba

moipoves. isini daedevnen gaqceul mters. vinc winaaRmdegobas uwevda,

iZulebulni gaxdnen daexocaT, umetesoba ki daindes da tyved

wamoiyvanes.

12

brZolis gamarjvebiT damTavrebas qarTvelTa banakSi sixaruli

mohyva. ZurZukeTi Zlieri da xalxmravali qveyana, ZurZukebi ki kargi

mebrZolebi iyvnen. maTi damarcxeba, miTumetes mTis, Tanac araTanabar

pirobebSi advili ar iyo. Ees qarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis maRali

donis, iaraRis teqnologiuri srulyofis maCvenebelia (amaze mianiSnebs

mematianis cnoba, rom ,,mirvans ver hkveTda maxvili durZukTa~. aq, ra

Tqma unda, mirvanis simamacesTan erTad misi abjris simtkice da

gamZleoba igulisxmeba. rogorc Cans, igi iseTi masalisgan iyo

gakeTebuli, rom ZurZukebis maxvili mas veras aklebda). aSkaraa, rom

qarTvelTa warmateba maTi jaris gawvrTnilobisa da organizaciulobis

maniSnebeli iyo da im droisTvis kavkasiur samyaroSi qarTuli laSqris

did upiratesobas moaswavebda.Egamarjveba im erTianobisa da SekavSirebis

Sedegic iyo, romelic imdroindel saqarTvelosa da qarTul jarSi

sufevda.

qarTuli laSqari gaqceul mters ukan mihyva, durZukeTSi Sevida da

moaoxra es qveyana.Ees TavdacviTi RonisZieba iyo da mas qarTuli

saxelmwifos Semdgomi usafrTxoeba moiTxovda. rom ara qarTul miwaze

durZukTa bolomouRebeli da sastiki Tavdasxmebi, maT mier qarTveli

xalxis awiokeba, mirvanis winaSe Crdilo kavkasiaSi sakmaod rTuli

laSqrobis saWiroeba ar dadgeboda.Aamaze mianiSnebs isic, rom qarTulma

laSqarma maleve datova qveyana da ukan, samSobloSi dabrunda.

durZukebisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom qarTul saxelmwifos maTi TareSis

alagmva namdvilad SeeZlo, xolo maT mier qarTuli teritoriebis rbeva

arc SemdgomSi gaxdeboda dausjeli. cxadia, rom amis Semdeg ZurZukebs

karga xniT qarTul teritoriebze Tavdasxmis aRarc Zala eqnebodaT da

aRarc survili. M

laSqroba gegmis mixedviT warimarTa. Aaxla Sinauri mtrebisa da

qveynis moRalateebis dasjis jeri dadga. ra Tqma unda, mirvanis risxvas

verc WarTalis mkvidrni gadaurCebodnen.

am dros saqarTvelo mravalerovani saxelmwifo iyo. qarTvelebis

gverdiT mSvidobianad cxovrobda sxva erovnebis mosaxleoba: ebraelebi,

sparselebi, somxebi, berZnebi da a. S., maT Soris ZurZukebic, romelTagan

umaduroba mxolod WarTalSi gadmosaxlebulebma gamoiCines.

mirvani WarTals miadga, aaoxra da iq mcxovreb gandgomil

ZurZukekebs sastikad gausworda.Ees kargi gakveTili iyo sxvebisTvis da

didxans emaxsovrebodaT qveynis gandgomisa da Ralatis msurvelebs.

mTis pirobebSi sabrZolo operaciis Catareba yvela qveynis

laSqrisTvis didi gamocda da urTulesi saqmea. arc Tu xSiria maTi

warmatebiT damTavrebis SemTxvevebi. maTgan zogierTi samxedro

xelovnebis istoriaSi oqros asoebiT aris Sesuli. igi jariskacebisa da

mTavarsardlebisgan erTnairad moiTxovs gansakuTrebul samxedro

gamocdilebas, codnas, fizikur da fsiqologiur momzadebas.

13

qarTvelTa laSqroba ZurZukeTSi mefe mirvanis xelmZRvanelobiT

mTis pirobebSi Sesrulebuli warmatebuli laSqrobebis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino magaliTia. ra Tqma unda, mis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweuli

mwiri cnobebi ar aris sakmarisi am sabrZolo operaciis mimdinareobis

ara Tu sruli, aramed Tundac miaxloebiTi suraTis Sesaqmnelad.

warsulidan SemorCenili es mcire epizodi arc mirvanis sabrZolo

xelovnebis, misi mxedarTmTavruli niWis srulad warmosadgenad da arc

mravali rigiTi jariskacis gmiruli saqmeebis warmoCenis SesaZleblobas

iZleva.

durZukeTis dalaSqvris Semdeg, mirvani samSobloSi dabrunda.

saqarTveloSi Crdilo kavkasielebis ukontrolod gadmosvlis

aRsakveTadMman darialis gasasvlelebi sagangebod gaamagra, aq qviTkiris

kedeli aaSena da mas kari Seaba.

am laSqrobis warmatebiT dagvirgvinebam udidesi gavlena moaxdina

saqarTvelos Semdgom bedze. igi angariSgasawev Zalad iqca.Mmezobel

qveynebSi misi avtoriteti sagrZnoblad gaizarda. qveyanaSi mSvidoba

damyarda.Aara marto Crdilo kavkasiis qveynebi, aramed amierkavkasiisa da

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebic iZulebulni iyvnen misi

samxedro siZlierisTvis angariSi gaewiaT.

mirvani iyo `taniTa sruli, mSvenieri, Zlieri, mxne da queli~.

fizikur simSvenieres Tan erTvoda sulieri srulyofilebac. igi iyo

keTili, Semwyalebeli da glaxakTa uxvad gamkiTxavi mefe.

mas sataxto qalaqi mcxeTaSi hqonda, saidanac uSiSrad da

gonivrulad marTavda qveyanas.

amis Semdeg, karga xans Crdilokavkasielebisgan saqarTvelos raime

seriozuli problema ar Seqmnia. yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTuli Tu

ucxouri matianeebi duman amis Sesaxeb. isini xan mokavSireebad da xanac

daqiravebuli jaris saxiT xSirad ibrZodnen qarTvelebis mxardamxar ama

Tu im mtris winaaRmdeg.

Zveli da axali erebis mijnaze, daaxloebiT 20 saukunis win,

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kaspiisa da azovis zRvebs Soris, cxovrobdnen

alanebi. adre isini Sua aziaSi, aralisa da kaspiis zRvis midamoebSi

momTabareobdnen. alanebs qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi maTi erT-erTi

tomis saxelis mixedviT `ovsebs~ igive `osebs~ eZaxdnen. ax. w. I

saukuneSi isini ise gaZlierdnen, rom TviT Zlier romis imperiasac

daemuqrnen. `Crdiloel momTabareTa erT-erTi gza samxreT kavkasiisaken,

darialis xeobaze gadioda. qarTlis mefes SeeZlo darialis karebi

gaeRo da alanebi Tu sxva Crdilokavkasieli momTabareebi Tavis qveyanaze

gaetarebina, amitom romi gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo darialis

gadasasvlelis gamagrebiTa da qarTlTan kargi urTierTobiT. qarTlis

mefeebi amas qveynis sasargeblod iyenebdnen.

14

mogvianebiT, III saukuneSi, alan-osebma ukve qarTls Seuqmnes

seriozuli safrTxe.

A X X X

230-265 wlebSi qarTlSi (iberiaSi) mefobda amazaspi. igi iyo ,,kaci

Zlieri da goliaTi~. Mmis mefobaSi qarTuli samefoebi romis

qveSevrdomebi iyvnen.

am periodSi gansakuTrebiT daZabuli urTierToba iyo romsa da

sparseTs Soris. maT Soris dava ZiriTadad SuamdinareTis, somxeTisa da

mTeli samxreT kavkasiisTvis (maT Soris saqarTvelosTvisac),

mimdinareoda. brZola imdroindeli umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-saqaravno

gzebis dauflebisTvisac warmoebda. am brZolaSi sparseTis mokavSireebi

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi momTabare alan-osebi iyvnen.

amazaspis mefobis dros, III saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, Crdilo

kavkasiidan dvaleTis* gziT, malulad saqarTveloSi osTa sakmaod didi

laSqari Semovida. isini sparselTa waqezebiT da maTTan SeTanxmebiT

moqmedebdnen.Aamazaspma maT mier qveynis sazRvrebis gadmokveTis Sesaxeb

mxolod maSin Seityo, rodesac osebs kavkasionis qedi ukve

gadmolaxuli hqondaT,Aamitom laSqari droulad ver Seyara da

saqarTvelos sazRvarTan mtrisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver moaxerxa.

sxva gza ar iyo, osebTan generaluri brZola saqarTvelos teritoriis

siRrmeSi unda gamarTuliyo.

osebi mdinare liaxvTan dabanakdnen. isini aq rva dRis ganmavlobaSi

idgnen, isvenebdnen da mTavari SetevisTvis Zalebs ikrebdnen.

Cveulebriv, saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Semdeg, osebi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mosaxleobis dasawiokeblad marbiels uSvebdnen.

Tumca amjerad maT Cveulebas uRalates da marbieli ar gauSviaT,

radganac ufro didi gegmebi hqondaT, vidre mosaxleobis dawiokeba da

TareSi iyo. maT mizans saqarTvelos dedaqalaq mcxeTaze Seteva

warmoadgenda, risTvisac mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi emzadebodnen.

osebma kargad icodnen, rom qarTvelebi mSobliur qalaqs uomrad ar

daTmobdnen da medgar winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen, amitom mTavari

brZolis win Zalebs ikrebdnen.

osebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen da saqarTveloSi sakmaod

mravalricxovani laSqriT iyvnen mosulni. maT winaaRmdeg saWiro iyo

mTeli saqarTvelos darazmva, sruliad saqarTvelos laSqris Seyra da

sruli samxedro mzadyofna.Aamazaspma mouwoda mTeli qveynis erisTavebs

SeeyaraT jari da masTan gamocxadebuliyvnen. masTan TavianTi razmebiT

jer ufro axlo mdebare, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod ki, kaxeTis,

15

xunanis*, samSvildis* erisTavebi gamocxaddnen. Semdgom maT Sida

qarTlis laSqaric SemouerTdaT. dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebs

siSoris gamo daagviandaT. maT mosvlamde osebi muxrans* moadgnen da

mcxeTaze CrdiloeTidan SetevisTvis gaemzadnen.

amazaspma mcxeTis gamagreba da osTa Setevis mogeriebisTvis

momzadeba daiwyo. man mcxeTis cixeebi laSqriT gaavso. SesasvlelTanac

mravali meomari daayena. qalaqis dacvaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen

mcxeTis mSvidobiani mcxovreblebic. isini Sesasvlelebsa da zRudeebTan

idgnen. amazaspma laSqris nawili gare meomrad ganawesa. sul mcxeTas

ocdaaTi aTasi qveiTi icavda. amazasps mzadyofnaSi aTi aTasi mxedaric

hyavda. qalaqTan mdgomi amazaspi daxmarebis molodinSi cxenosani jariT

osebs drodadro Tavs esxmoda.

amazaspma mcxeTis gareTa misasvlelebic gaamagra. Mman aragvis orive

napirze arsebul simagreebSi qveiTebi Caayena. mxedrebs ki gauZRva da

safurclesTan* dadga.

safurclesTan qarTuli laSqari ase iyo ganlagebuli mcxeTis win:

jer idgnen cxenosnebi, Semdeg qveiTebi.

osTa da qarTvelTa laSqari erTmaneTis pirispir dadga. maSindeli

Cveulebis mixedviT, mTavari brZolis dawyebamde, jer gmirebis, e. w.

,,bumberazTa~, Serkinebebi unda gamarTuliyo. amazasps goliaTuri

aRnagoba hqonda. igi sabrZolo xelovnebis kargi mcodne,

daxelovnebuli da uSiSari meomaric iyo. Tanamedroveebic Sesabamisad

moixseniebdnen _ ,,uSiSi viTarca uxorco~. rac mTavaria, is iyo mefe,

romelic magaliTis mimcemi unda yofiliyo Tavisi xalxisaTvis, amitom

igi brZolis velze orTabrZolisaTvis pirveli gavida. osTa laSqari

moSorebiT iyo ganlagebuli. Aamazaspma Tavisi zebunebrivi Zalis ambavi

mSvenivrad icoda. man mSvildidan srola daiwyo. igi ise Soridan

isroda osTa banakSi isrebs, rom daRmarTze mdgomi osebi siSoris gamo

verc ki amCnevdnen, rom mas xelSi mSvildi eWira.Aamazaspi iseTi

siZlieriTa da damiznebiT styorcnida isars, rom osTa saWurveli ver

uZlebda. pirvel dRes amazaspma Soridan sroliT mokla TxuTmeti osi

da mravali cxenic gangmira.

amave dRes, amazaspi Tavisi mxedrebiTurT qalaq mcxeTaSi dabrunda,

qveiTebi ki imave adgilze datova.

qarTvelTa laSqari ricxobrivad izrdeboda. mas sul ufro da

ufro bevri meomari uerTdeboda. RamiTMmovidnen is cxenosnebi,

romlebmac siswrafis gamo iaraRiT aRWurva ver moaswres da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebs CamorCnen.

Serkinebis meore dRes, amazaspma kidev ramdenime osi `bumberazi~

meomari gamoasalma sicocxles SubiTa da xmliT. amazaspTan SebrZoleba

aRaravin isurva. qarTvelTa mefe brZolis velidan gamarjvebuli

gamobrunda, Tan qarTveli mxedrebi gamoiyola da qalaq mcxeTaSi Sevida.

16

qveiTebi kvlav Zvel adgilze, qalaqis karibWesTan darCnen. qarTvelTa

laSqars RamiT kvlav moematnen cxenosnebi.

orTabrZolebi dasrulda. qarTvelebma brZolis dawyeba gadawyvites.

marTlac, ganTiadze amazaspma qarTvelTa mTeli laSqari, qveiTebi da

mxedrebi, Setevaze gadaiyvana. gaCaRda Zlieri brZola. osebi iZlivnen da

gaiqcnen. Aamazaspma maTi banaki TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgura. mxolod

mcire maTgani gadaurCa sikvdils. brZolaSi moikla osTa mefec. E

brZola arc qarTvelTaTvis dasrulda umsxverplod. samSoblos

dacvas mravali maTgani Seewira.

osTa Tavdasxma SeCerebuli iqna.Qqveyanam maTi TareSisgan droebiT

daisvena, Tumca cxadi iyo, rom osebi ar moisvenebdnen. sxva rom

araferi, mefis sikvdilisTvis mainc aucileblad iZiebdnen Surs.

qarTvelma meTaurebma kargad icodnen, rom erTi gamarjvebiT osTa

Tavdasxmebs ver SeaCerebdnen. am dros oseTi sakmaod Zlieri qveyana iyo.

maTi TareSisgan ki Zalze Sewuxebulni iyvnen amierkavkasiisa da

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis ara Tu susti, aramed sakmaod Zlieri qveynebi.

saqarTvelo am dros sakmao gavleniT sargeblobda mezobel

samflobeloebs Soris da Tavisi sazRvrebis xelyofas aravis apatiebda.

igi erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo. hyavda organizebuli,

gawvrTnili da kargad SeiaraRebuli jari,Dda rac mTavaria, qarTveli

xalxi SekavSirebuli iyo da mefisa da samSoblos siyvaruliT iyo

ganmsWvaluli.

yovelive es gaiTvaliswina amazaspma da miiCnia, rom SesaZlebeli iyo

oseTSi laSqrobis mowyoba. amasTan, mizanSewonilad CaTvala somxeTTan

SekavSireba da oseTze gaerTianebuli ZalebiT Seteva.

osebis saqarTveloSi Semosevidan meore welsve, saTanado momzadebis

Semdeg amazaspma sruliad qarTvelTa laSqari Seyara, somexTa damxmare

Zalac SeierTa da qarTvel-somexTa gaerTianebuli laSqriT oseTSi

gailaSqra. jerKkavkasiis gadasasvlelebTan, Semdgom ki sakuTari qveynis

sazRvrebTan osebma Zlieri winaaRmdegoba gawies, magram amazaspis

SeCereba ver SeZles.

amazaspi qarTul-somxuri laSqriT oseTSi Sevida. man mTeli oseTi

moaoxra da samSobloSi gamarjvebuli dabrunda.

osebze gamarjveba, Tanac maT sakuTar samSobloSi, qarTvelTa metad

didi warmateba da samxedro siZlieris maniSnebeli iyo.

gamarjvebam amazasps Tavbru daaxvia. igi galaRda, ampartavnebam da

uZlevelobis SegrZnebam moicva.Mman mtroba dauwyo qveynis warCinebulebs

da mravali maTgani umizezod gamoasalma sicocxles. Tavisi Secdomebis,

sisastikis, usamarTlobisa da mesisxleobis gamo qarTvelebma is

SeiZules.

man sagareo orientaciac Secvala da sparselebs daumegobrda. amisi

mizezi III saukunis Sua wlebSi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi politikuri

17

viTarebis Secvla iyo. sparseTis Sahma Sabur I-ma (241-272) 253 w.

qarTlis mokavSire da amazaspis colis Zma, somxeTis mefe, daatyveva,

Semdgom ki romTan ramdenime didi brZola moigo. aseT viTarebaSi

amazaspi iZulebuli gaxda sparseTis uzenaesoba eRiarebina. man sparseTis

taxtis memkvidres, somexTa mefes Tavisi da miaTxova da sparseTis Sahis

karze erT-erTi umaRlesi adgili daikava.

aseTi saqcielis gamo sakuTar qveyanaSi mas Zlieri mowinaaRmdegeebi

gauCnda. mis winaaRmdeg pirvelebma dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebma

gailaSqres da amazaspis taxtidan Camogdeba ganizraxes.

amazaspis mowinaaRmdege egrisis, oZrxes*, klarjeTisa* da wundis*

gandgomilma erisTavebma somexTa mefes daxmareba sTxoves da aRuTqves,

rom amazaspis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi mis Zes, amazaspis diswul revs,

dasvamdnen qarTlis samefo taxtze. somexTa mefem da sparseTis taxtis

memkvidrem hormizd-ardaSirma gadawyvita Tavisi saxelmwifos

teritoriebis gafarToebis es sakmaod xelsayreli SemTxveva xelidan ar

gaeSva, berZnebic moiSvelia da sakmaod didi laSqriT moadga qarTls.

man amazaspis winaaRmdeg Sewevna osTa mefesac sTxova.

oseTis darbevis Semdeg, osTa mefe amazaspis mesisxle da

dauZinebeli mteri iyo, magram marto masTan brZolas veRar bedavda da

xelsayrel dros ucdida. rodesac osTa mefem amazaspis mowinaaRmdege

qarTvelTa sakmaod mravalricxovani laSqris Seyris Sesaxeb Seityo da

sparseTis mxridan samxedro daxmarebis ambavi gaigo, Tavisi razmebiT

sixaruliT gamoemarTa saqarTvelosken. osebi egrisis erisTavTan

mividnen.

amazaspma misi momxre qarTvelTa laSqari Sekriba da sparselebs

daxmareba sTxova.Ddaxmarebam ar daayovna _ sparselebi mravalricxovani

laSqriT movidnen.

qarTuli mxare orad gaiyo: amazaspis momxreebad da mis

mowinaaRmdegeebad.

osebma da egriselebma gadmolaxes mTa mcire, maT SeuerTdnen

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gandgomili erisTavebi TavianTi

razmebiT da qarTlSi mdgom somexTa mefesTan (igive sparseTis taxtis

medmkvidresTan) mividnen.

amazaspi Tavisi laSqriT maTken gamoemarTa da maT guTis-xevTan

miewia. erTmaneTis pirispir, sabrZolvelad ganlagebuli laSqris win

kvlav gamovida amazaspi, `uSiSi, viTarca uxorco~. igi darwmunebuli

iyo Tavis siZlieresa da sabrZolo ostatobaSi. qarTvelTa mefe

orTabrZolaSi iwvevda mowinaaRmdegis mamac mebrZolebs, Tumca veravin

ver gabeda masTan SebrZoleba.Aamazaspi iZulebuli gaxda Tavis banakSi

dabrunebuliyo. orTabrZola ar Sedga.

sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyo. pirispir ganlagebulma molaSqreebma

erTmaneTs Seuties. sastiki brZola gaimarTa. orive mxares qarTvelebi

18

idgnen, mravali maTgani brZolis velze Tanamemamulis xeliT gangmiruli

daeca. faqtobrivad es iyo samoqalaqo omi, yvelaze samarcxvino, sastiki

da usamarTlo. brZola Aamazaspma waago.Aigi mokles,Mmisi laSqari ki

brZolis velidan gaiqca. maT daedevnen da umetesoba amowyvites. am omSi

qarTvelTagan aravis gaumarjvia. orive mxares mebrZoli qarTvelebi

erTnairad damarcxdnen.

qarTvelTa gaTiSulobiT isargebla somexTa mefem. man Tavisi Ze,

amazaspis dis Svili revi, qarTlis mefed dasva.

X X X

IV saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo sparselebisa da hunebis* (IV s-

Si daeuflnen Crdilo kavkasiis velebs) dapirispirebis epicentrSi

aRmoCnda.Oorive qveyana Crdilo kavkasiaze batonobaze seriozul

pretenzias acxadebda.Aam dros saqarTvelos ukanaskneli warmarTi da

pirveli qristiani mefe miriani (daaxl. 280-337) ganagebda.

saqarTvelo mZime geopolitikur viTarebaSi moeqca. igi,

teritoriulad mtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis SuaSi mdebareobda

da iZulebuli iyo ara marto monawileoba mieRo sparseTisa da hunebis

politikur TamaSebSi, aramed aqtiuri rolic Seesrulebina aq mimdinare

procesebSi. qarTul politikur wreebSi kargad icodnen, rom am

konfliqtSi CarTva saqarTvelos kargs arafers uqadda, Tumca qveyanas

sxva gamosavali ar hqonda. mas ori udidesi saxelmwifodan erT-erTis

mxare unda daekavebina da misi gavlenis gafarTovebisa da

ganmtkicebisaTvis ebrZola.

vinaidan CrdiloeTidan, hunebis Tavdasxmebisgan saqarTvelos

bunebrivi zRude _ kavkasionis mTagrexili, icavda, rasac ver vityviT

iranTan samxreT sazRvarze, qarTvelebma gadawyvites, rom am

ukanasknelidan ufro meti saSiSroeba elodaT da mas miemxrnen. miT

umetes, rom aqamdec qarTvelebs sparseTTan kargi urTierToba hqondaT.

miriani Tavisi mefobis dasawyisSi iranelebTan erTad ibrZoda qarTlSi

moZalebuli romaelebis gavlenis winaaRmdeg.

xangrZlivi brZolebis Semdeg, IV saukunis dasawyisSi, iranis Sahma

qasrem hunebs sZlia da Crdilo kavkasia Tavis gavlenas dauqvemdebara.

amis Semdeg man sakmaod mzakvruli nabiji gadadga, Crdilo kavkasia

mirians `saCuqrad gadasca~, sanacvlod ki mas Tavisi dauZinebeli

mtrebis _ hunebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmareba sTxova. Cven ar

SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ramdenad moixibla qasres guluxvobiT qarTvelTa

mefe, an moewona Tu ara es `saCuqari~, magram erTs ki aRvniSnavT, rom

miriani arc iseTi gulubryvilo iyo, imas ver mimxvdariyo, rom

saqarTvelo iranis Semosevebs iqamde gadaurCeboda, sanam qarTvelebi

19

hunTa agresiis Sekavebas, CrdilokavkasiaSi iranis gavlenis ganmtkicebasa

da kavkasiis gadasasvlelebis dacvasa da SenarCunebas SeZlebdnen.

mirians sxva gza ar hqonda da qasres winadadebas daTanxmda. es imas

niSnavda, rom qarTvelTa mefes Crdilo kavkasiidan saqarTveloSi

gadmomavali gadmosasvlelebi unda Caeketa da Tavis teritoriaze ar

unda gaetarebina iranze saTareSod mimavali hunebi. yvelasTvis cxadi

iyo, rom hunebi amaze uars ar ityodnen da ZaliT moindomebdnen

sparseTisken gzis gakafvas. am SemTxvevaSi miriani maT unda

SebrZoleboda da ukan gaedevna isini. es gamudmebul sabrZolo

mzadyofnas da damqancvel, yoveldRiur brZolebs gulisxmobda. rogorc

vxedavT, arcTu mTlad kargi `saCuqari~ gamouvida qarTvelTa mefes da

misTvis sakmaod Zviri sazRauri unda gadaexada qarTvel xalxs. Tumca

saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo imdroindeli msoflios erT-erTi uZlieresi

qveynis neba-survils win aRdgomoda. mas sparseTTan an megobroba unda

aerCia, an mtroba. mirianmac pirveli airCia.

mirianma kargad icoda, rom hunebTan dapirispireba mis qveyanas kargs

arafers uqadda. maSin rodesac hunebs TviT sparseTis uZlevelma Sahma-

qasrem verafero daaklo, iranTan SedarebiT patara da mcirericxovan

saqarTvelos maTTan gamudmebuli brZola welSi gatexda, qveyanas ki

iranisa da hunebis saomar velad gadaaqcevda. qarTveli politikosebi

imasac xvdebodnen, rom sxva gza ar hqondaT da swrafi tempebiT daiwyes

saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvris gamagreba. aSenda axali da SekeTda

Zveli cixe-simagreebi. mirianma gansakuTrebiT Crdilo kavkasiidan kaxeTsa

da hereTSi gadmosasvlelebis dacvas miaqcia yuradReba, radgan

ZiriTadad aqedan iyo mosalodneli hunebisa da Crdilo kavkasielebis

Semosevebi. strategiuli mdebareobis gamo nekresis cixe-simagris

SekeTeba da gaZliereba qarTvelebis upirvelesi sazrunavi gaxda. sul

ufro da ufro izrdeboda cixis mcvelTa raodenobac. aRmosavleT

saqarTvelo moifina safortifikacio nagebobebiT, romlebic erTian

jaWvs qmnidnen.

miriani gonieri, samarTliani, keTili da mwyalobeli mefe iyo.

qarTvelebic mas siyvaruliTa da erTgulebiT pasuxobdnen.

Tavisi mefobis mTel periodSi mirians gamudmebuli omebi hqonda

hunebTan. qveyanas Crdilokavkasielebic sastikad arbevdnen.

am dros CrdilokavkasielTagan saqarTvelos teritoriebs

gansakuTrebiT xSirad lekebi esxmodnen Tavs. isini hunebs iSveliebdnen.

lek-hunTa gaerTianebuli laSqari gadmolaxavda xolme kavkasionis qeds,

Semoeseoda kaxeT-hereTis nayofiersa da mdidar teritoriebs, arbevda da

aoxrebda qveyanas.Aam Tavdasxmebs auarebeli xalxi ewireboda.

ra Tqma unda, miriani gulxeldakrefili ar uyurebda sakuTari

qveynis rbeva-oxrebas. igi Semoseuli mtris winaaRmdeg saswrafod

agrovebda laSqars da lek-hunebs brZolas umarTavda.OmaT Soris

20

Setakeba ZiriTadad hereTis* an movakanis* teritoriaze xdeboda.

pirispir SetakebaSi miriani yovelTvis gamarjvebuli gamodioda. ase

grZeldeboda mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi.

saqarTvelo CrdiloeTidan Semosevebs didoebisa da ZurZukebisganac

ganicdida. isinic hunebs iSveliebdnen. yadorisa* da vanTlaSeTis*

uReltexilebis gadmolaxvis Semdeg, maTi razmebi pirdapir saqarTvelos

mWidrod dasaxlebul da mdidar raionebSi xvdebodnen. Tavdasxmebic

warmatebuli iyo. maT sakmaod mdidari davla uvardeboda xelSi,

mravalricxovani tyveebic mihyavdaT. Tavdamsxmelebi swrafad

amTavrebdnen TareSs da samSobloSi kmayofilni da nadavliT

datvirTulebi brundebodnen da rac mTavaria, amas sakmaod mcire

msxverplis fasad axerxebdnen.Aadgilobrivi mosaxleoba uomrad ar

Tmobda Tavis qonebas da sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda moZalades. Tumca

Tavdasxmebi ise moulodnelad da swrafad xdeboda, rom xSir

SemTxvevaSi damxvdurebi gons mosvlasac ver aswrebdnen, araTu raime

seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gawevas.

mirianma Crdilokavkasielebis TareSis asalagmavad Seqmna

mcirericxovani razmebi, romlebsac ufro swrafi da efeqturi moqmedeba

SeeZloT. isini yovelvis srul mzadyofnaSi iyvnen. maT TavianTi

sardlebi hyavdaT. xSirad am razmebs TviTon miriani

xelmZRvanelobda.Dlekebis, didoebis, ZurZukebisa da hunebis mier

saqarTvelos sazRvrebis gadmokveTis SetyobisTanave qarTvelTa morige

razmi maTTan Sesaxvedrad miiswrafoda. Setakebebi sastiki da

daundobeli iyo da masSi TiTqmis yovelTvis qarTvelebi

imarjvebdnen.Mmteri nadavlTan da tyveebTan erTad brZolis velze

mraval mebrZolsac tovebda moklulTa da daWrilTa saxiT. Tumca

Tavdasxmebze xels ar iRebda da qarTul teritoriebs kvlav awiokebda.

samwuxarod, qarTveli meomrebic ewirebodnen qveynis dacvas.

qarTvelma mefeebma kargad icodnen, rom arc didoebi, arc ZurZukebi

da arc lekebi ar warmoadgendnen iseT Zalas, rom maT saqarTveloze

Tavdasxma gaebedaT, miTumetes misi damarcxeba moexerxebinaT. maTi

wamqezebeli ki hunTa mefe iyo. misi xelSewyobiTa da gverdSi dgomiT

gaTamamebuli Crdilokavkasielebi ki did zians ayenebdnen qarTvel xalxs

da rac mTavaria, Tavdasxmebis Sewyvetas ar apirebdnen.

qarTul samefo karze isic kargad icodnen, rom ase, saqarTveloSi

Semoseul hunTa mcire razmebis damarcxeba-ganadgurebiT, maTi

Tavdasxmebis alagmvas ver SeZlebdnen. saWiro iyo maT winaaRmdeg ufro

farTomasStabiani Setevis ganxorcieleba, Tumca amas qarTvelebi marto

verafriT SeZlebdnen. iranelebma gadawyvites mokavSires daxmarebodnen.

maT laSqrobis moTaveoba da organizatoroba ikisres.

SemuSavda hunebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebis gegma, romlis

mixedviTac, brZola kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze, Crdilo da amierkavkasiis

21

damakavSirebel viwro gasasvlelTan mdebare, kargad gamagrebul da

dacul darubandis* cixesTan unda gamarTuliyo. darubandis cixes

udidesi strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. swored darubandis gavliT

axorcielebdnen hunebi TavianT Tavdasxmebs sparseTze da samxreT

kavkasiis sxva samflobeloebze. saTareSod gamzadebuli hunebi

moadgebodnen-xolme darubandis cixes; darubandis alyaSemortymuli da

gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili damcvelebi maT winaaRmdegobas

uwevdnen, Tumca mravalricxovan hunTa Semotevas veRar uZlebdnen. cixe-

simagris aRebis Semdeg samxreTis qveynebze hunTa Semosevis Sekaveba ukve

aRarafers SeeZlo.

mirianma omisTvis mzadeba daiwyo. man kargad icoda, rom laSqroba

sakmaod rTuli da xangrZlivi iqneboda. qarTvel meomrebs darubandamde

grZeli da saxifaTo gza unda gaevloT.Ddamqancveli mogzaurobis Semdeg

ki maT brZola mouwevdaT TiTqmis auRebel cixe-simagreSi gamagrebul,

sakmaod Zlier da kargad SeiaraRebul mterTan.

saWiro da aucilebeli iyo rogorc meomrebis saTanadod gawvrTna,

aseve maTi kargad SeiaraReba da fsiqologiuri momzadeba.AxangrZlivi

laSqrobisTvis kargad unda yofiliyo organizebuli jaris sursaTiTa

da iaraRiT momarageba. yovelive es, sardlobisa da jariskacebisgan did

Zalisxmevas moiTxovda.

daTqmul dros, miriani Tavisi laSqriT darubandisken gaemarTa.

cixis misadgomebTan Seupovari brZolebi gaimarTa. hunebi damarcxdnen.

sparsel-qarTvelTa laSqroba warmatebiT dasrulda. maT darubandis

cixe aiRes, gaamagres da Sig TavianTi mecixovneebi Caayenes. amis Semdeg

isini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen Crdilo kavkasiisa da samxreT

kavkasiis damakavSirebel erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan gadasasvlels.

matiane dums omis mimdinareobis zedmiwevniTi aRwerisagan. CvenTvis

mxolod isaa cnobili, rom es omi mirianisTvis, romelmac Tavisi

sicocxlis manZilze araerTi warmatebuli brZola gadaixada, yvelaze

saxelovani, mematianis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,ufrosi laSqroba~ iyo.

am gamarjvebam hunebis Tavdasxmebi droebiT SeaCera, Tumca maT male

isev ganaaxles Semosevebi da axali ZaliT Semouties darubandis

garnizons. mirians araerTgzis mouxda cixe-simagris damcvelebs

qarTvelTa jariT miSveleboda.Ees advili ar iyo da mraval

sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, mirianma qarTul

jarTan erTad araerTi gamarjveba izeima. qarTvelebis simamace hunebs

SiSis zars scemda. Seityobdnen Tu ara qarTuli jaris misvlas, hunebi

xSir SemTxvevaSi veRar bedavdnen maTTan Sebmas da uomrad

brundebodnen samSobloSi; zogjer ki warmatebis imeds ar kargavdnen,

guls moicemdnen da mainc agrZelebdnen Setevas.Aam SemTxvevaSi cixe-

simagresTan sastiki brZolebi imarTeboda, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis

qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT mTavrdeboda. imdenad xSiri iyo mirianis brZola

22

hunebTan, rom sparselebTan erT-erTi saubrisas mirianma aRniSna: ,,Cemi

mTeli sicocxle hunebTan brZolaSi maqvs gatarebuli da mravalgzis

sakuTari sisxlis fasad damicavs sparseTi maTgan~. aseTi iyo qarTveli

mefisa da qarTveli xalxis savalalo bedi. isini iZulebulni iyvnen

sxva saxelmwifos gaZlierebisTvis daeTxiaT sakuTari sisxli da ase

SeenarCunebinaT mSvidoba sakuTar qveyanaSi.

mirianis mefobis dros saqarTvelos oseTTanac gaurTulda

urTierToba. gaxSirda maTi Tavdasxmebi qarTlis teritoriebze.M

darubandSi mirianis laSqrobebis dros osebma qarTveli mefis

saqarTveloSi aryofniT isargebles da sakmaod didi laSqriT

Semoesivnen qveyanas. isini arbevdnen qarTul teritoriebs da

mosaxleobas tyveebad itacebdnen. qarTveli mematianis sityviT, osebis

laSqrobis organizatorebi iyvnen feroS da kavtia.

samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave mirianma Seyara didi jari da darialis

gziT gadavida oseTSi. osebma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies qarTvelebs,

magram mirianis SeCereba ver SeZles. man brZolebiT gaiara mTeli oseTi.

qarTvelebma mTlianad moaoxres es qveyana, sastiki brZolebiT miaRwies

hunTa qveyanamde da ukan, saqarTveloSi, sxva gziT, kerZod ki, dvaleTis

gadmosasvleliT dabrundnen.Ees imas niSnavda, rom mirianis xeli oseTis

TiTqmis yvela kuTxesa da dasaxlebul punqts miswvda da sastikad

gausworda qarTveli xalxis mtrebs.Aamis Semdeg osebi didxans veRar

bedavdnen qarTul teritoriebze Tavdasxmebs.

mirianis dros saqarTveloSi kapadokiidan* vazis jvriT xelSi

Semovida qarTvelTa erT-erTi upirvelesi wmindani nino. igi samefo

qalaq mcxeTasTan dabinavda da aqedan daiwyo qristianobis qadageba.

daaxloebiT 326 wels qarTlSi qristianoba oficialur saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadda. saqarTvelo kavkasieli xalxebis qristianobaze

moqcevasac cdilobda, rac misionerebis* wyalobiT nawilobriv

ganaxorciela kidec. qarTulma marTlmadideblurma eklesiam miriani da

dedofali nana wmindanebad Seracxa.

Mmirianis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda misi vaJi baqari,

romelmac qristianobaze moaqcia is kavkasielebi, romelTa

gaqristianebac mirianma ver SeZlo.

X X X

V saukuneSi saqarTveloSi sparselebi batonobdnen. qarTl-kaxeTis

cixe-simagreebSi mcvelebad sparsuli garnizonebi idgnen. mterma

23

gansakuTrebiT qristianobas Seutia. sparselebmaGgaryvnes da daangries

eklesiebi da qveyanaSi Tavisi religiis _ mazdeanobis* gavrceleba

daiwyes.

sparselebis winaaRmdeg brZolas saTaveSi Caudgnen qarTveli mefeebi:

arCili, mirdati (mefobdnen V saukunis dasawyisSi). maTi meTaurobiT

qarTveli xalxis brZola uSedegod mTavrdeboda. sparseTi Zlieri

qveyana iyo da patara saqarTvelos uWirda misTvis raime seriozuli

winaaRmdegobis gaweva, Tumca qarTvelebi far-xmals mainc ar yridnen da

medgrad ibrZodnen mravalricxovani mtris winaaRmdeg. sparselebTan

brZolaSiQqveyana dasustda da mas Crdilokavkasielebmac Semouties.

saqarTvelos mefis mirdatis gardacvalebis (V saukunis Sua wlebi)

Semdeg qveyana faqtiurad umefod darCa.Mmisi vaJi, taxtis memkvidre

vaxtangi, mamis gardacvalebis dros Svidi wlis iyo. mas, ra Tqma unda,

ar SeeZlo momZlavrebuli sparselebisa da Crdilo kavkasielebis

TareSis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis exelmZRvanela. qveyanas Zlieri

mmarTveli sWirdeboda. qarTlis spaspeti* saurmagi da sxva erisTavebi

Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen moZaladeebis TareSis asalagmad, mters

mravaljer amarcxebdnen kidec, magram aseTi gamarjvebebi mxolod

droebiT Sedegs iZleoda da Tavdasxmebi ar mcirdeboda. qveyana

gansakuTrebiT osTa TareSisgan iyo Sewuxebuli.

vaxtangi izrdeboda. igi mcirewlovanebis miuxedavad kargad iyo

dauflebuli samxedro saqmes. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi biWebs

bavSvobidanve aswavlidnen sabrZolo xelovnebas. qveyana, romelic

mtrisgan Tavdasxmebs TiTqmis yoveldRiurad ganicdida, kargad

gawvrTnil da samxedro xelovnebaSi daostatebul meomrebs saWiroebda.

mtris mravalricxovnobis gamo, erT qarTvelze ramdenime moZalade

modioda. qarTvelebic swored simamacis, amtanobis, sabrZolo xelovnebis

kargi codniT, qveynis siyvaruliTa da erTgulebiT axerxebdnen maTTan

gamklavebas.

gansakuTrebul wvrTnasa da varjiSSi izrdebodnen warCinebuli

ojaxis Svilebi. isini omis dros sxvebisTvis magaliTis mimcemni unda

yofiliyvnen. maT, jariskacebisgan gamsxvavebiT, sabrZolo ileTebis karg

codnasTan erTad, brZolis gaZRolac unda SesZlebodaT da

gadawyvetilebebis swrafi da gonivruli miRebac.

es gansakuTrebiT samefo ojaxis wevrebs, gamorCeulad ki, taxtis

memkvidres exeboda. mefe da ufliswulebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ara marto

xelmZRvanelobdnen da warmarTavdnen sabrZolo operaciebs, aramed

uSualod monawileobdnen kidec SetakebebSi. amitom isini erTdroulad

unda yofiliyvnen kargi jariskacebic da saukeTeso mxedarTmTavrebic.

qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT, mefis Svilebi garkveul dromde

mSoblebisgan moSorebiT, didebulTa ojaxebSi izrdebodnen. isini

swored aq iRebdnen im droisTvis Sesabamis ganaTlebas. Zvel qarTulSi

24

aRmzrdels, `mamamZuZe~ ewodeboda. vaxtangis, rogorc taxtis memkvidris,

mamamZuZed tradiciisamebr saqarTvelos mTavarsardali saurmagi SeirCa.

ra Tqma unda, ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom saqarTveloSi taxtis

memkvidre pataraobidanve qveynis mTavarsardlis ojaxSi da misi uSualo

meTvalyureobis qveS izrdeboda. qveynis upirvelesi samxedro piri

momavali mefis aRzrdas swored saukeTeso qarTuli tradiciebisa da im

droindeli msoflios samxedro xelovnebaSi arsebul ukanasknel

miRwevaTa Sesabamisad warmarTavda. saurmagis xelmZRvanelobiT vaxtangma

ara marto sabrZolo ileTebi iswavla, aramed amtanobasa da

gamZleobasac mieCvia da rac mTavaria, saukeTeso mxedarTmTavruli

Tvisebebi SeiZina. mas aseve kargad unda scodnoda yvela is gasaWiri,

rac mis jariskacebs awuxebdaT. amas ki mxolod maSin gaiTavisebda,

rodesac Tavis Tavze gamoscdida laSqrobisa da velad yofnis

siZneleebs. taxtis memkvidres winaaRmdegobebTan bavSvobidanve uwevda

Segueba. samxedro xelovnebasTan erTad vaxtangi sasuliero

mwignobrobaSi, filosofiasa da imdroindel mecnierebaSi kargad

ganswavluli pirovnebac iyo.

vaxtangi aTi wlis iyo, rodesac osebis sakmaod didi laSqari

gadmovida saqarTveloSi. isini xSirad awiokebdnen qarTul mosaxleobas,

Tumca amjerad maTi Semoseva ufro sastiki, Sedegebi ki sakmaod mZime

iyo. maT mTlianad aaoxres qarTli mtkvris saTavidan xunanamde. isini

gansakuTrebiT daucvel, vake adgilze mdebare dasaxlebebs Seesivnen,

mosaxleoba aawiokes, nawili daxoces, umetesoba tyved waiyvanes,

gairekes saqoneli da xelT igdes qarTvelebis mTeli qoneba. osebma

cixe-simagres Tavi aarides, radgan iq myofi damcvelebis winaaRmdegobis

SeeSindaT. mxolod qalaq kasps Seuties. cixe-simagris qarTveli

garnizonis medgari winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, kaspis aReba SeZles, ris

Semdegac miwasTan gaaswores qalaqi, misi mcxovreblebi ki tyved Caigdes.

datyvevebulTa Soris qarTveli mefis asuli, vaxtangis da _ sami wlis

miranduxtic iyo. igi am dros kaspSi imyofeboda, radganac kaspis

spasalaris ojaxSi iyo gaZiZavebuli.

am Semosevis dros osebma cecxliTa da maxviliT gaiares da

sastikad moaoxres mTeli qarTli, klarjeTi, egrisi, kaxeTi, rani*,

movakani da samSobloSi darubandis gziT gamarjvebulebi da nadavliT

datvirTulni dabrundnen. darubandelebi maTTan iyvnen Sekrulni da gzac

amitom misces.

osTa TareSs `berZenTa~ (bizantielTa) Semosevac daerTo. maT

dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod ki egris-wylidan cixe-gojamde*,

teritoria daipyres da aq gabatondnen. qarTvel xalxs mZime dReebi

daudga.

25

mcirewlovanebis gamo vaxtangs ar SeeZlo samSoblos mtrebisTvis

sakadrisi pasuxis gacema. amgvar mdgomareobaSi iyo qveyana, sanam qarTvel

ufliswuls TxuTmeti weli Seusruldeboda.

rodesac vaxtangi TxuTmeti wlis gaxda, man qalaq mcxeTaSi moawyo

samefo rezidencia, mouwoda qarTlis yvela erisTavs da isini mcxeTaSi

Sekriba. warCinebulebs qveynis Semdgom bedze unda emsjelaT. darbazobas

vaxtangi SemaRlebiT mdgom samefo taxtze mjdomi uZRveboda. masTan

axlos isxdnen qveynis spaspeti (qarTuli jarebis mTavarsardali)

juanSeri da ori episkoposi. selis skamebze isxdnen erisTavebi;

darbazobas eswrebodnen aTasisTavebi, asisTavebi da mTeli eris

warmomadgenlebi. isini fexze mdgomni usmendnen krebas.

pirveli sityva darbazobaze vaxtangma warmoTqva. igi kargi

oratori* iyo da maRali xmiT, garkveviT da brZnulad metyvelebda. man

aRniSna, rom qarTveli xalxis mZime mdgomareoba qristianuli

sarwmunoebis cnebebis darRvevisa da im codvebis Sedegi iyo, romelic am

dros qveyanaSi sufevda. man damswreebs Tavisi winaprebis _ qarTveli

mefeebis keTili saqmeebi Seaxsena da yvelas mouwoda masac gverdSi

amodgomodnen, vinaidan mxolod erTianobiT SeZlebdnen mtris

damarcxebas.

vaxtangi brZanebda: `sircxvilia Cvengan osTa Tavdasxmebis moTmena.

es damcireba sparselebisgan an berZnebisgan rom yofiliyo, kidev

SeiZleboda moTmena. sikvdili sjobs aseT sicocxles. RmerTs mivendoT

da Segveweva, win warvimZRvaroT jvari patiosani da misi daxmarebiT

viZioT osebze Suri~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi, saqarTvelos upirveles problemad

vaxtangma osTa TareSis alagmva daasaxela. amiT man udidesi mniSvneloba

mianiWa swored qveynis CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis dacvas da aq mcxovreb

xalxebTan normalur urTierTobas.

qarTvel warCinebulebs sakuTari TvaliT hqondaT nanaxi osTa

TareSis mavne Sedegebi da TviTonac kargad hqondaT gaTavisebuli maTi

Tavdasxmebis alagmvis didi mniSvneloba. maT moiwones vaxtangis

ganzraxva.

sityva juanSer spaspetma iTxova, romelmac faqtiurad qarTveli

xalxis neba gamoxata. man Tqva: `bolo xuTi wlis manZilze osebma

gansakuTrebiT Segvawuxes da mravali mwuxareba mogvitanes. maT

isargebles Tqveni mcirewlovnebiT, ris gamoc ar SegeZloT mefoba,

brZola da omis winamZRoloba. axla, marTalia, Tqven aRarc sibrZne

gakliaT, arc Zala, arc simxne, gaizardeT kidec da mefobac SegiZliaT,

magram brZolaSi monawileobisTvis saWiro asaki jer ar SegsrulebiaT.

amitom ukeTesi iqneba Tu Tqven SearCevT erT-erT CvenTagans, vinc

jars uxelmZRvanelebs. danarCenebi mas usityvod davemorCilebiT.

RmerTis SewevniT, Cven wavalT oseTSi da viZiebT Surs im borotebaze,

26

rasac isini Cvens mimarT Cadian. Tqven darCebiT samefoSi da gaagrZelebT

samefos marTvas. Tuki Cveni codvebis gamo RmerTi gangvidgeba da osebi

dagvamarcxeben, Tqven uvnebeli iqnebiT da qveyanac gadarCeba, radganac

mefe cocxali eyoleba. xolo Tu Tqven CvenTan erTad wamoxvalT

laSqrobaSi da osebi dagvamarcxeben, am SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas daRupvisgan

veRaraferi ixsnis, radganac mas Tqvens garda sxva patroni ar hyavs~.

juanSeris azri danarCenma warCinebulebma da erisTavebmac moiwones.

qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare isini vaxtangs Sin darCenas urCevdnen.

maTi mowodeba vaxtangma ar gaiziara. man Tqva: `me mTeli Cemi

sicocxle mwuxarebaSi gavatare, radganac ar masvenebda Cemi disa da

masaviT tyved wayvanili Cveni Tanamemamuleebis sibraluli, amitom

valdebuli var, rom gansacdelSi Cemi xalxis gverdiT viyo. aseT

sicocxles ki sikvdili mirCevia~.

warCinebulebi mixvdnen, rom vaxtangs laSqrobaSi monawileobis

miReba mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili da uari aRar uTqvamT. vaxtangi maT

Semdegi sityvebiT daloces: ,,cxovndin, mefeo, ukunisamde. Seni

ganzraxvisamebr iyos. yovlis dambadebelma RmerTma mogivlinos

angelozi, romelic mtrebis dasamarcxeblad da Seni mefobis

gansamtkiceblad Zalas mogcems~.

darbazma oseTze laSqroba erTxmad gadawyvita. erisTavebma TavianT

samflobeloebs miaSures. maT laSqrobisTvis jari unda SeekribaT,

moemzadebinaT da saTanadod SeeiaraRebinaT.

oseTze laSqroba sakmaod sapasuximgeblo iyo. es kargad icoda

vaxtangma, amitom dasaxmareblad dedis Zmas, amierkavkasiis erT-erTi

Zlieri samflobelos, ranis erisTav varaz-bakurs mimarTa. igi

sixaruliT daTanxmda. osebi mis samflobelosac arbevdnen, is ki

winaaRmdegobis gawevas ver axerxebda.

qarTlis mTeli laSqari muxnarsa da xerkSi Seikriba da aragvis

orive napirze dabanakda. mematianis gadmocemiT, aq asi aTasi cxenosani

da samoci aTasi qveiTi mogrovda. varaz-bakurma Tormeti aTasi cxenosani

gamogzavna. mematianis cnoba laSqris raodenobis Sesaxeb, Cveni azriT,

gadaWarbebulia. Cven ar SegviZlia zusti ricxvi moviZioT meomarTa

raodenobis Sesaxeb. mxolod isaa cxadi, rom oseTze salaSqrod sakmaod

didi jari iyo mogrovili.

vaxtangi gavida qalaq mcxeTidan. man daaTvaliera laSqari da

moewona laSqris simravle, cxenebis mdgomareoba da jariskacebis

SeiaraReba.

27

mefem samefos gamgeblad datova deda _ sagduxti da da - xuaranZe.

man Seadgina anderZic, romelSic ewera, rom Tu cocxali veRar

dabrundeboda, misi da xuaranZe mieTxovebinaT vaxtangis mamis Zmiswulis

_ mirianisTvis da mefec is gaxdeboda. man miriani datova mcxeTaSi,

dedasa da dasTan erTad. anderZi ki dedas misca ise, rom amis Sesaxeb

aravis araferi uTxra.

vaxtangi laSqars wauZRva da TianeTSi dadga. aq mas SeuerTdnen

,,yovelni mefeni kavkasianni~, romlebmac Tan ormocdaaTi aTasi mxedari

moiyvanes (am SemTxvevaSic qarTveli mematianis cnoba, albaT,

gazviadebulia).

TianeTSi Sesvenebis, jaris xelaxali daTvalierebis, sakvebiTa da

iaraRiT momaragebis Semdeg, vaxtangi gzas gaudga. qarTuli laSqari

darialis gziT gadavida Crdilo kavkasiaSi. am dros vaxtangi ukve

Teqvsmeti wlis iyo.

oseTis mefeebma didZali laSqari Sekribes. maT hunebic moiSvelies

da vaxtangs mdinare Tergis napirze, darialis cixis qvemoT dauxvdnen.

mowinaaRmdegeTa jarebi mdinare Tergis amier da imier napirebze

ganlagdnen. am adgilas mdinare Tergis orive mxares vake-adgili iyo

gadaWimuli, romelic qarafovani* kldeebiT iyo SemosazRvruli. orive

laSqarma kldeebze gamaval gzebze guSagebi daayena, raTa daecva Tavi

zurgidan moulodneli Tavdasxmebisgan. sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebamde

28

qarTvelebi da osebi Aam velze erTmaneTis pirispir Svidi dRis

ganmavlobaSi idgnen. Svidive dRes mdinaris napirze mimdinareobda

`bumberazTa~ orTabrZolebi.

osebis damxmare hunTa jarebSi iyo erTi goliaTi, romelsac

Tarxani erqva.Ppirvel dRes brZolis velze swored is gamovida. man

qarTveli meomrebis gasagonad xmamaRla daiZaxa: `mogmarTavT Tqven,

vaxtangis meomrebs, vinc Tqven Soris uZlieresi aris, gamovides CemTan

sabrZolvelad~.

vaxtangis mxridanMmasTan SebrZoleba isurva sparsTa damxmare

laSqris erT-erTma meomarma farsman-faruxma. mis simamaceze legendebi

dadioda. brZolaSi misi dammarcxebeli aravin moiZebneboda. ambobdnen,

rom mas mravali lomi hyavda SiSveli xeliT Sepyrobili da mokluli.

Tarxani da farsman-faruxi brZolis velze erTmaneTis pirispir

dadgnen. misalmebis niSnad orivem xmamaRla SesZaxa da erTmaneTs

miaSures.Ppirvelive SebrZolebisas Tarxanma imarjva, man farsman-faruxs

xmali Cabalaxze* dahkra da Tavi beWamde gaupo. aman vaxtangis laSqarSi

SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia, radganac aravin darCa farsman-faruxis msgavsi

gmiri.

im Rames vaxtangi Tavis karavSi locvad dadga. igi gaTenebamde

muxlCauxrelad idga xatebis win da RmerTs qarTvelTa Sewevnas

evedreboda. vaxtangma TarxanTan SebrZoleba gadawyvita. is Zlieric iyo

da `uSiSic, viTarca uxorco~. vaxtangs eWvic ar epareboda, rom Tu

RmerTis Sewevnac eqneboda, Tarxans aucileblad daamarcxebda.

gaTenebisTanave Tarxani mdinaris napirs moadga. is xmamaRali

SeZaxiliT orTabrZolaSi iwvevda mebrZolebs da Tanac imuqreboda.

vaxtangis laSqridan masTan SebrZoleba veravin gabeda.

maSin vaxtangma Tavis meomrebs ganucxada, rom is apirebda TarxanTan

Serkinebas, raSic RmerTis Sewevnis didi imedi hqonda.

amis gagebaze warCinebulebi SeSfoTdnen. isini yovel Rones

xmarobdnen, rom vaxtangisTvis TarxanTan SebrZolebis ganzraxvaze xeli

aeRebinebinaT. didebulebi fiqrobdnen, rom vaxtangs axalgazrdobis gamo

Tarxanis damarcxebisTvis sakmarisi sabrZolo gamocdileba ar hqonda.

vaxtangma maTi rCeva ar gaiTvaliswina. brZolis velze gasvlis win

igi cxenidan CamoqveiTda, miwaze daemxo da RmerTs Tayvani sca. man

maRla aRapyro xelebi da RmerTs SehRadada: `ufalo, Sen iyavi Cemi

Semwe. am brZolaSi Seni daxmarebis imedi maqvs da ufro Senze var

mindobili, vidre sakuTar Zalaze~.

amis Semdeg vaxtangi brZolis velze gavida. mis zurgs ukan misi

jari ganlagda. qarTvelTa laSqari sxvadasxva erovnebisa da

sarwmunoebis jariskacebisgan Sedgeboda. Tavis RmerTs yvela vaxtangis

gamarjvebas evedreboda.

29

vaxtangma mowinaaRmdege SubiT gangmira. amis damnaxav qarTvelebs

sixarulis yiJina aRmoxdaT da RmerTs madloba Seswires.

momdevno dRes, brZolis velze `bumberazi~ ukve osebis mxridan

gamovida. mas bayaTari erqva. im droidan, rac man meomruli cxovreba

daiwyo, misi mZleveli jer ar gamoCeniliyo. gamarjvebebSi mas sabrZolo

xelovnebis karg codnasTan erTad aTleturi aRnagobac uwyobda xels.

vaxtangma Tavisi meomrebi sabrZolvelad ganalaga. TviTon ki

javSniT SeWurvil Tavis bedaurze amxedrda, aiRo vigris (zRvis Tevzis)

fari, romelsac maxvili ver hkveTda da bayaTars mdinareze gadmosvla

ubrZana.

bayaTarma mdinare gamovlo da napirze gamosvlisTanave vaxtangs

isrebis srola dauwyo. qarTvelTa axalgazrda mefe Soridanve xedavda

misken momqrolav isrebs, igi mkvircxlad xteboda sxvadasxva mxares da

marjved iridebda maT Tavidan. qarTvelTa da osTa laSqrebidan ismoda

bukebisa da dafdafebisa xma da mebrZolebis xmamaRali yiJina, romlebic

TavianT gmirebs xmamaRali SeZaxilebiT amxnevebdnen. mTebi da borcvebi

bans aZlevdnen am xmaurs da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneboda, TiTqos

garemo iZroda.

bayaTaris nasrolidan vaxtangis fars mxolod ori isari moxvda.

Tumca maT ver SeZles faris gakveTa. bayaTari mixvda, rom vaxtangisTvis

isris mortyma SeuZlebeli iyo da xerxs mimarTa. gadawyvita misTvis

cxeni moekla. misi azriT, CamoqveiTebuli vaxtangi veRar SeZlebda

gamklavebas da misi damarcxeba gauadvildeboda. marTlac, bayaTarma

vaxtangs cxeni dauWra; vidre vaxtangis cxeni daecemoda, qarTvelTa

mefem imarjva, bayaTars miswvda da mxarze xmali iseTi siZlieriT

daartya, rom gulamde gakveTa. bayaTarma maSinve suli ganuteva.

orTabrZolebi damTavrda. omis droc dadga. vaxtang gorgasalma

laSqari sabrZolvelad daawyo da mas win gauZRva. qarTvelebma osebs

Seuties. qarTvelTa jari ase iyo ganlagebuli: win `cxen-Torosani da

jaWv-Cabalaxosani~ anu mZimed SeWurvili mxedroba midioda. mas ukan

aseve mZimed SeWurvili qveiTebi mihyvebodnen, romelsac msubuqad

SeiaraRebuli qveiTebi misdevdnen. mefe Tavisi rCeuli meomrebiT

laSqris ukan idga.

osebi winaswar iyvnen Casafrebulni kldeebis ukan da iqidan

dauSines isrebi. isrebi wvimasaviT modioda.

laSqris ukan moqceuli vaxtangi SeZaxilebiT amxnevebda Tavis

jariskacebs da Tan saTanado miTiTebebs aZlevda maT. win mimavalma cxen-

Torosnebma aiares yvelaze rTuli, qarafebze mimavali gza da avidnen

vakeze. maT qveiTebi da cxenosnebi mihyvnen. osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris

sastiki brZola gaimarTa. vaxtangi ise ibrZoda, rom rogorc mematiane

wers: `Tu marjvena mxares ibrZoda, misi Semxedvareni marcxena mxares

Zrwodnen, xolo Tu marcxena mxares _ marjvniv myof osebs edgaT SiSis

30

zari~. brZolis saSinel xmaurSic ki advili sacnobi iyo vaxtangis xma.

igi rogorc lomi, ise ibrZoda da misi xmac lomiviT quxda. mas

ganuyrelad Tan axlda ori mxedari: Tan Sezrdili ZuZumte, artavazi,

saurmag spaspetis Ze da bivritian sefe-wuli*. isinic mxned ibrZodnen

da molaSqreebs simamacisa da gamZleobis magaliTs aZlevdnen.

osebma qarTvelebis Semotevas ver gauZles, brZolis veli miatoves

da gaiqcnen. qarTvelebi ukan mihyvnen da mravali gaqceuli gamoasalmes

sicocxles, nawili ki tyved Caigdes. qarTvelebi osebis sikvdilze

metad tyveebis xelSi CagdebiT iyvnen dainteresebulni, raTa isini

osebis mier qarTlis teritoriebis rbevis dros xelSi Cagdebul

qarTvel tyveebze gaecvalaT.

pirveli warmatebuli brZolis Semdeg qarTveli meomrebi ukan,

banakSi dabrundnen. aq maT sami dRis ganmavlobaSi daisvenes, RmerTs

madloba Sewires, daWrilebs umkurnales da daxocil gmirebs

upatrones. mxolod amis Semdeg Sevida qarTuli laSqari oseTis

teritoriaze.

vaxtangma laSqari ramdenime nawilad gayo da oseTis sxvadasxva

mxares Seusia. mTeli laSqriT erTi mimarTulebiT siaruli, ra Tqma

unda, ara marto gaWirdeboda, aramed SeuZlebelic iqneboda. vaxtangis

arCeuli taqtikiT oseTis dapyroba mokle droSi moxdeboda. drois

gawelva, ra Tqma unda, ar Sedioda vaxtangis interesebSi. rogorc

cnobilia, ukve adreul Semodgomaze (seqtembris bolos) mTebSi amindi

fuWdeba, jer wvimebi iwyeba, rac gzebisa da mTis mdinareebze arsebuli

xidebis dangrevas iwvevs, es ki gadaadgilebas arTulebs. miTumetes,

moZraoba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iqneboda didi laSqrisTvis, gansakuTrebiT,

cxenosnebisa da mZimed SeWurvili kavaleriisaTvis. es jaris sxvadasxva

adgilebSi CarCenas da maTi erTmaneTisgan mowyvetasac gamoiwvevda.

vaxtangis mier arCeuli taqtikiT qarTvelebma maleve SeZles mTeli

oseTis dapyroba. mematiane mokled da amomwuravad aRwers am ambebs:

qarTvelebi `gaifantnen ovseTis dasapyrobad, Semusrnes maTi qalaqebi,

Seipyres tyveebi da uricxvi nadavli Caigdes xelSi~.

vaxtangi osebis damarcxebis Semdeg yivCaReTs Seesia da es mxarec

daimorCila. CrdiloeTidan Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad vaxtangma `Seqmna

oseTis kari, romelsac dariali erqva~. aq man aaSena maRali damcavi

kedlebi. mis mcvelebad ki maxloblad mcxovrebi mTielebi daadgina. ase

gaamagra vaxtangma qveynis CrdiloeTi sazRvris sakmaod saSiSi monakveTi

da saqarTvelos mSvidobiani cxovrebis pirobebi Seuqmna.Agatarebuli

RonisZiebebis Semdeg qarTvelTa mefis daukiTxavad CrdiloeTidan buzic

veRar Semofrindeboda. vaxtang mefis cxovrebis aRmwereli qarTveli

mematiane juanSeri wers, rom amieridan osebsa da yivCaRebs aRar

SeeZloT qarTvelTa mefis nebarTvis gareSe amierkavkasiaSi gadmosvla.

31

am periodSi oseTis mosazRvred mdebareobda paWanikeTi, mis

mezoblad ki jiqeTi*, Tumca mogvianebiT maTi sazRvrebi ramdenadme

Seicvala. rogorc Cans, es xalxi oseTs zurgs umagrebdnen

saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebis dros da TviTonac aqtiurad monawileobdnen

qarTvelebis awiokebaSi, amitom vaxtangma maTi dasja gadawyvita.

gorgasalma laSqris nawili oseTSi datova, danarCeniT ki paWanikebsa da

jiqebs Seutia. am ukanasknelebma medgari winaaRmdegoba gaswies. sastiki

brZolebi qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda. qarTvelebma jiqeTi da

paWanikeTic daipyres da isev oseTSi mibrundnen.

osTa mefeebi kavkasionis mTebSi iyvnen Sexiznulni da vaxtangis

qveynidan wasvlas elodnen. qarTvelebis mier paWanikeTisa da jiqeTis

dapyrobis Semdeg mixvdnen, rom qarTvelebi advilad ar datovebdnen maT

qveyanas. amitom vaxtangs dazavebisTvis mociqulebi gamougzavnes da misi

dis sanacvlod ocdaaTi aTasi osi tyve iTxoves, romelTagan umetesoba

osebis saukeTeso gvaris Svilebi iyvnen da saxeldebiT iyvnen

CamoTvlili. vaxtangi osTa moTxovnas uyoymanod daTanxmda. tyveebis

gacvla Sedga. amdeni xnis ganSorebis Semdeg vaxtangma da ukan daibruna.

dis gamoxsna didi sixaruli ara marto qarTvelTa axalgazrda

mefisTvis iyo, am ambavs mTeli qarTuli laSqari da saqarTvelo

erTnairad zeimobda. sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, qarTveli mefis asulis

amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi osTa tyveobaSi yofna qveynis prestiJis saqme

iyo da mis umweobasa da sisusteze mianiSnebda.

danarCeni tyveebis gacvlis pirobebis SesaxebMmolaparakebebi

qarTul da osur mxareebs Soris intensiurad mimdinareobda. vaxtangi

eqvsi wlis manZilze osTagan datyvevebul erT qarTvel tyveSi erTi osi

tyvis gacvlas daTanxmda. SesaZloa gamarjvebuli mxarisTvis es

SeTanxmeba arcTu mTlad saukeTesod mogveCvenos. albaT, mTebSi umweo

mdgomareobaSi Sexiznuli osi mefeebi tyveTa gacvlis sxva ufro

kabalur pirobebzec ar ityodnen uars, magram swored es faqti usvams

xazs da naTlad warmoaCens qarTvelTa laSqrobis namdvil miznebsa da

sababs. arc vaxtangi da arc sxva qarTveli politikosebi ar isaxavdnen

miznad oseTis dapyrobas an mis, rogorc saxelmwifos gauqmebas, miT

umetes, raime materialuri sargebeli, osi mosaxleobis datyveveba da

monebad gayidva ar igegmeboda qarTuli mxaris mier. es laSqroba,

miuxedavad imisa, rom TviT oseTis teritoriaze gagrZelda da mis

mezobel Crdilo kavkasiis, savaraudod osebis momxre, da saqarTvelos

teritoriebze TavdasxmebSi araerTgzis monawile paWanikeTisa da

jiqeTis darbeviTac dasrulda, mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos

Tavdacvisa da misi mosaxleobis Semdgom mSvidobian cxovrebisTvis iyo

gamiznuli. misi upirvelesi amocana oseTis dasusteba (romlis Semdegac

igi veRar SeZlebda qarTuli teritoriebis rbevas) da im auarebeli

qarTveli tyvis gamoxsna da samSobloSi dabrunebac iyo, romlebic

32

oseTSi monur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. vaxtangma isic kargad icoda,

rom osebsa da qarTvelebs, rogorc or mezobel xalxs Soris, kvlav

unda gagrZelebuliyo urTierToba da Tu osuri mxare muxanaTur

Tavdasxmebs Sewyvetda, qarTuli mxare yovelTvis mzad iyo

keTilmezoblobisaTvis.

tyveebis gacvliT vaxtangma oseTSi laSqroba daasrula. oseTi

sagrZnoblad dasustda da sakuTar Tavze iwvnia saqarTvelos samxedro

siZliere. osTa mefeebi mixvdnen, rom qarTuli laSqari raodenobiT,

sabrZolo gawvrTnilobiT, organizebulobiTa Tu SeiaraRebiT maT

laSqars bevrad aRemateboda da misTvis gadaulaxav siZneles arc oseTis

miuvaloba, kavkasionis qedis gadalaxva, ugzooba da mTis pirobebSi

brZolis sirTule warmoadgenda, misi axalgazrda mefe ki aravis

SearCenda Tavisi qveynis rbevasa da sakuTari mosaxleobis tyveebad

datacebas.

radganac qarTul mxares ar hqonda imis garantiebi, rom osebi

saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebs Sewyvetdnen, oseTis datovebamde vaxtangma

saqarTvelos Semdgom usafrTxoebaze izruna da imdroindel

diplomatiur praqtikaSi gavrcelebul xerxs mimarTa _ osebs mZevlebi

gamoarTva. rogorc wesi, isini oseTis saukeTeso gvaris Svilebi iyvnen.

mZevlebis sanacvlod qarTvelTa mefem ocdaaTi aTasi osi tyve misca

osur mxares.

oseTsa, paWanikeTsa da jiqeTSi laSqroba vaxtangma oTx TveSi

daasrula. SegviZlia vivaraudod, rom igi ivnisidan seqtembris bolomde

gagrZelda, radganac gazafxuli, zamTari da gviani Semodgoma (ufro

zustad oqtomber-noemberi) wvimebis, didTovlobisa da siciveebis gamo

gamousadegaria mTaSi nebismieri, Tundac mcire samxedro eqspediciis

CatarebisTvis.

mZevlebis ayvanis Semdeg vaxtang mefem ranTa damxmare Zala da

kavkasieli mefeebi molaSqreebTan erTad TavianT qveynebSi mdidruli

saCuqrebiT datvirTulni gauSva. darialis gziT saqarTveloSi

gamogzavna Tavisi da _ miranduxti da osTagan gamoxsnili qarTveli

tyveebi.

vaxtangTan mxolod qarTveli molaSqreebi darCnen.

qarTvelTa mefem gza dasavleTisken, `afxazeTisken~ gaagrZela. am

periodSi afxazeTSi (egrisSi) saberZneTi (bizantia) iyo gabatonebuli.

egrisze gavlenis mopovebiT sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli irani.

V saukunis Sua wlebidan iransa da bizantias Soris egrisis

dasapyrobad sisxlismRvreli brZolebi mimdinareobda. omi gardamavali

upiratesobiT warmoebda. bizantielTa aRviraxsnili batonobisa da maT

mier egrisis mefe gubazis veragulad mokvlis (554 w.) gamo

aRSfoTebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleoba aq gabatonebul bizantielebs

daupirispirda. iranma scada Seqmnili viTarebiT esargebla da egrisSi

33

Tavisi moqmedebebi gaaaqtiura, Tumca uSedegod. 555 wels iranis

sardali naxoragani egrisSi orjer damarcxda, ris Semdegac igi iranis

Sahma xosrom saSineli sikvdiliT dasaja: kefidan fexebamde cocxlad

gaatyavebina.

rogorc Cans, vaxtangma miiCnia, rom Seqmnili politikuri viTareba

Sesaferisi dro iyo `afxazeTidan~ berZnebis gansadevnad.

brZolebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakmaod mZime da xangrZlivi

gamodga. igi sami wlis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. TviToeul cixe-

simagreSi gamagrebuli berZnebisa da maTi momxreebis dasamarcxeblad

vaxtangis meomrebs seriozuli brZolebis gamarTva uwevdaT. vaxtangma

aiRo egrisis yvela cixe cixe-gojamde.

Semdeg vaxtangi samefo qalaq mcxeTaSi dabrunda. qalaqis

mcxovreblebi mefesa da molaSqreebs sixaruliT Sexvdnen. isini maT

fexqveS ufendnen samosels, Tavze fuls ayridnen da xmamaRali

SeZaxilebiT xotbas asxamdnen maT gmirobas. marTlac, aqamde maT ar

smenodaT, rom romelime qarTvel mefes aseTi rTuli laSqroba moewyo,

ase gonivrulad waremarTa da Tanac aseTi warmatebiT daegvirgvinebina.

meomrebis mier omSi sagmiro saqmeebis dafasebis droc dadga.

vaxtangma is mxedrebi da msaxurebi, romlebmac oseTis laSqrobis dros

gansakuTrebuli mxneoba da mosazrebuloba gamoiCines, daawinaura da

warCinebulTa rangSi aiyvana.

dedis Zmas _ varaz-bakurs alafidan didi saCuqrebi gaugzavna.

kerZod ki, aTasi tyve-mona, aTasi saxedari, aTasi faSati.

aseTive saCuqrebi vaxtangma binqaran `episkoposs~ sparseTis

mefesTanac gaatana da asulis xeli sTxova. sparsTa mefem vaxtangs

colad Tavisi asuli _ balenduxti gamougzana, romelsac mziTevSi

sakmaod didi teritoriebi misca. kerZod ki, somxiTi da `yovelni mefeni

kavkasianni~.

am periodSi vaxtangi ukve ocdaori wlis iyo. igi iyo `umaRles

kacTa mis JamisaTa, da uSunieres saxiTa da Zlieri ZaliTa, romel

Wurvili queiTi iremsa miewiis, upyris rqa da daiWiris, da cxeni

Wurvili aRiRis mxarTa zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa armazisasa*~.

vaxtang gorgasali SesaniSnavi sardali da mniSvnelovani

politikuri moRvawe iyo. is mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze

ganuwyvetlad ebrZoda saqarTvelos mtrebs. mis miRvaweobaSi erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani movlena 482 wels iranis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli ajanyeba

iyo. Tavdapirvelad warmateba ajanyebulTa mxares iyo, magram vaxtangma

ver miiRo daxmareba verc hunebisgan da verc bizantiisgan. Amas daerTo

SinaaSlilobac. 483-484 wlebSi iranelebTan Setakeba vaxtangis

damarcxebiT damTavrda.

vaxtangis zedwodeba `gorgasali~ sparsulad `mglisTavas~ niSnavs.

misTvis ki imitom SeurqmeviaT, rom mas muzaradze mgeli hqonda

34

gamosaxuli. SemdgomSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSas `vaxtangiansa~

da `gorgaslians~ uwodebdnen.

qarTul matianeebSi vaxtang gorgaslis mier gadaxdil mraval

saxelovan brZolazea cnobebi SemorCenili. Tumca maT Soris, rogorc

Cans, yvelaze gamorCeuli da didebuli qarTvelTa mier Crdilo

kavkasiaSi ganxorcielebuli laSqrobebi iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi ase

miaCnda qarTvel xalxs.Ooci saukunis Semdegac saqarTveloSi TiTqmis

yvela qarTvelma, didma Tu pataram, icis qarTvelTa Wabuki mefisa da

qarTveli meomrebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi laSqrobisas gamoCenili gmirobis

gamomxatveli xalxuri leqsi:

`vaxtang mefe RmerTs uyvarda,

cidan Semoesma rekva,

ialbuzze fexi Sedga,

didma mTebma iwyes dreka~.

qarTulma eklesiam didi mefe vaxtang gorgasali wmindanad Seracxa.

misi xsenebis dRed ki 30 noemberi (13 dekemberi) daaweses.

X X X

1089_1125 saqarTveloSi mefobda daviT IV aRmaSenebeli. Mmis dros

damTavrda qveynis politikuri gaerTianeba.

daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelmwifoebriv RonisZiebaTa dRis wesrigSi

imTaviTve idga saqarTvelos Crdilo misadgomebis sakiTxi, risTvisac

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadasasvlelebis

da kerZod, darialis gzis gamagrebas. daviTma 1118 wels aiRo darialis,

ovseTisa da kavkasionis sxva gadasasvlelebi. garda arsebuli cixeebis

dakavebisa, is aq axal TavdacviT nagebobebs aSenebda kidec.

daviT aRmaSenebelma laSqrobebi moawyo darubandis gadasasvlelze

gavlenis mosapovebladac. man aiRo kavkasiis cixeebi da gamagrebuli

adgilebi.

daviT aRmaSenebeli gardaicvala 1125 wlis 25 ianvars, SabaT dRes,

52 wlis asakSi. dakrZalulia mis mierve aSenebul gelaTis taZarSi.

qarTulma eklesiam didebuli, ganaTlebuli da Zlevamosili mefe

wmindanad Seracxa da misi xsenebis dRed 26 ianvari (ax. st. 8

Tebervali) daawesa.

35

D

daviT aRmaSeneblis Zis demetre I-is mefobis dros (1125-1155/56

ww.) Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi osebi da yivCayebi qarTvelebTan

mSvidobian urTierTobaSi iyvnen da demetres ramdeni aTasi molaSqrec

unda eTxova, yovelTvis mzad iyvnen mis dasaxmareblad.

X X X

dido daRestnis erT-erTi Temia. is kaxeTis mosazRvred, kavkasionis

qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze mdebareobs da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

yadorisa da vanTaSeTis uReltexilebiT ukavSirdeba. qarTuli wyaroebis

cnobebiT, dido odiTganve qarTuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawili iyo da

qarTuli administraciuli erTeulebis: jer saerisTavoebis, Semdgom ki

samouravoebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.

Tamaris dros (1184_1213 ww.) saqarTvelom Tavisi didebis zenits

miaRwia. Tamari `iqmna yovelTa mefeTa Soris udidesi, sviani da

bednieri, RvTismoSiSi, tkbili, saxieri~.

Tamaris epoqaSi xdeboda mTis mosaxleobis sul ufro meti

damorCileba da maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudva. xelisufleba maT

sxvadasxva gadasaxadebsa da begarasac uwesebda.

Tavisuflebas miCvveuli mTielebi energiulad icavdnen Tavs.

36

savaraudod, XIII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, Tamaris mefobis bolos,

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mTiel-fxoelTa* da didoelTa gandgoma moxda.

maT saqarTvelos baris raionebze Tavdasxmebs mouxSires da mosaxleobis

tyveebad dataceba daiwyes.

Zlieri da gavleniani saqarTvelo, ra Tqma unda, aravis apatiebda

SinaaSlilobas, miT umetes, mosaxleobis rbevas.

Tamarma laSqari Seyara, mas amirspasalari ioane aTabagi usardla da

mTielebis winaaRmdeg saomrad gagzavna.

ioanem gandgomilebTan sabrZolvelad sakmaod saintereso strategia

SeimuSava. mas SeeZlo kaxeTis gadasasvlelebidan pirdapir am

samflobeloebSi Sesuliyo da ase Seetia maTTvis. Tumca amirspasalarma

sxva gza airCia. `iovane aRvida mTasa xadisasa* da warvlo wuer-wuerad

da waradga fxoelTa, didoTa, ZurZukTa~. Ee. i. ioane sxva

gadasasvleliT, kerZod ki, xadidan, jvris uReltexilis aRmosavleTiT

aragvis xeobidan kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze avida, gza

aRmosavleTiT xev-xev gaagrZela da meamboxeebs kavkasionis qedis orive

mxridan erTdroulad Seutia. amiT ioanem Tavidan aicila araxelsayrel

adgilze brZola. amave dros, igi moulodnelad da malulad waadga maT

Tavs. es, Cveni azriT, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom pirdapir Sesvlis

SemTxvevaSi qarTvelTa jars jer kavkasionis sakmaod rTuli

gadasasvlelebi unda gadaelaxa, romlebsac gandgomilebi aucileblad

37

Caketavdnen da Seupovar brZolasac swored aq gaumarTavdnen. es ki

orive mxridan auarebel msxverpls gamoiwvevda da sabrZolo

moqmedebebic SesaZloa didxans gagrZelebuliyo. es ki arasasurveli iyo.

laSqrobis damTavreba rac SeiZleba mokle droSi unda momxdariyo.

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aseT sifrTxiles mTis

mcxovreblebTan mimarTebaSi iCens imdroindel maxlobel aRmosavleTsa

da kavkasiaSi erTi-erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifosa da mravalricxovani,

kargad SeiaraRebuli da gawvrTnili armiis mTavarsardali. misi

sifrTxile ki imiTaa gamowveuli, rom saqarTvelos mTavarsardalma

kargad icis, Tu raoden rTulia mTis pirobebSi brZola, radganac

geografiuli landSaftisa da mravali sxva mizezis gamo, azrs kargavs

is upiratesobebi, romlebic regularul jarebs gaaCnia. qarTuli mxare,

bunebrivia, TviToeuli Tavisi jariskacis sicocxliTac iyo

dainteresebuli da am taqtikiT rogorc erTi, ise meore mxridan uazro

msxverplsac iridebda Tavidan.

sworad arCeuli taqtikis gamo ioanes laSqroba warmatebuli

gamodga. qarTvelTa jarma SeZlo ajanyebulebs CrdiloeTidan wadgomoda

Tavs. mematiane wers: `waradga fxoelTa, didoTa, ZurZukTa, da uwyo

rbevani, tyuenva da srvani~. SeSinebuli ZurZukebi qarTvelTa sardlobas

didZali ZRveniT eaxlnen da morCileba aRuTqves. ioanem aq sami Tve,

savaraudod ivnisi, ivlisi da agvisto, dahyo. man daimorCila am mxaris

mkvidrni, ganago iqauri saqmeebi da maT kvlav xarki daado; maTi mxridan

SemdgomSi winaaRmdegobis gawevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, aiyvana

mZevlebi da agvistos bolos ukan gamobrunda. igi `movida winaSe

Tamarisa gamarjvebuli~.

X X X

XIII saukuneSi msoflios axali dampyroblebi moevlinnen TaTar-

monRolTa saxiT. maT gasaocari siswrafiT daipyres azia-evropis

udidesi nawili, maT Soris saqarTveloc, da manamde arnaxuli sididis

samflobelo Seqmnes.

male monRolTa imperia ramdenime samflobelod gaiyo, romelTa

Sorisac teritoriebis gamo sisxlismRvreli brZolebi mimdinareobda.

saqarTvelo am omebSi Caeba. saqarTvelo ilxanTa mflobelobaSi moeqca,

romelTac gamudmebuli dapirispireba hqondaT oqros urdosTan

(mdebareobda volgispireTSi).

XIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi gadmovidnen berqa yaenisagan (oqros

urdo) ltolvili osebi, romlebmac Tan moiyvanes mcire asakis Zmebi:

ufrosi farejani da umcrosi bayaTari. ltolvilebSi mravali osi

didgvarovani aRmoCnda. isini darubandis gadmosasvleliT Semovidnen

38

amierkavkasiaSi. ilxanTa yaeni am dros iyo hulagu (ulo). man Seiwynara

osebi, maT xaraja uboZa, molaSqred da TanamebrZolebad gaamwesa da

qarTvelTa mefes maTi dabinaveba ubrZana. am ukanasknelma osebi zogi

qalaqSi daasaxla, zogni dmaniss da nawilic Jinvans. osebma yaenis

keTilganwyobiT isargebles da cota xnis Semdeg qarTlis rbeva, xolo

misi mosaxleobis tyveebad dataceba daiwyes. maT qalaqi gori aaoxres

da Tavisad daiWires.

osTagan qveynis aoxrebiT Sewuxebuli qarTveli warCinebulebi

Seikribnen. maT qarTlis erisTavis begas Ze, hamada meTaurobda. isini

gors miadgnen. gorTan sisxlismRvrebi brZolebi gaimarTa. qarTvelebma

gors mravalgzis Seuties, magram qalaqi sagangebod iyo gamagrebuli da

misi aReba ver SeZles. `mravali kaci mokvda, osica da qarTvelica~.

iZulebulni gaxdnen gori daewvaT. osebs Zalian gauWirdaT

alyaSemortymul qalaqSi yofna. maT cixis galavnidan TokiT kaci

gadmouSves, muxranSi mdgom TaTrebTan gagzavnes da daxmareba sTxoves.

TaTar-monRolebi maSinve gorisken gamoeSurnen. isini qarTvelebsa da

osebs Sua Cadgnen da qarTvelebs goris aRebis saSualeba ar misces.

TaTrebma osebi da qarTvelebi daazaves. am ambis Semdeg osebi da

qarTvelebi winandelze ufro gadaemternen erTmaneTs.

qarTvelTa mefe daviTs osTa mTavari farejani, marTalia, erTgulad

emsaxureboda, magram osTa da qarTvelTa Soris didi mtroba iyo. isini

imdenad iyvnen erTmaneTze gadakidebulebi, rom visac sZlevdnen,

aucileblad klavdnen. gansakuTrebiT samtro-sasikvdiled qarTveli da

osi didebulebi iyvnen gadakidebulebi.

saqarTvelos mZime dReebi edga. `iSleboda qveyana qarTlisa~.

gansakuTrebiT osi mTavari bayaTari iyo gandidebuli. is sargeblobda

qveyanaSi arsebuli rTuli viTarebiT da qarTlsa da TrialeTs saSinlad

aoxrebda, aznaurebs mamulebidan erekeboda da Tavisad iWerda. rogorc

mematiane wers: `iyo Wiri didi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~.

qarTlSi ormefoba iyo. mefeebi vaxtangi da daviTi erTmaneTs xSirad

eomebodnen. amiT sargeblobdnen osebi. isini xan erTs exmarebodnen, xan

meores da Tan qarTul mosaxleobasac Seuwyaleblad arbevdnen. `bayaTar

aoxrebda qveyanaTa da xocTa kacTa~. mas medgrad ebrZodnen qarTlis

erisTavi suramelebi: rati da Hamada, Tumca osTa Tavdasxmebis SeCereba

ver xerxdeboda.

erT-erTi brZolis dros bayaTarma gamrekels, kaxas Zes, Zamis cixe

waarTva.Aamis gagebisTanave samcxis mTavarma beqam didi laSqari Sekriba

da bayaTrs Tavs daesxa. cxenze amxedrebuli bayaTari Tavisi

mebrZolebiT cixidan gamovida da beqas jaris meomrebs win daxvda.

gaCaRda sastiki brZola. pirvelive Setakebis Semdeg bayaTari iZlia. igi

brZolis velidan gaiqca da ukan, cixeSi Sevida. beqam cixes alya

Semoartya. Mmas damxmare Zala mouvida. aman osebi SeaSina. maT zavi

39

iTxoves da sanacvlod qarTlis mosaxleobaze Tavdasxmebis Sewyvetis

piroba dades. Mmale maTi mTavari da am rbevebis erT-erTi mTavari

organizatori bayaTari mokvda, Tumca aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi viTareba

ar Secvlila, osebi gamudmebiT awiokebdnen saqarTvelos mosaxleobas da

mraval usamarTlobas Cadiodnen. maTi gamkiTxavi aravin iyo, vidre

saqarTvelos taxtze avidoda giorgi V brwyinvale _ erTiani

saqarTvelos mefe (mefobda 1299, 1318-1346), demetre II Tavdadebulisa

da naTia jayelis Ze.

misi mefobis dasawyisSi `mZlavrobdnen osni qarTls da daepyraT

adgil-adgilTa dabnebi da cixeni. ama mefeman ganasxna ZlierebiTa

TvisiTa da waarTva maT cixeebi da dabebi~. qarTuli wyaros `Zegli

erisTavis~ cnobiT, giorgim qalaqi gori mZime brZolebis Semdeg

(amisTvis sami weli dasWirda) aiRo da osebi iqidan gandevna.

am periodSi, saqarTvelo centraluri kavkasiidanac ganicdida osTa

Tavdasxmebs.Ggiorgim arc isini daindo. man didi laSqari Sekriba, `mere

Sevida da Semusra kavkassa Sina myofni, urCni mosrna da daimorCila~.

maT xarki dauwesa da `daamSvida qarTli ovsTagan~, radganac kavkasionis

gadmosasvlelebi TviTon daikava da iq mcvelebi daayena.

40

didi qarTveli istorikosi vaxuSti werda: giorgi brwyinvalem

`sZlo saqarTvelos yovelTa mterTa, zogs brZoliTa da ZlierebiTa,

zogi ki sibrZne-gonierebiTa da mecnierebiTa daamSvida~.

X X X

Teimuraz I iyo kaxeTis mefe 1606-1648 wlebSi, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

1625-1632 wlebSi. igi iyo vaJi daviT kaxTa mefisa da qeTevan

dedoflisa, romelic 1624 wlis 12 seqtembers Sah-abasis brZanebiT

awames, magram qristianobaze uari ver aTqmevines.

Teimurazs mefoba metad mZime viTarebaSi mouxda. mis dros iranis

taxtze ijda msoflios erT-erTi sastiki da sisxlismsmeli mbrZanebeli

_ Sah-abasi, romelic ganuwyvetlad arbevda da aoxrebda aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos da mis mosaxleobas mravali Wiri moswia.

Teimurazis dros gansakuTrebiT garTulebuli iyo daRestanTan

urTierToba. daRestnelebma kaxeTze Tavdasxmebs XVI saukunis Sua

wlebidan mouxSires. Teimurazis mefobis dasawyisSi lekebi cxadad

Tavdasxmebs ver bedavdnen da Cumad, miparviT, umetesad RamiT da mcire

razmebiT awiokebdnen qarTul mosaxleobas. Teimurazma qveynis dacvis

mizniT daRestanSi gagzavna qarTvelTa razmi qaixosro omaniSvilis

meTaurobiT. es ukanaskneli iyo mxne, axovani da mamaci mebrZoli. igi

Sevida daRestanSi da mTaze dadga. qaixosrom aqedan daiwyo daRestnis

`rbeva, srva da oxreba~. daRestnelebma mas winaaRmdegoba ver

gauwies.Mqaixosrom daRestnelebis ufro metad SesaSineblad,

Teimurazisgan saomari buki iTxova. kaxelebma Teimurazs CaawveTes, rom

qaixosro buks imitom iTxovda, rom SesaZloa Semdeg kaxeTze batonobaSi

Sescileboda Teimurazs. am ukanasknelma daujera borot Worebs,

daRestanSi laSqroba moSala, qaixosro ki moakvlevina.

XVII saukuneSi ki Sah-abasis (1590-1629 wlebi) mier kaxeTis

araerTi aoxrebis Semdeg, daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebma ufro sastiki da

yoveldRiuri xasiaTi miiRo. Sah-abasis Tavdasxmebis dros kaxTa mefes

uRalata daRestnis erT-erTi samflobelos wuqeTis* mflobelma

alibegma. Teimurazma misTvis samagieros gadaxda gadawyvita. man qarTuli

laSqari Seyara (savaraudod 1626-1628 wlebSi) da wuqeTisken gailaSqra.

alonSi (alvanSi) misul Teimurazs moulodnelad cxeni waeqca da

daSavda. man laSqrobis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo da kaxTa da qarTlelTa

laSqars zurab erisTavi uTava.

ali-sulTani sarubaSs* imyofeboda, qarTvelebic iqiT gaeSurnen.

qarTuli laSqari parviT midioda (radganac Tavdasxmis SetyobisTanave

ali-sulTani gaiqceoda, an sparselebs moiSveliebda) da misi miaxloveba

ali-sulTanma gvian Seityo. man wuqeTSi gadasvla veRar moaswro, jebirs

41

amoefara da ase dauwyo winaaRmdegoba qarTvelebs, Tan gaqcevas lamobda.

qarTvelebi qveiTad Seuxdnen moRalates. zurabi ki mas cxeniT miuxda

da xmamaRla dauZaxa, rom danebeboda, radgan versad ver gaiqceoda.

qarTvelebma ali-begi Seipyres da Tavi moWres. maT Zvirad dausves

waxurelebs gamcemloba. daarbies maTi samflobelo, mravali saSovari

igdes xelT da saqonelic wamoiyvanes.Aali-begis moWrili Tavi ki

Teimurazs miarTves.

Teimurazma Sua daRestanSic ilaSqra. es sakmaod rTuli da

sapasuxismgeblo laSqroba iyo da sami dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.

laSqroba warmatebuli gamodga. Teimurazma dawva da daarbia

daRestnelebis erT-erTi mTavari simagre kosori da misi Semogareni. amis

Semdeg daRestnelebma kaxeTis mtroba Sewyvites. rogorc Teimuraz I

wers: `veRar memternes mas aqeT, merme mSvidoba damiwyo~.

daRestanSi ganxorcielebuli am ori warmatebuli laSqrobisgan

gansxvavebiT, marcxiT dasrulda Teimurazis mesame samxedro eqspedicia

daRestnis erT-erT TemSi _ didoSi.

Teimurazis mefobis dros didoni isev warmarTebi iyvnen. qarTveli

mefeebis mier maTi araerTgzis gaqristianebis miuxedavad, isini

episkoposebs ar usmendnen, kvlav kerpebs eTayvanebodnen da maT

msxverpls swiravdnen. isini kaxeTis teritoriebsac esxmodnen Tavs da

mSvidobian mosaxleobas arbevdnen. Teimurazma maTze laSqroba,

urCobisaTvis dasja da maTi kvlav qristianobaze moqceva moisurva.

kaxTa mefes gadawyvetili hqonda, didoebi Tu ar moiqceodnen, maTTvis

cixe-simagreebi Seemusra da sastikad gasworeboda.

laSqroba Tavdapirvelad warmatebiT mimdinareobda. didoebma

Teimurazs kavkasionis gadasasvlelTan medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies,

magram damarcxdnen. qarTvelebi didoeTSi Sevidnen da zogierTi maTi

koSki aiRes. Teimurazma mosaxleobas SeuTvala, rom Tu rjulze ar

movidodnen da qristianobas ar daubrundebodnen, ar moeSveboda.

didoebma winaaRmdegoba Sewyvites, patieba iTxoves da morCileba

aRuTqves. Teimurazic maT sityvas endo, Tumca sastikad motyuvda.

cota xnis Semdeg, didoebma winaaRmdegoba gaagrZeles. isini qarTvel

meomrebs Tofebsa da Sxamian isrebs Seucdomlad esrodnen. erT-erTi

Setakebis dros Teimurazs erTguli mebrZoli, mamuka moukles.

maTi mxridan Setevebi gaZlierda. qarTveli jari mZime

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. rusTveli Teimurazs ukan dabrunebas urCevda,

igi ki sastik uarze idga. didoebs seriozul mowinaaRmdeged ar Tvlida.

didoelebma saSvelad lekebs mouxmes. isini male movidnen. gaimarTa

sastiki omi. qarTvelebi damarcxdnen da gaqceviT uSveles Tavs.

Teimurazs mravali sasuliero da saero piri dauxoces, maT Soris:

alaverdeli da rusTaveli episkoposebi, papua aSrapiSvili, sulTan

bazierT-xucesi, naTanel mdivani da a. S. daWres revaz saxlTuxucesi,

42

Tamaz jazdanisZe... TviT Teimurazs cxeni moukles. igi erTgulma

mebrZolebma sxva cxenze Sesves da ase gamoarides brZolis vels.

didoeTis laSqrobisas uamravi meomari gamoesalma sicocxles.

Teimurazi ambobs: `diaR davsustdi mas aqeT, cocxali radRa

wamovel? sxvac bevri mohkles msaxuri~.

marTlac, savalalo viTareba daudga saqarTvelos am laSqrobis

Semdeg. daRestnelebi isedac xSirad arbevdnen qveyanas, amis Semdeg ki

guli moices da maTma TareSma qarTl-kaxeTSi yoveldRiuri xasiaTi

miiRo. maT Tavdasxmebs aqezebdnen da mxars uWerdnen iranisa da

TurqeTis saxelmwifos mesveurebi. qarTvelebi pirispir brZolebSi

yovelTvis amarcxebdnen Tavgasul moZalades. es maTac kargad icodnen

da pirispir brZolas gaurbodnen. maT mier arCeul brZolis taqtikasTan

sakmaod Zneli iyo gamklaveba: lekTa mcirericxovani razmebi (romlebic

ramdenime: 4, 5...10 da a. S. kacisgan Sedgeboda, radganac ase advili iyo

swrafi gadaadgileba) usafrTebodnen mSvidobian qarTul mosaxleobas,

xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Tavs esxmodnen maT (xSirad es Tavdasxmebi

xdeboda RamiT), nawils winaaRmdegobis dros klavdnen, danarCenebs

atyvevebdnen da daRestanSi mihyavdaT. qarTveli tyveebi axalcixis,

stambolisa Tu maxlobeli aRmosavleTis tyveTa bazrobebze

xvdebodnen.QiranTan da TurqeTTan isedac gamudmebuli omebiT

43

dauZlurebuli saqarTvelo uZluri iyo maT gamklaveboda.Nnel-nela

daRestnelebi TavianTi samSoblodan kavkasionis samxreT ferdobebze

gadmosaxldnen da kaxeTis ZirZvel, nayofier da warmtac miwebze

dasaxldnen. maT daimones adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleoba da isini

ZaliT gaamahmadianes. maT winaaRmdeg ganxorcielda qarTvelTa ramdenime

laSqroba, magram maTi am teritoriebidan gandevna ver moxerxda. maT

poziciebi ganimtkices da XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos

teritoriaze Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo _ War-belaqani. aq mcxovreb

gamahmadianebul qarTul mosaxleobas ki ingiloebi SeerqvaT.

XVII saukuneSi dasustebul saqarTvelos Crdilo kavkasiis sxva

mcxovreblebma, kerZod ki, osebmac Semouties. isini arbevdnen qarTls da

tyved itacebdnen mis mosaxleobas. saqarTvelos ganudga ZirZveli

qarTuli mxare dvaleTic. isini aRar ixdidnen xarks da ar asrulebdnen

begaras.

maTi Tavdasxmebis SesaCereblad oseTSi ilaSqra giorgi saakaZem. igi

am dros cxinvalisa da dvaleTis mouravi iyo. G

giorgi saakaZis laSqroba warmatebiT damTavrda. man moaoxra mTeli

oseTi ise, rom maT karga xniT Sewyvites qarTlis rbeva. K

saakaZem arc dvalebi datova dausjelni. maT isev ikisres

tradiciuli xarkisa da begaris gadaxda.

giorgi saakaZis laSqrobam mxolod droebiT SeZlo osTa agresiis

SeCereba. isini momdevno periodSic agrZelebdnen saqarTvelos

teritoriebis rbevas da qarTlis CrdiloeT mTian nawilSi dasaxlebas.

aseTia mokled qarTul-Crdilokavkasiuri urTierTobis istoria

uZvelesi droidan XVII saukunis CaTvliT.

44

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *

darubandis cixe _ kaspiis zRvasa da kavkasions Soris darubandis viwro

gasasvlelTan agebuli cixe.

daRestnelebi _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalxi.

dvaleTi _ istoriuli mxare Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi; moicavda

kavkasionis qedis centralur nawils, darialis xeobasa da mamisonis

uReltexils Soris teritorias.

didoeTi _ daRestnis maRalmTiani, kaxeTis mosazRvre mxare.

dinastia _ erTi da imave sagvareulos mefeebi, romlebic

TanamimdevrobiT cvlian erTmaneTs taxtze naTesaobisa da memkvidreobis

uflebis safuZvelze.

egrisi _ farTo mniSvnelobiT dasavleT saqarTvelos Zveli qarTuli

saxelwodeba; igivea rac kolxida da lazika.

eparqia _ marTlmadideblur, kaTolikur, anglikanur eklesiebSi

saeklesio-teritoriuli erTeuli, rasac saTaveSi udgas episkoposi.

erisTavi _ adgilobrivi mmarTveli, administraciuli erTeulis _

saerisTavos gamgebeli.

vanTlaSeTis uReltexili _ kaxeTisa da daRestnis damakavSirebeli

uReltexili.

Takveri _ istoriuli mxare saqarTveloSi. Takveri ori mniSvnelobiT

ixmareboda: farTo mniSvnelobiT axlandel raWa-leCxums moicavda,

viwro mniSvnelobiT _ (cxeniswylis auzis Sua welsa da mdinare

lajanuris rionis Senakadi) xeobas Soris mdebare teritorias.

ialaRebi _ sazafxulo saZovrebi.

inguSebi _ kavkasionis Crdilo-aRmosavleT da centralur nawilSi

mcxovrebi xalxi.

kapadokia _ mcire aziis centraluri nawilis erT-erTi olqi.

klarjeTi _ mxare istoriul samxreT saqarTveloSi. moicavda md.

Woroxis qvemo dinebis auzs, arsianis qedidan Sav zRvamde (axlandeli

TurqeTis teritoriaze), istoriuli mesxeTis nawili.

Mazdeanoba (cecxlTayvaniscema) _ igive zoroastrizmi, Zveli

sparselebis religia.

matiane _ saistorio CanawerTa krebuli Zvel saqarTveloSi.

mahmadianoba (islami) _ religiuri moZRvreba, romelic

winaswarmetyveli muhamedis moZRvrebasa da saRvTo wigns, yurans

emyareba.

misioneri _ adamiani, romelic ucxo qveynebSi Cadis da iq mcxovrebi

xalxis Tavis rwmenaze moqcevas cdilobs.

movakani _ aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis qveyana.

45

muhajiroba _ XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi rusebis mier Crdilo

kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleobis iZulebiTi gadasaxleba mSobliuri

adgilebidan TurqeTsa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi.

nekresi _ 1. eparqia kaxeTSi; 2. cixe-simagre kaxeTSi.

niqozi _ eparqia qarTlSi.

oratori _ mWevrmetyveli, kargad, sasiamovnod moubari adamiani.

osebi _ skviTur-sarmatuli tomi, cxovrobda jer samxreT ruseTis

stepebSi, Semdeg ki centralur kavkasiaSi.

oZrxe _ cixe-simagre samxreT saqarTveloSi.

pankisi _ xeoba kaxeTSi.

Rani _ aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis qveyana.

samSvilde _ cixe-qalaqi qvemo qarTlSi.

sarubaSi _ daRestnelTa mTis sofeli qurmuxis wyalze.

safortifikacio nagebobebi _ TavdacvisaTvis gankuTvnili cixe-

simagreebi.

safurcle _ adgili qarTlSi.

spasalari _ mxedarTmTavari.

spaspeti _ mxedarTmTavari, qveynis laSqris ufrosi.

sefe-wuli _ samefo sagvareulosa da saxlis warmomadgeneli.

ubixebi _ Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxi.

yabardoelebi _ Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxi.

yadoris uReltexili _ saqarTvelo-daRestnis damakavSirebeli

gadasasvleli.

yaeni _ monRoli mmarTveli.

yaraCaelebi _ Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxi.

yivCaReTi _ Turquli modgmis tomi. saxlobdnen samxreT ruseTis

stepebSi, mdinare volgidan mdinare dnepramde.

fxovi _ Semdegdroindeli fSavi da xevsureTi.

jiqebi _ Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxi.

qarafi _ daqanebuli, cicabo. kldiani qimi.

Cabalaxi _ muzaradi, saomari Tavsaburavi.

Cerqezebi _ Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxi.

cixe-goji _ igive noqalaqevi; mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

rion-texuris xeobaSi (senakis raionSi), mdinare enguris marcxena

napiras da misi farTobi oc heqtars moicavda.

Zveli welTaRricxva _ dro qristeSobamde anu I saukunemde.

ZurZukebi (durZukebi) _ centralur da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi

mosaxle xalxi.

warmarTi _ adamiani, romelsac mravali RmerTi swams.

wunda _ adgili samxreT saqarTveloSi, mdinare mtkvris zemo welze.

wuqeTi _ igive waxuri, mdebareobda mdinare samuris zemo welze;

uZvelesi droidanve saqarTveloSi Semomavali qristianuli qveyana iyo.

46

WarTali _ aragvis xeobasa da mis gverdiT xevebSi lokalizebuli erT-

erTi mTis mxare.

xada _ aragvis xeobis maRalmTian zolSi mdebare kuTxe.

xazareTi _ xazarTa saxakano warmoiSva VII saukunis Sua wlebSi;

mdebareobda mdinareebis volgasa da yubans Sua.

xunani _ mdebareobda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, mdinare mtkvris

marjvena napirze.

hereTi _ istoriuli mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. XV saukunidan

termini hereTi aRar ixmareba da mas enacvleba termini kaxeTi.

hunebi _ cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebSi. qarTuli da somxuri

saistorio mwerloba hunebs SecdomiT xazarebad moixseniebs.

47

Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mier simon yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955. t. II.

• batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, kr:

qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973.

• JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, teqsti moamzada,

gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo r. kiknaZem, Tb.,

1987.

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