saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

caca CxartiSvili

generali giorgi mazniaSvili

meomris biblioTeka #20

Tbilisi

2008

წიგნის ელექტრონული ვერსია

მოამზადა საიტმა: www.ChiaturaINFO.GE

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meoce wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi. seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda

da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli,

magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram

tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs,

Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da

gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa

da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori dodo WumburiZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo departamentis ufrosis

_ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

giorgi mazniaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba samSoblosadmi uangaro

samsaxuris saukeTeso magaliTia. man samarTlianad daimkvidra adgili

samSoblos saxelovan gmirTa galereaSi.

qeduxreli generlis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli saarqivo

masalebi, samwuxarod STanTqa omisa da ganukiTxaobis xanZarma, ris

gamoc, saqarTvelos arqivsacavSi metad mwiri cnobebia daculi general

giorgi mazniaSvilis Sesaxeb, Tumca yuradsaRebia guram Sengelias da

Teimuraz zurmuxtaSvilis wigni `me saqarTvelos generali var~.

naSromSi gaSuqebulia giorgi mazniaSvilis erovnul-patriotuli

moRvaweoba, naCvenebia misi damsaxureba qarTuli jaris mSeneblobaSi,

samSoblos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvisa da saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. generlis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas

zogadad Seexnen qarTveli mwerlebi da Jurnalistebi. migvaCnia, rom

umTavres wyaros giorgi mazniaSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb

mainc misi `mogonebani~ warmoadgens.

giorgi mazniaSvilis `mogonebani~ gvaxsenebs 1917-1925 wlebis

krizisul movlenebs. mkacr erovnul gansacdels, am periodSi Cvenma

mravaltanjulma xalxma rom gamoiara. wigni pirvelad gamoqveynda 1926

wels.

giorgi mazniaSvili daibada 1870 wels, sofel sasireTSi (kaspis

raioni) glexis ojaxSi. arsebobs versia misi araqarTuli warmoSobis

Sesaxeb.

TeZamis xevze samxedro cxenosanTa polki mdgara. erTi axalgazrda,

gvarad maznievi, demobilizaciis Semdeg samSobloSi aRar dabrunebula;

sasireTSi glurjiZeebis ojaxSi CasiZebula. am versiis mixedviT, misi

qarTuli modgmac aqedan modis.

generlis vaJiSvilic dainteresebula TavianTi gvaris warmoSobiT.

igi mivlinebiT ukrainis erT sofelSi moxvda, sadac mosaxleobis

umetesoba maznievebi aRmoCndnen da borismac isini Tavis winaprebad

miiCnia.

giorgi mazniaSvilis mama _ vano (ivane) tipiuri qarTveli glexi

iyo, rom ityvian, erTi Reri rusuli ar icoda. arc ivanes mamas scodnia

rusuli. isic sasireTSi yofila dabadebuli da gazrdili.

giorgi aRnagobiT saSualoze cota ufro dabali yofila.

Savgvremani, SavTvlwarbiT, Cafskvnili. mamamisi ivane, ocnebobda Svili

samxedro oficeri gamosuliyo. mezoblebSi, naTesavebSi kapik-kapik

sesxulobda fuls da ase Segrovili TanxiT mouxerxebia Svili kadetTa

korpusSi* Seeyvana saswavleblad.

giorgi SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli generali gaxda. igi sicocxles

ar zogavda demokratiuli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisaTvis.

3

saqarTveloSi me-11 armiis Semosvlis Semdeg, generals arsad

umuSavia, sofelSi cxovrobda da Tavis mamulSi trialebda, zamTrobiT

ramodenime TviT Tu Cavidoda TbilisSi.

Zalian uyvarda sofeli, iqauri xalxi, dReniadag maTTan iyo, mamuls

efereboda, uyvardaT sasirelebsac. generali sul imis cdaSi iyo,

sofels gamodgomoda, soflisaTvis sikeTe moetana, raime ergo,

daxmareboda.

mdinare mtkvari Suaze yofs sasireTis mindvrebs. xalxs foniT

uxdeboda gaRma gasvla, rac did safrTxesTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

ramdenjerme adidebul mtkvars uremi gadaubrunebia da meurme dauxrCvia.

es ambavi Zlier awuxebda sofels, sanam generalma gamosavali ar ipova:

TbilisSi wavida, qveyana SesZra, bornis jaWvi iSovna, sasireTSi

Camoitana da mtkvarze borani aago, xalxma amoisunTqa, Sveba igrZno.

sofels sasmeli wyali ar gaaCnda. wyaro Zalian moSorebiT iyo, amitom

soflis mosaxleoba TeZamis wyals svamda. magram roca wvima iyo, TeZami

ise imRvreoda, arc dasalevad da arc gasarecxad aRar vargoda. es

Wiric moaSora generalma sofels. axalqalaqSi Tixis milebi

Camoasxmevina da sofelSi Camoitana. xalxis sixaruls sazRvari ar

hqonda, magram xanmokle gamodga es sixaruli. xexilis fesvebma milebi

daxeTqa da wyali aRar gaatara. generalma kvlav Tbiliss miaSura.

rkinis milebi Camoitana da erTxel da samudamod mouRo bolo soflis

gasaWirs.

sofels skolac ar hqonda. mTel sofelSi erTma-orma kacma Tu

icoda wera-kiTxva. mazniaSvilma ixmo glexoba da gamoucxada: skola

unda avaSenoT Tqveni SvilebisaTvis. TeZamze riyis qva bevria, urmebi

yvelas gaqvT, momizideT da aSenebis xarji Cemi iqnebao. male oTxwliani

skola gaixsna sasireTSi. barnabianT karidan cnobili pedagogi lavrenti

barnabiSvili moiwvia da skolas saTaveSi Cauyena. am skolam bevr

axalgazrdas gauxsna xel-fexi da aziara ganaTlebas.

general giorgi mazniaSvils sofelSi eklesiac auSenebia da

Tbilisidan mowveuli mxatvrisTvis mouxatinebia.

generali bunebiT keTili kaci yofila: didTan _ didi, patarasTan _

patara, uyvarda axalgazrdoba. yvelasadmi pativiscemis grZnobiT yofila

gamsWvaluli. generali mazniaSvili guluxvi pirovnebac iyo. Zalian

xSirad asaCuqrebda Tanasoflelebs. xSirad glexebTan qeifobda, magram

mTvrali aravis unaxavs.

giorgoba dRes sofels patiJebda eklesiis ezoSi da saRamos

agizgizebul cecxlTan ikribebodnen. is yovelTvis Tavis

Tanasoflelebis gverdiT iyo. generlis kacTmoyvareobaze isic

metyvelebs, rom man ruseT-iaponiis omis dros CineTidan ltolvili

biWi Seifara, Camoiyvana Tavis sofelSi, daarqva qarTuli saxeli _

4

tuxa. gvaric Cinurs miamsgavsa, `jujanqaia~ uwoda. SerTo qarTveli

qali da amiT safuZveli daudo Cinur-qarTul modgmas.

mwerali elizbar maisuraZe, romelic generlis naTluli iyo,

kargad icnobda generlis ojaxs, mis Svilebs. Tavis mogonebebSi igi

wers: `misi SuaTana vaJi vanoc daxvrites. misi `danaSauli~ is gaxldaT,

rom mazniaSvilis vaJi iyo. umcrosma borisma ki Tavs uSvela, baqoSi

gadaixvewa. Semdeg igi TbilisSi dabrunda da poet ioseb noneSvilis

daxmarebiT daibruna mamiseuli saxli. im quCaze, romelsac axla giorgi

mazniaSvilis saxeli ewodeba, misi STamomavlebi binadroben da am saxlSi

saTuTad inaxaven cnobili mxedarTmTavris memorialur nivTebs.

generals kidev erTi qaliSvili darCa _ aneta, romelic daqorwinda

da TbilisSi dasaxlda. anetas meuRle rusi hyavda, romelsac male

gaSorda. darCa erTi vaJiSvili, romelic miliciaSi wauyvaniaT da iq

cemisagan SemokvdomiaT. meoredac gaTxovda aneta, SeeZina ori vaJi,

magram isinic Wabukobis periodSi gardaicvalnen.

giorgi mazniaSvili damoukideblobis wlebSi Semomvleli razmis

ufrosic iyo, diviziisac, garnizonisac, Savi zRvis sanapiroebis

jarebisac, Tbilisisa da misi raionis sardalic da soRanluRis raionis

jarebisac, Tbilisisa da misi midamoebis, afxazeTis, axalcixisa da

axalqalaqis mazrebis general-gubernatoric. mTels saqarTveloSi

uwevda triali da warmatebiT ebrZoda osmalebsac, somxebsac,

bolSevikebsac, vinc saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs arRvevda... meTerTmete

armiis winaaRmdegac mouxda brZola da imaTac sakmao warmatebiT

gaumklavda.

generali mazniaSvili, rogorc profesionali samxedro, ruseTis

imperiaSi erT-erTi saukeTeso mxedarTmTavari iyo, mas Tavi usaxelebia

ruseT-iaponiis omSi. lazareTSi myofi daWrili generali piradad

imperatorma nikoloz meorem inaxula da gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis

wmida giorgis jvriT daajildova. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis

Semdeg generali samSobloSi brundeba da TanamoazreebTan erTad iwyebs

energiul muSaobas qarTuli jaris Sesaqmnelad.

samSobloSi dabrunebuli qarTveli samxedro inteligencia

realurad afasebda Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg imperiaSi Seqmnil

rTul politikur viTarebas, grZnobda samSoblosaTvis sanukvari

damoukideblobis aRdgenis momentis moaxloebas da yvelafers akeTebda

erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, rac SeiZleba umokles vadebSi

Sesaqmnelad. giorgi, `mogonebebSi~ gviambobs arsebul situaciaze: `me

Camovedi tfilisSi 1917 wels 20 seqtembers dasavleTis frontidan.

CemTan erTad Camovida 60-mde qarTveli oficeri da jariskaci. Cven Tavs

mxned da imedianad vgrZnobdiT, erovnuli samxedro nawilebis Sedgenaze

vamyarebdiT did imedebs. me darwmunebuli viyavi, rom am nawilebis

Sedgenas ukve Seudgnen CvenSi da velodi, rom dRe-dReze mimiwvevdnen

5

samsaxurSi. magram aRmoCnda, rom saqme ise ar iyo rogorc movelodi.

tfilisSi am dros arsebobda jer kidev amierkavkasiis sagangebo

komiteti, romelic Sesdgeboda komisrisagan. xolo armias saTaveSi udga

kavkasiis frontis mTavari sardali Tavisi StabiT da kavkasiis samxedro

olqi~.

generali gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom araviTari erovnuli

samxedro nawili ar arsebobda. iyo ori qarTuli legioni, erTi qveiTi

da erTic cxenosani.

oqtomberSi frontidan dabrunda orive qarTuli legioni, xolo

quTaisSi Sedga saTadarigo qarTuli aTaseuli. ai, es nawilebi gaxda

safuZveli qarTuli armiis Seqmnisa, aRniSnavs generali.

igi gulistkiviliT igonebda: `qarTuli jarebis Sesadgenad pirobebi

ver iyo kargi. rogorc kavkasiis armiaSi, ise kavkasiis olqis StabebSi.

grZnobdnen, rom dRe-dReze unda daSliliyo maTi jarebi da amitom am

saqmes nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen. jariskacebi samsaxuris magivrad

dadiodnen mitingebze, qeifobdnen da pirad saqmeebs awyobdnen. yazarmebSi

dadiodnen mxolod dasaZineblad. kavkasiis armiis uzarmazari sawyobebi,

romlebic savse iyo mraval milioniani qonebiT, TiTqmis udarajod iyo

datovebuli. cxenebi mravlad ixoceboda SimSiliT, radgan sakvebs,

romelsac iZleoda samxedro sammarTvelo, jariskacebi hyiddnen bazarze.

frontidan dabrunebul dezertirebs ufro meti areuloba SehqondaT

jariskacebSi. isini aramc Tu TviTon ufrosebs, qalaqis miliciasac ki

ar emorCilebodnen. axlad Semdgari erovnuli nawilebi erTmaneTs

ejibrebodnen, vin ufro met wils igdebda xelSi saxelmwifos qonebidan.

oficerTa Semadgenlobac ver idga sasurvel simaRleze. rom hxedavdnen,

garSemo yvelaferi rogor ingreoda, TviTonac acdnen keTil gzas, xolo

ufro Segnebuli da gamocdili oficrebi, xelisuflebis uZlurebis

gamo, TviTonac uZlurni iyvnen da ar icodnen, ranairad eSvelaT

saqarTvelosaTvis da moespoT ubedureba, romelic dRiTi-dRe

izrdeboda~.

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom qarTvel oficerTa Semadgenloba

imdenad didi iyo, rom is eyofoda erT ki ara, sam korpuss. oficers

sazogadod arafrisa da aravisi ar eSinoda. jamagiri metad mcire iyo.

isic ramodenime TveSi erTxel. iaraRi, aRkazmuloba da mTavari

sursaTis maragi sawyobebSi imdeni iyo, rom SesaZlebeli iyo Tund 50

aTasi kacis SeiaraReba, aRkazmva da gamokveba aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.

saWiro iyo mxolod jariskacebi, romelTa gamowvrTna SesaZlebeli iyo

ori-sami Tavi ganmavlobaSi, Tu mTavroba am saqmes guliT moekideboda

da saWiro daxmarebas gauwevda, wers giorgi mazniaSvili. magram

menSevikuri mTavroba, qarTuli armiis Sedgenas gulgrilad uyurebda da

jarisken mxolod maSin miixedavda, rodesac gaWirveba daadgeboda,

danarCen dros ki igi miSvebuli iyo Tavis nebaze. yovelive amas kargad

6

xedavda samSobloSi dabrunebuli generali mazniaSvili da yvelafers

akeTebda qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Camosayalibeblad. saTanadod

gawvrTnili erovnuli armiis Seqmna general mazniaSvils qarTuli

saxelmwifos arsebobis garantad miaCnda. patriot generals am

mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyvetis dros mxarSi edgnen ruseTis

yofili imperiis armiis generalitetis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi,

qarTveli generlebi: odiSeliZe**, gabaSvili**, andronikaSvili**, imnaZe**,

gedevaniSvili** da mravali sxva. generali giorgi mazniaSvili samxedro

saqmis brwyinvale profesionali, gamoirCeoda simarTliTa da

gambedaobiT. generali giorgi kvinitaZe** sagangebod aRniSnavda:

`generali mazniaSvili mamaci kacia, ramdenjer minaxavs tyviebis zuzunSi

da gadaWriT SemiZlia Tqma, rom arasasurvel viTarebaSic ki mamacia,

swored esaa misi nakli _ moWarbebuli simamace; xSirad gadadebda

xolme Tavs... SeiZleboda Tavi waego da xelidan gamogvcloda iseTi

kaci, romlis dakargvac did zians mogvitanda~.

general mazniaSvilis dauRalavi muSaobis Sedegad SesaZlebeli

gaxda qarTveli axalgazrdobis mizidva qarTul jarSi. samSobloSi

dabrunebul qarTvel oficerTa TanadgomiT man Tavi mouyara 16 wlidan

20 wlamde axalgazrdebs da safuZveli Cauyara meore qarTul divizias.

TviTmpyrobelobis damxobam niadagi moamzada qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad, Tumca qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos

aRdgena uceb ar momxdara. 1917 wlis 9 martidan 15 noembramde

arsebobda droebiTi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli gansakuTrebuli komiteti

(`ozakomi*~), romlis Tavmjdomare iyo rusi kadeti* xarlamovi.

qarTvelebidan `ozakomis~ wevrebi iyvnen: social-federalisti kita

abaSiZe, xolo Semdeg _ social-demokrati akaki Cxenkeli. 1917 wlis 15

noembridan gansakuTrebuli komiteti amierkavkasiis komisariatiT

Seicvala. misi Tavmjdomare gaxda social-demokrati evgeni gegeWkori.

1918 wlis 10 Tebervlidan komisariatTan erTad, dafuZnda amierkavkasiis

seimi*, romlis Tavmjdomared airCies social-demokrati nikoloz

(karlo) CxeiZe.

1918 wlis 26 maiss TbilisSi Sedga seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma.

amierkavkasiis federacia daSlilad gamocxadda.

saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

qarTvelma xalxma xangrZlivi da mZime brZolebis Sedegad gadaagdo

ruseTis imperiis koloniuri uReli, daibruna dakarguli

saxelmwifoebrioba da daafuZna damoukidebeli suverenuli saxelmwifo

_ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. erovnuli sabWos wevrebma

`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~ erTxmad miiRes. damtkicda

droebiTi mTavroba aseTi SemadgenlobiT: noe ramiSvili (social

demokrati) _ mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, akaki

Cxenkeli (social-demokrati) _ sagareo saqmeTa ministri, grigol

7

giorgaZe (social-demokrati) _ samxedro ministri, giorgi Juruli

(erovnul-demokrati) _ finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri,

giorgi lasxiSvili (social-federalisti) _ ganaTlebis ministri, noe

xomeriki (social-demokrati) _ miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis ministri,

Salva mesxiSvili (social-federalisti) _ iusticiis ministri da ivane

lorTqifaniZe (social-revolucioneri) _ gzaTa ministri. aqve

aRvniSnavT, rom 1919 wlis 21 marts damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis axali kabineti: mTavrobis

Tavmjdomare _ noe Jordania, sagareo saqmeTa da iusticiis ministri _

evgeni gegeWkori, Sinagan saqmeTa, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da samxedro

ministri _ noe ramiSvili, miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis ministri _ noe

xomeriki, finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri _ konstantine

kandelaki. yvela ministri social-demokratiuli partiis

warmomadgeneli iyo.

axali xelisuflebis erT-erTi upirveles amocanas Seadgenda zrunva

qarTuli jaris Sesaqmnelad. saqarTvelos parlamentis deputatTa

umravlesobas da mTavrobis wevrebs kargad esmodaT damoukidebeli

saxelmwifosaTvis armiis didi mniSvneloba. axali erovnuli jaris

pirveli nawili Seadgina orma qarTulma polkma, romelic Camoyalibda

ruseTis armiis SemadgenlobaSi pirveli msoflio omis dros, 1915-1916

wlebSi. 1918 wlis 2 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni

reorganizaciis Taobaze.

kanonis miRebis Semdeg, saxalxo gvardia gadaiqca saxelmwifoebriv

SeiaraRebul Zalad, romlis dafinanseba biujetidan xdeboda. 20

agvistos parlamentma daamtkica ZiriTadi debuleba `saqarTvelos

respublikis regularuli armiis organizaciis Sesaxeb~. axalgazrda

qarTul saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda sakmao saxsrebi mravalricxovani

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaqmnelad.

saqarTvelos mudmivi armiis Semadgenloba 30-40 aTas jariskacs ar

aRemateboda. 1918 wlis 20 agvistos miRebuli kanoni _ `saqarTvelos

respublikis regularuli armiis organizaciis Sesaxeb~, gansazRvravda

mudmivi jaris struqturas, calkeul saxeobaTa Semadgenlobas.

dasaxelebuli kanonis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos

respublikis regularul jarSi Sedioda ori qveiTi divizia, sanapiro

jari, erTi sakavalerio brigada, erTi saartilerio brigada, mesangreTa

erTi batalioni, erTi saavtomobilo aseuli, javSnosani matareblis

erTi aseuli, erTi saaviacio gundi. erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

Seqmna da gaZliereba moiazreboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

ganmtkicebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad, rac SesaniSnavad esmoda

xelisuflebas, agreTve ruseTidan samSobloSi dabrunebul

patriotulad ganwyobil qarTvel samxedro inteligenciis

warmomadgenlebs, romlebic energiulad Seudgnen qarTuli jaris

8

Camoyalibebas. samSobloSi dabrunebuli giorgi mazniaSvili Tavs ar

zogavda samSoblos usafrTxoebis dasacavad. jer kidev 1917 wlis 19

noembers, qarTvel oficerTa daxmarebiT, erovnulma sabWom,

amierkavkasiis komisariatma da Tbilisis sabWom bolSevik jariskacTa

garnizons arsenali CamoarTves, dekemberSi ki, isic SeZles, rom

TurqeTis frontidan uwesrigod dabrunebul jariskacTa boboqari masa

Tbilisis gauvlelad gagzavnes ruseTSi da ase ixsnes amierkavkasiis

komisariati damxobisagan, xolo saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis

dedaqalaqi _ ruseTis armiis okupaciisagan. am didi safrTxis Tavidan

acilebis saqmeSi fasdaudebelia general giorgi mazniaSvilis

damsaxureba, romlis uSualo monawileobiT ganxorcielda Tbilisis

usafrTxoebis operacia.

generali mazniaSvili gamoirCeoda gambedaobiTa da simamaciT.

qarTvelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SemarTeba da mxedruli suli mas

genetikurad winaparTagan hqonda momadlebuli. aki sagangebod

miuTiTebda vaxuSti bagrationi qarTvelTa Seudarebel mxedrul

Tvisebebze. igi werda, rom qarTvelebi arian `mxneni, muSakni, WirTa

momTmenni, cxensa zeda da mxedrobaTa Sina kadnierni, mswraflni.

salaSqroTa Sina axovanni, amayni, laRni da saxelis maZiebelni...~

generali mazniaSvili Seudrekeli mxedruli sulis patrioti iyo.

misTvis SiSis grZnoba saerTod ucxo iyo. ibrZoda gmiruli SemarTebiT,

vaJkacurad da mamacobiT aRafrTovanebda TanamebrZolebs. igi yovelTvis

win miuZRoda qarTul mxedrobas, iRebda mtris pirvel dartymas da

elviseburi SeteviT SiSis zars scemda mowinaaRmdeges.

`mogonebebSi~ generali mazniaSvili sagangebod amaxvilebs

yuradRebas qarTveli axalgazrdobis sanimuSo samsaxurze qarTul

diviziaSi, aRniSnavs, rom axalgazrdoba mondomebiT da mxned eweoda

mxedrul samsaxurs. maT samSoblos dacva, erovnul armiaSi samsaxuri

patriotul da sapatio movaleobad miaCndaT.

jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis periodSi, imperiis armiaSi myofi

Cveni oficrebis umravlesoba mxars uWerda im qarTvel politikosebs da

politikur partiebs, romlebic aqtiur muSaobas eweodnen qarTvel

tyveTa gasaTavisufleblad, tyveebisagan erovnuli samxedro

formirebebis Sesaqmnelad. am patriotul saqmeSi qarTveli oficroba

garkveul warmatebebs aRwevda. zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT,

`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma~ specialuri `mowodeba~

Seadgina, romliTac mouwodebda qarTvel samxedro tyveebs qarTul

razmebSi gaerTianebisaken, germaniis jarebTan erTad ruseTis winaaRmdeg

brZolebSi monawileobis misaRebad. mowodebas, romlis saTauria

`qarTvelebo~, mivakvlieT centralur saistorio arqivSi. mowodeba

gauvrcelebiaT avstria-ungreTSi, ruseTis armiis tyveTa Soris.

mowodebaSi aRniSnulia: `... qarTvelebo, imis magier, rom xelSi

9

gveWiros rusuli maxvili da vemsaxuroT (maT) saxelmwifos _ Cveni da

mTeli kacobriobis mters - isargebleT SemTxveviT da CaewereT qarTul

razmebSi... SesaZloa Tqven gawuxebT fici, romelic mieciT rus

imperators, magram TviT rusi imperatorebi arian ficis gamtexni.

saqarTvelosTan 1783 wlis traqtatis damrRvevni, saqarTvelos

politikuri saxelis wamSlelni... Cven, rogorc saxelmwifo, vebrZviT

ruseTs da mogiwodebT Tqvenc samSoblos erTguli samsaxurisaken.

Tqveni samSoblo saqarTveloa da ara ruseTi. gaumarjos Tavisufal,

damoukidebel, demokratiul saqarTvelos! gaumarjos qarTul

saxelmwifos, Zirs tiranebi, romlebmac gaapartaxes saqarTvelo

aswliani batonobis dros! dae, TiToeuli qarTveli iqces gmirad am

brZolaSi. sjobs samarcxvino sicocxles tyveobaSi, amjobinoT

mSobliur velze sikvdili!~

vfiqrobT, iseTi samagaliTo mamuliSvili, rogoric generali

mazniaSvili gaxldaT, sxva maRali rangis qarTvel oficrebTan erTad am

patriotul mowodebas gaiziarebda.

gamoCenil mxedarTmTavars, romelsac uricxv mterTan qarTveli

xalxis gmiruli brZolebi jerovnad hqonda Seswavlili da

gaanalizebuli, kargad hqonda SeTvisebuli qarTuli jaris dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi mxareebi, qarTveli meomris fsiqologia. generalma,

saqarTvelos omebis istoriidan SesaniSnavad icoda, rom qarTvelTa

warmateba brZolaSi damokidebuli iyo upiratesobis mopovebaze

pirvelive Setakebis dros, brZolis dasawyisSive.

qarTveli sardali did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da iTvaliswinebda

qarTvelTa mxedrul Tvisebebs da fsiqologias.

`mogonebebSi~ igi sagangebod aRniSnavda: `me kargad mqonda

Seswavlili fsiqologia qarTveli meomrebisa, kargad vicodi, rom Tu

gauZlebdi mtris pirvel ieriSs, Cemi jarebi ibrZolebdnen bolomde,

magram Tu pirvel SetakebisTanave Sedrkebodnen, maSin gameordeboda

Zveli istoria da iZulebul gavxdebodi damexia ukan da kvlav damewyo,

gafantuli jaris Segroveba~.

brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis ZaliT Turqebma daikaves qalaqi

baTumi, baTumis olqi, anu mTeli aWara. okupantebma ozurgeTamde

miaRwies. noe Jordanias davalebiT generalma mazniaSvilma didi muSaoba

gaswia Turqebis gasadevnad da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad.

mxedarTmTavris ZalisxmeviT, male okupantebisagan gaTavisuflda guria

da aWara. fasdaudebelia general mazniaSvilis damsaxureba bolSevikebis

mosalodneli agresiisagan afxazeTis dacvis saqmeSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos liderebi jer kidev damoukideblobis

gamocxadebamde Sexvdnen afxazTa saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebs.

mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom afxazeTi qarTuli saxelmwifos

SemadgenlobaSi miiRebda politikur avtonomias da centralur

10 წიგნის ელექტრონული ვერსია

მოამზადა საიტმა: www.ChiaturaINFO.GE

xelisuflebasTan erTad Seecdeboda aRdgeniliyo suverenuli uflebebi

gagris raionze, romelic ruseTma CamoaWra soxumis olqs da miuerTa

novorosiis gubernias. afxazeTSi momuSave bolSevikebma Seqmnes

SeiaraRebuli formireba, daixmares prosabWourad ganwyobili Crdilo

kavkasielebi da soxumSi sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. amoqmeddnen

afxazi separatistebic.

imis gamo, rom samSvidobo molaparakeba TurqeTTan uSedegod

dasrulda, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Setevaze gadavidnen. 1918

wlis 6 aprils, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofma qarTulma jarma,

ColoqTan brZolaSi daamarcxa Turqebi, romlebic baTumis aRebis Semdeg

mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos dakavebas cdilobdnen. qarTuli jaris

sabrZolo operaciebs generali giorgi mazniaSvili xelmZRvanelobda.

aprilis Sua ricxvebSi generlis StabSi, sofel natanebSi mivida

afxazTa delegacia soxumidan da sTxova giorgi mazniaSvils, qalaqi

soxumi da mTeli afxazeTi gaewminda bolSevikebisagan. generalma afxazTa

delegacias, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda qalaqis Tavi da afxazeTis

erovnuli sabWos sami wevri, ganucxada, rom maTi Txovnis dakmayofileba

saqarTvelos mTavrobis kompetencias Seadgens. Semdeg, afxazi delegatebi

TbilisSi gaemgzavrnen centralur mTavrobasTan mosalaparakeblad.

mTavrobam general mazniaSvils daavala Tavisi jaridan gamoeyo calke

razmi da gaegzavna afxazeTSi bolSevikebis gansadevnad.

1918 wlis 16 ivniss generalTan kvlav mividnen afxazeTis erovnuli

sabWos delegatebi daxmarebis TxovniT, radgan bolSevikebi meored

SeiWrnen afxazeTSi. qarTveli generlis rCeviT, afxazTa delegacia isev

TbilisSi gaemgzavra saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan konsultaciebis

gasamarTavad. 18 ivniss generali mazniaSvili, mTavrobis

gadawyvetilebiT, dainiSna afxazeTis general-gubernatorad da Savi

zRvis sanapiro jarebis ufrosad. am daniSvniT qarTveli generali

respublikis Savi zRvis sanapiroze dislocirebuli sasazRvro Zalebis

sardlis Tanamdebobasac iTavsebda. dro ar iTmenda, saWiro iyo

gadamWreli zomebis miReba `wiTlebis~ gansadevnad. general mazniaSvilis

energiuli saqmianobis Sedegad, moxerxda ZalTa mobilizeba afxazeTis

gasaTavisufleblad bolSeviki agresorebisagan. generalma mazniaSvilma

brZoliT ganvlo soWis, tuafses raionebi. samurzayano ki general

gedevaniSvilis razmebma daikaves. 1918 wlis seqtemberSi afxazeTSi

aRdga saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia. am didma da mniSvnelovanma samxedro

gamarjvebebma, romelic moipova qarTulma jarma general giorgi

mazniaSvilis sardlobiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba gaaxara, Tumca noe

Jordaniam ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa sayuradRebod gaakeTa sagangebo

gancxadeba, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom teritoriebis SemoerTeba

saqarTvelos mTavrobis gegmaSi ar Sedis, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi tuafsemde qveynis dacvis, misi teritoriuli mTlianobis

11

SenarCunebis, bolSevikebisagan momdinare safrTxis Tavidan acilebis

saWiroebam miiyvana.

mTavrobis diplomaturi sifrTxile iyo is mizezi, rom qarTuli

jaris es warmatebuli laSqroba ar gaxmaurebula. mxolod 1918 wlis 4

oqtombers gamoqveynda gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ mcire informacia saTauriT

_ `Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi~. niko

TavdgiriZis mier soxumidan gagzavnili am korespodenciiT Seityo

qarTulma sazogadoebam general giorgi mazniaSvilis razmebis mier

Catarebuli samxedro operaciebis Sesaxeb.

`samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, _ wers avtori, _ rom am jarma

general mazniaSvilis mTavarsardlobiT da Cveni mamaci oficrebis:

Wkaduas, donduas, iaSvilis, gogitiZis, doliZis, anTaZis gabedulobis

meoxebiT Cvens xalxs aRudgina samxedro saqmeSi Zveleburi

sworupovrobis saxeli.~ korespodenti sinanuls gamoTqvamda imis gamo,

rom saqarTvelom da misma mTavrobam saTanadod ver daafasa yubanis

velze gaWrili qarTveli oficrebisa da jariskacebis gmiroba. aqve

aRvniSnavT, rom gamocdili generali yovelTvis igzavneboda yvelaze

`cxel wertilebSi~, iq, sadac samSoblos yvelaze metad uWirda.

mezobeli somxeTis qarTuli teritoriebisadmi usafuZvlo pretenziebis

gamo, or qveyanas Soris urTierToba ukiduresad daiZaba. somxeTis

mxridan mosalodneli omis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisis

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, generali mazniaSvili 1918 wlis

oqtomberSi Tbilisis olqis general-gubernatorad iniSneba, 1918 wlis

dekemberSi ki _ somxeTis winaaRmdeg moqmedi jaris sardlad. qarTuli

jaris warmatebebi am omSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba general

mazniaSvilis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebulma samxedro

operaciebma.

somxebisaTvis ingliselTa garkveuli mxardaWeris gamo, somxeTTan

omSi miRweuli gamarjvebis SedegebiT, saqarTvelos faqtobrivad,

araferi Sematebia. mowinaaRmdegeTa jarebis daSoriSorebis sababiT

iqmneboda e. w. neitraluri zona, romelsac ingliselebi

akontrolebdnen. amis miuxedavad, gamarjvebis mniSvneloba mainc didia.

gamarjvebam dadebiTi muxti Semata qarTuli jaris sabrZolo

potencialis Semdgom gaZlierebas. aamaRla Cveni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

sabrZolo suliskveTeba, daarwmuna agresori imaSi, rom qarTuli miwa-

wylis ZaliT mitacebis mcdeloba Zvirad daujdeboda. am gamarjvebis

suli da guli brZolebSi gamowrTobili sardali, gulmxurvale

mamuliSvili, generali giorgi mazniaSvili gaxldaT. amasobaSi

saxelmwifos seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna mesxeTSi.

saqarTvelos siZulviliT aRvsilma begebma* saswrafod Seqmnes

yarsSi e. w. `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis~ mTavroba da am saqmes erT-

erTi organizatori server-beg aTabagi, qoblianeli, jayeli** iyo. am

12

axlad Seqmnil `saxelmwifoSi~ unda gaerTianebuliyo yarsis, artaanisa

da baTumis olqebi, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebi. vin iyvnen

begebi? begebi iyvnen gamahmadianebuli qarTveli warCinebulebi, Tavadebi

da didmoxeleebi – omar-faik namin zade, axmed-beg fefenovi, server-beg

aTabagi, Temur ximSiaSvili**, baxri-beg erisTavi**, baxSi-beg maCabeli**,

musakievi**, yajari, maT gadaibires adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi,

SeaiaraRes da Seqmnes mozrdili bandebi. amis Semdeg, daerivnen TavianT

qristian Zmebs.

ruseTis siZulviliTa da panislamistur-panTurquli ideologiiT

dabrmavebuli qarTveli mahmadianebi TurqeTma qristian qarTvelebze

aamxedra. es iyo erTi didi tragedia saqarTvelosTvis.

aanalizebs ra momxdar faqts, Salva maRlakeliZe werilSi,

`nawyveti axlo warsulidan – mesxeTis garSemo~ wers, rom qarTveli

mahmadianebis CaTreva am saqmianobaSi imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom qarTvel

mahmadianebs ruseTi ezizRebodaT, xolo qarTuli erovnuli propaganda

mesxeTSi Zalian susti iyo. faqtiurad, arc ki arsebobdao – ambobs igi

da dasZens: `somxebi da mahmadianebi dapirispirebuli iyvnen da maT

Semrigebel rols qarTveloba TamaSobda, magram roca saqme qarTvelobas

exeboda, somxebi da mahmadianebi, SekavSirebulni, mis winaaRmdeg

ilaSqrebdnen. es movlena metad mniSvnelovani, damafiqrebeli da saSiSic

iyo, magram saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebam da sakuTari

saxelmwifos Seqmnam, mahmadianTa guli Tbilisisaken moabruna da

saqarTvelos mTarobas rom saTanado da wesieri politika ewarmoebina am

mxareSi, Cven avcdebodiT mahmadianTa meore did ajanyebas (1919 w.),

romelic server-beg aTabagis xelmZRvanelobiT moxda~.

veTanxmebiT Salva maRlakeliZis daskvnas, igi savsebiT sworad

afasebs qarTvel mahmadianebTan dakavSirebul problemas, aqve davumatebT,

rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis Secdomebi qarTveli

mahmadianebis mimarT, bolSevikurma mTavrobamac ganagrZo. Sedegebi yvelam

kargad viciT, mis savalalo nayofs dResac vimkiT.

1918 wlis dekemberSi, msoflio omis zegavleniT, osmaleTis

mdgomareobac Seicvala da is iZulebuli gaxda daecala mesxeTis

dakavebuli teritoriebi, 1918 wlis 4 dekembers general balo

mayaSvils** daevala qarTuli jari Seeyvana am mxareSi. magram sul male

1919 wlis 20 ianvars daiwyo mahmadianTa meore ajanyeba server-beg

aTabagis meTaurobiT. ajanyebulma begebma 21 ianvars general mayaSvils

ultimatumi wauyenes; romlis Tanaxmad, mas sam dReSi unda daecala

axalcixe; begebi generalma sakadrisi pasuxiT gaistumra. ajanyebis

dawyebamde ki server-begi awyurSi general mayaSvils estumra da

ganucxada, rom igi ar cnobs saqarTvelos mTavrobas da rom mas hyavs

sakuTari mTavroba, `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis teritoriis~ mTavrobis

saxiT. generalma mayaSvilma upasuxa, rom igi mxolod Tavisi mTavrobis

13

gankargulebebs asrulebs, ar scnobs araviTar axal xelisuflebas, ar

scnobs server-begs da man icis: osmalebma dacales axalcixe-axalqalaqi

saqarTvelosTvis gadasacemad.

samwuxarod, am ajanyebaSi TiTqmis yvela mahmadiani CaerTo da man

mTeli mxare moicva. daiwyo adgilobrivi qarTveli qristianebis xocva-

Jleta. ajanyebam aseulobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. miuxedavad

general mayaSvilis mravalmxrivi RonisZiebebisa, ajanyebis SeCereba

SeuZlebeli gaxda, amis mizezi ki qarTveli jaris sisuste iyo.

qarTveli jari mravalwliani brZolebis Sedegad dasustebuli da

dauZlurebuli iyo da miuxedavad mayaSvilis mravali Txovnisa,

axalcixeSi gamoegzavnaT axali maSveli Zala, mTavrobam ver SeZlo

daekmayofilebina es samarTliani da sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis moTxovna.

saqmes arTulebda isic, rom ajanyebul mahmadianebs zurgs umagrebda

osmaleTi, romelic aSkarad da daufaravad exmareboda maT. miuxedavad

yovelive amisa, genarali balo mayaSvili aqtiurad ganagrZobda

axalcixis dacvas da osmalo oficer-instruqtorebis xelmZRvanelobiT

Semdgarma adgilobrivma mahmadianebis razmebma erTxelac ver SeZles

axalcixis dakaveba.

`30 ianvars (1919), ganTiadisas Cvenma jarma Seutia ajanyebulebs.

Seteva daiwyo sofel adigen-udisa da vale-wyalTbilas mimarTulebiT.

mTeli dRe moismoda zarbaznebisa da tyiamfrqveveyis ganuwyvetlivi xma.

SuadRisas ajanyebulTa 2-3 soflidan avarda kvamli. albaT Cvenma

zarbaznebma gauCines cecxli. uSendnen zarbaznebs sofel udis mxridan:

naTlad Cans, rom Cveni jari kargad win iyo SeWrili da amitom yvela

imeds gamoTqvamda, rom gamarjveba Cvens mxarezea da Ramec mSvidobianad

Caivlida~, werda imdroindeli presa. magram naCqarevi aRmoCnda es

sixaruli, mdgomareoba sawinaaRmdegod Setrialda, ajanyeba moedo mTel

mxares, begebma SeZles mTeli mahmadianuri mosaxleobis gadabireba, ris

gamoc, maTi Zalebi mkveTrad aRemateboda damcvelTa Zalebs.

renegatTa jgufi, romelSic avtoritetiTa da gavleniT gamoirCeoda

jayelTa gvaris degradirebuli STamomavali server-beg aTabagi, samcxe-

javaxeTis saqarTvelodan CamoSorebas lamobda. 1918 wels, saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, server-begis TavmjdomareobiT

Seiqmna e. w. `musulmanuri mTavroba samxreT amierkavkasiisa~. aTabagTa

gadagvarebuli STamomavali, Tavdauzogavad `iRvwoda~ danarCeni

saqarTvelosagan samcxe-javaxeTis CamosaSoreblad. am `mTavrobam~

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas mimarTa notiT, romliTac iTxovda

saqarTvelos respublikisa da am TviTgamocxadebul `saxelmwifos~

Soris sazRvrebis dadgenas. am e. w. mTavrobam, romelic TurqeTis

miTiTebiT moqmedebda, 1918-1919 wlebSi moawyo SeiaraRebuli

gamosvlebi. sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samTavrobo jarebsa da server-

begis bandebs Soris farTo masStabs iRebda sazRvrispira regionSi.

14

Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba sagangebod iqna ganxiluli respublikis

mTavrobis sxdomaze 1919 wlis 18 ianvars. `sxdomas eswrebodnen:

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare n. Jordania, ministrebi: ramiSvili, gegeWkori,

Juruli, lorTqifaniZe, giorgaZe. a) moismines: moxsenebani samxedro

ministrisa; b) axalcixis mazraSi respublikis sanapiro razmTan

Setakebis Sesaxeb. daadgines: dauyovnebliv iqnas miRebuli samxedro

uwyebis mier energiuli zomebi respublikis sazRvrebis dacvisa da

gamagrebisa~. bandituri gamosvlebi samcxe-javaxeTSi, romlebsac

xelmZRvanelobdnen erTi mxriv, TurqeTis mTavroba, xolo meore mxriv,

TeTrgvardielebi, realurad gaxldaT `renegati begebis SeTqmuleba

sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg,~ marTebulad miuTiTebs qarTuli

emigrantuli inteligenciis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, cnobili

mecnieri viqtor nozaZe.

server-begis moZraobas, romelic mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg, `SeeZlo didi safrTxe Seeqmna saqarTvelosaTvis, da amitom

qarTveli wreebi Seecadnen misTvis safuZveli gamoecalaT TviT xalxis

SemweobiT _ saqarTvelosaTvis propagandis gaweviT da 1 ianvars 1919

wels axalcixis glexTa yrilobam misalmeba gaugzavna saqarTvelos

mTavrobas da amasTanave mouwoda danarCen samuslimano saqarTvelos

Semdegi sityvebiT: `axla, rodesac saqarTvelos gauerTianda

musulmanuri saqarTvelos erTi nawili, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis

mazrebis saxiT, dadga sakiTxi danarCeni musulmanuri saqarTvelos:

aWaris, qobuleTis, ardaganis da SavSeTis ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb...~

saWiro iyo gadamWreli zomebis miReba separatistulad ganwyobili

bandituri dajgufebebis asalagmavad. regionSi Seqmnil rTul

viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, gaimarTa mTavrobis sagangebo sxdoma,

romelic Sedga 1919 wlis 30 ianvars. moismines: moxsenebani samxedro

ministrisa: a) axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi samxedro wesebis

gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. daadgines: aRniSnuli mazrebis general-

gubernatorad dainiSnos generali mazniaSvili, romelsac daeqvemdebaros

yvela samxedro da samoqalaqo pirni da dawesebulebani zemoxsenebuli

raionebisa~. rogorc saarqivo dokumentidan Cans, general mazniaSvils am

sazRvrispira regionSi dislocirebuli sasazRvro Zalebic daeqvemdebara.

1919 wlis pirvel Tebervals frontis xazi axalcixes miuaxlovda

5-6 kilometriT, ris gamoc, qalaqis mosaxleoba SiSs moucavs. amave

dRes, qarTvelma mahmadianebmac xelSi aiRes iaraRi da ajanyebulTa

mxareze gadavidnen, daikaves abasTumani, daxoces qarTvelebi da gaaRes

gza zekarze. mahmadianur mosaxleobas saTaveSi adgilobrivi begebi

Caudgnen, magram maT zurgs aSkarad TurqeTi umagrebda. noe Jordanias

sityviT, server-begis gankargulebaSi iyo aTasi Turqi askeri*.

15

axalcixidan wasvlisas, TurqeTis warmomadgenlebma adgilobriv

mahmadianebs dauriges uamravi iaraRi, tyvia-wamali. aseve, wvrTnidnen

mahmadianur mosaxleobas.

ajanyebulebs exmareboda baTumSi myofi ingliseli generali

uokkeri**, romelic ormag TamaSSi Caeba JordaniasTan da server-begTan.

qarTuli jaris warumateblobis gamo, axalcixe-axalqalaqis

general-gubernatori balo mayaSvili gadaayenes da mis nacvlad daniSnes

generali giorgi mazniaSvili.

2 Tebervals axalcixeSi Tavisi StabiT Camovida generali giorgi

mazniaSvili. imave dRes, man gamoacxada samxedro wesebi, saRamos 7

saaTis Semdeg qalaqSi siaruli aikrZala. ajanyebulebma ki sofel

aralSi darCenili qarTvelebi daxoces da gaZarcves qarTvel

kaTolikeTa eklesia.

general giorgi mazniaSvilis general-gubernatorad daniSvnas,

pirvel xanebSi, qarTuli jaris erTgvari warmateba mohyva. 9 Tebervals

axalcixis Crdilo-dasavleTiT qarTulma jarma daikava sofeli

CurCuto da zandos maRlobebi, romelic gadascqeris mTel qobliansa da

abasTumnis xeobas. amdenad, am adgilebs samxedro strategiuli

mniSvneloba hqonda. samwuxarod, ajanyebulTa Setevis gamo, qarTulma

jarma ver SeinarCuna es poziciebi da kvlav iZulebuli gaxda ukan

daexia. amave dros, qarTulma jarma ukan daixia vale-wyalTbilas

xazidanac da rabaTis (axalcixis) misadgomebTan, zandos maRlobebidan

wamosul jars SeuerTda.

generalma giorgi mazniaSvilma sworad Seafasa qarTuli jaris

warumateblobis mizezebi da mTavrobisagan daJinebiT moiTxova

axalcixeSi arsebuli jaris nawilebis gayvana da maT nacvlad axali,

amave dros, ricxobrivad meti da ufro brZolisunariani nawilebis

gamoyvana.

ajanyebis periodSi, roca qarTulma jarma ukan daxevis gamo datova

teritoriebi, qarTvel qristianTa mdgomareoba autaneli gaxda.

ajanyebulebma TiTqmis yvela qarTuli sofeli daarbies, gaZarcves,

aawiokes. isini moednen qristianul soflebs, ar indobdnen arafers,

asobiT adamiani daxoces, itacebdnen yvelafers, Semdeg ki wvavdnen maT

saxl-kars, qarTveli mosaxleoba masobrivad tovebda soflebs da

garboda qalaqSi. axalcixe gaivso ltolvilebiT, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT

cxovrebis elementaruli pirobebi. iyo sibinZure, SimSili, gaCnda

epidemia, romelmac mravali adamiani imsxverpla.

qarTuli jaris nawilebma, samwuxarod, uwesrigod daiwyes

poziciebidan axalcixisaken ukan daxeva. xelmZRvaneloba bevrs ecada,

magram panikaSi Cavardnili jariskacebis SeCereba SeuZlebeli gaxda.

16

aseTi rTuli da gamouali situaciidan gamomdinare, gadawyvites

droebiT daetovebinaT axalcixe da ajanyebulTa mier dakavebuli

teritoria.

mosaxleobas Tavzari dasca qarTuli jaris mier axalcixis

datovebam. qarTveloba moicva panikam da SiSma. isini iZulebulni gaxdnen

mietovebinaT mSobliuri kera da jars gahyolodnen ukan.

am ambebis momswre zaqaria didimamiSvili, Tavis dRiurSi SeSfoTebas

gamoTqvams qarTuli jaris mier axalcixis datovebis gamo: `11

Tebervali (1919 w.). amis gagonebaze (igulisxmeba qarTuli jaris ukan

daxeva, c. C.), TiTiqmis mexi dagveca, atyda aliaqoTi; marTlac jari

ixevs borjomisaken, qarTvelebis wivil-kivils sazRvari ara aqvs, vinc

ra moaswro, mohkida xeli da jars gamoekida. binddeboda, mdgomareoba

jojoxeTuria, Cveni jari ise swrafad gavida axalcixidan, rom

rabaTelma qarTvelebma ar icodnen, saiT wasuliyvnen; saRamos 7 saaTia,

rabaTSi erTi mandilosani da bavSvi aRar aris. isini gaikrifnen qalaqis

gare nawilSi. bevri mamakaci gavida axal ubanSi da amnairad zogi

mamakaci darCa rabaTSi Tavisis qonebis da saxl-karis dasacavad. zogmac

RmerTis anabrad miatova kera da gahkurcxla~.

qarTuli jari gavida Tu ara, sapatimrodan gaTavisuflebuli

qurdebi daerivnen upatronod darCenil rabaTs, gaqurdes ramdenime

saxli, dedaTa saswavlebeli, daamtviries safeiqro dazgebi, waiRes

moswavleebis mier damzadebuli nivTebi; ris waRebac ver moaswres,

cecxli waukides. maT gaqurdes agreTve saxelmwifo sawyobebi da sxva.

Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, 1919 wlis 11 Tebervals, RamiT

borjomSi movida mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania da samxedro

ministri grigol giorgaZe, romlebmac moismines axalcixe-axalqalaqis

general-gubernatoris giorgi mazniaSvilis moxseneba ajanyebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. maT dasaxes RonisZiebani

ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolis gasaZliereblad.

magram am periodisaTvis, ukve yvelaferi uSedego iyo. ajanyebulebi

gamarjvebas zeimobdnen. qarTuli jari, romelmac droze ver miiRo

axali Sevseba, iZulebuli iyo daetovebina axalcixe. maSindel rTul da

daZabul situaciaSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar SeeZlo damxmare

samxedro Zalebi mieSvelebina axalcixisaTvis. Tumca, situaciis amgvar

warmarTvaSi, mTavrobasac miuZRvis garkveuli wvlili.

general-gubernatori da jaris sardali giorgi mazniaSvili

gadaayenes da mis nacvlad generali giorgi kvinitaZe daniSnes.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom mTavrobam, mowyobili ajanyebis

Semswavleli komisia server-begis xelmZRvanelobiT Seadgina da

axalcixeSi gaagzavna, xolo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

damfuZnebelma krebam 1919 wlis 4 aprils moismina am komisiis

17

Tavmjdomaris, gizo anjafariZis moxseneba. man mkafiod da naTlad

Camoayaliba ajanyebis gamomwvevi mizezebi:

1. jer kidev ruseTis batonobis droidan osmalebi samusulmano

saqarTveloSi farTod awarmoebdnen panislamur, panTurqul, antiqarTul

agitacias, aq moqmedebdnen osmaleTis emisrebi, didZali fuli

ixarjeboda imisTvis, rom osmaleTis sasargeblod niadagi

momzadebuliyo. osmaleTis mTavrobis politikis wyalobiT, cdilobdnen,

ar daeSvaT mahmadian qarTvelebSi qarTuli orientacia, panTurquli

agitacia gansakuTrebiT gamococxlda pirveli msoflio omis

dawyebisTanave. antiqarTul saqmianobaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen

baqos e. w. `muslimanTa saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis~ warmomadgenelni,

romlebic farTo muSaobas awarmoebdnen baTumsa da yarsis olqebSi,

axalcixis da axalqalaqis mazrebSi. es `moRvaweebi~ saqvelmoqmedo

muSaobis sababiT, aSkarad panTurqul da antiqarTul agitacias eweodnen.

am muSaobas meTaurobda kargad cnobili eqimi sulTanovi. axalcixisa da

axalqalaqis mazris ufrosebi aSkarad dadiodnen xalxSi da pirdapir

ajanyebisaken mouwodebdnen.

Tumca adgilobrivi qarTuli mahmadianoba gulgrilad ekideboda

aseT agitacias, magram maTze didi gavlena moaxdina zogierTma

gadagvarebulma elementma, kerZod, mahmadianma begebma – omar faikma

(yifiani), seimis yofilma wevrma axmed fefenovma (fifinaSvili), server-

beg aTabagma (jayeli), sxva adgilobrivma msxvilma memamuleebma.

2. g. anjafariZis azriT, begebze cudad imoqmeda agraruli reformis

gatarebam, romelic amierkavkasiis komisariatma wamoiwyo. am reformis

Sedegad, miwaTmflobelebs (begebs) CamoerTvaT didi raodenobiT qoneba,

maT Soris miwac, am faqtma begebi kidev ufro metad gaaborota da

ganawyo antiqarTulad.

3. 1917 wlis 17 noembers abasTumanSi Catarda kavkasiaSi mosaxle

muslimanebis yriloba, romelmac miiRo dadgenileba:

yovelgvari kavSiri gaewyvitaT saqarTvelosaTan, radganac

revoluciuri saqarTvelo maTTvis safrTxes warmoadgenda. maT aseve

daadgines, aefeTqebinaT xidebi da gzebi borjomis Semdeg da SeeqmnaT

saxelmwifo yarsis, ardaganisa da baTumis olqebisagan. am

teritoriisaTvis apirebdnen daematebinaT axalcixe da axalqalaqi.

`yarsi Cveni cixe iqnebao, ardagani gamoggvkvebavs puriT da sxva

sursaTiT. baTumi ki Tbilisis adgils daiWers, radgan is dagvakavSirebs

dasavleT evropasTano~ _ werdnen muslimanebis warmomadgenlebi.

aRniSnuli mizezebis garda, arsebobs sxva arsebiTi xasiaTis

mizezebic: magaliTad, somxeTTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg (1918 w.)

saqarTvelos mTavrobam moaxdina jarebis demobilizacia, romelic Seexo

im mcirericxovan jarsac, romelic idga axalcixeSi da isedac

dasustebuli, dauZlurebuli da brZolisunardakarguli jari kidev

18

ufro dasustda. yovelive amiT ki isargebles meamboxeebma da ieriSi

miitanes qarTul jarze.

Salva maRlakeliZe sastikad akritikebs saqarTvelos mTavrobas ara

marto mesxeTis gamo, aramed begebTan daukvirvebeli, mouqneli

politikis gamo. `server-beg aTabagi am dros ukve Cveni mteria, imitom,

rom pirveli rac gaakeTes Cvenebma, komisariatma kavkasiisam, saxlebi

CamoarTva axalcixeSi mcxovreb begebs. server-begi ki osmaleTis agentad

CaTvales. amieridan, igi ukve saqarTvelos mtrad moevlina, roca

Tavisuflad SeiZleboda misi gadmobireba saqarTvelos sasargeblod. es

iyo udidesi Secdoma~ _ werda Salva maRlakeliZe.

26 dRe gavida im dRidan, rac qarTulma jarma axalcixis mxare

datova. 26 dRes batonobdnen am mxareSi server-begi da misi damqaSebi.

es 26 dRe iyo qarTvelebis damcirebis, Seuracxyofis, awiokebisa da

Zarcva-glejis periodi.

server-begis `mTavrobas~ xalxma mxari ar dauWira. man verc xarki

akrifa, verc mobilizacia moaxdina jaris Sesakrebad. rodesac Cvenma

jarma ieriSi miitana awyurze, server-begi Turme tyviamfrqveviT

dadioda soflad da xalxs erekeboda, magram xalxi mas mainc ar ahyva.

umTavresi Zala, romelsac eyrdnoboda server-begi, es iyo focxovi da

osmaleTis jarebi. TviT im organizaciaSi, romelic Seqmna server-begma

ganxeTqileba moxda. begebis nawili ar miemxro server-begs. am begebs ki

gavlena hqondaT xalxSi. misi damarcxebis mizezi, umTavresad is iyo,

rom ajanyebulTa razmebi faqtobrivad brbos warmoadgenda. server-begis

xelmZRvanelobiT dawyebulma ajanyebam didi ziani moutana mTel mesxeTs.

avantiuristulma politikam mravali adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla.

TurqeTisadmi erTgulebam da misTvis sisxlisRvram araferi moutana

server-begs. saqarTvelosgan mesxeTis CamoSorebisaTvis da Tavis

saxelmwifosTan mierTebisaTvis erTdroulad ibrZoda TurqeTic da

ruseTic.

mesxeT-javaxeTis saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebisa da ruseTTan

mierTebisaTvis ibrZoda denikinis sardlobac da misi xelqveiTi yubanis

`respublikis~ mTavroba. am brZolaSi, maT inglisic uWerda mxars.

inglisis kavkasiis sardloba yovelmxriv uSlida xels saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas samcxe-saaTabagoSi. ingliselma generalma,

korim kategoriulad moiTxova qarTuli jarebis gamoyvana ardaganidan.

denikinis agentebi mesxeTSi eweodnen antiqarTul propagandas da

amzadebdnen pirobebs am mxaris saqarTvelodan CamosaSoreblad.

saxelovani qarTveli generlebis: Salva maRlakeliZis**, balo

mayaSvilis, giorgi mazniaSvilisa da giorgi kvinitaZis sardlobiT 1917-

19 wlebSi warmoebulma Seupovarma da Tavganwirulma brZolebma mesxeTi

saqarTvelos SeunarCuna.

19

1919 wels sabolood gaanadgures meamboxeTa bandebi, romelTac

meTaurobdnen panTurquli orientaciis qarTveli mahmadiani begebi.

mesxeTis bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli sruliad saqarTvelos

bedTan. rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa ruseTi, miuxedavad mis mier

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobisa, saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis mimarT mainc atarebda agresiul politikas. amas daemata

isic, rom 1920 wlis gazafxulze yofili osmaleTis teritoriaze,

gaCnda agresiuli `axalgazrda TurqeTis~ saxelmwifo, romlis lideri

gaxldaT qemal faSa, SemdgomSi aTaTurqad wodebuli. sabWoTa ruseTma 2

ivniss aRiara qemal faSas mTavroba. 24 agvistos ki, masTan dado

urTierTdaxmarebisa da megobrobis xelSekruleba, riTac demokratiul

saqarTvelos didi safrTxe Seeqmna, am ori uaRresad agresiulad

ganwyobili axalgazrda saxelmwifoebis mxridan.

1920 wlis oqtomberSi generali mazniaSvili daeTanxma noe

Jordanias Txovnas da dainiSna Tbilisis raionisa da qalaqis garnizonis

ufrosis Tanamdebobaze. mZime dReebi daudga axalgazrda qarTul

saxelmwifos 1921 wlisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920 wlis 7 maiss

sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris

daido xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac, sabWoTa ruseTma scno

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. `wiTeli imperia~ gamalebiT emzadeboda

saqarTvelos dasapyrobad mas Semdeg, rac bolSevikurma ruseTma

moaxdina azerbaijanis gawiTleba~ 1920 wlis aprilSi, xolo amave wlis

noemberSi daipyro somxeTi. sabWoTa ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba miznad

isaxavda saqarTvelos gasabWoebas. avismomaswavebeli Savi RrublebiT

moiqufra qarTuli zeca.

saqarTvelos mTavroba jerovnad acnobierebda im safrTxes,

romelsac Crdiloeli mezobeli, `keTilmosurne~ sabWoTa ruseTi,

uqmnida axalgazrda qarTul saxelmwifos. noe Jordaniam damfuZnebeli

krebis sxdomaze ganacxada, `moqalaqeno! politikuri Rrublebi Cvens

irgvliv kvlav airivnen. sabWoTa ruseTis mosazRvreoba Cveni norCi

respublikisaTvis TandaTan muqarad xdeba~, sabWoTa ruseTis jarma

yoveli mxridan Semoutia saqarTvelos. monstrTan gamklaveba ioli saqme

rodi iyo. evropas, samwuxarod, qmediTi zomebi ar miuRia saqarTvelos

dasaxmareblad da suverenuli respublikis `wiTeli barbarosebisagan~

gadasarCenad.

bolSevikuri ruseTi, romelic urcxvad da uxeSad arRvevda

saqarTvelosTan 1920 wlis 7 maiss dadebul xelSekrulebas,

saguldagulod emzadeboda saqarTvelos dasapyrobad. bolSevikuri

ruseTi saqarTvelos dapyrobas seriozulad ganixilavda, rac imiTac

dasturdeba, rom saqarTveloSi elCad moavlines sabWoTa ruseTis

xelisuflebis erT-erTi wamyvani figura, `revoluciis tribuni~ sergei

kirovi. ruseTis saelCos TanamSromlebi (maT Soris samxedro ataSec*)

20 წიგნის ელექტრონული ვერსია

მოამზადა საიტმა: www.ChiaturaINFO.GE

safuZvlianad swavlobdnen qarTuli jaris Semadgenlobas, SeiaraRebas,

dislokacias, qarTul-sazogadoebriv politikur azrs da a. S.

saistorio arqivSi arsebobs sayuradRebo dokumeti _ ruseTis saelCos

samxedro ataSes saidumlo moxsenebiT baraTi, romelic daTariRebulia

1920 wlis 30 dekembriT. dokumentSi xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli, rom

qarTvelebi ar endobian ruseTis bolSevikur mTavrobas, radganac

bolSevikebis 150 aTasiani armia uSualod saqarTvelos sazRvrebTanaa

dislocirebuli. samxedro ataSe miuTiTebda, rom ruseTis jarebis

koncentracia saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan `aRizianebs qarTvelebs, aiZulebs

maT, Tavi mouyaron TavianT Zalebs aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan~. rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, samwuxarod, evropis didi saxelmwifoebi realurad

arafers akeTebdnen ruseTis mosalodneli agresiisagan saqarTvelos

dasacavad. dasavleTSi upiratesobas somxeTs aniWebdnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynisaTvis am mZime, sabediswero Jams, qarTveli

inteligencia, romelic yovelTvis mtkiced idga erovnuli interesebis

sadarajoze, bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiisagan samSoblos dasacavad

Tanamemamuleebs gmiruli brZolisaTvis amzadebda da razmavda.

samSoblos dasacavad gulanTebul qarTvel studentobas gamamxnevebeli

sityviT mimarTa qarTuli universitetis damaarsebelma, eris

moWirnaxulem didma ivane javaxiSvilma: `Svilebo, Cemi movaleobaa Tqven

wignisa da kalmisaken mogiwodoT, magram eris cxovrebaSi aris iseTi

momentebi, roca saWiroa yvelaferi ganze gadasdo da iaraRiT xelSi

mters miegebo. da ai me Tqven dRes iaraRisaken mogiwodebT~ _ mimarTa

man studentebs. Tbilisis universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa

Semadgenlobam gadawyvetileba miiRo samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis

omSi aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT. 1921 wlis TebervalSi universitetis

profesor-maswavleblebma sagangebo mimarTva Seadgines damfuZnebeli

krebis prezidiumTan arsebuli Tavdacvis komitetis saxelze. es

dokumenti daculia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis arqivSi.

`damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumTan arsebul Tavdacvis komitets,

pativi gvaqvs werilobiT gacnoboT tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

profesorTa sabWos dadgenileba, miRebuli saswrafod. mowveuls

sagangebod 16 Tebervals 1921 wels frontze Seqmnili mdgomareobis

gamo, romelic sityvierad imave dRes movismenT; a) tfilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebi, docentebi, leqtorebi,

asistentebi da sazogadod samecniero-saswavlo nawilis piradi

Semadgenlobis wevrebi, mzad arian yvelani, mTeli Tavisi codna,

gamocdileba da sicocxle Seswiron safrTxeSi myofs Zvirfasi

samSoblos Tavisuflebis dacvis saqmes da sTxoven komitets, raTa maTi

gonivruli da fizikuri Zala gamoiyenos ise, rogorc mas umjobesad

miaCnia samSoblos dacvis miznebisaTvis. b) universitetis samaTematiko-

sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis laboratoriebsa da samkurnalo

21

fakultetis klinikebis karebi Riaa omis saWiroebisaTvis. amasTanave,

gaaxlebT aqve darTul sias samecniero saswavlo nawilis piradi

Semadgenlobisas.

reqtori prof. iv. javaxiSvili

sabWos mdivani a. SaniZe~.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Txovna, evropis didi

saxelmwifoebisadmi, daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze, upasuxod darCa.

qarTveli xalxi uangarod Caeba samamulo omSi samSoblos

damoukideblobis dasacavad. sabWoTa ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg

samamulo omSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen universitetelebic _ rogorc

studentoba, aseve profesor-maswavleblebic. WeSmariti eris kaci,

SemdgomSi universitetis gamoCenili reqtori, batoni niko kecxoveli

1921 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi universitetis leqtor-

maswavlebelTa da studentTa monawileobis SesaniSnavi magaliTia.

gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT da pativiscemiT sargeblobda qarTvel

axalgazrdebSi generali giorgi mazniaSvili. maT xiblavda qarTveli

sardlis SesaSuri mxneoba, profesionalizmi da simamace, romelic

dadebiT muxts matebda axalgazrdobas bolSevikuri agresiis winaaRmdeg

gaCaRebul samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi. `qarTvelsa guli rkinisa,

abjari Tundac xisao~ _ am sityvebiT daulocavs gza ivane javaxiSvils

saomrad mimavali studentobisaTvis. reqtoris dalocvis Semdeg

axalgazrdoba kojris poziciebisaken gaemarTa. legendaruli maro

mayaSvili, sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetis studenti, romelic

gmirulad daiRupa, kojris brZolebis monawile iyo. Svilis daRupviT

tramvirebuli poeti kote mayaSvili leqsSi `maro mayaSvils~ werda:

`...arc sicocxlis, arc sikvdilis aRara maqvs xalisi, Tebervalma

damizamTra samudamod maisi!..~

moaxloebuli realuri safrTxis pirobebSi, im sabediswero Jams noe

Jordanias TxovniT generali mazniaSvili Seudga Tbilisis raionis da

qalaqis garnizonis ufrosis movaleobis Sesrulebas. 1921 wlis

TebervalSi igi soRanluRis dajgufebebis sardalia. mas soRanluRis

mxridan dedaqalaqis dacva daevala.

am davalebis Sesruleba SedarebiT mcirericxovani ZalebiT ioli

saqme ar iyo. Tumca isic uTqvams, rom am ZalebiT ramdenjerme SeZlo

mtris Warbi Zalebis mogerieba da ukugdeba. amasobaSi generals momxre

Zalac mouvida. qarTvelebma gulianad Seuties mters. generali

`mogonebebSi~ wers: `mterma brZola ar miiRo da nawili tyved

Cagvivarda, xolo mometebulma daixia iaRlujis simaRlisaken. tyveebi

1600 kaci gavgzavne armiis StabSi.~ general mazniaSvilis mier

ganxorcielebuli Setevis Sedegad datyvevebuli `wiTeli~ mebrZolebi

rusTavelis prospeqtze CautarebiaT. dedaqalaqSi Seqmnili viTareba

SesaniSnavad aRwera Salva xidaSelma Tavis `usaTauro mogonebebSi~. igi

22

wers: `Tbilisis karTan me-11 armiaa momdgari. masac qarTveli mouZRvis.

zarbaznebis griali TbilisSi ismis. avardnili boli Tbilisidan Cans.

SeZrwuneba da mwuxarebaa yvelgan mosaxleobis ricxvi yovel dRe

izrdeba. sasaxlis win auarebeli xalxia Tavmoyrili _ es axalgazrda

vaJebi da maTi gamcileblebi arian. axalgazrdaTa Soris _ iunkrebi*,

romelTa gmiroba sazogadoebrivi aRtacebis sagnadaa qceuli. energiulad

daabijebs Suaxnis kaci nayvavilari saxiT, tyavis qurqiT, es valiko

juRelia, saxalxo gvardiis sardali. tyveebis demonstracia rusTavelis

prospeqtze. saocrad Wreli masa _ zogi fexSiSveli, zogi SinelSi,

zogi tyapuWebSi _ gaerTianebuli erTi niSniT _ yvela rusia. paraklisi

samxedro taZris ezoSi, vrcel moedanze, Cveni skolis gverdiT.

SemaRlebul ficarnagze kaTalikosi leonide swiravs, RmerTs evedreba

gadaarCinos mravaltanjuli qarTveli xalxi, RvTismSoblis wilxvedri

saqarTvelo ubedurebas... tabaxmelis frontze daRupulTa Camosveneba da

sajarod dakrZalva imave ezoSi (maT Soris erTi damamaxsovrda _

cnobili poetis kote mayaSvilis qali) dRes maT saflavs bolnisis

qviT mopirkeTebuli Senoba adgas: `ministrTa sabWo da saministroebi~.

axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo umokavSireod, sakuTari Zalebis amara

,,wiTeli barbarosebis~ mtrul garemocvaSi aRmoCnda.

XI wiTeli armia-azerbaijanidan, VIII, IX da XIII armiebi Crdilo

kavkasiidan saqarTvelos dasapyrobad TiTqmis erTdroulad daiZra.

VIII, IX da XIII armiebi saqarTvelos darialisa da mamisonis

uReltexilidan, agreTve Savi zRvis sanapiros zolidan utevdnen.

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, mTeli qarTveli xalxi, gmirul

winaaRmdegobas uwevda ,,wiTel barbarosebs~'' da arcTu iSviaTad

gabeduli kontrSetevebiT aiZulebda mtris Warb Zalebs, ukan daexia.

qarTveloba saarako gmirobas avlenda uricxv dampyroblebTan brZolaSi.

magaliTisTvis, vfiqrobT, Wabuki iunkrebis gmirobis gaxsenebac kmara...

qarTveli xalxis patriotuli suliskveTeba da gmiruli SemarTeba

aisaxa oficialur mimarTvebSic evropis qveynebisadmi, romlebmac

samwuxarod, axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo bedis anabara miatoves.

zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa gavecnoT saqarTvelos

mimarTvas erTa ligis* saxelze:

,,erTa ligis Tavmjdomares _ leonid berJuas, asli alber tomas.

sabWoTa ruseTi omis gamoucxadeblad, veragulad daesxa Tavs

saqarTvelos respublikas. RamiT amoxoca mZinare jariskacebi da

oficrebi da yoveli mxridan Semogvitia. veragi mteri amas ar dasjerda.

TviTmfrinavidan yumbarebs esvris tfiliss da xocavs bavSvebs da

qalebs. mivaqcevT ra mTeli ganaTlebuli kacobriobis yuradRebas

sabWoTa mTavrobis aseT velurobas, gamovTqvamT Cvens Rrma aRSfoTebas

da vacxadebT protests. gTxovT moixmoT mTeli Tqveni avtoriteti,

raTa evropis xalxebma xma amoiRon saqarTvelos dasacavad velurTa

23

urdoebisagan. qarTveli xalxi Tavis mxriv, saqveynod acxadebs, rom mas

Seuryevlad aqvs gadawyvetili samSoblos dacva wiTeli

barbarosebisagan. is iaraRiT xelSi brZolis velzea gasuli, Tavs

dasdebs iq, Tavisufal demokratiul samSoblos ar dasTmobs.

saqarTvelos erTa ligis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare aleqsandre

lomTaTiZe~.

aseT umZimes viTarebaSi, roca qveyana faqtobrivad bolSevikuri

ruseTis armiebis rkalSi moeqca, saqarTvelo mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT

umklavdeboda agresors. evropis didi saxelmwifoebi arc amjerad

gamoexmaurnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebis oficialur gancxadebasa da

Txovnas daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze. qarTuli jarisa da mosaxleobis

gmiruli winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, dampyrobelTa armiebTan brZola

dadebiT Sedegs ver gamoiRebda. am rTul viTarebaSi, generali giorgi

mazniaSvili mTavrobis gadawyvetilebas general odiSeliZis

Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb, did Secdomad miiCnevda. aqve

aRvniSnavT, rom general odiSeliZis, rogorc profesionalis

avtoriteti samxedro inteligenciaSi sakmaod maRali iyo. `mogonebebSi~

giorgi mazniaSvili werda: `14 Tebervlis mTavrobis dadgenilebiT,

romelic gamowveuli iyo damfuZnebeli krebis erovnul-demokratiuli

(partiis) erTi jgufis zegavleniT, mTavarsardali odiSeliZe

Tanamdebobidan gadayenebul iqna. mis adgilas dainiSna generali

kvinitaZe. es iyo gamousworebeli Secdoma mTavrobisa. qarTvel yvela

generalSi odiSeliZe TvalsaCinod irCeoda (gamoirCeoda, c. C.). umaRles

sardlobaSi, mas hqonda didi mxedruli da administraciuli staJi.

evropis udidesi omis dros (igulisxmeba pirveli msoflio omi)

generalma odiSeliZem miipyro gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ruseTis

jarebis mTavari Stabisa. omis dasawyisSi Cven vxedavT mas pirveli

armiis Stabis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze. omis meore periodSi odiSeliZe

iniSneba korpusis ufrosad da Semdeg mokle drois ganmavlobaSi

kavkasiis ufrosad. ai aseT pirovnebas mTavroba cvlis gaCaRebuli omis

dros da niSnavs iseT pirs, romelic samxedro staJiT metad

CamorCeboda odiSeliZes. uaxlesi ambebis ganviTarebam daumtkica

mTavrobas misi Secdoma.~

generali odiSeliZe rogorc profesionali, marTlac didi

avtoritetiT rom sargeblobda imperiis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, sadavo ar

aris, magram SesaZloa, generali mazniaSvili jerovnad ar icnobda

general kvinitaZis SesaZleblobebsa da mis profesionalizms, amitomac

mas saTanadod ver afasebda. Tumca dasaSvebia isic, rom general

kvinitaZis mimarT mazniaSvils garkveuli ukmayofilebis grZnobac

gaaCnda. `mogonebebSi~ generali aSkarad gamoTqvams pirad wyenas

kolegisadmi, ixsenebs ra 1919 wels samcxe-javaxeTis gubernatoris

postze muSaobis periods, mxareSi Seqmnil siZneleebs da droebiT

24

warumateblobebs server-begis bandebTan brZolis dros. generali

mazniaSvili wers: `...samxedro ministris amxanagis (moadgilis, c. C.)

generali gedevaniSvilis depeSa miviRe, romliTac zrdilobiani kiloTa

gvacnobebda Semdegs: `samxedro ministri saWirod Tvlis, tfilisSi

mogiwvioT, Tqveni diviziis mswrafl mobilizacias ministri didi

mniSvnelobas aZlevs da amitom, Tqveni Tanamdeboba general kvinitaZes

CaabareT da dauyovnebliv tfilisSi CamodiTo... es kidev araferi.

CemTvis sawyeni ufro is iyo, rodesac gavige, rom kvinitaZes rodesac is

borjomSi movida CemTan, rogorc Stabis ufrosi, ukve jibeSi edo Tavis

daniSvnis brZaneba da es garemoeba damimala.~

orive mxedarTmTavars aerTianebda erTi mTavari saerTo mizani _

samSoblosadmi uangaro samsaxuri. veeba monstrTan uTanasworo

brZolaSi, gmiruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, patara saqarTvelo

damarcxda. am umZimesi viTarebis Jams saqarTvelo TurqeTis mxriv

okupaciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.

veragobiTa da ZaliT, sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTveloSi usastikesi

bolSevikuri reJimi daamyara. qarTveli xalxi ar Serigebia mZime xvedrs

da ganagrZobda brZolas dampyroblebTan. bolSevikebma Seqmnes samxedro

xelisufleba _ `revoluciuri komiteti~. saqarTvelos respublikis

legitimurma mTavrobam ganacxada, rom legalur xelisuflebad ver

CaiTvleboda rusuli xiStebiT qveyanaSi ZaliT Semotanili da

damkvidrebuli uzurpatoruli* komiteti e. w. `revkomi.~ saqarTvelos

mTavrobam Riad ganacxada, rom nebismier pirobebSi da yvelgan daicavda

qarTveli xalxis sasicocxlo interesebs _ Tavisuflebasa da

damoukideblobas. aRiniSna, rom qarTvelma xalxma gmiruli winaaRmdegoba

gauwia mters da Tavisi miwa-wyali dauTmo mxolod maSin, roca

amoiwura winaaRmdegobis yvela SesaZlebloba. `saqarTvelos dRevandeli

mdgomareoba aris ucxo jaris mier qveynis samxedro okupacia~ _

aRniSnuli iyo mTavrobis gancxadebaSi. saqarTveloSi isev Crdiloeli

`keTilmosurne~ gabatonda. rusuli xiStebiT Semosulma

`ganmaTavisufleblebma~ ver SeZles qarTvelTa gatexa, maTSi

patriotuli suliskveTebis Cakvla.

`moyvrad~ mosul bolSevikebTan uTanasworo gmirul brZolaSi

sisxlisgan daclili saqarTvelo Turqebis SesaZlo SemoWris safrTxis

winaSe idga. baTumSi ukve daTareSobdnen Turqi askerebi. didi

damsaxureba miuZRvis general giorgi mazniaSvils 1921 wels baTumisa

da aWaris raionebis Turqebisagan gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi. umZimesi

viTareba sufevda saqarTveloSi. legitimuri* mTavroba mTavarsardalTan

erTad iZulebuli Seiqna, safrangeTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. generali

mazniaSvili, romelic piradad Sexvda baTumis `revkomis~ wevrs, Tengiz

Jrents, daeTanxma `revkomis~ winadadebas, mis gankargulebaSi myofi

ZalebiT gaeTavisuflebina qalaqi Turqebisagan. qarTulma jarma

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saxelovani generlis sardlobiT, gaafTrebuli brZolebis Semdeg, baTumi

daikava. generalma mazniaSvilma, romelmac uzadod Caatara baTumis

Turqebisagan gaTavisuflebis operacia, kidev erTi brwyinvale furceli

Cawera Tavis mxedrul biografiaSi. aqve sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom

`general mazniaSvilis nawilebma baTumis olqidan Turqebi gandevnes

manam, vidre baTums kavaleria miaRwevda~. amrigad, qarTvelma generalma

mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT SeZlo baTumis

gaTavisufleba. gamarjvebuli generali sergo orjonikiZes warudgines.

orjonikiZes misTvis uTqvams: `Tqven iciT, rom kanongareSe iyaviT

gamocxadebuli da TqvenTan Sexvedris dros, yvela komunists ufleba

hqonda moekaliT iqve, alagobriv, magram mxedvelobaSi viRebT Tqvens

moqmedebas baTumSi gadatrialebis kritikul momentSi da gepatiebaT

yvela borotmoqmedebani, romelic CaidineT Tqven menSevikebis batonobis

dros sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.~ patrioti generali, romelsac

samSoblosadmi erTguli samsaxuris mxedruli fici hqonda dadebuli,

sergo orjonikiZis am braldebas usafuZvlod miiCnevda. `mogonebebSi~ am

sayveduriT gulnatkeni mamuliSvili werda: `ver warmomidgenia, rodis

da ra borotmoqmedebis Cadena SemeZlo visime winaaRmdeg. me xom rogorc

jariskaci vemsaxurebodi patiosnad da gulmodgined Cems mTavrobas~.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan

Sexvedrisas, generalma mazniaSvilma kategoriulad moiTxova qarTvel

samxedro mosamsaxureTa usafrTxoebis garantiebi, radganac, rogorc

Tavad aRniSnavda, `qarTveli oficrebi warsulSi ar ekedlebodnen

politikur partiebs da ar ereodnen maT Soris atexil uTanxmoebebSi.

isini emsaxurebodnen mxolod samSoblos interesebs~. 1921 wlis 23

marts samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis brZanebiT,

generali giorgi mazniaSvili dainiSna qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

sardlad baTumis olqSi. axal Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisTanave, generali

energiulad Seudga qarTul SeiaraRebul ZalebSi arsebuli

naklovanebebis aRmofxvras, razec naTlad metyvelebs misi pataki

samxedro da sazRvao komisariatis saxelze: ai es patakic:

`samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisars

23 marti, 1921 weli, pataki #112.

mogaxsenebT, rom baTumSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo, Cemdami

rwmunebuli jarebi ver Rebuloben sistematurad kuTvnil ulufas.

xSiria SemTxveva, rom jariskacebi ramdenime dRe ar Rebulobdnen

sruliad purs, xolo zogjer ki Rebulobdnen ara umetes erTi

girvanqisa. rac Seexeba sxva sanovages da metadre cxenebis sakvebs, _ es

sakiTxi sruliad ar aris mogvarebuli. amisTana mdgomareobas,

rasakvirvelia, friad arasasurveli gavlena aqvs jariskacTa sulis

ganwyobilebebze da iwvevs maT TiTqmis masiur wasvlas Tavis saxlebSi.

mogaxsenebT ra amas, gTxovT miRebuli iqnas usastikesi zomebi Cveni

26

jaris yvela kmayofiT uzrunvelsayofad, raTa momeces saSualeba

davakavo jariskacebi yazarmebSi da daubrkoleblad Seudge saqarTvelos

wiTeli jaris Seqmnas.

sardali g. mazniaSvili. genStabis ufrosi gedevaniSvili~.

samSoblos samsaxurSi damSvral generals erovnuli armiis Seqmna

da qarTvel meomrebSi mTvlemare sulis gaRviZeba cxovrebis umTavres

miznad miaCnda. axal xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis ZiriTad

moTxovnad sardali, savsebiT samarTlianad, qarTvel oficerTa Zveli

korpusisaTvis usafrTxoebis garantebs asaxelebda. 1921 wlis 6 aprils

generali mazniaSvili dainiSna qarTuli wiTeli armiis inspeqciis qveiTi

jaris inspeqtorad. brZolebis qar-cecxlSi gamobrZmedili

mxedarTmTavari, rogorc saqarTvelos generali, samSoblos SeiaraRebul

ZalebSi samsaxurs gamarTlebulad miiCnevda. aki kidec ganucxada

sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenels, Tengiz JRents: `Tu

saqarTvelos axali xelisufleba borotebad ar CagviTvlis

samSoblosadmi samsaxurs menSevikebis batonobis dros da mogvcems

garantias, rom arc erTi jariskaci, generlidan moyolebuli ubralo

meomramde, uwindeli samsaxurisaTvis ar iqneba dasjili, me mzad var

ganvagrZo samxedro samsaxuri~.

patriot generals, romelsac upirveles movaleobad miaCnda

samSoblosadmi samsaxuri, SeeZlo emigraciaSi wasvla, magram

SeuZleblad miaCnda gaecvala samSoblo `sxva qveynis samoTxezeda~.

miuxedavad `Zveli codvebis~ mitevebisa, sabWoTa xelisuflebam urcxvad

daiviwya generlisadmi micemuli piroba, arafrad Caagdo misi saqmianoba

qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi, misi piradi

wvlili Turqebisagan aWaris gaTavisuflebaSi, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo

mxedarTmTavris avtoriteti, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli profesionalizmi,

didi damsaxureba erisa da qveynis winaSe. ficgautexeli generlisadmi

qarTveli xalxi Sesafer pativiscemas da siyvaruls avlenda.

xelisuflebam aseT generals danaSaulad CauTvala saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxuri da gasca

gankarguleba misi dapatimrebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos bolSevikuri

xelisuflebis veragobiT aRSfoTebulma patimarma, generalma

mazniaSvilma saprotesto werili gaugzavna sabWoTa saqarTvelos

jarebis samxedro komisars, Tengiz JRents.

vfiqrobT, qarTveli sazogadoebriobisaTvis interes moklebuli ar

unda iyos gaecnos usamarTlod uflebaayrili patimari generlis

werils, romelic daculia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centralur

saxelmwifo arqivSi. werilSi vkiTxulobT:

`daviRale samarTlis ZebnaSi. 15 Tvea, rac cixeSi vzivar da kidev

oTxi weliwadi unda vijde. ase nel-nela, magram Seuwyvetlad unda

mihqres Cemis sicocxle, aRsavse tyveobis zneobrivi da fizikuri

27

tanjviT da Tan amave tempiT unda vanadguro da vaqcio Cemis ojaxi

nivTierad da moralurad, rom yvela es ubedureba, `damsaxurebuli

dafaseba~, Sedegi iyos raime danaSaulisa da borotmoqmedebisa. Cemi

xasiaTis simtkice meyofoda, rom yovelive es usityvod ametana

ramenairad da araviTari nabiji ar gadamedga Cemi bedis Sesamsubuqeblad,

magram rodesac araviTari danaSauli ar mimiZRvis arc mTavrobisa da

arc sazogadoebis winaSe, rodesac yovelive CvenTaganis movaleoba

pirnaTlad Semisrulebia, rodesac amis sapasuxod pativayrili da

saxelgatexili cixeSi var Cagdebuli, iq vlev Cems dReebs, aba rogor

ar veZio samarTali, rogor ar moviaro kardakar yoveli iseTi

pirovneba, romelic Tavis mdgomareobiT iziarebs mTavrobis organoebis

yovel sanqcias da moqmedebas?! am azrTa pyrobili Tqvenc gauwyebT Cems

mdgomareobas, TqvenTanac movdivar samarTlis saZebnad, miT umetes, rom

Tqven ufro movale xarT yuradReba momaqcioT am sityvis Semdeg,

romelic baTumis revkomis saxeliT, 1921 wlis martis Tvramets me da

mTel qarTvel oficrobas mogveciT, romlis ZaliT arc erTi CvenTagani

warsuli moqmedebisaTvis gasamarTlebul ar unda yofiliyo da gana

egreve ar iyo dekreti #1-iT Tqmuli sajarod?! ufro kerZod gana s.

orjonikiZem imave wlis (1921 w.) 23 marts, rodesac ukve osmalT

jarebi gavanadgure _ ar miTxra, rom aseT brwyinvale samxedro

moqmedebisaTvis da axali mTavrobis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis me

mepatieboda yoveli manamde Cadenili moqmedebis pasuxis geba. hoda

rodesac dRes cixeSi vsneuldebi me piradad, xolo ojaxi itanjeba

materialurad da zneobrivad swored imitom, rom danaSaulad

CamiTvales Cemi winandeli moqmedebebi, rodesac rogorc qarTveli jaris

sardali vebrZodi jars da vicavdi Cemi samSoblos miwa-wyals, rogor

ar unda mogagonoT an Tqven, an s. orjonikiZes mocemuli sityvebi, an

mTavrobas misi dekreti #1 rad moxda, rom yvelam daiviwya Tavisi

sityva da movaleoba, rom me gamxades udanaSaulo msxverplad, an iqneb

sxva danaSauli Cavidine saqarTveloSi damyarebuli axali

xelisuflebisadmi? magram am SemTxvevaSi rad auxvies gverdi damnaSavis

dakiTxvas, raT warukveTes mas winaswari saSualeba mowmeebis

dasaxelebis da yovel wamoyenebuli braldebis gabaTilebisa. vacxadeb

kategoriulad, rom arcerTi braldeba, romelic rezoluciaSia

wamoyenebuli da romelTa mixedviT sikvdili momesaja, _ Semdeg

amnistiiT xuTi wliT sapyrobileze Secvlili, _ CemTvis ar

wamouyenebiaT, arcerTis gamo ar daukiTxivarT. naxeT arqivi da

darwmundiT. amgvarad Tu warmovidgenT, rom Cemi daskvna moxda im

danaSaulobaTaTvis, romelic Camidenia saqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobis

xelSi. amas xom damtkiceba undoda, amisTvis xom unda davekiTxeT da

xom unda daekiTxaT is pirnic, romelTac me davasaxelebdi Cemi uflebis

da simarTlis dasacavad da vinaidan arc erTs, arc meores adgili ar

28

hqonia, amitom amgvari `danaSaulobisaTvis~ dasjili adamianis

ganTavisuflebas da sruls reabilitacias moiTxovs TviT mTavrobisa da

misi yoveli wevris prestiJi. magram me mgonia, am braldebiT mxolod

ufaso damatebis xasiaTi aqvT, raki maT Sesaxeb ar daukiTxivarT. isini

Cemi dasjis motivaciis rols ar TamaSoben da braldebaTa Soris

gamoZieba, dakiTxva da mowmeebi ar esaWiroeboda mxolod erT muxls _

Tu saerTod SesaZloa amgvari proceduriT adamianis dasja, gasamarTleba

_ es muxlia `Cemi brZola sabWoTa ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg~. es

faqti cnobilia, amas ar unda fici, magram rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT _

es xom mravalgzis napatiebi mqonda, uwinares yovlisa dekretiT da mere

Tqveni da s. orjonikiZis sityvebiT. amgvarad, ar aris danaSaulis

elementi Cems dasasjelad. es mdgomareoba werilobiT Tu sityvieri

gancxadebiT gavacani sxvadasxva pasuxismgebel pirs da sabuTi maqvs, rom

isini davarwmune kidev Cems udanaSaulo dasjaSi. amitomac, Tqvenc

mogaxsenebT exla yovelives da gTxovT monawileoba miiRoT Cemi

reabilitaciis da gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi. gaqvT saSualeba saqmes da

yvela masalas gaecnoT da miT darwmundeT mTxrobelis sisworeSi da

miTve Cems udanaSaulobaSi da roca es azri SegidgebaT, keTili inebeT,

damideqiT TavdebaT, da gamaTavisufleT, raTa saSualeba momeces Cemi

saxelis reabilitaciisa imave dawesebulebaSi da imave gziT, ra

dawesebulebebma da gzamac mas moscxo Cirqi.

giorgi mazniaSvili~.

es werili, romelsac, samwuxarod, TariRi aRniSnuli ar aqvs, 1922

wlis 14 dekembers waredgina samxedro komisars, Tengiz JRents. werils

axlavs mamia oraxelaSvilisa da filipe maxaraZis rezolucia:

`patimroba Seecvalos SemdegSi gadasaxlebiT~. am rezoluciis garda,

patimari generlis werils adevs agreTve meore rezoluciac.

`gaTavisuflebul iqnas,~ s. orjonikiZe.

rogorc usamarTlod dapatimrebuli generlis werilidan Cans,

axalma xelisuflebam daiviwya rogorc misi damsaxureba, aseve sabWoTa

xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvelive dRes gamocxadebuli amnistia,

romelic mas usafrTxoebis garantias aZlevda.

saqarTvelos `revkomma~ dekreti amnistiis Sesaxeb daadastura

damxobili xelisuflebisa da `revkomis~ warmomadgenelTa quTaisis

Sexvedraze, romelic Sedga 1921 wlis 17 da 18 marts. damxobili

mTavrobisagan qarTul mxares Sexvedraze warmoadgenda saqarTvelos

demokratiuli mTavrobis rwmunebuli grigol lorTqifaniZe, xolo

saqarTvelos `revkoms~, _ mamia oraxelaSvili. sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda

rsfsr-is warmomadgeneli abel enuqiZe. Sexvedraze sabWoTa ruseTis

mxares warmoadgenda agreTve aleqsandre svaniZe. quTaisis Sexvedraze

demokratiul mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos `revkoms~ Soris miRweul iqna

SeTanxmeba samxedro moqmedebebis likvidaciis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis me-14

29

muxlSi aRniSnulia: `saqarTvelos `revkomi~ Tavis 25 Tebervlis

amnistiis dekretis damatebiT adasturebs, rom ar agebinebs pasuxs da

ar dasjis arc sasamarTloTi da arc administraciuli wesiT

respublikis arc erT politikur moRvawes, samxedro pirebs,

jariskacidan dawyebuli vidre mTavarsardlamde, gvardielebs, gvardiis

ojaxebs da Stabis wevrebs, administraciis yvela moxeleT da saerTod

yvela im pirT, romelTa moqmedeba maTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi

samsaxuridan da moRvaweobidan gamomdinareobda. es muxli exeba im pirTa,

im moqmedebas, romelTac adgili hqonda SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlamde~.

mxedarTmTavari, romelic gmirulad ebrZoda saqarTvelos

dasapyrobad Semosul sabWoTa ruseTis jarebs, samSoblosaTvis dacvas

agresorebisagan mamuliSvilur movaleobad miiCnevda da amis gamo, Tavs

damnaSaved ar Tvlida. misi sardlobiT, 1921 wlis TebervalSi qarTulma

jarma soRanluRis poziciebidan gabeduli kontrSetevis Semdeg SeZlo

Tbiliss momdgari mtris SeCereba. generali sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom,

rodesac misi brZanebiT, sadarajo legioni gadavida ieriSze `goris

gvardielebma naxes ra legionis ieriSze gadasvla, amocvivdnen

Txrilebidan da eZgernen mters. mterma brZola ar miiRo da nawili

tyved Cagvivarda~.

axalma xelisuflebam, romelmac xazi gadausva amagdari

mamuliSvilis damsaxurebas, yoymanis Semdeg miiRo `humanuri~

gadawyvetileba da samxilis uqonlobis gamo, patimrobidan gaaTavisufla

generali. sabolood mas sikvdiliT dasja Seucvales `saqarTvelos

sazRvrebidan xuTi wliT gaZevebiT~. aseTi verdiqti* gamoutana mas

saqarTvelos ssr sagangebo komisiam 1923 wlis maisSi. igi

gaTavisuflebis Semdeg erTxans parizSi cxovrobda, sadac gaWirvebaSi

myof generals bedi morig gansacdels umzadebda, mas daabrales 1924

wlis ajanyebis gacema. titanuri Zalisxmevisa da nervebis daZabvis fasad

daujda samSoblos samsaxurisaTvis Tavganwirul generals am

ciliswamebis gabaTileba, sakuTari pativisa da Rirsebis dacva.

safrangeTSi, emigraciaSi myofi legitimuri xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebisagan generalma kategoriulad moiTxova oficialuri

ganmarteba am ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebiT. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris, noe

Jordanias saxelze daweril gancxadebaSi giorgi mazniaSvili aRniSnavda,

rom man araferi icoda ajanyebis mzadebis Sesaxeb da saerTod mxars ar

uWerda raime SeiaraRebul gamosvlas. mTavrobis Tavmjdomares igi

Seaxsenebda, rom gamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT kargad iyo cnobili

emigrantuli mTavrobis wevrebisaTvisac. patriotma generalma SeZlo

SeubRalavi mundiris Rirsebis dacva da cilismwamebelTa damarcxeba.

ltolvilobaSi myofi xelisufleba giorgi mazniaSvils acnobebda,

rom mTavrobis sxdomaze, romelsac daeswrnen saqarTvelos politikuri

partiebis warmomadgenlebic, daadgines: `gamogecxadoT Tqven sruli

30 წიგნის ელექტრონული ვერსია

მოამზადა საიტმა: www.ChiaturaINFO.GE

ndoba da amasTan erTad ecnobos saqarTvelos yvela Cven organizaciebs,

rom xmebi da Worebi, romelic trialebs Tqveni saxelis garSemo, aris

ganzrax mogonili ciliswameba. mTavrobis mdivani k. kandelaki~.

safrangeTSi gadaxvewili mxedarTmTavari darwmunda, rom qarTveli

menSevikebis mcdelobas, romelic miznad isaxavda evropis daxmarebiT

sabWoTa ruseTis mier okupirebuli saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebas,

perspeqtiva ar gaaCnda. giorgi mazniaSvili `mogonebebSic~ werda amis

Sesaxeb: `... cxadi iyo, rom evropis arc erTi saxelmwifo xelsac ar

gaanZrevda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis yofili mTavrobis

interesebis dasacavad. magaliTad, inglisi da safrangeTi Cven aSkarad

gvagrZnobinebdnen, rom saqarTvelos sakiTxi Seadgens socialisturi

sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiris Sinaur saqmes, radgan saqarTvelo Sedis

am kavSirSi, rogorc sruluflebiani saxelmwifo~.

ficgautexelma mxedarTmTavarma sicocxlis bolo wlebi samSobloSi

gaatara. ganawyenebuli da Seuracxyofili generali, romelic

emigraciaSi ukidures xelmokleobasa da gaWirvebas ganicdida, Tavis

zneobriv movaleobad samSobloSi dabrunebas miiCnevda. `mogonebebSi~ igi

gulistkiviliT werda: `gaWirvebam da Cemi pirovnebis da patiosnebis

abuCad agdebam, maiZules me mimemarTa sabWoTa mTavrobisaTvis,

SeemoklebinaT Cemi gaZevebis vada, da rodesac nebarTva miviRe,

gadavwyvite davbrunebuliyav samSobloSi, SeverTebodi Cem or milion

moZmes da maTTan erTad gameziarebina bednierebac da ubedurebac...~

qeduxreli generali sicocxlis bolomde erTguli darCa qveynisa

da eris winaSe dadebuli mxedruli ficisa. samSoblos dacva, qveynis

samxedro Zlierebasa da teritoriul mTlianobaze zrunva, qarTvel

meomrebSi mxedruli sulis aRorZineba generlis cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis umTavresi mizani gaxldaT. partiuli interesebi, agreTve

pirad keTildReobasa da karierasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, mas,

rogorc profesional samxedros da patiosan pirovnebas, naklebad

aRelvebda, mxedarTmTavarma ar gacvala samSoblo. man amayad da

moswrebulad upasuxa orjonikiZes, romelmac danaSaulad CauTvala

amagdar generals menSevikur mTavrobasTan TanamSromloba. `me arc

menSevikebis generali var da arc bolSevikebisa, me saqarTvelos

generali var!~

samSobloSi generals sabWoTa xelisufleba eWvis TvaliT uyurebda.

mTavrobisagan `dafasebuli~ generali sakuTari ZaliT moweuli

WirnaxuliT inaxavda ojaxs. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam mas

`danaSauli~ (eris samsaxuri, c. C.) ar apatia. igi avadsaxsenebel 1937

wels daapatimra da Semdeg daxvrita. gamoCenilma mxedarTmTavarma

gaiziara mravali qarTveli mamuliSvilis tragikuli bedi. umkacresma

represiebma imsxverples eris saukeTeso Svilebi, maT Soris qarTveli

samxedro inteligenciis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebic, romlebic

31

ruseTis imperiis oficerTa korpusis elitarul nawils

miekuTvnebodnen. represiebs emsxverplnen gamoCenili qarTveli oficrebi,

romelTa Soris iyo ilia WavWavaZis diswuli, qarTveli sazogado da

samxedro moRvawe, cnobili qvelmoqmedi, generali konstantine (kote)

afxazi**, romelic daxvrites TbilisSi 1923 wlis maisSi. didi

mamuliSvili XVIII saukuneSi kaxeTs gadasuli ServaSiZeebis STamomavali

iyo. bolSevikuri diqtaturis damyarebis Semdeg kote afxazi, sxva

mamuliSvilebTan erTad, monawileobda winaRmdegobis moZraobaSi, ris

gamoc daapatimres da Semdeg sxva sikvdilmisjil patimrebTan erTad

daxvrites dRevandeli vakis parkis teritoriaze. bolSevikebma sisxlis

kalo galewes, musri gaavles qarTvel inteligencias. erovnuli

inteligenciis saukeTeso nawili ganadgurda, ramac mniSvnelovnad

Seaferxa qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.

general giorgi mazniaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba sanimuSo

magaliTad unda iqces yvelasaTvis, visac samSoblosaTvis uZgers guli.

misi ocneba iyo Zlieri qarTuli armiis Seqmna, romelic saqarTvelos

saimedo dacvis garanti iqneboda. giorgi mazniaSvilis saxiT samSoblom

dakarga mxedarTmTavari, romelmac agresorebs qarTuli miwebidan fexi

moakveTina. samSoblos moukles saxelovani mxedarTmTavari, samagaliTo

mamuliSvili, uSiSari meomari, gmiri, romelmac fasdaudebeli wvlili

Seitana qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobaSi. qarTvel

generalSi Tanabrad iyo Sezavebuli mxedruli SemarTeba, momTxovneloba

da principuloba pirovnul didbunebovnebasTan. mamaci generali piradi

magaliTiT aRafrTovanebda meomrebs, romlebic saxelovan winaparTa

msgavsad, ar uSindebodnen mtris simravles, gmiri mxedarTmTavris

meTaurobiT Setevaze gadasulebi musrs avlebdnen dampyroblebs da

brwyinvale gamarjvebas aRwevdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom veeba monstrTan

uTanasworo brZolaSi saqarTvelo, samwuxarod, umokavSireod darCa,

qarTveli xalxi aqtiurad Caeba samamulo omSi samSoblos

damoukideblobis dasacavad. qarTuli jaris Tavganwiruli brZola,

qarTvel meomarTa gmiroba da mamacoba qarTveli erisadmi simpaTiiT

ganawyobda evropelebs da ara marto maT. qarTvelTa mxedrul

SemarTebasTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT upriani iqneba aleqsandre diumas

Semdegi sityvebis gaxseneba: `qarTvelebi brZolebSi unda naxo. maSin

isini Cveulebriv adamianebi ki ara, titanebi arian, romelTac ZaluZT

zeca ieriSiT aiRon~.

didia general giorgi mazniaSvilis damsaxureba qarTul

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi mxedruli sulis aRorZinebisaTvis. igi Tavad

gaxldaT saukeTeso magaliTi imisa, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo

qarTveli meomari.

samSoblosadmi erTguli samsaxuri, gmiroba da mamacoba is

Tvisebebia, riTac qarTveli meomrebi odiTganve gamoirCeodnen.

32

mravaltanjuli gmiruli warsuliT STagonebuli generali samSoblos

damcvelebs yovelTvis Seaxsenebda winaparTa sagmiro saqmeebs,

mouwodebda maT, ar daeviwyebinaT `visi gorisani arian~.

generalma mazniaSvilma mTeli Zal-Rone uSurvelad Sealia sayvarel

saqmes – qarTuli armiis Seqmnas da qveynis samsaxurs. generlis msgavsi

mamuliSvilebi amSvenebdnen qarTveli eris gmiruli warsulis

furclebs, saqarTvelos omebis istorias. amitomac qarTveli

axalgazrdoba jerovnad unda acnobierebdes, rom `warsulis fesvebs,

raindobas, keTilSobilebas da bunebis sidiades mowyvetili Taoba

Rirseuls verafers Seqmnis~ (Tamaz bibiluri).

ubadlo mxedarTmTavars, rogorc samagaliTo pirovnebas,

gulmxurvale patriotsa da mamuliSvils, vfiqrobT, savsebiT miesadageba

gamoCenili sazogado moRvawis, moazrovnisa da mecnieris, akaki baqraZis

Semdegi sityvebi: `dadebiTi da misabaZi is kaci SeiZleba iyos, visac

maRali zneobrivi idealebisaTvis golgoTaze SeuZlia asvla, visac

xelewifebis jvari itvirTos da martodmartom zidos sikvdilis

karamde~.

giorgi mazniaSvilis `mogonebani, 1917-1925~, memuaruli

literaturis brwyinvale nimuSi da maSindeli qarTlis cxovrebis

piruTvneli da STambeWdavi matianea.

1927 wels `mogonebani~ calke wignad gamoica. es SesaZlebeli

gaxda, radgan generlis memuarebSi gaanalizebulia damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos realobaSi arsebuli Sinagani krizisis niSnebi.

axal xelisuflebas giorgi mazniaSvilis wignSi, pirvel yovlisa,

menSevikuri mTavrobis kritika moewona da `mogonebebs~ gza gauxsna,

magram generlis memuarebis mZafri erovnuli suliskveTeba naklebad

Seesabameboda imaT miznebsa da interesebs... amitomac, amjobines wigni

sruliad mieviwyebinaT da SemdgomSi aRar gamoecaT.

giorgi mazniaSvils gulTmisaniviT uwinaswarmetyvelebia Tavis

Tavze: `erTi gabrazebuli Taoba Tu damxvrets, meore damSvidebuli

Taoba mkvdreTiT aRmadgens, sicocxle arc dabadebiT iwyeba da arc

sikvdiliT mTardeba~. TiTqmis yvela qarTvelis saTqmeli Tqva S.

niSnianiZem giorgi mazniaSvilisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi: `Sinelze miWril

natyviaridan vWvret gamofrenil cicinaTelebs...~

33

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni * askeri – jariskaci TurqeTSi.

ataSe – yvelaze dabali tiplomatiuri rangi. diplomatiur

warmomadgenlobaSi specialuri piri, romelic sagareo urTierTobebis

gansakuTrebul dargSi muSaobs (mag., samxedro, samxedro-saaviacio da

samxedro-sazRvao ataSe). arsebobs peresataSec, romelsac evaleba ucxo

saxelmwifos presis mimoxilva da Tavisi mTavrobisaTvis informaciis

miwodeba.

begi – batoni mahmadianur qveyanaSi.

erTa liga – Seiqmna 1919 wels. saxelmwifoTa politikuri

TanamSromlobis pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia. igi mtkiced icavda

mSvidobas da faSisturi agresiis safrTxisagan Tavis dasacavad

moiTxovda koleqtiuri uSiSroebis Seqmnas.

verdiqti – ganaCeni. gadawyvetileba nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi.

iunkeri – germanuli sityvaa. yofil prusiaSi: msxvili miwaTmflobeli

aznauri, memamule. mefis ruseTSi dabali Cinis samxedro piri (rigiTi,

unter-oficeri) aznaurTa wridan. samxedro saSualo saswavleblis

moswavle, romelic emzadeba oficrobisaTvis.

kadeti – samxedro saSualo saswavleblis kursanti.

kadetTa korpusi – daxuruli tipis samxedro saSualo saswavlebeli,

romelSic TavadaznaurTa Svilebs amzadebdnen.

legitimuri – kanonieri.

ozakomi – droebiTi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli gansakuTrebuli

komiteti.

seimi – poloneTis saxalxo respublikaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

erTpalatiani umaRlesi organo, parlamentis erT-erTi palata fineTSi,

erTpalatiani parlamentis saxelwodeba.

uzurpatori – piri, romelmac ukanonod Caigdo xelSi xelisufleba.

34

pirTa saZiebeli **

aTabagi (jayeli) serveri – iyo qvablianidan, 1919 wlis mahmadianTa

ajanyebis meTauri. serveris mama iyo axalcixis faSa, romelic ruseTma

gadaibira da misca tituli princ koblianski-adigenski da daarqva gvari

aTabegov, e. i. mama begebisa.

andronikaSvili aleqsandre simonis Ze – generali 1918 wlidan;

qarTuli jaris generaluri jaris ufrosi; qarTuli samxedro skolis

ufrosi 1920 w.; kojor-tabaxmelas frontis sardali; 1922 w.

antibolSevikuri samxedro centris meTauri; daxvrites bolSevikebma

1923 wels.

afxazi konstantine (kote) nikolozis Ze – samxedro da sazogado

moRvawe qarTuli universitetis daarsebis sainiciativo jgufis

Tavmjdomare. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis me-14 _

ukanaskneli marSali (1913-1919 ww.). antibolSevikuri samxedro centris

meTauri. 1919 wlidan generali. ruseTis armiis polkovniki; msoflio

omis monawile; 1923 wels daxvrites bolSevikebma.

gabaSvili vasil daviTis Ze – gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari, generali,

qarTvelTa korpusis meTauri, 1918 wels qarTuli jaris pirveli

mTavarsardali, qarTuli jaris reorganizaciis proeqtis avtori g.

kvinitaZesTan erTad. 1919 wels gaxda Tavdacvis sabWos wevri, ruseTis

armiis general-leitenanti. gardaicvala 1933 wels. dakrZalulia

TbilisSi.

gedevaniSvili aleqsandre konstantines Ze – generali; baTumis samxedro

komendanti; 1918 w. saqarTvelos samxedro ministris meore TanaSemwe

(moadgile) 1918-21 ww.; qarTuli jaris samxreTis frontis sardali

(1918 wlis dekemberSi qarTvel-somexTa omis dros), Tavdacvis sabWos

wevri, ruseTis armiis general-maiori. gardaicvala 1933 wels.

dakrZalulia TbilisSi.

erisTavi baxri begi – STamomavali didi Tornike erisTavisa,

qvablianidan, qalaq axalcixis boqauli.

imnaZe nikoloz iakobis Ze – generali, msaxurobda saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis samxedro saministroSi. qarTuli jaris

savele Stabis ufrosi 1918 w. dekemberSi Tbilisis razmis meTauri;

ruseTis armiis podpolkovniki; 1921 wlis martidan emigraciaSi wavida.

kvinitaZe giorgi ivanes Ze – generali, gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari,

qarTuli jaris mTavarsardali 1918-21 ww. qarTuli samxedro skolis

ufrosi; 1919-20 ww. Tavdacvis sabWos wevri da misi Seqmnis

iniciatori; 1921 wlidan emigraciaSia, gardaicvala 1970 wels.

maRlakeliZe Salva – swavlobda moskovis universitetis iuridiul

fakultetze, 1915 wlidan _ Tbilisis samxedro saswavlebelSi. ibrZoda

35წიგნის ელექტრონული ვერსია

მოამზადა საიტმა: www.ChiaturaINFO.GE

1917 wels samcxe-javaxeTSi, emigraicaSi iyo parizSi da iq daaarsa

Jurnali `qarTlosi~, sadac xSirad ibeWdeboda misi publikaciebi.

mayaSvili abel (balo) gabrielis Ze – generali, axalcixisa da

axalqalaqis general-gubernatori. 1918-19 ww. Tbilisis samxedro

komendanti, 1919 wlis maisidan iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo

azerbeijanSi, vinaidan saqarTveloSi mas adgili ver mouZebnes, ganjis

samxedro skolis ufrosi 1920 wels. ruseTis armiis general-maiori

1914 wels, 1920 wels bolSevikebma daxvrites baqoSi.

maCabeli baxCi-beg – osmaleTis sasargeblod momuSave piri, Semdeg

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dros moinania da gulwrfelad emsaxura

samSoblos.

muskievi – erovnebiT inguSi. monawileobda 1919 wlis ajanyebaSi

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

odiSeliZe ilia zaalis Ze – generali, gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari,

monawileobda sazRvargareT samSvidobo molaparakebaSi. saqarTvelos

samxedro ministris TanaSemwe, 1920 wels qarTuli jaris

mTavarsardali, 1920-21 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris

mrCeveli. 1921 wlidan Tavdacvis sabWos wevri. ruseTis armiis general-

leitenanti, 1921 wlis martidan emigraciaSia; gardaicvala 1922 wels

TurqeTSi.

uokkeri – ingliseli generali, romelic imyofeboda baTumSi da eweoda

ormag TamaSs Jordaniasa da server-begTan.

ximSiaSvili Temur – gavleniani aWareli begi, ozurgeTis `uezdis

naCalniki~. omis dros igi ar gadasula Turqebis mxares.

36

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• avaliSvili, z., `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis

saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, Tb., 1929.

• `amirani~, kompoziciur-literaturul-mxatvruli sazogadoebriv-

politikuri krebuli, Tb., 1990.

• bendianiSvili, a., `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~, Tb., 2001.

• dauSvili, al., `danaSauli~ _ saqarTvelos generloba~, gaz.

`Tbilisi~, 1999.

• diue r. `moskovi da wamebuli saqarTvelo~, Jurnali `ciskari~,

#1, 1992.

• ivaniZe, g., `brZola mesxeTisaTvis~ 1917-21 ww., Tb., 2002.

• kvinitaZe, g., `mogonebebi~ I-II, Tb., 1998.

• lomiZe, S., `mesxeTi da mesxebi~, Tb., 1999.

• mazniaSvili, m., `mogonebani~, baTumi, 1990.

• maisuraZe, e., `mogonebebi general mazniaSvilze~, gazeTi

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1997.

• nozaZe, e., `saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo~, Tb.,

1989.

• surgulaZe, a., surgulaZe, p., `saqarTvelos istoria~, Tb., 1991.

• fanaskerteli-ciciSvili, `me iveriis rigiTi jariskaci~, gazeTi

`samefo gvirgvini~, Tb., 2003.

• Sengelia, g., zurmuxtaSvili, T., `me saqarTvelos generali var...~,

Tb., 2006.

• CxeiZe, r., `roca Svidni varT~, Tb., 1990.

• Cxenkeli; T., `mwvane bivriti~, Tb., 2002.

• xorguaSvili, g., `sruliad saqarTvelos sazrunavi~, gazeTi

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, Tb., 2003.

• scssa, fondi 1891, anaw., 1, saq. 211, furc. 32.

• scssa, fondi 1874, saq. f. furc. 187.

• scssa, fondi 600, anaw., 1, saq. 182, furc. 63.

• scssa, fondi 617, anaw., 2, saq. 2522, furc. 300.

• scssa, fondi 1861, anaw., 2, saq. 217, furc. 1.

37

generali giorgi mazniaSvili meuRlesTan erTad

giorgi mazniaSvilis saxli sofel sasireTSi

38

niJegorodis dragunTa polkis III eskadronis oficerTa

jgufi (g. mazniaSvili dgas marjvnidan pirveli)

39

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