atlantisis -...

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atlantisis saidumlo

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paata iakaSvili

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doq-

tori, avtoria ideologiur

Temaze Seqmnili eseebis krebu-

lisa `erovnuli idea~ da asze

meti statiisa da samecniero

Sromis, xelovnebisa da kul-

turologiis sakiTxebze.

ISBN 978-9941-8-0152-5

9 789941 801525

paata iakaSvili

Tbilisi 2018

atlantisis saidumlo

S e s a v a l i

`me araferi vici da arc arafers

vaswavli, garda sul ubralo ramisa _

dasva kiTxvebi da maT pasuxi gasce~.

platoni

berZeni filosofosis es fraza gamodgeba principad, romli-

Tac sasurvelia, vixelmZRvaneloT im saidumlosTvis saburvelis

axdis kidev erTi mcdelobisTvis, rasac atlantisi hqvia.

platonma dialogebSi `timeosi~ da `kritia~ mogviTxro at-

lantisis Taobaze, amasTan, ise dawvrilebiT, rom erTi SexedviT

saidumlo iq araferia, magram Tu davukvirdebiT, davinaxavT: didi

moazrovnis monaTxrobi ufro met kiTxvas aCens, vidre maTze pa-

suxebs iZleva... Tavad gansajeT: is laparakobs uZvelesi kulturis

arsebobisa da daRupvis Sesaxeb. mkiTxvels aocebs am kulturis

sidiadec da asakic _ dReidan Tu viangariSebT, atlantisi okeaneSi

danTqmula 11500 wlis win; es TariRi arRvevs kacobriobis ganvi-

Tarebis Sesaxeb arsebul yvela warmodgenas da, bunebrivia, iZl-

eva atlantisis ambis mravalgvari interpretaciis saSualebas.

udavod, es aris mizezi imisa, rom dialogebis SeTxzvidan ganv-

lili 24 saukunis ganmavlobaSi atlantisis Taobaze bevri daiwera;

t. gatefosesa da k. rus bibliografiaSi miTiTebulia, rom 1920

wlisaTvis 1700 naSromi arsebobda, sadReisod ki 6000-ze meti unda

iyos da, Tu am Temisadmi gamovlenil interess gaviTvaliswinebT,

es raodenoba kidev gaizrdeba. me am interesma Semipyro 1972 wels,

roca pirvelad gavecani naSromebs atlantisze. atlantologTa

mier baskebis, etruskebisa da pelasgebis mikuTvnebam atlanti-

kur rasasTan mafiqrebina atlantisis kavSiri protoqarTvelur

tomebTan; mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi vagrovebdi masalebs Cemi

hipoTezis dasamtkiceblad, risi saSualebac momca qarTvel mecni-

erTa bolo drois aRmoCenebma.

ase, rom, es wignic amave interesis Sedegia...

© paata iakaSvili. yvela saavtoro ufleba daculia.

ISBN 978-9941-8-0152-5

avtori monografiaze muSaobisas gaweuli daxmarebisTvis

madlobas uxdis qalbatonebs:

maia bubulaSvils, naTela SurRaias, eka wereTels da manana TeTruaSvls.

avtori

paata iakaSvili

gamomcemlobis direqtori

nino kobaxiZe redaqtori

salome zviadaZe kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa

asmaT menTeSaSvili

koreqtori lia minaSvili

gamocemis redaqtori

marine markozaSvili teqnikuri redaqtori

aleqsandre kuzanaSvili

gamomcemloba

`miraJi~

4 5

Tavi I

ras wers platoni atlantisis Sesaxeb

atlantisis Taobaze cnobas, rogorc ukve mogaxeneT, vpoulobT platonis or

dialogSi `timeosi~ da `kritia~.

platoni aTenis moqalaqe iyo. misi mSoblebi, mama, aristoni da deda, periq-

tione, aTenis ukanaskneli mefis, kodrosis sagvareulos ekuTvnodnen da am gziT

solons enaTesavebodnen.

platoni daibada Zveli welTaRricxvis 427 wels. mas bedad xvda, yofiliyo

sokrates mowafe da aristoteles maswavlebeli.

igi adre dainteresda filosofiiT; poeziasac did dros uTmobda, magram

Zveli welTaRricxvis 407 wels sokratesTan daaxloebam filosofiis sasarge-

blod gaakeTebina arCevani. maTi urTierToba rva weli gagrZelda, es periodi

mniSvnelovani iyo ara mxolod platonisaTvis, romlis cxovreba Seicvala, aramed

aTenis politikuri mdgomareobisTvisac. Zv.w. 431-404 wlebSi damTavrda aTensa da

spartas Soris mimdinare peloponesis omi. spartelTa TiTqmis erTwlianma alyam

aTeni aiZula, zavs daTanxmeboda. amis Sedegad aTenSi daemxo demokratTa xelisu-

fleba da damyarda oligarqTa mmarTveloba, e.w. òcdaaTTa tirania~, romlis

meTauric iyo platonis naTesavi kritia, misi dialogebis personaJi, visi saxelic

erT dialogs uwoda kidec. Zv.w. 403 wels samoqalaqo omSi muniqiasTan gamarTul

brZolaSi kritia daiRupa. gaimarjves demokratebma, romelTac Trasibule me-

Taurobda, aTenSi demokratia aRdga. am politikur dapirispirebas emsxverpla

platonis maswavlebeli sokrate. Zv.w. 399 wels mas bralad dasdes, `rom is ar

cnobs im RmerTebs, romlebsac cnobs saxelmwifo, da aRiarebs raRac axal de-

monebs. damnaSavea is imaSic, rom ryvnis axalgazrda ymawvilebs da amisaTvis Rir-

sia sikvdiliT daisajos~. sabediswero braldebis safuZveli religia da zneoba

ar yofila, rogorc Cans, politika iyo. am ambebis Semdeg platonma aTeni datova

da mTeli 12 weli mogzaurobda, iyo egvipteSi, samxreT italiasa da siciliaSi. iq,

raRac mizeziT, platons ganurisxda sirakuzis tirani dionise da monad gayida...

platoni waiyvanes kunZul eginaze, sadac is karielma anikeridom 30 mnad iyida...

megobrebma gamosasyidi fuli Seagroves, magram anikeridom platoni usasyidlod

gaanTavisufla. Zveli welTaRricxvis 387 wels aTens dabrunebulma platonma

gamosasyidi fuliT WadarTa WalaSi berZeni gmiris akademosis pativsacemad miwis

nakveTi SeiZina, Walas akademia ewodeboda. aq daaarsa platonma Tavisi filosofi-

uri skola. Zv.w. 367 wels, sirakuzis tiranis, dionises sikvdilis Semdeg, is kvlav

Cavida siciliaSi dionise umcrosTan. savaraudoa, mas imedi hqonda, axalgazrda

tiranis daxmarebiT moexdina Tavisi socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebis praq-

tikuli realizeba, magram xeli moecara. amboben, Zv.w. 360 wels imave mizniT kvlav

gaemgzavra sirakuzaSi da kvlav uSedegodo. platoni Zv.w. 347 wels gardaicvala.

platonma datova didi da mravalferovani filosofiuri memkvidreoba:

`sokrates apologia~, `kritoni~, èvtifroni~, `laqeti~, `lisia~, `qarmidi~, `pro-

tagora~, `gorgia~, `menoni~, èvTimedi~, `menekseni~, `fedoni~, `nadimi~, `krateli~,

`hipias mcire~, `hipias didi~, ìoni~, `saxelmwifo~, `Teeteti~, `parmenide~,

`sofisti~, `politikosi~, `kanonebi~, `timeosi~ da `kritia~.

misi dialogebi moicavs iseT mniSvnelovan Temebs, rogoricaa moZRvrebani

codnis, sulis, ideebis, saTnoebis, kosmologiis, xelovnebisa da saxelmwifos Ses-

axeb. rigiT ukanasknels miekuTvneba CvenTvis saintereso ori dialogi: `timeosi~

da `kritia~. gavecnoT atlantisze cnobebis Semcvel am wyaroebs.

daviwyoT `timeosiT~. es dialogi platons Zv.w. IV saukunis 60-50 wlebSi

Seuqmnia. dialogi, ufro sworad ki misi meore nawili, warmoadgens kosmologi-

uri xasiaTis moZRvrebas, yvelaze rTuli xasiaTis naSroms platonis Semoqmede-

baSi. rac Seexeba `timeosis~ pirvel nawils, masSi idealur saxelmwifoze saubro-

ben; gamodis, rom es aris platonis dialog `saxelmwifoSi~ mimdinare msjelobis

gagrZeleba. wina dRiT sokrate saubrobda idealur saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebis

socialur wodebebad dayofaze, `timeosSic~ naxsenebia es Tema.

dialogs oTxi monawile hyavs:

sokrate (Zv.w. 469-399 w.w.) _ didi berZeni filosofosi, platonis maswavle-

beli da misi bevri dialogis mTavari moqmedi piri; gvevlineba platonis meore

`med~ am dialogSi;

timeosi (daibada Zv.w. 490 wels), samxreT italiis berZnuli koloniis qalaq

lokribes mkvidri, astronomi, maTematikosi, filosofos-piTagoristi da poli-

tikosi. mas miewereba traqtatebi: `samyaros sulisaTvis~ da `bunebisaTvis~. masac

platonis maswavleblad miiCneven. misi saxeli ewodeba CvenTvis saintereso pirvel

dialogs;

hermokrate (brZolaSi mokles Zv.w. 408 wels) _ sirakuzeli politikosi da

mxedarTmTavari, sirakuzis tiranis, dionise ufrosis simamri. peloponesis omis

dros sirakuzelTa meTauri iyo da spartis mxareze ibrZoda. Zv.w. 410 wels, poli-

tikuri intrigebis wyalobiT gaaZeves sirakuzidan. ori wlis Semdeg samxedro

razmis daxmarebiT scada qalaqSi dabruneba, magram brZolaSi daiRupa.

kritia (daiRupa brZolaSi Zv.w. 403 wels) _ platonis dedis biZaSvili, sokratesa

da sofist leontinelis mowafe; poeti, ritori da politikosi, òcdaaTTa ti-

raniis~ meTauri. platonis dialogebis personaJi, misi saxeli ewodeba CvenTvis

saintereso meore dialogs.

mkvlevarTa azriT, `timeosSi~ moqmedeba viTardeba Zv.w. 421 wels, e.w. `nikias

zavis~ dros, roca peloponesis omi droebiT Sewyda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mtris

banakis warmomadgenlebi, timeosi, ufro ki hermokrate, samxreT italiidan ver

Camovidodnen. zavma maT amis saSualeba misca. Sexvedra Sedga kritias saxlSi.

dialogis pirvel nawilSi aqtiuroben sokrate da timeosi, hermokrate

TiTqmis sul dums. samagierod, yvelaze bevrs da, amasTan, metad mniSvnelovans,

kritia ambobs: `kritia: maS, moismine, sokrate, es yovlad ucnauri, magram ueWve-

lad marTali Tqmuleba, rogorc Tqva erTxel solonma, yvelaze brZenma Svid

brZen kacs Soris. is Cveni didi papis _ dropides naTesavic iyo da uaxloesi

megobaric (dropide ufrosi kritias mama gaxldaT. mas, Tavis mxriv, hyavda ori

6 7

vaJi _ kalesxre da glavkoni. kalesxres Svili iyo umcrosi kritia, am dialogis

monawile. p.i.), rasac TviTonve araerTgzis aRniSnavs Tavis leqsebSi (solonis po-

eturi qmnilebebis _ elegiebis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis aristotele Tavis ̀ rito-

rikaSi~. p.i.); man uambo papaCem kritias, berikaci ki SviliSvilebs gvimeorebda, ra

diadi da gansacvifrebeli saqmeebiT gauTqvams odesRac saxeli Cvens qalaqs, _

saqmeebiT, romlebic Semdeg daviwyebas miscemian JamTa siavisa da kacTa sikvdilis

gamo. am saqmeTagan udidesia is, risi gaxsenebac amJamad gvmarTebs, raTa Senc gagi-

maspinZldeT da am saRmrTo dResaswaulze Rirseuli da marTali saxotbo himniT

saTanado pativi mivagoT qalRmerTsac (igulisxmeba qalRmerT aTenasadmi miZRv-

nili dResaswauli `plinteriebi~. is imarTeboda Targvlionis (mais-ivnisis) TveSi

da taZridan gamotanili aTenas Zveli xis qandakebis zRvaSi ganbanvis sakralur

rituals warmoadgenda. p.i.).

sokrate: _ keTili da patiosani; magram es ra saqmea, ara monaWori, aramed

uxsovar droSi marTlac Cadenili Cveni qalaqis mier, rac solonis gadmocemiT

mousmenia kritias?

kritia: _ mogaxseneb am ZvelisZvel ambavs, berikacisgan naambobs. imxanad kri-

tia, rogorc TviTonve amtkicebda, TiTqmis oTxmocdaaTi wlisa iyo, me ki, ha da ha,

aTisa Tu viqnebodi. es moxda apaturiis dResawaulze, kerZod, kureotisis dRes

(atikur-ioniuri dResaswauli, romelic pianepsionis Tvis (oqtomber-noemberSi)

27-29 ricxvebSi imarTeboda da romlis drosac moqalaqeebi sakuTari fratriis

(`Zmobis~) wevrTa siaSi (`fratrikon gramateion~) werdnen TavianT Svilebs. p.i.)

Cvenma mamebma, adaTisamebr, amjeradac jildoebi SemogvTavazes ymawvilebs leq-

sis kiTxvaSi. wakiTxul iqna uamravi poetis uricxvi leqsi. bevri ymawvili kiTxu-

lobda solonis leqsebsac, romlebic maSin jer kidev axali xili iyo da ai, saZmos

erT-erTma wevrma, ar vici, gulwrfelad Tu, iqneb, im mizniTac, rom kritiasT-

vis eamebina, Tqva: soloni ara marto yvela sxva mxriv brZenTa-brZenad mimaCnia,

aramed Tavisi leqsebiTac ukeTilSobilesi mgonia poetebs Soriso. berikacs _

dRevandeli dResaviT maxsovs _ Zalian gauxarda da RimiliT miugo: èh, Cemo ami-

nandre, poeziisaTvis sasxvaTaSorisod ki ara, sxva poetebiviT saguldagulod rom

mieyo xeli da bolomde mieyvana egviptidan Tavisi Camotanili Tqmuleba, romel-

sac iZulebiT mianeba Tavi im areulobisa da aTasi sxva ubedurebis gamo, rac sam-

SobloSi dabrunebuls daxvda, maSin, vfiqrob, verc hesiodes, verc homerosisa da

verc romelime sxva poetis dideba ver daCrdilavda misas~. ̀ ki, magram, aseTi mainc

ra Tqmuleba iyo, kritia?~ _ hkiTxa man. ìs exeboda udides gmirobas, romelic

odesme gamouCenia Cvens qalaqs, _ miugo kritiam, _ da uTuod yvelaze Rirssax-

sovaric iqneboda, drosa da am gmirobis CamdenTa daRupvas rom ar waeSala misi

xsovna~. `modi, Tavidan miambe, _ sTxova aminandrem, _ ra moxda, rogor moxda, anda

visgan moismina solonma is, ris simarTleSiac eWvi ar epareboda?~1

ase iwyeba dialogis is nawili, atlantiss rom Seexeba da am dasawyissac sWird-

eba komentari: soloni (Zv.w. 640-560 w.w.) `Svid brZenTagan~ erT-erTi (danarCen-

ebi arian: Talesi, qiloni, pitake, bianti, kleobule, periandre), aTeneli, samefo

1 ix.: platoni, `timeosi~, gamomcemloba ìrmisi~, 1994 w., gv. 281-282.

gvaris wevri (ukanasknel mefes, kodross enaTesaveboda), poeti, mxedarTmaTavari

(misi sardlobiT aTenma megaras waarTva kunZuli salamini), reformatori, Zv.w.

594 wels airCies arqontad da esimnetad. aman saSualeba misca, sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebi gaetarebina: man ganaxorciela siisqea _ `tvirTis moxsna~, anu amo-

yara savalo qvebi movaleTa miwis nakveTebidan da gaauqma savalo kabala; akrZala

valSi berZenis mier berZenis gayidva; gvarovnuli cenzi Secvala qonebrivi cenziT

(`timokratia~), _ aTenis moqalaqeni qonebis mixedviT daiyvnen oTx klasad: penta-

kosiomedimnebi (xuTassawyaoianebi), triakosiomedimnebi (samassawyaoianebi), zevg-

itebi da Tetebi. qonebis ganmsazRvreli iyo medimni (erTi medimni 30 kilogram

naturiT Semosavals Seesabameboda); moaxdina monetisa da zoma-wonis unifikacia;

gaaZliera saxalxo kreba, ar SeuzRudavs areopagis (uxucesTa sabWos) uflebebi,

Seqmna axali organo _ bule (oTxasTa sabWo) da peliea (msajulTa sasamarTlo);

politikur brZolaSi gulgrilobisaTvis daawesa atimia (moqalaqeobis CamorT-

meva); misi kanonebiT mSoblebi valdebulni iyvnen, SvilebisaTvis xeloba eswav-

lebinaT; sakanonmdeblo doneze ibrZoda zneobis dasacavad.

rogorc cnobilia, solonis mier damkvidrebul kanonebs aTenis mosaxleoba

advilad ver Seegua; bevri sTxovda ganmartebas solons. am ukanasknels Tavis

kanonebSi arafris Secvla ar surda, amitom aTi wliT datova aTeni da samogzau-

rod wavida. amis Taobaze plutarqe wers: `pirvelad soloni egvipteSi Cavida da,

rogorc TviTon ambobs, cxovrobda nilosis ubesTan, sadac kanobisis napiri aris.

aq igi ramdensame xans filosofiaSi mecadineobda iqaur ubrZnes qurumebTan _

heliopolisel fsenofisTan da saisel sonqisTan. amaTgan solonma, rogorc pla-

toni gadmogvcems, moismina Tqmuleba atlantisze da Seecada, es Tqmuleba poemad

SeeTxza da elinebisTvis miewodebina~1.

marTalia, Tavidan solons atlantisis Taobaze orive qurumi elaparaka, ma-

gram, rogorc dialogebidan Cans, ZiriTadi informaciis mimwodebeli unda yo-

filiyo saiseli qurumi, saxelad sonqi, amitom Semdgomi Txrobisas mas movixse-

niebT.

amrigad, solonma egvipteSi mosmenili ambavi aTenSi Camoitana da, bunebrivia,

Tavis naTesavebsac gaacnobda. solons hyavda Zma dropide, amisi Svili iyo kritia

(ufrosi kritia), romlis pirveli Svilis, kalesxres Svilic gaxldaT umcrosi

kritia, _ am dialogis personaJi, romelsac papam uambo solonis mier egvipteSi

gagonili. is am ambavs dialogSi mogviTxrobs: àris egvipteSi, _ daiwyo kritiam,

_ deltis wverosTan, iq, sadac nilosis dineba mraval nakadad itoteba, erTi

nomosi (olqi. p.i.), saisad saxeldebuli, romlis mTavari qalaqic gaxlavT saisi

(qvemo egviptis Zveli dedaqalaqi. p.i.). sxvaTa Soris, swored iqauri mefe iyo

amasisi. saisis mfarveli RvTaebaa mavani qalRmerTi, romelsac egvipturad ne-

iTi (`saSineli~, egviptelTa uzenaesi qalRmerTi, RmerTebis deda; berZnebi neiTs

aTenasTan aigivebdnen. p.i.), elinurad ki, rogorc iqaurebi amtkiceben, aTena

hqvia. saiselebi Zalze keTilmosurned arian ganwyobilni aTenelTa mimarT da

1 ix.: plutarqe, `rCeuli biografiebi~, `soloni~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 166

8 9

maT TavianT naTesavebadac Tvlian (xazgasma Cemia, p.i.). soloni yveboda, saiss

rom Cavedi, iqaurebma didi pativiT mimiReso, xolo rodesac gardasul dReTa

ambebis gamokiTxva davuwye yvelaze mcodne qurumebs, davrwmundi, rom arc me da,

saerTod, arc erT elins, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, am saqmisa ara gagvegeba

rao. erTxelac solons ganuzraxavs Zvel Tqmulebebze Camoegdo sityva da ucdia,

maTTvis moeTxro is miTebi, romlebic uZvelesadaa miCneuli am Cvens qalaqSi, ker-

Zod, miTi fronevsze (argosis mefe, inaqesa da nimfa melias Ze; miTis mixedviT, man

danerga argosSi heras kulti. p.i.), romelsac pirvel adamianad vTvliT, niobesa

(zogierTi miTi mas inaqes meuRled anu fronevsis dedad miiCnevs. p.i.) da imaze,

Tu rogor gadaurCnen warRvnas devkalioni da pira (devkalioni, promeTesa da

klimenes Ze, warRvnas gadarCenili kacobriobis mamaa, misi coli pira ki _ deda.

p.i.), Tanac, mouwadinebia gamoeyvana maT STamomavalTa megvartomobis nusxa da

gardasul TaobaTa ricxvis mixedviT gamoeangariSebina maT Semdgom ganvlili dro.

maSin erT mxcovan qurums (misi saxeli, rogorc plutarqe wers, aris sonqi. p.i.)

wamouZaxia: ̀ o, solon, solon, Tqven, berZnebi, maradiuli bavSvebi xarT da ar aris

moxuci berZenTa Soris!~ `rad brZanebT magas?~ _ ukiTxavs solons. `Tqven yvelani

yrmebi xarT suliT, _ upasuxebia qurums, _ vinaidan arc erTis suli ar imarxavs

odiTganve momdinare ZvelisZvel gadmocemebs da arc droiT gaWaRaravebul raime

swavlas. xolo amis mizezi Semdegi gaxlavs: vin moTvlis, ramdenjer daRupula

kacTa modgma da kidev ramdenjer da ramdennairad daiRupeba igi. adamianebs musrs

avlebda cecxli da wyali, SedarebiT ufro nakleb _ aTasi sxva ubedureba. swored

aqedan iRebs dasabams Tqveni Tqmuleba faetonze, heliosis Zeze, romelic erTxel

viTom mamamisis etlSi Camjdara, magram ver mouxerxebia, heliosis gziT ware-

marTa igi, amitomac gadaubugavs yvelaferi dedamiwaze da, elviT daferflili,

TviTonac daRupula (faetoni _ heliosisa da klimenes vaJi. mamis etlis marTva

ver SeZlo, gamoiwvia saSineli xanZari, amis gamo zevsma elviT gangmira igi. p.i.). es

Tqmuleba miTs mogvagonebs, magram is simarTlesac Seicavs: marTlacda, cis TaRze

dedamiwis irgvliv mbrunavi sxeulebi zogjer TavianTi Cveuli gzidan gadaixre-

bian, ase rom, drois xangrZliv Sualedebs Soris dedamiwaze yvelaferi aboboqre-

bul xanZarSi inTqmeba da iRupeba. am dros mTebis, zegnebisa Tu uwylo adgilebis

mkvidrni gacilebiT ufro metni ixocebian, vidre zRvisa Tu mdinareTa napirebze

mobinadreni. ase rom, nilosi, Cveni mudivi mfarveli da mwyalobeli, am ubedure-

bisgan gvifaravs, napirebidan gadmovardnili. xolo rodesac RmerTebi, dedamiwis

ganwmendis mizniT, warRvnas mouvlenen mas, Tavis gadarCenis imedi SeiZleba hqon-

deT mxolod mwyemsebsa da mejogeebs, mTis kalTebze rom aZoveben naxirs, maSin,

rodesac Rvarcofs zRvaSi Caaqvs Tqveni qalaqebis mkvidrni. Cvens qveyanaSi ki,

arc am dros da arc sxva SemTxvevaSi, wyali arasodes zemodan ar atydeba Tavze

vel-mindvrebs, aramed, Tavisi bunebisamebr, qvemodan moiwevs maRla. ai, rato-

maa, rom CvenSi Semonaxuli Tqmulebebi gacilebiT ufro Zvelia. yvela qveyanaSi,

sadac arc metismeti sicxe icis da arc sicive, kacTa modgma odiTgan arsebobs,

ricxvmravlobiT zogan meti, zogan naklebi. ra unda moxdes diadi, SesaniSnavi

an Rirsaxsovari, rom Cven ar aRvnusxoT da ar CaviweroT? xolo am Canawerebs,

uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, Cven taZrebSi vicavT da vinaxavT. rogorRaa saqme

TqvenSi da danarCen xalxebSic? rogorc ki moaxerxebT damwerlobisa Tu yovelive

danarCenis gamogonebas, rac saWiroa saxelmwifos cxovrebisaTvis, cidan kvlav da

kvlav, drois garkveul SualedebSi, saxadiviT moskdeba warRvna da cariel-tari-

elT, uvicTa da umecarT gtovebT. ase rom, iZulebulni xarT, yvelaferi Tavidan

daiwyoT, TiTqos es-esaa moevlineT qveynierebas, da warmodgenac ar gaqvT, Tu ra

moxda uxsovar dros Tqvens qveyanaSi da TviT TqvenSiac. aviRoT, Tundac, Tqveni

megvartomobis ambavi, axlaxan rom gagvande, solon; gana riTi gansxvavdeba sabavSvo

zRaprebisgan? jer erTi, Tqven SemogrCaT mxolod erTi warRvnis xsovna, magram

warRvna manamdec mravali iyo da merec. isic ki ar iciT, kacTa ra didebuli da

keTilSobiluri modgma cxovrobda odesRac Tqvens qveyanaSi. Senca da mTeli Seni

awindeli qalaqic dasabams iRebT im Teslisagan, rac am modgmisgan gadarCa, magram

Tqven warmodgenac ara gaqvT amaze, vinaidan gadarCenilTa ara erTi da ori Taoba

ise gadaego, rom munjiviT utyvs araviTari werilobiTi mowmoba ar dautovebia.

TumcaRa yvelaze saSineli da damangreveli warRvnis win is saxelmwifo, romelic

dRes aTenis saxeliTaa cnobili, saomar saqmeSic pirveli iyo da kanonebis sru-

lyofilebiTac badali ar moeZebneboda, solon; gadmocema imnair damsaxurebasa

da dadgenilebebs miawers mas, romelTa didebulebasac veraferi Seedreba, rac ki

saerTod gagvigia am cisqveSeTSi~.

es rom movismine, _ yveboda Turme soloni, _ gaognebuli davrCi da gulmxur-

valed Sevevedre qurumebs, aTenis am Zveli moqalaqeebis ambavi dawvrilebiT da

dalagebiT moeTxroT CemTvis.

qurums uTqvams: ̀ ar dagzardebi, yvelafers giambob, solon, Seni pativiscemisa

da Tqveni qalaqis, uwinares yovlisa ki _ im qalRmerTis (igulisxmeba aTena, igive

neiTi. p.i.) gulisTvis, romelsac wilad xvda da romelmac aRzarda da gaanaTla

rogorc Seni, ise es Cveni qalaqic; magram geasa da hefestosagan rom miiRo Tqveni

Tesli (igulisxmebian Zveli atikelebi, romelTa mefe erexToniosi Caisaxa hefes-

tos Teslisagan, romelic maSin daeca geas (dedamiwas), roca hefesto uSedegod

cdilobda aTenas dauflebas. p.i.). man Cvens qalaqze mTeli aTaswleuliT ufro

adre daaarsa Tqveni aTeni. xolo Cveni samoqalaqo cxovrebis siZvele, wminda wer-

ilis Tanaxmad, rva aTasi wliT ganisazRvreba. ase rom, eg Seni winaprebi, romelTa

didebuli kanonebisa da diadi Rvawlis Sesaxeb mokled unda mogiTxro axla, cxra

aTasi wlis winaT cxovrobdnen. mogvianebiT, mocaleobis Jams, Cven aviRebT wminda

werils da ufro guldasmiT da Tanmimdevrulad gamoviZiebT yovels.

Seni winaprebis kanonebi SegiZlia aqauri kanonebis mixedviT warmoidgino

(xazgasma aq da Semdgom Cemia, p.i.): bevr rasmes, rac uwin Tqvens qalaqSi arse-

bobda, amjerad CvenSi Sexvdebi; uwinares yovlisa, qurumTa wodebas, yvela da-

narCenisagan gankerZoebuls; Semdeg xelosanTa wodebas, romlis yoveli wevri

Tavis sakuTar xelobas misdevs da sxvis saqmeSi ar ereva; da bolos, mejogeebis,

monadireebisa da miwis muSakTa wodebas; Tumca meomarTa wodebac, rogorc Sen,

albaT, SeniSne, gankerZoebulia danarCenTagan da mis wevrebs kanoni uwesebs,

araferze ar izrunon, garda omisa. amas daumate isic, rom Cveni meomrebi fare-

10 11

biTa da SubebiT arian aRWurvilni; amnairi aRWurviloba, romelic TviT qal-

RmerTma mouvlina orive qalaqs, Cven pirvelebma davnergeT mTel aziaSi, iseve,

rogorc Tqven _ evropaSi. rac Seexeba gonebriv wvrTnas, xom xedav, ranair mz-

runvelobas iCens am saqmis mimarT Cveni kanoni, romelic gviwesebs, vikvlevdeT

kosmoss da RvTaebriv mecnierebaTagan gadmogvyavdes adamianuri codna, misno-

bisa Tu samedicino xelovnebis CaTvliT, romlis daniSnulebacaa adamianis jan-

mrTelobaze zrunva, iseve, rogorc codnis yvela sxva dargi, romelic zemoT

CamoTvlilT ukavSirdeba.

magram mTeli es mwyobri wesrigi qalRmerTma kidev ufro adre daafuZna Tqvens

qalaqSi; dawyebiT ki imiT daiwyo, rom Tqvens gasaCenad da samSoblod amoirCia

iseTi adgili, sadac, keTilad Sezavebuli havis wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda

mTeli dedamiwis zurgze yvelaze gonier xalxad SobiliyaviT. omisa da sibrZnis

moyvare qalRmerTma SearCia da sacxovrisad dasaxa swored is mxare, romelsac

unda eSva xalxi, yvelaze metad rom emgvaneboda mas da, ai, Tqven damkvidrdiT iq,

didebul kanonTa mflobelni, romlebic maSin kidev ufro srulyofilni iyvnen,

da yvela xalxze yovelnairi siqveliT aRmatebulni, rogorc SeSveniT RmerTebis

naSierTa da aRzrdilT, mravalricxovanni da diadni arian. Tqveni qalaqis sag-

miro saqmeni _ isini aqa gvaqvs Cawerili da dRemde Cvens aRtacebas iwveven; ma-

gram maT Soris erTi yvelas aRemateba sidiadiTa da siqveliT. marTlacda, Cveni

Canawerebi gvauwyeben, rogor mouRo odesRac bolo Tqvenma qalaqma mrisxane da

Tavgasul samxedro Zalas, mTeli aziisa da evropis dasapyrobad rom SemoiWra

atlantikis zRvidan. maSin jer kidev SeiZleboda am zRvis gadalaxva, radgan jer

kidev arsebobda kunZuli im srutis gadaRma, Tqvens enaze `herakles svetebad~

rom iwodeba (igulisxmeba hibraltaris srute. p.i.). es kunZuli ufro didi iyo,

vidre libia (ase uwodebdnen Zveli berZnebi afrikas. p.i.) da azia erTad. maSindel

mogzaurebs advilad SeeZloT am kunZulidan gadasuliyvnen sxva kunZulebze, iqi-

dan ki _ pirdapir mdebare mTel xmeleTze, romelic moicavda im zRvas, marTlac

rom imsaxurebs Tavis saxels (xmelTaSua zRva. p.i.), radgan zemoxsenebuli srutis

gadmoRma es zRva, arsebiTad, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara ube, Sig datanebuli viwro

gasasvleliT, da mxolod mis srutismiRmur nawils Tu SeiZleba ewodos zRva, am

sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT (atlantis okeane. p.i.), iseve, rogorc srutisaqeTa

ubis momcvel miwas savsebiT samarTlianad SegviZlia, xmeleTad vTvlideT (xmele-

Tad evropa, azia da afrika igulisxmeba. p.i.). ai, swored am kunZulze, romelsac

atlantida erqva, warmoiSva samefoTa diadi da saocrad mZlavri kavSiri, rom-

lis Zalauflebac vrceldeboda mTel kunZulze, bevr sxva kunZulsa da xmeleTis

nawilzec. garda amisa, srutis gadmoRma maT daipyres libia, TviT egviptemde,

da evropa, vidre tireniamde (apeninis naxevarkunZulze, Sua italiaSi, tireniis

zRvis piras mdebare olqi etruria. p.i.). da, ai, es SeerTebuli Zala gadmosro-

lil iqna, raTa erTi dartymiT daemonebina Cveni da Tqveni qalaqi, iseve, rogorc

srutis gadmoRma mdebare yvela qveyana. swored maSin gamovlinda, solon, yvelas

winaSe Tqveni qalaqis gasaocari simamace da Zalmosileba, aSkarad rom aRemata

danarCenT sulis simtkiciTa da saomar saqmeSi gawafulobiT. is Tavdapirvelad

saTaveSi Caudga elinebs, magram mokavSireTa gamcemlobis gamo iZulebuli Seiqna,

martodmarto Segebeboda saSinel gansacdels. miuxedavad amisa, mainc sZlia momx-

durs da gamarjvebis mauwyebeli tropaionic (Zegli, romelsac mtrisaTvis warT-

meuli saWurvelis daxvavebiT qmnidnen. p.i.) aRmarTa. isini, vinc jer kidev ar dae-

monebinaT dampyroblebs, monobisagan daixsna, xolo herakles svetebs gadmoRma

mcxovreb yvela xalxs uSurvelad mianiWa Tavisufleba; magram mogvianebiT daiwyo

arnaxuli miwisZvrebi da warRvna; erTi sazareli dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi mTeli

Tqveni laSqari mkerdgapobilma miwam STanTqa; zRvis ufskrulSi dainTqa da samu-

damod gauCinarda atlantidac. mas aqeT zRva am adgilas TviT dRevandel dRemde

miudgomelia xomaldebisTvis wyalmarCxobisa da warmoudgenlad sqeli Slamis

gamo, romelic CaZirulma kunZulma datova~1.

`timeosi~ aris platonis pirveli dialogi, romelSic is atlantisze lapara-

kobs. amasTan, bevric aris naTqvami da cotac... bevri imitom, rom manamde ucnob

ambebze da uZveles kulturebze iTqva, magram arc ise dawvrilebiT, rom mkiTxvels

sruli warmodgena Seqmnoda Zveli aTenis polisisa da atlantisis Sesaxeb, amitom

Tavisi sicocxlis bolos platonma dawera `timeosis~ pirveli nawilis uSualo

gagrZeleba, dialogi `kritia~, romelSiac aseT ambavs amovikiTxavT: `kritia: up-

irveles yovlisa, gavixsenoT, rom, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, cxra aTasi wlis winaT,

herakles svetebis (hibraltaris srute. p.i.) iqiT mcxovreb xalxsa da aqeT mxares

mkvidr yvela danarCens Soris iyo omi. ai, am omis Sesaxeb mogvixdeba Txroba. gveu-

wyeba, rom es ukanasknelni Cveni saxelmwifos meTaurobiT awarmoebdnen oms, xolo

pirvelTa saTaveSi kunZul atlantisis mefeebi idgnen. rogorc ukve mogaxseneT,

odesRac es sididiT libiaze da aziaze aRmatebuli kunZuli iyo, Semdeg ki CaiZira

da dReisaTvis iqca gauval Slamad da gzas uketavs zRvaosnebs, romlebic Cvengan

cdiloben Ria zRvaSi gasvlas da naosnobas SeuZlebels xdis. TandaTan dawvr-

ilebiT giambobT mravalricxovan barbarosTa tomebisa da im berZeni xalxis Tao-

baze, maSin rom arsebobdnen, magram aucilebelia, sul Tavidan vTqvaT aTenelTa

da am omSi maT mowinaaRmdegeTa Sesaxeb, aRvweroT orive mxaris Zalebi da saxelm-

wifo wyobileba. mivagoT es pativi pirvelad aTenelebs da movyveT maT Sesaxeb.

rogorc cnobilia, dedamiwis qveynebi RmerTebma erTmaneTs Soris kenWisyriT,

mSvidad, udavod gainawiles. xom araswori iqneba warmovidginoT, TiTqos Rmer-

Tebma ar ician, ra Seefereba TiToeul maTgans, an TiTqos maT, miuxedavad imisa,

rom ician, romeliRac sagani sxvas unda ekuTvnodes, SeuZliaT wamoiwyon kamaTi

am sagnis gamo. maS ase, miiRes ra kenWisyriT sasurveli wili, RmerTTagan Ti-

Toeuli damkvidrda Tavis qveyanaSi; da maSinve Seudgnen TavianT monapovarTa da

gazrdilTa, Cvens, movlas ise, rogorc TavianT samwyos (uvlian) mwyemsebi, oRond

Tu es ukanasknelni fizikuri ZaladobiT zemoqmedeben sxeulze da maTraxis saSu-

alebiT mwyemsaven saqonels, RmerTebma airCies, ase vTqvaT, mesaWis adgili, said-

anac yvelaze moxerxebulia warmarTo morCili cocxali arsebani da moqmedebdnen

darwmunebiT, TiTqos sulis saWiT, rogorc maT TavianTi Canafiqri karnaxobda.

ase marTavdnen isini mokvdavTa mTel modgmas.

1 ix.: platoni, `timeosi~, gamomcemloba `irmisi~, 1994 w., gv. 282-286

12 13

sxva RmerTebma wilisyriT sxva qveynebi miiRes da daiwyes maTi mowyoba, magram

hefestom da aTenam, rogorc erTi mamis Svilebma, erTi bunebisani rom iyvnen da

erTnairad uyvardaT sibrZne da mxatvroba, Sesabamisad miiRes kidec erTi wili

_ Cveni qveyana (igulisxmeba saberZneTis provincia atika. p.i.), romelic Tavisi

TvisebebiT xels uwyobda saTnoebisa da gonierebis gamozrdas; daasaxles is miwis

mier naSobi keTilSobili kacebiT da STaagones saxelmwifos mowyobis cneba. am-

aTma (pirvelmosaxle keTilSobili kacebis. p.i.) saxelebma Cvenamde moaRwia, magram

saqmeni daviwyebas mieca didi drois gavlisa da im ubedurebaTa gamo, romelTac

gaanadgures maTi STamomavloba.

gansacdels, rogorc ukve iTqva, gadaurCnen mxolod uwignuri mTielebi,

romelTac gagonili hqondaT mxolod qveynis mbrZanebelTa saxelebi da kidev

raRac maT saqmeTa Sesaxeb. winaparTa gmiroba da kanonebi maTTvis ucnobi iyo.

zogi ram yurmokrulad icodnen da mxolod samaxsovro saxelebs arqmevdnen ax-

aldabadebul bavSvebs; amavdroulad isini da maTi STamomavlobis mravali Taoba

ganicdidnen yvelaze aucileblis uqonlobiT gamowveul gaWirvebas, mxolod am

gasaWirze fiqrobdnen da laparakobdnen, winaprebi da Zveli drois saqmeebi ki

aviwydebodaT. miTebis SeTxzva da Zvel movlenaTa Zieba xom daiwyo qalaqebSi mo-

caleobasTan erTad, roca aRmoCnda, rom zogierTebi flobdnen cxovrebisaTvis

saWiro mzamzareul saSualebebs da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ufro adre. amitomaa,

rom Cvenamde moaRwia winaparTa saxelebma da ara maTma saqmeebma da mtkicebule-

bad SemiZlia movitano kekropis, erexTevsis, erixTonis, erisixTonis saxelebi,

kidev bevr sxvaTa, gadmocemiT Tezevsis winamorbedebi rom iyvnen. da, Sesabamisad,

solonis damowmebiT, qalTa saxelebic, romlebic gaumxiles mas qurumebma, maS-

indel omze (omi aTenelebsa da atlantiselebs Soris. p.i.) rom mouTxrobdnen.

aki Cveni qalRmerTis Sesaxedaoba da gamosaxulebac aixsneba imiT, rom im dros

samxedro saqmes kacebic da qalebic erTnairad misdevdnen da am kanonis Tanaxmad

maSindelma adamianebma Seqmnes javSanmosili qalRmerTis qandakeba. es yvelaferi

naTelyofs, rom erT sazogadoebaSi Semaval mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis ada-

mianebs SeuZliaT erTad ivarjiSon erTi an meore sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saT-

noebaSi.

Cvens qveyanaSi sxvadasxva wodebis moqalaqeebic saxlobdnen, xelosnobiTa

da miwaTmoqmedebiT dakavebulni, magram RvTaebriv kacTa samxedro wodeba Tavi-

danve gamoirCa. isini calke cxovrobdnen, am fenis warmomadgenlebi iRebdnen yve-

lafers, rac saWiro iyo arsebobisa da aRzrdisaTvis, magram pirad sakuTrebaSi

aravis araferi gaaCnda, yvelafers yvela saerTod Tvlida. amasTan, maTTvis war-

moudgeneli iyo danarCeni moqalaqeebisagan aeRoT raime saWiroze meti. isini as-

rulebdnen yvela im movaleobas, romelsac SevexeT Cven guSin, mcvelTa savaraudo

wodebis Sesaxeb rom vlaparakobdiT; xolo Tavad Cveni qveynis Taobaze mimdin-

areobda sarwmuno da marTali Txroba, risganac upirveles yovlisa aSkara gaxda,

rom misi sazRvrebi im dros aRwevda isTmosamde (geografiuli adgili korinTos

yelTan. p.i.), xolo materikis gaswvriv _ kiTeronisa da parneTis mwvervalebamde,

Semdeg zRvisken eSveboda. mis marjvena mxares mdebareobda oropiusi, marcxena

mxares ki asoni (pirveli adgilia, meore ki mdinarea atikaSi. p.i.). nayofierebiT

iqauri miwebi aRemateboda nebismier sxvas, risi wyalobiTac qveyanas saSualeba

hqonda, Seenaxa samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobisagan ganTavisuflebuli mravalricxo-

vani armia, da amis safuZvliani udavo dadasturebaa is, rom am miwis dRevandeli

narCenebic ki sxvaze aranakleb mdidaria sxvadasxva nayofiT da kvebavs yovelgvar

cxovels, Zvelad ki es yvelaferi am miwaze uxvad da saukeTesod izrdeboda. ma-

gram rogor davrwmundeT amaSi da ratomaa swori, axlandel qveyanas Zvelis nar-

Cens rom uwodeben? mTeli misi teritoria materikidan Sors, zRvaSi, rogorc kon-

cxi, gaWimulia da CaZirulia ufskrulis Rrma WurWelSi imdenad, ramdenadac cxra

aTasi wlis manZilze moxda bevri didi wyaldidoba da ager amdeni weli gavida mas

Semdeg dRevandel dRemde. msgavsi ubedurebis dros simaRleebidan wylis mier

Camorecxil miwas ar xvdeboda raime mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba, rogorc sxva

adgilebSi, yovelmxriv irecxeboda talRebiT da Semdeg ufskrulSi inTqmeboda.

da ai, rogorc es emarTeba mcire kunZulebs, Zvel mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT

darCa mxolod avadmyofobiT gamofituli sxeulis ConCxi, roca rbili da noyieri

miwa sul Carecxili aRmoCnda da mxolod ConCxia Cvens winaSe. magram im dros

jer kidev xeluxlebel, uvnebel mxares gaSlili iyo maRali, borcvebiani mTebi

da dablobebi, romlebsac dRes qvians uwodeben, maSin ki velze rbili niadagi

da mTebSi xSiri tye iyo, risi damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba axlac SeiZleba

vipovoT: Cvens mTebs Soris iseTebic aris, romlebic axla mxolod futkrebs Tu

gamozrdian, arada, arc ise didi xnis win jer kidev mTeli iyo am mTebSi moWrili

sasaxurave xisgan damzadebuli yvelaze didi nagebobebis saxuravebi. bevri iyo

adamianis mier moSenebuli maRali xeebic, saqonlisTvis ki gaSlili iyo uxvi sa-

Zovrebi, rameTu wylebi, romelsac zevsi yovel wels gvigzavnis (zevsi, yvelafer-

Tan erTad, wvimis RmerTic iyo. p.i.) SiSveli miwidan zRvaSi ki ar ikargeboda,

rogorc axla, aramed baraqianad Seiwoveboda niadagSi, zemodan CaJonavda miwaSi

arsebul sicarieleSi, grovdeboda Tixis saTavsoebSi, da amitom yvelgan uxvad

Cqefda. nakadulebisa da mdinareebis saTaveebi, adrindeli wyaroebis dRemde ar-

sebuli saRvTo narCenebi imis dadasturebaa, rom am qveynis Sesaxeb Cveni axlan-

deli monaTxrobi simarTlea.

bunebrivad aseTi iyo mTeli Cveni mxare da ise amuSavebdnen, rogorc mosa-

lodnelia WeSmarit, Tavisi saqmis mcodne, mSvenierebis erTgul da unarian mi-

waTmoqmedTagan, roca maT micemuli aqvT saukeTeso miwa, uxvi sarwyavi wyali

da zomieri klimati. dedaqalaqi ki maSin ase iyo agebuli: upirveles yovlisa,

akropolisis mdebareoba iyo sruliad gansxvavebuli, vidre axlaa; amJamad misi

borcvi gaSiSvlebulia, _ misgan miwa erT RameSi raRac uCveulod Camorecxa wy-

alma. es moxda maSin, roca miwisZvrasTan erTad daiwyo warmoudgeneli warRvna,

ricxviT mesame devkalionis ubedurebamde, _ magram warsulSi akropolisi gad-

aWimuli iyo eridanamde da ilisamde, moicavda pikniss, piknisis sapirispiro mx-

ares ki likabetis mTamde aRwevda. amasTan, mTlianad miwiT iyo dafaruli, zemo-

dan ki, ramdenime adgilis garda, brtyel sivrces warmoadgenda. mis miRma borcvis

kalTebze saxlobdnen xelosnebi da miwaTmoqmedni, romelTac miwis nakveTebic

14 15

axlos hqondaT. magram zemoT, gancalkevebiT, aTenasa da hefestos sakurTxev-

lis garSemo, TiTqos ketaveno erTi ojaxis kuTvnil baRs, erTi zRudis miRma

cxovrobda meomarTa gankerZoebuli wodeba. borcvis CrdiloeT mxares meomrebs

hqondaT saerTo sacxovrebeli, zamTris trapezisaTvis gankuTvnili Senoba da

saerTod yvelaferi is, rac saWiroa saojaxo meurneobisaTvis da wminda sagnebi,

rac Sesaferisad iTvleba, gaaCndes meomars sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis mqone

saxelmwifoebSi, garda oqrosa da vercxlisa: arc erTsa da arc meores isini

aranairi saxiT ar iyenebdnen, magram icavdnen Sualeds simdidresa da siRatakes

Soris, mokrZalebulad hqondaT mowyobili TavianTi sadgomi, romelSic siber-

emde cxovrobdnen TviTon isini da STamomavlebi maTi STamomavlebisa, maradiu-

lad gadascemdnen saxls ucvlelad TavianTTave memkvidreebs. borcvis samxreTi

mxare maT gamouyves baRebisaTvis, gimnasiebisaTvis da erToblivi trapezisaTvis

da Sesabamisadac iyenebdnen. wyaro erTi iyo _ dRevandeli akropolis adgilas;

is axla ganadgurebulia miwisZvrisagan da misgan mxolod patara, mrgvali wy-

aroebi darCa, magram im dros is xalxs uxvad awvdida karg sasmel wyals rogorc

zamTarSi, ise zafxulSi. ase mkvidrobdnen aq isini _ TanamoqalaqeTa guSagni da

beladni yvela danarCeni elinisa am ukanasknelTa keTili nebiT; isini yvelaze

metad yuradRebas aqcevdnen imas, rom samaradisod SeenarCunebinaT erTi da ig-

ive raodenoba mamakacebisa da qalebisa, romelTac saWiro dros iaraRis aReba

SeeZlebodaT, saxeldobr, oci aTasamde.

isini aseTebi iyvnen da amgvarad samarTlianad marTavdnen TavianT qveya-

nas da eladas. mTels evropasa da aziaSi ar iyo sxeulis silamaziTa da sulis

mravalmxrivi saTnoebiT ufro cnobili da saxelganTqmuli xalxi.

axla vilaparakebT maTi mowinaaRmdegeebisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tavidan rogor

midioda am ukanasknelTa saqme. vnaxoT, xom ar movaswariT dagveviwyebina is, rac

jer kidev bavSvobaSi gavigoneT da, megobrebisTvis yvelaferi rom saerTo iyos,

Cveni codna Tqvens winaSe warmovaCinoT. magram Cvens monaTxrobs win unda war-

vumZRvaroT kidev erTi mokle ganmarteba, radgan Tqven rom ar gagikvirdeT, roca

barbarosebTan mimarTebiT xSirad gaigonebT elinur saxelebs da amas aseTi mizezi

aqvs: solons, rogorc ki azrad mouvida, Tavis poemaSi gamoeyenebina es moTxroba

(saiseli qurumis mier moTxrobili ambavi atlantiselTa da berZenTa omis Sesaxeb.

p.i.), man cnobismoyvareoba gamoamJRavna saxelTa mniSvnelobis mimarT da pasuxad

moismina, rom egviptelebi, iwerdnen ra am xalxis winaprebis saxelebs, TavianT

enaze Targmnidnen maT. amitom Tavad soloni arkvevda saxelTa mniSvnelobas da

iwerda maT ukve Cvens enaze. es Canawerebi inaxeboda Cems papasTan (ufrosi kritia.

p.i.) da aqamde CemTan aris, me isini jer kidev bavSvobaSi gulmodgined wavikiTxe.

amitom, roca Tqven Cemgan Cvenis msgavs saxelebs gaigebT, dae, amaSi TqvenTvis uc-

nauri nuraferi iqneba: Tqven iciT, raSia saqme. Tavad moTxrobas rac Seexeba, is

iwyeboda daaxloebiT ase:

adre Tqmulis Sesabamisad, RmerTebma mTeli dedamiwa kenWisyriT gainawiles

samflobeloebad _ zogs bevri ergo, sxvas _ naklebi da Tav-TavianTi sakurTxev-

lebi da msxverplSewirva daafuZnes. ase poseidonmac (zRvis mpyrobeli, krono-

sisa da reas vaJi, zevsis Zma. p.i.) miiRo samkvidrod kunZuli atlantisi, daasaxla

mokvdavi qalisagan SeZenili Tavisi SvilebiT qalaqi, savaraudod ai, aseT adgilas:

napirebidan Tanabar manZilze, mTeli kunZulis SuagulSi iyo dablobi, Tu davu-

jerebT gadmocemas, sxva dablobebze lamazi da nayofieri. da kidev, am dablobis

SuagulSi, savaraudod misi kideebidan ormocdaaT stadionze (stadioni udris 193

metrs. p.i.) idga mTa, arc erTi mxridan maRali ar iyo. am mTaze cxovrobda miwis

mier am qveyanaze sul Tavidan movlenili erTi mamakacTagani, saxelad everoni,

masTan erTad _ misi coli levkipa (miwis mier Sobili am wyvilis gaCenis ambavi

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT promeTes Ze dekalionisa da piras mier miwaSi daTe-

sili qvebisagan warmoSobili xalxis miTs ukavSirdeba. p.i.); maT erTaderT asuls

kleito erqva. roca gogonam saqorwilo asaks miaRwia, misi ded-mama gardaicvala.

poseidoni, surviliT agznebuli, masTan SeerTda. borcvi, romelzedac kleito

cxovrobda, poseidonma gaamagra, gamohyo kunZulisagan wriulad Semovlebuli,

erTmaneTis monacvle sxvadasxva sididis wylisa da miwis wreebiT (miwisa iyo ori,

wylisa _ sami), romlebic gamoyvanilia kunZulis centridan Tanabar manZilze ise,

TiTqos fargliT SemouxazavTo. es winaRobebi adamianisaTvis gadaulaxavi iyo,

radgan gemebi da naosnoba maSin ar arsebobda. SuaSi mdebare kunZuli ki posei-

donma, didi Zalisxmevis gareSe, rogorc RmerTs ekadreba, keTilmoawyo, miwidan

gadmoadina ori wyaro _ erTi Tbili, meore ki civi _ da miwa aiZula, moeca mraval-

ferovani da sicocxlisaTvis sakmarisi sazrdo.

xuTjer moavlina qveyanaze tyupi vaJi; poseidonma gamozarda isini da mTeli

kunZuli atlantisi dahyo aT nawilad. amasTan ufrosi wyvilidan pirvelad da-

badebuls misca dedis saxli da mimdebare samflobeloebi, rogorc yvelaze didi

da saukeTeso wili da daadgina is danarCenTa mefed, xolo sxvebi _ arqtonebad

da TiToeuli maTgani mravalricxovani xalxisa da vrceli qveynis mflobeli da

gamgebeli gaxda. saxelebi ki yvelas, ai, rogori daarqva: ufrossa da mefes _ is

saxeli, romelic hqvia kunZulsa da zRvas, atlantis zRvad rom iwodeba, ram-

eTu misi saxeli, romelic pirvelma miiRo samefo, iyo atlanti (am atlantis,

anu poseidonis da kleitos Svilis garda, vis Sesaxebac platoni wers, berZnuli

miTologiidan kidev vicnobT titan atlants, promeTes Zmas, hesperidebis mamas,

ukidures dasavleTSi cis TaRi rom eWira mxrebiT. p.i.)

mis Semdeg dabadebul tyupiscals, romelmac samkvidrod herakles svete-

bis mxares, gadiritebis dRevandel qveynamde gadaWimuli kunZulis ganapira mi-

webi miiRo, am adgilis saxelwodebis mixedviT mieniWa saxeli, romelic elinurad

SeiZleba gadmovceT, rogorc evmele (`naxiriT mdidari~. p.i.), xolo adgilobriv

enaze _ rogorc gadiri. meore tyupidan man erTs daarqva amferi (`mrgvali~. p.i.),

meores ki evemonomi (`ficxi~. p.i.); mesamedan _ ufross mnesei (`moazrovne~. p.i.),

umcross ki _ avtoqtoni (`miwis mier Sobili~. p.i.), meoTxedan _ ufross elasipe

(`mxedari~. p.i.) da umcross mnestori (`sasoeba~. p.i.). da bolos, mexuTe tyupidan

ufross daarqva saxeli azaesi (`mxurvale~. p.i.), ukanasknels _ diaprepi (`saxelo-

vani~. p.i.). yvela isini da maTi STamomavlebi mravali Taobis manZilze cxovrobd-

nen iq, batonobdnen am zRvis sxva mrval kunZulze da, garda amisa, rogorc adre

16 17

ukve iTqva, ganavrces TavianTi Zalaufleba herakles svetebs aqeT egviptesa da

tireniamde.

atlantisgan warmoiSva mravalricxovani da pativcemuli modgma, romelSiac

uxucesi yovelTvis mefe iyo da gadascemda Tavis wodebas ufros Svils; Taobi-

dan Taobamde inarCunebdnen Zalauflebas gvarSi da daagroves iseTi simdidre,

rogoric ar hqonia arasdros arc erT samefo dinastias Zvelad da saeWvoa, rom

eqnes kidev vinmes odesme, radgan maT gankargulebaSi iyo yvelaferi, rac mzadde-

boda rogorc qalaqSi, ise mTel qveyanaSi. maTTan SemohqondaT bevri ram qveSevr-

domi qveynebidan, magram cxovrebisTvis saWiros Tavad kunZuli iZleoda; aq moi-

poveboda, upirveles yovlisa, yvela saxis wiaRiseuli, magari da dnobadi liTone-

bis sabadoebi, da maT Soris is, rac dRes cnobilia mxolod saxelwodebiT, maSin

ki namdvilad arsebobda: TviTnabadi orixlakosi (rogorc mecnierebi Tvlian, es

aris yviTeli spilenZi. p.i.), romelic kunZulis sxvadasxva adgilas, miwis wiaRi-

dan moipoveboda. tye uxvad iZleoda yvelafers, rac sWirdeboda mSeneblobas,

agreTve Sinauri da gareuli cxovelebis gamokvebas. kunZulze spiloebic ki didi

raodenobiT gamravldnen, radgan sakvebi sakmao iyo ara marto yvela danarCeni

cxovelisTvis, WaobebSi, tbebSi, mdinareebSi, mTebsa da dablobebSi rom binad-

robdnen, aramed nadirTagan yvelaze didi da msunagi spiloebisTvisac ki. Semdeg

yvelaferi keTilsurnelovani, rasac miwa asazrdoebs _ iqneba es fesvebSi, bal-

axSi, merqanSi, mwveTav fisSi, yvavilebSi an nayofSi _ yvelafer amas is aRmoacen-

ebda da Cinebuladac zrdida. amasTan, adamianis mier movlili yoveli nayofi da

marcvleuli, romelsac Cven sakvebad viyenebT an romlisganac purs vamzadebT da

sxvadasxvagvari bostneuli; agreTve saWmlis, sasmlis an nelsacxeblis momtani

yovelgvari xe, TiToeuli xis sasusnavi nayofi, romelic ar Seinaxeba da gar-

TobisTvisaa gamosadegi, romelsac vTavazobT sauzmed kargad danayrebuls. yve-

lafer amas maSindeli saRvTo kunZuli mzis zemoqmedebis Sedegad aRmoacenebda

mSveniers, gasaocars, uxvad. sargeblobdnen ra miwis am nobaTiT, mefeebi awyobd-

nen samsxverploebs, sasaxleebs, navsadgurebs da gemsaSenebs da moawesriges mTeli

qveyana, misces mas aseTi saxe:

upirveles yovlisa, Zveli metropoliis garemomcvel wylian wreebze (wylian

koncentrul arxebze. p.i.) xidebi gadahkides, aages dedaqalaqidan gamavali da mis-

ken momavali gzebi. sasaxle Tavidan iq aages, sadac idga RmerTisa da maTi winapre-

bis samyofeli da Semdeg, memkvidreobiT gadacemisas, erTimeoris miyolebiT sul

ufro alamazebdnen, yovel jerze cdilobdnen ejobnaT winamorbedisaTvis, sanam,

bolos da bolos, ar Seqmnes sidiadiTa da silamaziT gasaocari nageboba. zRvidan

gamoiyvanes arxi, siganiT sami pletrisa (sigrZis erTeuli, stadionis 1/6 nawili,

daaxloebiT 32 metri. p.i.) da asi futi siRrmisa, sigrZiT ki ormocdaaTi stadioni

wylis ganapira wremde. ase Seqmnes zRvidan Semosasvleli am wylian wreSi, rogorc

navsadgurSi. moamzades sakmao gasasvleli yvelaze didi gemebisTvisac. rac Se-

exeba miwayrilian wreebs, wylianebs rom yofdnen, gaTxares iseTi siganis arxebi,

rom erTi wyliani wridan meorisken erT triers (samrig niCbebiani samxedro gemi.

p.i.) SesZleboda gavla, zemodan ki daafines saxuravi, romlis qveSac unda ecu-

raT. zRvis zedapirTan SedarebiT miwayriliani wris simaRle amisaTvis sakmao iyo.

garSemowerilobiT yvelaze didi wylis wres, romelsac uSualod uerTdeboda

zRva, sami stadioni sigane hqonda. Sesabamisad, misi momdevno miwayriliani wre

siganiT misi fardi iyo; ori Semdegi wyliani wre ori stadioni sigrZisa da miway-

rilianebi kvlav wylianis fardi, da bolos, kunZulis Suagulis Semomfarglavi

wyliani wre (arxi. p.i.) erTi stadioni siganis iyo.

kunZuls, romelzec sasaxle idga, xuTi stadionis diametri hqonda. mefeebma

am kunZuls yoveli mxridan Semoavles agreTve miwayriliani wreebi da pletri si-

ganis xidebi wriuli qvis kedlebiT; xidebze, zRvaze gasasvlelTan, yvelgan Cadges

koSkebi da WiSkari.

TeTri, Savi da wiTeli feris qvas isini kunZulis SuagulSi mdebare sabado-

dan, gare da Sida miwayriliani wreebis SigniT moipovebdnen. qvis samtexloebSi

rCeboda ormagi Rrmulebi, romlebsac zemodan imave qviT xuravdnen, maTSi gemebis

sadgomebi moawyves. zogierT TavianT nagebobas atlantiselebi martivad agebdnen,

sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Tavis Sesaqcevad, gemovnebiT axamebdnen sxvadasxva feris qvebs,

aerTebdnen maT bunebriv mSvenierebas; aseve ganapira miwayriliani wris garSemo

kedlebi sigrZeze moapirkeTes spilenZiT, akravdnen gamdnari metalis firfitebs,

Sida miwayrilis kedeli Camosxmuli kaliT, xolo Tavad akropolis kedeli cecx-

lovani brwyinvalebis amomtyorcni orixalkiT moapirkeTes.

akropolis SigniT mefeTa sadgomi Semdegnairad iyo mowyobili: SuagulSi

oqros kedelSemovlebuli, miuwvdomeli, kleitosa da poseidonis wminda taZari

_ es iyo is adgili, sadac maT Casaxes da warmoSves aTi mefis Taoba. swored amis

pativsacemad orive maTgans yovelwliurad, aTive samkvidrodan moarTmevdnen Se-

sawirav sawyisebs. iyo mxolod poseidonisadmi miZRvnili taZaric, romelsac sta-

dioni sigrZe, sami pletra sigane da amisi Sesaferisi simaRle hqonda; nagebobis

gaformebaSi ki iyo raRac barbarosuli (xazgasma Cemia, p.i.): taZris mTeli gare

zedapiri, akroterebis (skulpturuli ornamenti Senobis frontonebis Tavze.

p.i.) garda, vercxliT iyo mopirkeTebuli, akroteri ki _ oqroTi. SigniT Tvals

warmoudgeboda spilos Zvlis Weri, mTlianad aferadebuli oqroTi, vercxliTa

da orixalkiT. kedlebi, svetebi da iataki mTlianad orixalkiT iyo mogebuli,

taZarSi idga oqros qandakebebic: TviT RmerTi poseidoni etlSi mdgari marTavda

eqvs frTosan cxens, mis garSemo _ asi (im dros adamianebs maTi raodenoba ase

hqondaT warmodgenili) delfinebze amxedrebuli nereida, agreTve kerZo pirTa

mier Semowiruli kidev bevri qandakeba. gareT, taZris garSemo idga oqros gamosax-

uleba aTi mefis colebisa da yvela imaTi, vinc maTgan warmoiSva; amas garda, sxva

uamravi Zvirfasi ZRveni am qalaqis mefeTagan, kerZo pirTagan da im qalaqebisagan,

mas rom emorCilebodnen. sakurTxevlis sidide da Semkuloba am simdidris tol-

fasi iyo; msgavsad amisa, mefis sasaxlec saxelmwifos sidiadis, aseve siwmindeebis

morTulobis tolfasi da Sesaferi iyo.

mefis gankargulebaSi iyo ori wyaro _ civi wylis da cxeli wylisa, romlebic

uxvad iZleodnen rogorc gemosa da aseve samkurnalo Zalis gasaocar wyals. isini

(e.i. wyaroebi. p.i.) kedliT SemoRobes, darges maTTan am wylis Tvisebebs misad-

18 19

agebuli xeebi da mimarTes es wylebi abanoebSi, romelTagan zogierTebi Ria cis

qveS iyo, zogierTi ki, cxeli wyliT, sazamTrod iyo mowyobili, amasTan, calke

_ mefeTaTvis, calke _ ubralo xalxisaTvis, calke _ qalebisaTvis da calke _

cxenebisa da sxva Sesabmeli cxovelebisaTvis. yoveli sabanebeli Tavisi daniS-

nulebis Sesaferisad iyo mopirkeTebuli. Warbi wyali gaiyvanes poseidonis wminda

WalaSi, sadac nayofieri miwis wyalobiT daujerebeli silamazisa da sididis xe-

ebi izrdeboda. xolo iqidan arxebiT gaiyvanes (wyali. p.i.). xidebi gadauSves gare

miwayrilis wreze. am wreebze aages maT sxvadasxva RvTaebebis mravalricxovani

sakurTxevlebi da mravalricxovani baRebi da gimnaziebi mamakacebisa da cxenebis

savarjiSod, romlebic yovel wriul kunZulze erTmaneTis daSorebiT mdebare-

obdnen. yvelaferTan erTad, yvelaze didi wris SuaSi maT mowyobili hqondaT

ipodromi cxenebis rbolisaTvis, romlis sigane stadioni iyo, sigrZe ki mTel

wres moicavda. mis orive mxares idga Senobebi mravalricxovani samefo Subos-

nebisaTvis. magram ufro erTguli Subosnebi ganTavsebulni iyvnen mcire wreze,

akropolTan axlos, xolo yvelaze sandoebs akropolis SigniT, mefeTa sasaxlis

gverdiT hqondaT samyofeli. gemsaSenebi savse iyo trierebiT da yvelafriT, rac

saWiroa trierisTvis. ase, rom, yvelaferi samyofi iyo. ase gaxldaT mowyobili

mefeTa sacxovrebeli adgili: Tu gavcdebodiT sam gare navsadgurs, iq wriulad

miuyveboda zRvasTan dawyebuli kedeli, romelic mTel sigrZeze didi wyliani

wridan da navsadguridan ormocdaaTi stadioniT iyo daSorebuli, is mTavrde-

boda zRvasTan Semaval arxTan (kedeli wres Sekravda. p.i.). masTan axlos sivrce

mWidrod iyo ganaSenianebuli, SesarTavi da yvelaze didi navsadguri savse iyo ge-

mebiT, romlebiTac yoveli mxridan Camodiodnen vaWrebi, amasTan imdenad bevrni,

rom dRisiT da RamiT ismoda laparaki, xmauri da kakuni.

amrigad, Cven met-naklebad gavixseneT, Tu ras mogviTxrobdnen maSin qalaqsa

da Zvel samyofelze. axla vcadoT, gavixsenoT, rogori iyo buneba soflad da

rogor iyo is mowyobili. upirveles yovlisa, iTqva, rom mTeli es mxare metad

maRla mdebareobda da cicabod iyo Caxramuli zRvisken, qalaqis garSemo mTeli

dablobi mTebs Sua moqceuli da zRvamde gadaWimuli, warmoadgenda sami aTasi

stadionis sigrZis vake zedapirs, zRvis mxridan ki Suagulamde ori aTasi sta-

dioni iyo. kunZulis mTeli es mxare miqceuli iyo samxreTis qarisaken, Crdilo-

eTidan ki mTebiT iyo Caketili. es mTebi TqmulebebSi xotbaSesxmulia imisaTvis,

rom isini simravliT, sididiTa da silamaziT yvela axlandels aRematebodnen:

iq iyo bevri xalxmravali dasaxleba, mdinareebi, tbebi da mdeloebi, sakvebs rom

awvdida yvelanair moSinaurebulsa da gareul cxovels; agreTve tyeebi, nebis-

mieri saqmisaTvis uzarmazari da sxvadasxvagvari xis uxvad momwodebeli. aseTi

gaxldaT xsenebuli dablobis buneba, mis mosawyobad ki mravali Taobis ganmav-

lobaSi izruna bevrma mefem. is warmoadgenda mogrZo oTxkuTxeds, romlis didi

nawili sworxazovani iyo, xolo iq, sadac misi forma irRveoda, gaaswores, yoveli

mxridan gaTxares arxi. rom vTqva, ra siRrme, sigane da sigrZe hqonda am arxs,

aravin daijerebs, rom SesaZlebelia adamianis xels, sxva samuSaoebis garda, aseTi

qmnilebac Seeqmna, magram Cven valdebulni varT, gadmogceT is, rac gagvigia: arxi

erTi pletris siRrmeze iyo gaTxrili, sigane _ erTi stadioni, sigrZe ki mTeli

dablobis irgvliv aTi aTasi stadioni iyo. arxi ikrebda mTebidan Camodenil

niaRvrebs da SemosazRvravda dablobs, romlis meSveobiTac is sxvadasxva adgilas

uerTdeboda qalaqs, arxi Caedineboda zRvaSi. dinebidan zemoT, misgan gaTxrili

iyo TiTqmis asi futis sigrZis swori arxebi, romlebic dablobze miedinebodnen

da kvlav Caedinebodnen zRvisken mimaval arxSi, amasTan, erTmaneTisagan asi sta-

dioniT iyvnen daSorebulni.

daukavSires ra isini erTmaneTs da qalaqs iribi sadinrebiT, maTi meSveobiT

gadahqondaT qalaqSi xe-tye mTebidan da sxvadasxvagvari nayofi; mosavals weli-

wadSi orjer iRebdnen, zamTrobiT sarwyavad wyals zevsi ugzavnida, zafxulobiT

ki miwidan amodinebul wyals gadaagdebdnen arxebidan.

rac Seexeba omisaTvis gamosadeg mamakacTa raodenobas, aq arsebobda aseTi

dadgenileba: dablobis TiToeul nawils unda gamoeyvana erTi meomari _ winamZ-

Roli; amasTan, TiToeuli ubnis sidide aTi kvadratuli stadioni iyo, mTlianobaSi

sul samoci aTas nakveTs moicavda. xolo mTebidan da qveynis danarCeni nawilebi-

dan mogrovili uricxvi raodenoba ubralo molaSqreebisa, Sesabamisad ubanTa

ricxvisa, nawildeboda meTaurTa Soris. omis SemTxvevaSi yoveli winamZRoli val-

debuli iyo, gamoeyvana saomari etlebis meeqvsedi nawili _ ise, rom sul yo-

filiyo aTi aTasi etli; amas garda, ori cxenosani; ori Sekazmuli cxeni etlis

gareSe; patarafariani meomari, romelsac cxenidan Camosvla da qveiTad brZola

unda SesZleboda; meetle, romelic etlSi Sebmul orive cxens marTavs; ori hip-

loti; or-ori mSvildosani da Surdulis msroleli; sam-sami qvis mtyorcneli da

Subosani; oTx-oTxi mexomalde, raTa mogrovdes aTas orasi gemisTvis sakmarisi

xalxi. aseTi iyo omTan dakavSirebuli wesebi Tavad mefis olqSi; sxva cxra olqSi

iyo kidev sxva wesebi, romelTa gadmosacemad metad didi dro iqneboda saWiro.

Zalauflebas da Tanamdebobebs rac Seexeba, Tavidanve Semdegi wesebi iyo dam-

kvidrebuli: aTidan yoveli mefe Tavis olqsa da Tavis saxelmwifoSi ganagebda

xalxsa da kanonebis umravlesobas, ise rom, SeeZlo daesaja da moekvdinebina nebi-

smieri, visac moisurvebda.

marTvis sferoSi maT urTierTobas erTmaneTTan awesrigebda poseidonis mi-

TiTebani: pirveli mefeebis mier orixalkis stelaze dawerili kanoni, romelic

kunZulis SuagulSi, poseidonis taZarSi idga. am taZarSi ikribebodnen isini (at-

lantiselTa mefeebi. p.i.), yoveli mexuTe da an kidev meeqvse wels, monacvleobiT

xan luw da xanac kent ricxvebSi, raTa eTaTbiraT saerTo sazrunavze, gaerCiaT,

raime xom ar daarRvia romelime maTganma da gaemarTaT sasamarTlo. sasamarT-

los dawyebamde isini yovelTvis aZlevdnen erTmaneTs fics: WalaSi poseidonis

sakurTxevelTan Tavisuflad daseirnobdnen xarebi; mefeebi calke rCebodnen da

locvas aRuvlendnen RmerTs, raTa mas Tavad aerCia TavisTvis sasurveli msxver-

pli. Semdeg iwyebdnen nadirobas, magram rkinis gamoyenebis gareSe, mxolod jox-

ebiTa da qamandiT SeiaraRebulni. xars ki, romelsac Seipyrobdnen, miiyvandnen

stelasTan da daklavdnen mis Txemze ise, rom sisxli warweraze Camodeniliyo.

xsenebul stelaze kanonebis garda amotvifruli iyo fici, romelic kanonis dam-

20 21

rRvevs didi ubedurebis Tavze datexvas uqadda. Tavisi debulebis mixedviT, msx-

verplSewirvisa da xaris yvela nawilis dawvis Semdeg, isini TasSi gaazavebdnen

Rvinos da masSi Caagdebdnen xaris sisxlis lekerts, yvela danarCens cecxlSi

agdebdnen da saguldagulod wmenddnen stelas. amis Semdeg, oqros fialebiT bo-

lomde amoiRebdnen Tasidan sasmels (sisxlian Rvinos. p.i.) da cecxlTan cotas

Rvridnen, amave dros debdnen fics, rom gaaCendnen samarTals stelaze dawerili

kanonebis mixedviT da dasjidnen mas, vinc riTime daarRvia kanoni, Tavad ki, moma-

valSi keTili nebiT, arasodes moiqceodnen naweris sapirispirod da mxolod mam-

iseuli kanonis Sesabamis brZanebebs gascemdnen da Seasrulebdnen Tavisi da Tavisi

STamomavlebis saxeliT. dadebdnen ra am fics, TiToeuli maTgani Sesvamda dar-

Cenil Rvinos da daabrunebdnen fialas adgilze RmerTis sakurTxevelSi. Semdeg,

roca nadimi da aucilebeli wes-Cveulebebi mTavrdeboda, bneldeboda, samsxver-

plo cecxli qreboda, yvelani Seimosebodnen brwyinvale Savi stolebiT, sxdebod-

nen miwaze saficar koconTan da RamiT, taZarSi yvela cecxlis Caqrobis Semdeg,

gansjidnen da ganisjebodnen, Tu romelime maTgans kanoni daerRvia. sasamarTlos

damTavrebis Semdeg isini, dRis dadgomasTan erTad, oqros ficarze dawerdnen

ganaCens da, rogorc samaxsovro Sesawiravs, ZvirfaseulobasTan erTad, uZRvnid-

nen RmerTs.

arsebobda uamravi gansakuTrebuli kanondebuleba TiToeuli mefis uflebaTa

Sesaxeb, magram yvelaze mTavari iyo Semdegi: arc erT maTgans ar unda aRemarTa

iaraRi meoris winaaRmdeg, magram yvela valdebuli iyo miSveleboda, Tu vinme

romelime saxelmwifoSi samefo gvaris damxobas ganizraxavda. agreTve, winaparTa

wes-Cveulebis mixedviT, erTad TaTbirobdnen omsa da sxva saqmeebze, uTmobdnen

ra umaRles meTaurobas atlantisis mefeebs. amasTan, ar SeiZleboda samefo gva-

ris kacis sikvdiliT dasja, Tu aTTa sabWoSi am sakiTxs naxevarze meti mxars ar

dauWerda.

odesRac im qveynebSi arsebuli aseTi didi da uCveulo Zala RmerTma iq moawyo

da warmarTa Cveni miwebis winaaRmdeg, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Semdegi mizeziT:

mravali Taobis manZilze, vidre ar gamoifita RmerTisagan memkvidreobiT datove-

buli buneba, atlantisis mmarTvelebi emorCilebodnen kanonebs da Tandayolil

RvTaebriv sawyisTan megobrulad cxovrobdnen: isini misdevdnen WeSmaritsa

da yovelmxriv diad azrTa wyobas, bedisweris gardauval ganCinebas da keTil-

gonivruli moTminebiT ekidebodnen erTmaneTs; arad agdebdnen yvelafers, garda

siqvelisa, arafrad miaCndaT simdidre da TiTqmis dasanan tvirTad miiCnevdnen

oqros grovebsa da sxva saganZurs. isini fufunebisagan ar Tvrebodnen, Tavgza

ar ereodaT da simdidris zemoqmedebiT goneba ar ekargebodaT. magram, inarCu-

nebdnen ra gonebriv sifxizles, naTlad xedavdnen, rom am yvelafris (simdidris.

p.i.) zrda dakavSirebuli iyo saerTo TanxmobasTan SeerTebul saTnoebasTan, ma-

gram, roca iwyeba masze zrunva da iqceva pativad, ferflad iqceva da, masTan

erTad, saTnoebac iRupeba. sanam isini ase fiqrobdnen, xolo RvTaebrivi buneba

maTSi inarCunebda Tavis Zalas, izrdeboda Cem mier mokled aRwerili maTi yvela

monapovari, magram roca RmerTisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli wili Semcirda,

mokvdavTa Serevis gamo mravalgzis ganzavda da imZlavra adamianurma znem, maSin

maT veRar SeZles aetanaT TavianTi simdidre da dakarges Rirseuli mmarTveloba.

imisTvis, visac danaxva SeuZlia, isini samarcxvino sanaxaobas warmoadgendnen,

radgan dakarges TavianT RirebulebaTagan yvelaze mSvenieri, magram maT ar See-

ZloT daenaxaT, raSi mdgomareobda WeSmaritad bednieri cxovreba da mSvidni da

bednierni darCnen swored maSin, roca maTSi dauokebeli sixarbe da Zala duRda.

da ai, zevsma, RmerTebis RmerTma, kanonTa mcvelma, kargad rom SeeZlo SeeniSna

is, razedac Cven vlaparakobdiT, ganizraxa, ase sacodav garyvnilebaSi Cafluli

saxelovani modgmisaTvis sasjeli daedo, raTa gamoefxizlebina ubedurebisagan

da keTilgoniereba eswavlebina. amitom man msoflios SuagulSi mdebare Tavis yve-

laze didebul samyofelSi, saidanac SeeZlo eWvrita yvelafrisaTvis, rac dabade-

bis Tanaziaria, moixmo yvela RmerTi da mimarTa SekrebilT aseTi sityvebiT..~.1.

aravin icis, ra uTxra zevsma RmerTebs, magram unda vivaraudoT, rom surda

Tavs risxva daetexa atlantiselTaTvis da amis gakeTebas sxva RmerTebis Tanxmo-

biT apirebda.

`kritias~ dasasrulisadmi mecnierebs araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba aqvT.

zogi im azrisaa, rom dialogis bolo nawili daikarga, zogic fiqrobs, TiTqos

platons absurduli Cvenebodes Tavisi monaTxrobi da amitom ar daeboloebinos

is... asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom gvaqvs platonis ori dialogi, romlebic atlantisis

Taobaze erTaderT wyaros warmoadgens.

amrigad, platonis mier dialogebSi moTxrobili ambavi iwyeba `timeosSi~ cxra

aTasi wlis win momxdaris gaxsenebiT, roca maSindeli samyaros naxevris dampyrobi

atlantiselebis agresias Zveli aTenelebi win aRudgnen.

simarTle rom iTqvas, Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba am ukanasknelTa (aTenelTa,

p.i.) samxedro da moqalaqeobrivi sidiadis aRsaniSnavad moxda: `kritiaSi~ ki aris

wina dialogSi mocemuli, ori dapirispirebuli mxaris _ Zveli aTenis polisisa da

atlantisis samefos _ aRwera. amasTan, es gakeTebulia erTgvari sqemis mixedviT

da, teqstidan gamomdinare, pirobiTad xuT nawilad iyofa:

1. Zveli atika da kunZuli atlantisi, RmerTebis xvedri teritoria;

2. Zveli aTenis polisisa da atlantisis saxelmwifos socialuri da politi-

kuri mowyoba, religia da ritualebi;

3. Zveli atikisa da kunZul atlantisis geografiuli daxasiaTeba;

4. Zveli aTenisa da atlantisis dedaqalaqis arqiteqturisa da adgilmdebare-

obis aRwera;

5. atlantiselTa damarcxebis zneobrivi mizezebis warmoCena.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es sqema orive dapirispirebuli mxaris Sesaxeb saubrisas

garkveul paralelsa da Tanabari raodenobis informaciis mowvdenas gulisxmobs,

platoni ase ar akeTebs da atlantiselTa Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT laparakobs,

vidre Zvel aTenelTa Sesaxeb.

momdevno TavSi vecdebiT gavarkvioT dialogebis avtoris Canafiqris mizani...

1 ix.: Платон, Сочинения, “Критий», издательство «Мысль», Москва, 1971 г., том 3, gv. 547-560

22 23

Tavi II

ra faruli azri Zevs dialogebSi `timeosi~ da `kritia~

atlantisTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi naTqvamis ucilobel WeSmaritebad miCnevas

platoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, amitom jer kidev `timeosSi~ aTqmevina dia-

logis erT-erT monawiles: `sokrate: ras ambob, kritia, ra SeiZleba vamjobinoT

imas, rac yvelaze metad Sehferis qalRmerTis pativsacem msxerplSewirvasa da

RmerTis msaxurebas, radgan TviT qalRmerTs enaTesaveba. egec ar iyos, gana cotas

niSnavs, rom gamogonil miTTan ki ara gvaqvs saqme, aramed marTal TqmulebasTan.

amaze Tu uars vityviT, sad an ras vipoviT ufro ukeTess? RmerTmani, verafers.

maS, RmerTi iyos Tqveni Semwe, daiwyeT! me ki, Cemi guSindeli sityvis sanacvlod,

usityvod dagigdebT yurs~1.

ase, rom, dialogebis avtorma sokrates aTqmevina, atlantisis ambavi `marTali

Tqmuleba~ ariso da mainc, sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia, rom platoni maleve

gaakritika misma mowafem da oponentma aristotelem. yuradRebas iqcevs misi naTq-

vami: `vinc atlantisi gamoigona, manve gagzavna is zRvis fskerisken~2. amrigad, Tu

aristoteles verwmunebiT, saqme gvaqvs, arc meti, arc naklebi, mistifikaciasTan;

anu yvelaferi, rac platons SeuTxzavs atlantisTan dakavSirebiT, gamonagonia da

meti araferi.

kiTxvaze: Tu ra mizezi SeiZleba hqonoda platons amisaTvis, _ pasuxi aseTi

SeiZleba iyos: Tuki atlantisis ambavi marTlac platonma SeTxza, maSin am moq-

medebis safuZveli Tavad dialogebSia saZebneli: `timeosi~ da `kritia~ misi sxva

dialogis, `saxelmwifos~, gagrZelebebia da platoni am dialogebis meSveobiT

Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebis ilustrirebas axdens. amisTvis is qmnis idealur

saxelmwifoTa modelebs (cxadia, idealuris miseuli gagebiT), raTa am gziT mi-

aRwios umTavres mizans: aCvenos idealuri saxelmwifo moqmedebaSi... amas ambobs

kidevac `timeosSi~: `sokrate: maS momismineT, ranair grZnobas iwvevs CemSi saxelm-

wifo wyobilebis es Cveni aRweriloba. am grZnobas me Sevadareb imas, rasac aRgviZ-

ravs xolme zogierTi didebuli da lamazi mxecis danaxva, romlebsac an sura-

Tze gamosaxulT vxedavT, an kidev sinamdvileSi, magram uZravT da garindebulT;

Zalauneburad mogindeba imis danaxvac, Tu rogor moZraoben isini, an ranairad

avlenen brZolaSi im Zalebs, rasac gvavaraudebinebs maTi sxeulis moqniloba.

zustad amnair grZnobas aRmiZravs Cvens mier warmosaxuli saxelmwifoc. netavi

momasmenina ambavi imisa, Tu rogor iqceva es saxelmwifo sxva saxelmwifoebTan

brZolaSi, rarig Rirseulad ebmeba omSi, ranair gmirobas iCenen misi moqalaqeni,

maTi aRzrdisa da ganswavlulobis Sesaferisad, brZolis velze iqneba es Tu sxva

saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebisas~3.

1 ix.: `timeosi~, ~, gamomcemloba `irmisi~, 1994 w., gv. 287.

2 ix.: http//historic.ru//lostcivil/atlantid/seqrch/01; html/Исторический портал Historic.ru/Атлантида/Литература об...)3 ix.: `timeosi~, ~, gamomcemloba `irmisi~, 1994 w., gv. 279.

amrigad, platons surda da aCvena kidec mis mier modelirebuli saxelmwi-

foebi, Zveli aTenis polisi da atlantisi moqmedebaSi. oRond, cxadia, es ar

niSnavs imas, rom aristotele marTalia da yvelaferi platonma SeTxza. ara, ra

Tqma unda. faqti isaa, rom aristoteles SemoqmedebaSi platonis kritikas didi

adgili ukavia. maT urTierTobas kargad gamoxatavs laTinuri sityva-Tqma: Am-icus Plato, sed magis amica veritas _ platoni megobaria, magram WeSmariteba ufro didi

megobaria.

zogjer aristoteles mier WeSmaritebis Zieba tendenciur xasiaTs iRebda da

ase moxda am SemTxvevaSic, roca atlantisis ambavi platonis mistifikaciad gamo-

acxada. Znelia, amas bolomde verwmunoT, radgan maSin zemoxsenebuli dialogebis

politikuri mniSvneloba mxolod idealuri saxelmwifos modelis Seqmnamde daiy-

vaneba.

saqme ki is gaxlavT, rom politikuri miznebi sxvasac hqonda, kerZod, saisel

qurum sonqisac da egvipteSi Zveli welTaRricxvis 571 wels Casul solonsac;

amasTan, gansxvavebulic da garkveulwilad _ msgavsic.

daviwyoT egvipteliT: vidre Zv.w. 664 wels fsametiq I daafuZnebda XXVI (saisur)

dinastias, egvipteSi sami saukune batonobdnen ucxoelebi _ libielebi, nubielebi,

asurelebi da eTiopelebi. ase rom, Tavisufleba-mopovebuli da aRorZinebis

gzaze Semdgari saxelmwifosaTvis (es procesi xangrZlivi ar yofila da Zv.w. 525

wels sparseTis mier egviptis dapyrobiT damTavrda) aTeneli politikuri moR-

vawis mogzauroba egvipteSi namdvilad iyo mniSvnelovani movlena da brZen qurum

sonqis SesaZleblobas aZlevda, ideologiuri safuZveli Seeqmna aTenis polisTan

samomavlo samxedro kavSiris dadebisaTvis; amitomac mouTxrobda aTenel stu-

mars ZvelisZvel ambebs da am gziT misi keTilganwyobis mopovebas cdilobda. sa-

varaudod, aqedan modis Zveli aTenis polisis uCveulo gandidebac da msoflios

mxsnelad gamocxadebac; es ki mafiqrebinebs, rom miznis misaRwevad qurum sonqisac

dasWirdeboda Soreul warsulSi gaTamaSebuli istoriis garkveuli TvalsazrisiT

mistificireba...

sxva saqmea, rogor gaiazra gagonili solonma da ra Sedegi mohyva amas.

cxadia, miRebuli informacia solonisaTvis metad Rirebuli iyo. mas xom im

aTenis Zveli didebis Sesaxeb amcnes, romlis kanonmdeblobis srulyofas amdeni

dro da energia Sealia. Soreul winaparTa sagmiro saqmeebi solonis Tanamedrove

aTenelTaTvis misabaZi magaliTi unda yofiliyo. is berZenTa erovnuli Rirsebis

grZnobas kidev ufro gaaRvivebda da saiseli qurumis naTqvams saerTo erovnul

Rirebulebad, principad da interesis sagnad aqcevda.

solonis mier egviptidan Camotanili ambis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis da-

dasturebas vnaxulobT isev `timeosSi~, sadac naTqvamia, solons bolomde rom

mieyvana Tavisi poema, mis didebas verc hesiode da verc homerosi ver daCrdil-

avdneno. amrigad, solonis Semdgomma Taobebma didad daafases mis mier namcnebi

istoria.

`timeosis~ mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, solons poemad rom SeeTxza Zvel aTenelTa

atlantiselebze gamarjvebis ambavi, is bevrad mniSvnelovani iqneboda aTenelTaT-

24 25

vis, vidre `iliadaSi~ homerosis mier galeqsili aqavelTagan troelTa Zlevis

Tqmuleba.

miuxedavad egviptidan Camotanili ambis aqtualuri xasiaTisa, politikuri

TvalsazrisiT misi gamoyeneba solonma ver SeZlo, radgan kidev ufro gaRrmavda

jer kidev didi reformatoris aTenSi yofnis dros dawyebuli socialuri da-

pirispireba. saqme iqamde mivida, rom ramdenime weli moqalaqeebma arqontis arCe-

vac ver SeZles. Semdeg damaxiasma daamyara tirania. amas mohyva, erTis magivrad, aTi

arqontis arCeva, romlebic sxvadasxva socialur fenas warmoadgendnen, bolos ki

yvelaferi pisistrates xangrZlivi tiraniiT damTavrda. cxadia, aseT dros mox-

ucebul solons, romelmac Tavisi roli ukve Seasrula aTenis polisis istoriaSi,

gauWirdeboda xelaxla damkvidreba politikur asparezze da es arc ucdia.

misi damsaxureba atlantisTan dakavSirebiT aris is, rom man saiseli qurumis,

sonqis, monaTxrobi aTenSi Camoitana. ara mgonia, solons politikuri mosazrebiT

am TemasTan dakavSirebiT raime mistifikacia ganexorcielebinos, amisi saWiroeba

ar hqonia. esec ar iyos, qurumis naTqvami Tavidanve Seicavda rogorc politiki-

saTvis, ise poeziisTvis saWiro masalas.

savaraudod, solonis Canawerebma umcrosi kritias meSveobiT, platonamde mi-

aRwia. platons ki namdvilad hqonda safuZveli mistificirebisaTvis. cxadia, ara

iseTi, rogorzec aristotele laparakobda.

im dros, rodesac platoni `timeossa~ da `kritias~ qmnida, aTenis politi-

kuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZime iyo, rac, bunebrivia, Seuracxhyofda mo-

qalaqeTa Tavmoyvareobas. berZen-sparselTa omebSi berZenTa gamarjvebis organi-

zebaSi aTenelebs didi wvlili miuZRodaT. amas mohyva aTenis aRzeveba da ayvaveba.

perikles mmarTveloba gaxldaT aTenis politikuri Zlierebisa da kulturuli

aRmavlobis umniSvnelovanesi xana. mokle droSi mopovebulma yovelmxrivma war-

matebam, rogorc Tukidide gadmogvcems, perikles aTqmevina: `Cven gaocebis sa-

gnad viqceviT TanamedroveTa da STmomavalTaTvis da xotbis Sesasxmelad Cven

homerosi ar gvWirdeba..~..1 daufaravi pativmoyvareoba gamosWvivis am sityvebSi,

magram aTenis mesveurTa namoqmedari amisi Tqmis safuZvels iZleoda...

peloponesis 27-wlian omSi damarcxebis Sedegad aTenis polisma dakarga gaba-

tonebuli mdgomareoba saberZneTSi. axla is damcirebuli da Seviwroebulia. amas

aTenelebi da, cxadia, platonic, bunebrivia, mtkivneulad ganicdidnen. amitom

platonisa da aTenelTaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda solonis mier egviptidan

Camotanil ambebs, romlis mixedviTac 9000 wlis winaT aTenelebma saarako gamar-

jveba moipoves atlantisis samefoTa gaerTianebul mxedrobaze da gaaTavisufles

maT mier dapyrobili xalxebi.

amitomac SeTxza platonma is ori dialogi, radgan kargad uwyoda: Soreul

winaparTa gamarjvebaTa Sesaxeb Txroba aTenelebSi gaamZafrebda erovnuli Rirse-

bis grZnobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, erovnul energias gamoixmobda, ase rom sWird-

eboda daZabunebul aTens.

udavoa, platonma, Zveli aTenis polissa da atlantiselTa samefos aRwerisas,

1 ix.: История древнего Мира, Главная редакция восточной литературы, Москва, 1989 г., gv. 179.

bevri ram Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebidan miawera orive mxares. amisi damt-

kiceba advilia, radgan idealuri saxelmwifos platoniseuli xedva cnobilia.

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, platoni dialogebidan pirvelad `timeosSi~ iZleva

idealuri saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur wodebaTa CamonaTvals:

qurumebi, xelosnebi, mejogeebi, monadireebi, miwis muSakebi da meomrebi. aqve miu-

TiTebs, rom qurumebi da meomrebi gancalkevebulni iyvnen, meomrebs mxolod omze

unda efiqraT.

meored am Temas platoni `kritiaSi~ exeba; jer Zveli aTenis polisSi arse-

bul socialur wodebaTa warmomadgenlebs CamoTvlis, pirvel rigSi, meomrebs;

meomarTa wodebas is miakuTvnebs ara marto kacebs, aramed qalebsac da saWirod

miiCnevs maT erTobliv wvrTnas. meomrebi am dialogSic sxva wodebebisagan gan-

calkevebiT cxovroben, aqvT yvelaferi, garda oqro-vercxlisa. maTi profesia

memkvidreobiT gadaecema, iseve, rogorc maTi qoneba; isini arian Tanamoqalaqeebis

beladebi da guSagni. iqve miTiTebulia meomarTa savaraudo ricxvic _ 20 aTasi.

sxva wodebebisgan platoni ixseniebs xelosnebsa da miwis mxvnelebs.

amrigad, orive dialogSi platoni gvTavazobs socialur wodebebad dayofili

saxelmwifos models.

aseTi dayofis arsobrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb is dawvrilebiT laparakobs di-

alogSi ̀ saxelmwifo~: ̀ me mgonia, saxelmwifos maSin eZleva dasabami, roca arc erT

adamians aRar SeuZlia daikmayofilos Tavisi Tavi, radganac aTasi ram sWirdeba.

Tu, Seni azriT, saxelmwifos dasabams sxva rame ganapirobebs?

_ ara, sxva araferi.

amitom yoveli kaci xan vis mimarTavs da xan vis Tavisi moTxovnilebebis da-

sakmayofileblad. aTasnair gaWirvebas rom ganicdis, aTasobiT kaci erTiandeba,

raTa erTad icxovron da Seewion kidec erTmaneTs. swored am Tanacxovrebas vu-

wodebT Cven saxelmwifos; asea, ara?

_ ra Tqma unda.

_ amrigad, isini raRacas iReben erTmaneTisgan da sanacvlod gascemen kidec,

radganac yvelas hgonia, rom es ufro umjobesia misTvis.

_ diax.

_ maS, modi, vcadoT, _ vTqvi me, _ azriT CavuyaroT safuZveli saxelmwifos;

xolo am safuZvlad, rogorc Cans, Cveni moTxovnilebani unda migvaCndes.

_ ueWvelad.

_ upirvelesi da udidesi moTxovnileba ki sazrdosa da saarsebo saSualebaTa

mopovebaa.

_ ra Tqma unda.

_ meore moTxovnileba isaa, rom sakuTari Weri gefaros Tavze, mesame _ is, rom

tansacmeli gqondes, da ase Semdeg.

_ marTals brZaneb.

_ maSin isic unda vikiTxoT, _ vuTxari me, _ ranairad gaarTmevs Tavs saxelm-

wifo yovelive amas. iqneb ise, rom erTi miwis muSa iqneba, meore _ xuro, mesame

_ feiqari da ase Semdeg? xom ar mivumatoT amaT xarazi da bevri sxva xelosanic,

26 27

vinc Cveni xorcieli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba?

_ cxadia, unda mivumatoT.

_ maSasadame, sazogadoeba oTxi Tu xuTi kacisagan mainc unda Sedgebodes?

_ rogorc Cans.

_ ki magram, yoveli maTgani Tavis sakuTar saqmes unda asrulebdes, im anga-

riSiT, rom mTeli sazogadoebisaTvisac Sromobdes? ase, magaliTad: miwis muSas,

miuxedavad imisa, rom erTia, oTxi sulis samyofi puri unda mohyavdes, oTxjer

met dros xarjavdes da oTxjer ufro met oflsac Rvrides, raTa sxvebsac uwila-

dos Tavisi naSrom-najafi; Tu arad dagidevs danarCenebs, mxolod Tavis samyof

mosavals iwevdes, oTxjer ufro nakleb dros xarjavdes, drois danarCen sam

meoTxeds ki saxlis asaSeneblad, tansacmlis mosaqsovad Tu fexsacmelis Sesak-

erad iyenebdes. ase rom, sxvebisTvis ki ara, mxolod TavisTvis wvalobdes da Tav-

issave saqmes igvarebdes?

_ pirveli ufro iolia, sokrate, vidre meore, _ Tqva adimantem.

_ amaSi, vficav zevss, araferia uCveulo, _ vuTxari me, _ Seni pasuxi mafiqre-

binebs, rom adamianebi dabadebiTve gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT, Tu

vis ra saqmis keTebis niWi dahyveba Tan, da arc TavianTi bunebiT hgvanan erTma-

neTs. gana Senc amas ar gulisxmob?

_ diax, magas.

_ mereda, vin ukeT asrulebs Tavis saqmes _ vinc mraval xelobaSi gawafulia,

Tu vinc mxolod erTi xeloba icis?

_ vinc erTi xeloba icis~1.

rogorc xedavT, platonisaTvis socialuri funqciis mqone wodebebi _ mi-

waTmoqmedTa, xelosanTa, mSenebelTa, amas unda davumatoT citirebuli teqstis

miRma darCenili sxva wodebaTa warmomadgenlebi: durglebi, mWedlebi, mwyemsebi,

mewaReebi, monadireebi, dalaqebi, mzareulebi, menardeebi, poetebi, msaxiobebi,

musikosebi, vaWrebi (Tumca gadamyidvelebs, e.i. qorvaWrebs platoni ver itanda

da maTdami uaryofiT damokidebulebas amJRavnebs), da sxva, _ saxelmwifos arse-

bobisaTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenen, radgan isini qmnian im produqts (da

uxvadac), romelic saxelmwifod organizebuli sazogadoebisaTvis aris aucile-

beli.

platonis es xedva, Camoyalibebuli dialogSi `saxelmwifo~, Taviseburad

airekleba dialogebSi `timeosi~ da `kritia~.

sxva aseTi anareklia meomarTa, igive mcvelTa Sesaxeb Tqmuli amave dialogebSi,

rac aseve safuZvlianad aqvs damuSavebuli platons ̀ saxelmwifoSi~. gansakuTrebiT

dialogis im monakveTSi, sadac mcvelTa aRzrdasa da yofazea laparaki: ̀ ...yvelaze

didi simaxinje da saSinelebaa is, roca mwyemsebi imnairad zrdian faris modaraje

qofakebs, rom isini urCobis, SimSilisa Tu raRac ukeTuri Cveulebis gamo, Tvi-

Tonve glejen cxvrebs da, amrigad, qofakebs ki aRar hgvanan, aramed _ mglebs.

_ marTlac rom saSinelebaa.

_ amitom yovelnairi Rone unda vixmaroT, rom Cveni mcvelebi aseve ar epyro-

1 ix.: platoni, `saxelmwifo~, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2003 w., gv. 60-61.

bodnen moqalaqeebs da, TavianTi mZleTamZleobisa Tu keTilmowyale mfarvelTa

imediT, mZvinvare moZaladeebs ar daemsgavson.

_ ra Tqma unda, yoveli Rone unda vixmaroT.

_ magram yvelaze ukeTesi saSualeba is iqneboda, rom wesierad aRgvezarda

isini... garda saTanado aRzrdisa, saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, ise davabinavoT da im-

nairi pirobebi SevuqmnaT maT, rom araferma SeuSaloT xeli TavianTi movaleobis

aRsrulebisas, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom yvelaze ukeTesi mcvelebi iyvnen da ara-

viTar zians ar ayenebdnen TavianT Tanamoqalaqeebs.

_ diax, saRi azri swored magas gvkarnaxobs.

_ maS, daukvirdi; Tu ginda, rom Rirseulad moixadon TavianTi vali, aucilebe-

lia Tu ara, ise davabinavoT da imnairi pirobebi SevuqmnaT maT, rogorsac me geub-

nebi. jer erTi, arc erTi maTgani ar unda iyos raime kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli,

garda im sagnebisa, romlebic aucilebelia yoveli CvenganisaTvis. meorec, arc

erTs ar unda hqondes imnairi sacxovrisi Tu saTavsi, sadac ver SeaRwevda nebis-

mieri sxva moqalaqe. rac Seexeba TavdaWerili da mamaci meomrebisaTvis sakmaris

sarCos, mas TavianTi samsaxuris sazRaurad unda iRebdnen danarCeni moqalaqeebi-

sgan, ise, rom arc SemoakldeT da arc mosWarbdeT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. iseve,

rogorc laSqrobisas, isini erTad unda cxovrobdnen da erTadve Wamdnen pursac.

oqro-vercxlze ki maT unda vuTxraT, rom sulSi yovelTvis ubrwyinavT RvTiT-

boZebuli oqro. ase rom, kacTagan boZebuli oqro aRar sWirdebaT... moqalaqeTa

Soris mxolod maT ekrZalebaT ara marto oqro-vercxlis floba, aramed, TviT

maTi Sexebac, im WerqveS yofna, sadac oqro-vercxls inaxaven da oqrosa Tu ver-

cxlis sasmisebiT smac. mxolod esaa rogorc TviT maTi, ise saxelmwifos xsnis er-

TaderTi sawindaric da saSualebac. radganac sakmarisia sakuTari adgil-mamulis,

saxl-karisa Tu oqro-vercxlis mflobelni gaxdnen, rom mcvelebi ki aRar iqnebian,

aramed mxvnel-mTesvelni da mesakuTreni. ase rom, danarCen moqalaqeTa Tanam-

dgomebad ki ara, maT mtrebad da mrisxane mbrZaneblebad mogvevlinebian. sxvaTa

moZuleni da sxvebisgan moZulebulni, sxvaTa mgmobelni da sxvebisagan gmobilni

mTeli TavianTi dRe da moswreba Tavs ver daaRweven SiSsa da Zrwolas, xolo maTi

SiSis mizezi Sinauri mteri ufro iqneba, vidre gareSe momxduri. ase rom, adre Tu

gvian, ufskrulSi gadaiCexebian da saxelmwifosac Tan gadaiyoleben~1.

ai, ase Camoayaliba platonma mcvelTa anu meomarTa wodebis ufleba-mova-

leobebi da moraluri kodeqsi. isini arsebiTad uangarod unda emsaxuron danar-

Cen sazogadoebas. es aris platonis idealur saxelmwifoSi meomarTa arsebobis

umTavresi principi da is mTlianad aisaxa `kritiaSi~, roca platoni Zveli aTenis

polisis meomarTa wodebas aRwerda.

oRond amiT ar amoiwureba platonis ideebis gadmotana dialog `saxelmwifo-

dan~ dialogebSi `timeosi~ da `kritia~. ase, magaliTad, yuradsaRebia atlanti-

sis dedaqalaqis aRwera: gavixsenoT, qalaqi, romlis topografiasac filosofosi

gvTavazobs, gaSenebulia mTaze. es mTa mdebareobs kunZulis centrSi. mas Semov-

lebuli aqvs sami wriuli arxi da oric _ miwayriliani wre. wyliani wre anu kon-


28 29

centruli arxi sxva arxiT ukavSirdeba zRvas. amas garda, arxebis mTeli sistema

uzrunvelyofda morwyvasa da zedmeti wylis gadinebas.

miwayriliani da wyliani wreebi geomeriuli sizustiT iyo gayvanili.

atlantisis dedaqalaqis mkacrad geometriuli xasiaTi, da amas unda davu-

matoT didi dablobis aseve geometriuli forma `mogrZo marTkuTxedi~, Tavis

Teoriul safuZvels isev platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ poulobs, sadac geometriis

mniSvnelobaze aseTi dialogia gamarTuli: `maSasadame, esaa Cven mier aRiarebuli

pirveli mecniereba; axla ki meorec ganvixiloT, romelic pirvels ukavSirdeba da

vnaxoT, saWiroa Tu ara CvenTvis.

_ geometrias xom ar gulisxmob?

_ diax, swored geometrias.

_ ramdenadac is gamoiyeneba samxedro saqmeSi, _ Tqva man, _ ra Tqma unda,

gvWirdeba, banakis gaSla iqneba, xelsayreli adgilis dakaveba, laSqris darazmva

Tu gaSla, an sxva saomari moqmedebebi rogorc brZolis velze, ise jaris gad-

aadgilebisas. yovelive amas geometriis mcodne mxedarTmTavari gacilebiT ukeT

gaarTmevs Tavs, vidre armcodne.

_ magram amisTvis sakmarisi iqneboda geometriis sul umniSvnelo nawilisa da

angariSis codnac, Cven ki gvmarTebs ganvixiloT misi umTavresi nawili, gacilebiT

ufro farTod rom gamoiyeneba, raTa davrwmundeT, Seesabameba Tu ara is Cven mier

dasaxul mizans, an ramdenad gviwyobs xels imaSi, rom ufro advilad vWvretdeT

sikeTis ideas. ra Tqma unda, xels gviwyobs, vamtkicebT Cven, ramdenadac aiZulebs

suls, miiqces im samyaros mimarT, romelic aris savane arsTa Soris unetaresi

arsisa, vis xilvasac dauokeblad unda mieltvodes yvela Cvengani.

_ marTalsa brZaneb.

_ maSasadame, Tu geometria WeSmariti arsis Wvretad migvaqcevs, is saWiroa

CvenTvis, xolo Tu qmnadobis Wvretad _ ara.

_ cxadia.

_ magram visac cota ram mainc gaegeba geometriisa, albaT dagveTanxmeba, rom

es mecniereba aSkarad upirispirdeba im enas, romelsac iyeneben misi mimdevrebi.

_ rogor?

_ es ena Zalze sasaciloa da ucnauri, radganac isini praqtikosebiviT lapara-

koben da mxolod praqtikul miznebs isaxaven. amitomac erTTavad es akeriaT pirze:

`avagoT oTxkuTxedi~, `davuSvaT mocemul xazze~, `mivumatoT~ da ase Semdeg. ar-

ada, am mecnierebis mizani Semecnebaa.

_ ra Tqma unda.

_ erTSiac xom ar SevTanxmdeT?

_ raSi?

_ misi mizani maradiuli arsebobis Semecnebaa da ara imisi, rac ibadeba da

kvdeba.

_ geTanxmebi. geometria marTlac maradiuli arsebobis Semecnebaa.

_ maSasadame, is, Cemo keTilSobilo, WeSmaritebisaken miaqcevs suls da filo-

sofiur azrs aRviZebs masSi, ris Sedegadac zegrZnobadi samyaros sagnebisken

mimarTavs Cvens mzeras, romelic axla, SecdomiT, grZnobadi sagnebisken gvaqvs

mimarTuli~1.

platonisaTvis geometria `maradiuli arsebobis Semecnebaa~, is `WeSmarite-

bisaken miaqcevs suls~. ase rom, gasakviri sulac ar unda iyos, rom geometriis

miseulma xedvam Tavisi asaxva hpova atlantisis dedaqalaqis (Zveli metropoliis)

warmosaxvaSi. Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom realuri atlantisis arqiteq-

tura gamoricxavda geometriis raimenair gamoyenebas.

platonis politikuri Sexedulebebis asaxva dialogebSi amiT ar damTavre-

bula.

yuradRebas iqcevs saxelmwifoTa marTvis is sistemebi, romlebic man ̀ kritiaSi~

SemogvTavaza. is Seexeba Zveli aTenis polissa da atlantiselTa samefoebs.

pirveli, rasac platoni maTTan dakavSirebiT ambobs, aris is, Tu rogori

wesebi hqondaT TavianTi saxelmwifoebis samarTavad da vin dauwesa maT isini. es

RmerTebis namoqmedari yofila: Zvel aTenelebs hefestom da aTinam STaagones

`saxelmwifos mowyobis cneba~, atlantiselebs ki poseidonis mier naboZebi kanon-

ebi hqondaT.

RmerTebma am qveynebSi marTvis gansxvavebuli sistema Seqmnes. saintereso is

aris, rom orive am sistemas platoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda.

ase, magaliTad: Zveli aTenis polisSi aris `RvTaebriv kacTa wodeba~. eseni

iyvnen `TanamoqalaqeTa guSagni da beladni~, anu saqme gvaqvs samxedro-aristokra-

tiul mmarTvelobasTan. platoni yvelaze metad saxelmwifos marTvis or formas

afasebs: monarqiuls da aristokratiuls. vnaxoT, Tu rogor msjelobs maT Sesaxeb

dialogSi ̀ saxelmwifo~: ̀ me Tu mkiTxavT, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erTi saxe

isaa, axlaxan rom mimovixileT, magram mas SeiZleba ornairi saxeli ewodos: Tu

mmarTvelTa Soris yvelas aRemateba erTi, amas samefo Zalaufleba hqvia, xolo

Tu Zalauflebas mravali mmarTveli inawilebs, es iqneba aristokratia.

_ marTals brZaneb.

_ ai, swored amas vsaxav saxed.

mmarTvelobis erT-erT saxed, radgan mmarTveli erTi iqneba Tu mravali, isini

ar daarRveven saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes kanonebs, Tuki imnairad warmarTaven

qveSevrdomTa aRzrdas da swavlas, rogorc Cveni msjelobisas CamovayalibeT.

_ ra Tqma unda, ar daarRveven~2.

platoni aristokratiisadmi simpaTias amJRavnebs agrTve dialogSi `poli-

tikosi~. is wers:

`ucxoeli: monarqiidan Cven gamovyofT samefo xelisuflebas da tiranias,

mcirericxovanTa mmarTvelobidan _ aristokratias (didebuli saxelia!) da

oligarqias~3.

amrigad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi platoni samefo Zalauflebasa da aristokratiis

mmarTvelobas aigivebs, meoregan ki aristokratiis saxelwodebac ki mis aRtace-


2 ix.: platoni, `saxelmwifo~, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2003 w., gv. 162.

3 ix.: Платон, «Политик», Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 2, Издательство «Мысль», Москва, 1971 г., gv. 70.

30 31

bas iwvevs. Cven ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom is Tavad aris samefo gvaris STamoma-

vali, kodrosidebis sagvareulos warmomadgenelia da, cxadia, es garkveul rols

TamaSobda mis SexedulebaTa formirebaSi. amis gamoa, Tu sxva mizeziTac, faqtia,

rom mcirericxovanTa anu aristokratiis mmarTvelobas platoni Zveli aTenis

polisis marTvis idealur sistemad warmogvidgens.

oRond platoni dialogSi `saxelmwifo~ imasac wers, Tu ra evalebaT saxelm-

wifos mmarTvelebs da rodis arian isini sasargebloni TanamoqalaqeebisTvis da

ra SemTxvevaSi uqmnian maT safrTxes: `magram Tu qveynisa da kanonierebis sadara-

joze mdgari mcvelebi mxolod saxeliT iqnebian mcvelebi da ara TavianTi arsiT,

male Seni TvaliT naxav, rogor daaqceven da miwasTan gaasworeben saxelmwifos,

vinaidan maTzea damokidebuli qveynis bednierebac da keTildReobac~1.

ase rom, platonisaTvis idealur saxelmwifoSi mcvelebi anu mmarTvelebi ar-

sobrivad unda Seesabamebodnen nakisr valdebulebas. `kritiaSi~ aRwerili aTenis

Zveli polisis meomrebi da beladebi swored rom Seesabamebian am moTxovnas, amas-

Tan, imdenad kargad, rom maT mTel eladaze aqvT gavlena da, rac mTavaria, rode-

sac safrTxe gaCnda, _ atlantiselebma maSindeli samyaros naxevari daipyres, _

Zveli aTenis polisis mxedrobam atlantiselTa uzarmazari armia daamarcxa da

gaaTavisufla maT mier dapyrobili xalxebi, Semdeg ki kunZul atlantiszec Sei-

Wra. ase rom, Zveli aTenis polisis meomrebma da beladebma unaklod ganaxor-

cieles is qmedeba, rac, platonis TvalsazrisiT, idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvel

sistemas evaleboda.

Taviseburad idealuria atlantiselTa marTvis sistemac. aq, rogorc viciT,

monarqiaTa kavSiria. kunZulze aTi samefoa, amaTgan erTi, anu poseidonis ufrosi

Svilis STamomavali, mTavari mefea. mefeebi floben absolutur Zalauflebas.

yovel maTgans ̀ Tavis saxelmwifoSi xalxze da kanonebis did nawilze hqonda Zalau-

fleba ise, rom SeeZlo daesaja da moekvdinebina nebismieri~. es ubrlod absolu-

turi monarqia ar aris, tiraniaa, romlis drosac monarqs araferi zRudavs.

atlantiselTa sistemis dadebiT mxared unda CaiTvalos is, rom, gamomdinare

poseidonis kanonebis moTxovnidan (erTaderTi, rasac angariSs uwevdnen atlan-

tisis mefeebi), isini erTmaneTTan TanxmobiTa da urTierTgagebiT cxovrobdnen

da saerTo sakiTxebs, erToblivi ritualebis Catarebis Semdeg, TaTbiris gziT

wyvetdnen.

SesaZloa, swored am urTierTobaSi davinaxoT idealuri saxelmwifos niSnebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom atlantiselTa mefeebi RvTaebriv ritualebs Tavad as-

rulebdnen, anu maTSi gaerTianebulia mefe da qurumi. amrigad, isini orive fun-

qcias iTavsebdnen.

atlantiselebi qmnian mdidar da Zlevamosil saxelmwifos da bednierad cxov-

robdnen, vidre ar dakarges RvTaebrivi buneba da maTSi ar imZlavra yvelanairma

adamianurma sisustem, ris Sedegadac isini daemonnen TavianT simdidres da mis

gasamravleblad wamoiwyes usamarTlo dapyrobiTi omi, magram damarcxdnen da,

savaraudod, zevsis risxvis gamo, maTi kunZuli okeaneSi dainTqa.


aq bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: Tu atlantisi idealuri saxelmwifos modelia,

maSin ratom dauSva misi daRupva platonma? saqme isaa, rom dialogebis avtors

angariSi unda gaewia ori sakiTxisaTvis: pirveli. atlantisis daRupvis Sesaxeb

laparakisas is mihyveba pirvelwyaros mier mowvdil cnobas. meore. platonisaTvis

atlantisi aris uaryofiTi saxelmwifos idealuri modeli, iseTi, romelic poli-

tikuri TvalsazrisiT ucxoa berZenTaTvis. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom atlantiselebi

eomebodnen Zveli aTenis poliss da maT xelovnebaSi àris raRac barbarosuli~,

anu ucxo berZenTaTvis... miuxedavad monarqiisadmi platonis piradi simpaTiisa da

rom atlantiselTa saxelmwifo wyoba monarqiulia, aTenelebi upiratesobas ani-

Webdnen demokratiul mmarTvelobas, romelic maTi politikuri cxovrebis wiaRSi

iSva. am faqts xazgasmulad warmoaCens platoni dialogSi `politikosi~: àTeneli:

momismine! arsebobs ori, ase vTqvaT, dedasaxeoba saxelmwifo mowyobisa, romelTa-

gan, marTali rom vTqva, iSvnen danarCenebi. swori iqneba, mivuTiToT monarqiaze,

rogorc amaTgan pirvelze, da agreTve, demokratiaze, rogorc meoreze. monarqiam

umaRles ganviTarebas miaRwia sparselebTan, demokratiam _ CvenTan~1.

ai, amaSia saqme, demokratia aTenis politikuri kulturis wiaRSi warmoiSva da

aTenel platons, cxadia, amisTvisac unda gaewia angariSi.

ramdenadac aSkarad Cans, rom `timeossa~ da `kritiaSi~ Zveli aTenis poli-

sisa da atlantisis samefos politikuri sistemebis aRwerisas platonma gamoi-

yena Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebi, imdenad savaraudoa, rom atlantiselTa

xelovnebisa da ritualebis, agreTve arqiteqturuli formebisa da landSaftis

dagegmarebaze Txrobisas _ cxadia, Tu es yvelaferi qurum sonqisa da solonisgan

ar momdinareobs detalizebulad mocemuli _ platonma msgavsi xasiaTis ambebi

gamoiyena, anda msgavsma ambebma erTgvarad gaaRviva misi fantazia. asea Tu ise,

platonis zemoxsenebuli dialogebis kiTxvisas uneblieT gaxsendeba homerosis

òdisea~, romelSic laparakia feakelTa mefis, alkinoes sasaxleze, baRebsa da

bostnebze, zRvaSi, sadRac dasavleTiT mdebare kunZul sqeriaze rom iyo aSen-

ebuli da gaSenebuli.

sxvaTa Soris, es alkinoec poseidonis STamomavalia; mis qalaqSi dgas posei-

donis taZari, aris vrceli moedani da navsadguri. sasaxlis garSemo gaSenebu-

lia didebuli baRi da bostani, romelic zafxulSic da zamTarSic uxvad iZleva

yovelgvar xilsa da bostneuls. Tavad sasaxle poemaSi asea aRwerili:

òdisevsi ki, alkinoes saxlTan misuli,

fiqrebs Seepyro, vidre zRurblze fexs gadadgamda, _

gabrwyinebuli iyo erTTav, mzis da mTvarisebr,

turfa sasaxle didsulovan alkinoesi.

spilenZis kedlis brwyinvaleba Tvals Wrida erTob,

zemodan edga lavgardanic, lurjad elvare.

TviT Sesasvleli oqros kariT Semkobiliyo.

1 ix.: Платон, «Политик», Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 2, Издательство «Мысль», Москва, 1971 г., gv. 164.

32 33

spilenZis zRurbls ki gahyoloda vercxlis wirTxlebi

da karnagelic _ vercxlis, oqros saxeluriTa.

orive mxares oqro-vercxlis ZaRlebi iwva,

hefestos mier didi niWiT naxelovnebi,

rom didsulovan alkinoes saxli daecvaT,

marad ukvdavTa da maradJams uberebelTa.

kedlebis gaswvriv savarZelni Camwkrivebulni

zRurblidan vidre sra-sasaxlis dasasrulamde,

zedac safari rbil TivTikis, ucxod naqsovi.

am savarZlebSi feakebis Tavkacni isxdnen.

Wamdnen da svamdnen da ar akldaT maT pur-marili.

oqros WabukTa mwkrivi maRal kvarcxlbekebidan

xelSi anTebul CiraRdnebiT gadmomdgariyo

modarbazeTa Tavze Suqis gadmosafenad~1.

roca òdiseas~ am monakveTs ecnobi, pirveli, rac gaxsendeba, es atlantisis

platoniseuli aRweraa da safiqrebelia, rom òdiseas~ aRniSnulma fragmentma

zogi ram mainc ukarnaxa platons. maT Soris alkinoes sasaxlis ucnaurma gaforme-

bam, spilenZisa da oqro-vercxlis uxvad gamoyenebam arqiteqturuli da dekora-

tiuli TvalsazrisiT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom poemis zemoxsenebuli fragmentis

Taobaze aseTi mosazrebac gamoiTqva: àm sasaxlis aRwerilobaSi daculi unda

iyos cnobebi mikenis epoqis sasaxleebze, romlebic homerosis dros ukve nan-

grevebs warmoadgendnen~2.

amrigad, is, razec òdiseaSia~ laparaki, realurad arsebuli warsulis gamo-

Zaxili yofila. oRond, suraTi rom sruli iyos, mas kretis epoqac unda mivumatoT

Tavisi didebuli sasaxleebiT da maSin Tamamad SegveZleba vTqvaT, rom òdiseaSi~

areklili warsuli Taviseburad airekla platonis dialogSic. rogorc qvemoT

vnaxavT, aseTi mosazreba WeSmaritebasTan metad axlos aris...

sxva aseT asociacias ciceronis mier ìstoriis mamad~ wodebuli hero-

dotes ìstriaSi~ amokiTxuli ambavi iwvevs, ase rom hgavs platonis mier Zveli

metropoliis aRweras, sadac is laparakobs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor iyo atlan-

tisis dedaqalaqSi zogi Senoba TeTri, Savi da wiTeli qvebiT mopirkeTebuli; mi-

wayrilis garSemo agebuli kedeli mTel sigrZeze spilenZiT mopirkeTebuli; Sida

miwayrilis kedeli _ Camosxmuli kaliT, xolo akropolis kedeli ki orixalkiT

yofila amogebuli. akropolis SigniT kleitosa da poseidonis taZars oqros ke-

deli hqonia Semovlebuli; poseidonisadmi miZRvnili taZris gare mxare vercxliT

iyo dafaruli.

am gasaocar simdidres analogia aRmosavlur fufunebaSi moeZebneba.

1 ix.: homerosi, ̀ odisea~, msoflio literaturis biblioTeka, gamomcemloba ̀ sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1979 w., VII, 80-100, gv. 170-171.2 ix.: al. wereTeli, `Zveli saberZneTi~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1965 w., tomi I, gv. 109.

vnaxoT, rogor aRwers midielTa dedaqalaqs herodote: `midielebi dahyab-

uldnen amaze da aages didi da magari zRudeebi (rasac agbatana ewodeba), ise, rom

erTi zRude meoreSi mrgvalad iyo Cadgmuli. ise iyo es cixe-simagre gakeTebuli,

rom erTi wre meoreze ufro maRali iyo mxolod bastionebiT. am garemoebas zo-

gan TviTon adgili Sveloda, romelic borcvebiani iyo, zogan ki es xelovnurad

gaakeTes. wre sul Svidi iyo, xolo ukanasknelSi iyo mefis sasaxle da saganZurebi.

maT Soris udidesi zRude sididiT aris, aTenis irgvliv rom kedelia, daaxloebiT

imodena. pirveli wris bastionebi aris TeTri, meorisa _ Savi, mesame wrisa _ miwis-

feri, meoTxisa _ lurji, mexuTisa _ Ria wiTeli. yvela wris bastionebi egre iyo

SeRebili wamliT, xolo ori ukanasknelidan erTs bastionebi movercxlili aqvs,

meores ki mooqruli~1.

rogorc cnobilia, herodotem Tavisi Txzuleba sajarod waikiTxa aTenSi

Zv.w. 447 Tu 445 wels, e.i. platonis dabadebamde 20 Tu 18 wliT adre. ase rom,

filosofoss SeeZlo ìstoriis mamis~ Txzulebebs gascnoboda da mis monaTxrobs

midielTa dedqalaqis Taobaze, SesaZloa, moexdina kidec gavlena platonze, roca

is Zveli metropoliis arqiteqturul suraTs xatavda. miT umetes, nimuSad mas

barbarosuli qalaqi sWirdeboda.

varaudebi antikuri literaturidan nimuSebis moxmobis Taobaze logikas mok-

lebuli ar aris. miT umetes, rom atlantiselTa arqiteqturul formebs da zo-

gierTi ritualis xasiaTs midiur Tu egviptur yofaSi analogiebi namdvilad eZeb-

neba.

gavixsenoT `kritiaSi~ moTxrobili ambavi atlantiselTa aTive mefis mier fi-

cis dadebisa. am moqmedebis arsi is iyo, rom samefoTa kavSiri kanonebis mixed-

viT unda emarTaT, ra drosac sruldeboda xaris msxverplad Sewirvisa da misi

sisxlis oqros fialebiT Sesmis rituali, rac Zalian hgavs imas, rasac herodote

wers Tavis istoriaSi: àmas amboben TviTon egviptelebi; axla ki gadmovcem imas,

rasac amboben sxva xalxebi am qveynis Sesaxeb da egviptelebi maT eTanxmebian. amas

kidev zogs rasme davumateb, rac me TviTon minaxvs. egviptelebi rom ganTavisu-

fldnen hefestosis qurumis mefobis Semdeg (radgan maT arasodes ar SeeZloT

umefod cxovreba), daayenes 12 mefe da mTeli egvipte 12 nawilad dahyves. es

mefeebi erTmaneTs daumoyvrdnen da mefobdnen Semdegi kanonis dacviT: erTmane-

Tis Zalaufleba ar unda daemxoT, ar unda cdiliyvnen, rom erTs meoresTan Se-

darebiT raime upiratesoba hqonoda da piriqiT, erTmaneTSi gansakuTrebiT unda

emegobraT. es kanonebi maT Semdegi mizezis gamo daaweses da Zalian mkacrad

icavdnen kidec: imTaviTve, rogorc ki tirania maT xelSi gadavida, aseTi mis-

noba mouvidaT: romeli maTganic hefestosis salocavSi moaxdenda daTxevas, is

gamefdeboda mTels egvipteSi. amitom isini yovelgvar RvTismsaxurebaze erTad

dadiodnen... Tormeti mefe samarTlianad iqceoda. erTxel, rodesac isini hef-

estosis salocavSi msxverpls swiravdnen, dResaswaulis ukanasknel dRes daTx-

eva unda moexdinaT. qurumTmTavarma gamoutana maT oqros fialebi, romlebiTac

xdeboda Cveulebriv daTxeva, magram raodenoba SeeSala da 11 fiala gamoitana

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 74.

34 35

maSin, rodesac mefeebi Tormetni iyvnen. rakiRa fiala aRar Sexvda maT Soris

ganapiras mdgom fsametiqoss, man Tavidan moixada spilenZis muzaradi, SeuSvira

da ase moaxdina daTxeva~1.

rogorc vnaxeT, aTi atlantiseli mefis rituali, oqros fialebiT xaris

sisxlis Sesmisa da sisxlis daTxevisa, Zalian hgavs herodotes mier aRwerili

Tormeti egvipteli mefis mier msxverplis Sewirvis bolo dRes oqros fialebiT

daTxevis rituals da cTunebac didia ifiqro, rom platoni gaecno herodotes

Txzulebas da iq aRwerili rituali dialogSi ambis dasasuraTeblad gamoiyena...

magram antikur samyaroSi msgavsi ritualebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli egvip-

teSic da saberZneTSic. amis dadasturebas antikur literaturaSi yovel nabijze

vawydebiT. ase, magaliTad: ìstoriaSi~ sul sxva adgilas herodote analogiur

rituals aRwers: `maT rom es Seityves, mxsneli poseidonis mimarT iloces, mis pa-

tivsacemad samsxverploze zedaSe dasTxies da rac SeiZleba saswrafod dabrund-

nen artemisionSi~2.

Cven ar viciT, Tu rogor aRuweres solons atlantisi brZenma qurumebma, he-

liopoliselma fsenofisma da saiselma sonqim (gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknelma),

zogadad ambavi amcnes Tu detalebsac CauRrmavdenen. Sesabamisad, ar viciT, Tu

ra xasiaTis masala darCa solons da ra miiRo platonma. magram, rogorc vnaxeT,

man Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebis gamosaxatavad, maT dasasuraTeblad gamoi-

yena monaTxrobi atlantisis Taobaze. imis Taobaze, rom platonma Seavso solo-

nis danatovari, isev da isev plutarqe wers solonis biografiaSi: àtlantisis

Tqmulebis Sinaarsi platonisaTvis mSvenieri, magram daumuSavebeli niadagi iyo,

romelic naTesaobis uflebis ZaliT miiRo. platoni did pativiscemad Tvlida

daemuSavebina da gaelamazebina igi. solonis mier dawyebul saqmes man iseTi didi

talavari daudga, iseTi galavani Semoavlo da iseTi vrceli ezo gauSala win,

rogoric arc erT gadmocemas, arc erT Tqmulebas da arc erT poemas ar Rirse-

bia. am saqmes platonmac gvian mohkida xeli da manamde gamoesalma wuTisofels,

sanam Sromas daasrulebda. Cven, marTalia, didad vtkbebiT imiT, rac man dagvi-

wera, magram ufro metad gulsa gvwyvets is, risi Seqmnac ver moaswro. rogorc

aTenelebma ver daasrules olimpionis ageba, ise platonis sibrZnem mraval Zvir-

fas nawarmoebTa Soris ver moaswro daemuSavebina atlantisis Tqmuleba~3.

ukve mogaxseneT imis Sesaxeb, ra Seitana platonma Tavisi Sexedulebebidan

dialogebSi da isic mogaxseneT, Tu saidan SeiZleba yofiliyo aRebuli rigi aRw-

erilobisa, is rom iZleva.

Zveli aTenis polisisa da atlantisis platoniseul modelirebas mecnierebi

`restavrirebul utopias~ uwodeben; agreTve laparakoben àTaswlovani warsu-

lis idealizebis~ Sesaxeb, magram, rogorc ar unda Seafason `timeosi~ da `kri-

tia~, Tu am dialogebs davukvirdebiT, sainteresod moTxrobili da xatovnad

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 174-176.

2 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. II, gv. 472.3 ix.: plutarqe, `rCeuli biografiebi~, `soloni~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 174.

aRwerili ambebis miRma SeiZleba davinaxoT Soreuli warsulis aCrdili. ase,

magaliTad: Zveli aTenis polisis marTvis sistemaSi meomrebis garda naxsenebia

beladebi. es saSualebas gvaZlevs maTSi samxedro-gvarovnuli aristokratiis

warmomadgenlebi davinaxoT, xolo atlantisel mefeTa ritualebSi moCans is

epoqa, roca xalxebs da qveynebs marTavdnen mefe-qurumebi. amrigad, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom dialogebSi airekla kacobriobis ganviTarebis adrindeli

etapebi.

uaResad sainteresoa is faqti, rom platoni zedmiwevniT zustad Caswvda at-

lantiselTa saxelmwifos dacemis mizezs, roca is laparakobs zneobriv krizisze

atlantisSi. rac gamovlinda imiT, rom atlantiselebma gadaafases Rirebulebani,

maT xasiaTSi gaZlierda sixarbe da momxveWeloba, midrknen Zalmomreobisaken,

rasac platoni RvTaebrivi bunebis dakargviT xsnis.

Tu platonis naTqvams SevudarebT erT Tanamedrove samecniero mosazrebas,

davinaxavT gasaocar msgavsebas; saqme is gaxlavT, rom am Sexedulebis mixedviT

saxelmwifos warmoqmnas, mis gaZliereba-aRorZinebas da, piriqiT, dasusteba-daR-

upvas ganapirobebs eTnosis zneobrivi mdgomareoba, _ vgulisxmob Teorias pasion-

aruli biZgis Sesaxeb, rac eTnogenezis sawyisi momentia da ris Sedegadac eTnosSi

arsebul pasionar individTa anu altruistTa raodenoba da aqtiuroba xdeba am

eTnosis mamoZravebeli Zala; amas mohyveba eris Camoyalibeba, saxelmwifos Seqmna,

viTardeba meurneoba da kultura, magram biZgidan ganvlili 1000-1500 wlis man-

Zilze pasionarTa anu altruistTa ricxvi katastrofulad klebulobs, subpa-

sionarTa anu egoist individTa ricxvi ki uzomod izrdeba, rac saboloo jamSi

eTnosis qmedunarianobis dakargvisa da ganadgurebis mizezi xdeba1.

diax, Tu SevudarebT gasaocar damTxvevas, vnaxavT, rom is kanonzomiereba, rac

am Teorias udevs safuZvlad, platonma 2400 wlis win SeniSna da atlantiselTa

zneobrivi dacemisa da daRupvis ambavi amis nimuSad warmogvidgina...

dialogebSi ̀ timeosi~ da ̀ kritia~ aranakleb yuradsaRebia msjeloba geografi-

uli garemos xasiaTisa da misi Secvlis mizezebis Taobaze.

platoni dawvrilebiT aRgviwers rogorc naxevarkunZul atikas, ise kunZul

atlantiss. pirvelTan dakavSirebiT gavixsenoT, rom is laparakobs uZveles dros

atikaSi gansakuTrebulad mdidari bunebis Taobaze, noyier miwas mdinareebi da

wyaroebi rwyavdnen da is imdenad uxv mosavals iZleoda, rom Tavisuflad SeeZlo

mosaxleobis gamokveba. im dros Turme akropolisis borcvi axlandelze bevrad

didi yofila, noyieri miwiT Semosili, baRebSi Cafluli. saerTod, Zveli atika

raRac miwieri samoTxis msgavsia da mas gaaCnia yvela is sikeTe, rac platonis

Tanamedrove atikaSi sanatreli iyo.

rac Seexeba meores, anu kunZul atlantiss, mas platoni kidev ufro feradi

saRebavebiT aRwers: is aris arnaxulad mdidari kunZuli, romlis wiaRSic moipove-

boda yvela saxis madneuli da maT Soris orixalki. aris vrceli tye, romelic kve-

bavs uamrav nadirs da, Tqven warmoidgineT, spiloebsac ki. aqac uaRresad noyieri

1 ix.: Л.Н. Гумилев, «Этногенез и биосфера земли». ГИДРОМЕТЕОИЗДАТ, 1990 г. agreTve, p iakaSvili, èrovnuli idea~, Tbilisi, 2003 w.

36 37

miwaa, romelic uxvad irwyveba. amas garda, atlantiselebs irigaciis sistema kar-

gad hqondaT mofiqrebuli, uamravi arxis wyalobiT wveTi wyali ar ekargebodaT

da mosavalsac bevrs iRebdnen.

amrigad, dialogebSi aRwerili Zveli atikaca da kunZuli atlantisic samoTx-

iseburi adgilebia, romlis msgavsi dedamiwaze cota Tu moiZebneboda.

rogorc solons saiselma qurumma uTxra, warRvnebma gadarecxa da zRvaSi

Caitana atikis nayofieri miwa, kunZuli atlantisi ki okeaneSi dainTqa. qurum son-

qis monaTxrobs Tu davukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom am katastrofaTa ama Tu im

formiT gamomwvevni RmerTebi unda yofiliyvnen. sonqim isic icoda, rom egvipte-

lebs da berZnebs arsebiTad erTi panTeoni hqondaT da kargad iyo garkveuli am

RmerTebis qmedebaTa xasiaTSi.

rac Seexeba berZnebisa da egviptelebis religiur urTierTobas, amis Taobaze

metad saintereso mosazrebas gvawvdis herodote: èladaSi TiTqmis yvela Rmer-

Tis saxeli egviptidanaa Semosuli; es saxelebi rom barbarosTagan aris gadmoRe-

buli, es danamdvilebiT Sevityve gamokiTxvis Sedegad, xolo me ki ufro is mgo-

nia, rom swored egviptidan Semovida eladaSi es saxelebi, garda poseidonisa da

dioskurebisa, ris Sesaxebac zemoT vilaparake. heras, hestias, Temidas, qaritebis,

nereidebisa da yvela sxva RmerTebis saxelebi egviptelebis qveyanaSi cnobili iyo

imTaviTve~1.

herodotes naTqvams adasturebs saiseli qurumi sonqi, roca solons Zveli

aTenis ambavs uyveba: ìm qalRmerTis gulisTvis, romelsac wilad xvda da romel-

mac aRzarda da gaanaTla rogorc Seni, ise es Cveni qalaqic~... mogexsenebaT, lapa-

rakia egviptelTa qalRmerT neiTze, imave berZenTa aTenaze.

daviwyoT qalRmerTis egvipturi, anu originaluri variantiT: neiTi niSnavs

`saSinels~. is uzenaesi qalRmerTia, RmerTebis deda, egviptur religiasa da mi-

TologiaSi qalis sayovelTao kultis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxe. neiTis kulti jer

kidev winareistoriuli epoqidan iRebs dasabams, roca mas Tayvans scemdnen feti-

Sis _ erTmaneTze gadajvaredinebuli ori isrisa da faris saxiT, ufro gvian ki an-

Tromorfulad gamosaxavdnen qvemo egviptis samefo gvirgvinze: qalRmerTs xelT

mSvild-isari epyra. arqaul epoqaSi neiTi dedofalTa mfarvel RvTaebad iTvle-

boda. XXVI dinastiis dros, roca egviptis faraonebi warmomavlobiT saiselebi

iyvnen, saisSi idga neiTis didebuli taZari. gadmocemiT masSi qalRmerTi iyo

dakrZaluli. didi mokrZalebiT aRwers herodote am adgils:

`saisSi aris agreTve samarxi imisa, visi saxelis moxseniebac aseT pirobebSi

codvaa, is aTenas salocavSia, taZris ukan da aTenas salocavis mTeli kedlis

gaswvriv uWiravs adgili. amave wminda miwis nakveTze dgas qvis obeliskebi; iqvea

tba, romelsac irgvliv naCuqurTmevi da lamazad nakeTebi qvis zeZirkveli aqvs da

me ise mgonia, rom sididiT imodenavea, ramodenac aris delosis egreT wodebuli

borblis msgavsi tba~2.

qalRmerTi neiTis qandakebaze aseTi warwera yofila amokveTili: `me var

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 138.2 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 183.

is, rac odesme yofila, aris, an iqneba da arc erT mokvdavs Cemi safarveli ar

auxdia~1.

ai, am neiTs aigivebdnen berZnebi aTenasTan.

aTena (Athena) sibrZnis, xelovnebis, xelosnobis, miwaTmoqmedebis, qalaqTa,

wminda gonebis, Segnebuli nebisyofis, mecnierebis, samarTlis, omis, mSvidobiani

Sromis ubiwo qalRmerTia, qalaq aTenisa da atikis mfarveli, zevsis usayvarlesi

asuli. miTis mixedviT aTena mamamisis, zevsis Tavidan iSva, es ki ase moxda: zevsma

gadaylapa Tavisi pirveli meuRle okeanida metida; male Tavis saSiineli tkivili

daewyo; zevsma hefestos uxmo da ubrZana, misTvis Tavi gaepo. hefestom TavSi

CaquCi dahkra da zevsis Tavidan saomari iaraRiT aRWurvili aTena amovida.

mkvlevarTa azriT, aTena Zveli RvTaebaa, berZnebze adrindeli mosaxleobis

mier gaRmerTebuli. dedis mxriv is wylis stiqias ukavSirdeba, xolo imiT, rom

dedaTa dedaa da iaraRiT aris aRWurvili, ukavSirdeba neiTs. is neiTis variantia

da egviptidan egeidaSi berZnebamdeli mosaxleobis, pelasgebis dros unda Semo-

suliyo.

sainteresoa, rom aTenasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli RvTaeba kekropis (Kek-rops) warmomavlobac egviptes ukavSirdeba. amas zogierTi miTi gveubneba. kekropi

atikis, romelsac kekropiasac uwodebdnen, pirveli mefea, erisixTonis mama. man

daafuZna aTenis akropolisi da Tormeti qalaqi. atika dayo Tormet saTemod.

manve daamkvidra zevsisa da aTenas kulti; monawileobda RmerTebis didi davis

gadawyvetaSi: aTenasa da poseidons dava hqondaT atikis mfarvelobasTan dakav-

SirebiT. saqmeSi zevsi Caeria da TaTbiri gamarTa. davis gadasawyvetad moiwvia

kekropi, da daavala, upiratesoba imisaTvis mieniWebina, vinc qveyanas, anu atikas,

met sikeTes moutanda. poseidonma kldes samTiTi dahkra da iqidan zRvis mlaSe

wylis sami nakaduli gadmoedina. aTenam dahkra miwas kverTxi _ joxi mwvaned Sei-

foTla da zeTisxilis xed iqca. amis mnaxvelma kekropma Tavisi azri ase Camoayal-

iba: òlimpos naTelo RmerTo, zRvis mlaSe wyali yvelgan uxvadaa, zeTisxili ki

iSviaTia da xalxs baraqas gauCenso~2 Tqva es da Tavis samefo qalaqs aTeni uwoda,

aTenas taZris qurumebad ki Tavisi qaliSvilebi daniSna.

aseTi iyo kekropis, naxevrad kacisa da naxevrad gvelis ganaCeni, romelsac

zogierTi mkvlevari atikis adgilobriv RvTaebad miiCnevs, zogi ki egvipturi war-

momavlobisad.

rac Seexeba aTenasa da poseidonis davas, anu, erTi mxriv, atikis, xolo, me-

ore mxriv atlantisis RvTaebaTa dapirispirebis amsaxvel miTs, masSi Soreul

warsulSi momxdari konfliqtis anarekli SeiZleba davinaxoT; dapirispirebisa,

romelic kontinentze mdebare saxelmwifos hqonia kunZulovan saxelmwifosTan,

rasac, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, didi eTnikuri Serkinebac mohyva.

aTenasa da kekropis miTebSi egviptis religiuri gavlenac SeiniSneba. es arc

aris gasakviri, radgan didi istoriis mqone qveyanasTan mWidro kulturulma

1 ix.: plutarqe, ìsisi da osirisi~, Targmani ani CantlaZisa, gamomcemloba `saunje~, #5, 31.X.84.

2 ix.: akaki gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, gmomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1983 w., gv. 243.

38 39

urTierTobam didad gaamdidra kontinenturi da kunZulovani saberZneTis teri-

toriaze mcxovrebi tomebis RvTaebrivi panTeoni, qurum sonqis ki ufleba misca,

Zvel TqmulebaTa Sesaxeb dainteresebuli solonisaTvis Seexsenebina elinTa da-

karguli istoriuli mexsiereba, ris mizezadac saiseli qurumi bunebaSi momxdar

katastrofebs Tvlida; yvelafer amaSi RmerTebis nebas xedavda da gansakuTrebiT

gamohyofda cecxliTa da wyliT adamianebis daRupvis amsaxvel Tqmulebebs.

sonqis, rogorc vnaxeT, samagaliTod mohyavs miTi faetonis Sesaxeb, amitom

masze dawvrilebiT unda SevCerdeT. faetoni (Phaethon) moelvares, agreTve dRes

niSnavs.

vnaxoT, Tu ra ambavia moTxrobili masze am miTSi: `mxolod erTxel iqna dar-

Rveuli samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigi da mzis RmerTi ar gamovida cargvalze, rom

xalxisaTvis gaenaTebina. da ai, rogor moxda es: mze-helioss da klimenes, zRvis

qalRmerTis, Tetidas qaliSvils, hyavdaT vaJi faetoni. erTxel faetons misma

naTesavma, mexTamtyorcni zevsis vaJma, epifanem, dacinviT uTxra: _ me ar mjera,

rom Sen gasxivosnebuli heliosis Svili xar. dedaSeni simarTles ar ambobs. Sen

ubralo mokvdavis Svili xaro.

ganrisxda faetoni, sircxvilisagan saxeawiTlebuli gaiqca dedasTan, gulSi

Caekona da Tvalcremlianma SesCivla miyenebuli Seuracxyofis gamo~1.

dedam ficiT scada misi darwmuneba, magram, Cans, bolomde ver gaufanta eWvi

da damatebiTi sabuTis misaRebad mamamisis sasaxleSi gagzavna, romelic RmerT

hefestos ise moerTo oqro-vercxliTa da Zvirfasi TvlebiT, rom cisartyelas

yvela feriT elvarebda. iq misul faetons sxivmosili heliosi taxtze mjdari

dauxvda, misi gvirgvinidan momdinare cialma Tvali mosWra. mzis RmerTma mosvlis

mizezi hkiTxa, faetonma mas mamobis mtkicebuleba mosTxova.

`heliosma moixada sxivmosili gvirgvini, moixmo TavisTan faetoni, moexvia da

Tqva:

_ diax, Sen Cemi Svili xar, dedaSenma simarTle giTxra; xolo imisaTvis, rom

mets ar eWvobde, mTxove, rac gsurs da, vficav saRvTo mdinare siqstis wylebs, me

Sevasruleb Sens Txovnas.

Tqva Tu ara es heliosma, maSinve dauwyo mas Txovna faetonma, mieca neba,

gaevlo cargvalze heliosis magivrad misi oqros etliT. SeZrwunda sxivmosili

RmerTi.

_ ugunuro, ras mTxov! _ SesZaxa heliosma. _ o, me rom SemeZlos gavtexo fici!

faeton, Sen SeuZlebels mTxov. es Sens Zalebs aRemateba. Sen xom mokvdavi xar,

nuTu es mokvdavis saqmea? ukvdavi RmerTebic ki Tavs ver ikaveben Cems etlSi. TviT

did zevs-mexTamtyorcnels ar ZaluZs marTos is; masze Zlevamosili ki vinRaa!~2

Semdeg aRelvebuli mzis RmerTi faetons gzis siZneleze elaparaka, zeaRsv-

lasa da dabla daSvebaze, aSinebda mgzavrobisas uCveulo mxecebTan SexvedriT (Ta-

navarskvlavedTa aRmniSvneli zodiaqos niSnebi: kuro, kentavri anu mSvildosani,

morieli da kirCxibi). isic uTxra, mSveniers iq verafers naxavo, magram gajiutebul

1 ix.: Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима. Москва, издательство «Правдв», 1987 г., გვ. 72-73.2 ix.: Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима. Москва, издательство «Правдв», 1987 г., gv. 73.

ymawvils veraferi Seagona. bolos damwuxrebulma uTxra, ufro gonieri megoneo.

Semdeg faetoni waiyvana iq, sadac misi oqros, Zvirfasi TvlebiT morTuli etli

idga. moiyvanes ambrosiiTa da neqtriT gamokvebili heliosis frTosani cxenebi da

Seabes etlSi. ganTiadis qalRmerTma, vardisferTiTebianma eosma WiSkari gaaRo.

mzis sxivebs rom ar gaerujaT, heliosma saRvTo malamoTi dauzila faetons saxe,

Tavze moelvare gvirgvini daadga da rCeva misca:

`Svilo Cemo, gaxsovdes Cemi ukanaskneli darigeba, Tu SesZleb, Seasrule is:

nu gaaWeneb cxenebs, rac SegiZlia mtkiced geWiros aRviri, Tavad gaWendebian Cemi

cxenebi, Znelia maTi Sekaveba. gzas ki Sen naTlad dainaxav borblebis nakvalevis

mixedviT, is mTel zecas miuyveba. nu aiWrebi Zalian maRla, raTa ar gadawva zeca,

magram arc qvemoT ar daeSva, rom ar gadabugo dedamiwa; ar gadaixaro arc mar-

jvniv da arc marcxniv. Seni gza swored rom gvelsa da sakurTxevels SuaSia~1.

`gveli~ da `sakurTxeveli~ TanavarskvlavedTa berZnuli saxelwodebebia, See-

sabameba cargvalis CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebs. magram mivyveT miTs: sulswrafi

faetoni Seaxta etls, aRvirs xeli staca da nestoebidan cecxlismfrqveveli cx-

enebi adgils moswydnen. faetoni im wams bednieri iyo, magram roca cxenebma misi

gamoucdeloba igrZnes, Tavi aiSves, gzas gadauxvies da ugzo-ukvlod gaiqroles.

miwas rom Tvali veRar hkida, maSin ki SeSinda heliosis Ze, inana, mamas etlis mar-

Tva rom sTxova; mas Tavzari dasca TanavarskvlavedTa gamomxatveli cxovelebis

xilvam da aRvirs xeli gauSva. Tavisuflebamopovebulma cxenebi xan zecisaken

aiqrolebdnen, xanac dedamiwisken daeSvebodnen. heliosis da, mTvaris qalRmerTi

selena SeZrwunebuli Sehyurebda, rogor uTavbolod mihqrodnen Tavis nebaze miS-

vebuli misi Zmis cxenebi. etlis axlos daSvebisagan warmoqmnili cecxlis ali

moedo dedamiwas.

`iRupebodnen didi da mdidari qalaqebi, mTeli tomebi, iwvoda tyiT dafaruli

mTebi: orTaviani parnasi, Crdiliani kiferoni, mwvane helikoni, kavkasiis mTebi,

Tmoli, ida, ossa. garSemo yvelaferi kvamlma dafara, faetoni sqeli kvamlis gamo

ver xedavda, Tu saiT midioda. wyali aduRda mdinareebsa da nakadulebSi. tirod-

nen nimfebi da imalebodnen Rrmad mRvimeebSi SeZrwunebulni. qafqafebdnen ev-

frati, oronti, alfei, evrondi da sxva mdinareebi. sicxisagan skdeba miwa da mzis

sxivi aRwevs hadesis pirquS samefoSi. zRvebi amoSrobas iwyeben da papanaqebisagan

itanjebian zRvis RvTaebani~2.

da maSin, miwis qalRmerTma geam xmamaRla SesZaxa zevss: nuTu me unda daviR-

upo, an daiRupis Seni Zmis, poseidonis samefo, nuTu yvelaferi cecxlSi unda

dainTqas! Sexede, atlass ZlivsRa uWiravs cis TaRi, ca da RmerTebis sasaxleebi

Camoiqcevian. nuTu yvelaferi pirvelyofil qaoss unda daubrundes, gadaarCine,

rac darCa!

`zevsma gaigona geas vedreba, mrisxaned aiqnia marjvena, styorcna Tavisi moel-

vare elva da cecxliT Caaqro cecxli. zevsma etli elviT daamsxvria. heliosis

cxenebi sxvadasxva mxares gaiqcnen. mTels caze gaifanta etlis namsxvrevebi da

1 ix.: Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима. Москва, издательство «Правдв», 1987 г., გვ. 75.2 ix.: Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима. Москва, издательство «Правдв», 1987 г., gv. 76.

40 41

heliosis cxenebis aRkazmuloba.

faetonma ki, gruza Tmaze cecxlmokidebulma, haerSi mowyvetili varskv-

laviviT Caiqrola da Cavarda mdinare eridanosis talRebSi (miTiuri mdinare ev-

ropaSi, zogjer miwisqveSeTSi aTavsebdnen, zogi mas CrdiloeT italiis mdinare

posTan aigivebs. p.i.), Tavisi samSoblodan Sors. hesperielma nimfebma amoiRes

wylidan misi sxeuli da miwas miabares.

faetonis mamam, didad mwuxare heliosma, saxe daifara da cisfer caze mTeli

dRe ar gamoCenila. mxolod xanZarTa cecxli anaTebda dedamiwas.

faetonis ubeduri deda klimene didxans eZebda Tavisi daRupuli Svilis sx-

euls da bolos eridanosis napirebTan naxa, oRond Svilis sxeuli ki ara, aramed

misi saZvle. mwared dastiroda Svilis saflavs unugeSo deda; masTan erTad, daR-

upul Zmas dastirodnen klimenes qaliSvilebi _ heliadebi, usazRvro iyo maTi

mwuxareba.

mtirali heliadebi RmerTebma alvis xeebad gadaaqcies. dganan alva-heliadebi,

eridanosze daxrilebi, da maTi cremli, fisi, cviva labrisebr wyalSi, deddeba da

gamWvirvale qarvad gadaiqceva.

faetonis daRupvas glovobda misi megobari kiknosic (Kyknos _ `gedi~, apo-

lonisa da hirias Svili, monadire. p.i.), misi moTqma Sors, eridanosis napirebze

gaismoda. kiknosis unugeSo mwuxarebis Semyure RmerTebma is TeTr gedad aqcies.

mas Semdeg gedi kiknosi wyalSi cxovrobs, mdinareebsa da farTo naTel tbebSi. mas

eSinia cecxlis, romelmac misi megobari faetoni imsxverpla~1.

es uaRresad poeturi Tqmuleba, metismetad emociuri da ambiciuri axal-

gazrdis tragikuli aRsasrulis ambavs rom gadmogvcems, mxolod mouTokavi

grZnobebiT gamowveul qmedebaTa savalalo Sedegs ar gvamcnobs. masSi sxva

saTqmelic ikiTxeba: aSkaraa, rom is aris realurad momxdari kosmiuri katastro-

fis Taviseburi anarekli miTologiaSi. am TvalsazrisiT es miTi Zalian bevr

`sabuTs~ Seicavs. Tavad gansajeT, zevsis elviT etlis damsxvreva da misi zecaSi

gatyorcnili namsxvrevebi stratosferoSi momxdar did afeTqebaze migvaniSnebs;

SeiZleba, es kometis an asteroidis dedamiwasTan Sejaxebis gamoZaxili iyos. miT

umetes, rom faetonis mowyvetili varskvlaviviT dacema dedamiwaze ciuri sxeu-

lis Camovardnas mogvagonebs. gavixsenoT, amis Taobaze `timeosSic~ aris naTqvami:

`cis TaRze dedamiwis irgvliv mbrunavi sxeulebi zogjer TavianTi Cveuli gzidan

gadaixrebian, ase, rom, drois xangrZliv Sualedebs Soris dedamiwaze yvelaferi

aboboqrebul xanZarSi inTqmeba da iRupeba~.

xolo is, rom faetonis mamam, heliosma, glovis niSnad saxe daifara da erTi

dRe-Rame ar gamoCenila, anu mTeli ocdaoTxi saaTiT mze dabnelda da ukuneTi

Rame iyo, SesaZlebelia, aseTi ram momxdariyo dedamiwasTan romelime kosmosuri

sxeulis Sejaxebis Sedegad warmoqmnili mtvris uzarmazari Rrublis gamo, romel-

mac mze dafara; Semdeg mtveri gaifanta da mzem kvlav gamoanaTa.

dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom faetonis miTSi kosmosuri katastrofis am-

bavi sakmaod zustad aris gadmocemuli. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom am TqmulebaSi

1 ix.: Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима. Москва, издательство «Правдв», 1987 г., gv. 77.

Tavi moeyaros ramdenime kosmosuri katastrofis xsovnas da is miTisTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli formiT, misi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT iyos gadmocemuli.

kosmosuri katastrofebi rom mravalgzis moxda rogorc winareistoriul xa-

naSi, aseve uaxloes dros, amas mecnierebac adasturebs. gavixsenoT, rom 65 mil-

ioni wlis winaT meqsikis yureSi Camovardnilma meteorma Tu kometam daasrula

dinozavrebis batonoba dedamiwaze da gza gauxsna ZuZumwovarTa gabatonebis pro-

cess. Tu es movlena adamianis gaCenamde Zalian didi xnis win moxda da, Sesabamisad,

kacobriobis xsovnas ver SemorCeboda, mis Sesaxeb mecnierTa Zalisxmevis Sedegad

viciT; meore magaliTi XX saukunis dasawyisSi moxda; amis Taobaze enciklopedia-

Sic amoikiTxavT:

`tunguskis meteoriti, saxelwodeba unikaluri bunebrivi movlenisa, romelic

moxda 1908 w. 30 ivn. adgil. droiT dilis 7 saaTze md. podkamenaia tunguskis auzSi

(axlandeli krasnoiarskis mxare, evenkTa avton. okrugi). igi mogvagonebda movlen-

ebs, r-ebic Tan sdevs meteoritebis Camovardnas, oRond gamoirCeoda uzarmazari

masStabebiT. am dRes aRm. cimbiris uzarmazar teritoriaze, 800 km-mde radiu-

sis manZilze mravalma adamianma SeniSna TvalismomWreli sikaSkaSis bolidi. mis

gzaze darCa Zlieri mtvrisebri kvali, r-ic ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi Canda.

movlenis adgilidan 1000 km-mde manZilze ismoda afeTqebis xma. aRniSnuli iyo

miwisZvrebis msgavsi movlenebi. warmoqmnilma haeris talRam bevr adgilas waaqcia

adamianebi da Sinauri cxovelebi. msoflios mravalma seismurma sadgurma aRniSna

miwisZvra.

t.m. pirvelad gamoikvlia sabWoTa eqspediciam l. kulikis meTaurobiT. tai-

gaSi aRmoCnda midamo, sadac 15-30 km radiusSi mTlianad moTxril-motexili da

radialurad waqceuli iyo xeebi dartymiTi talRiT. aRiniSneboda damwvrobis

kvalic.

eqspedicia mivida daskvnamde, rom tunguskis movlena gamowveuli iyo gigan-

turi meteoritis CamovardniT. magram verc am eqspediciam da verc SemdgomSi

ramdenjerme wamowyebulma eqspediciebma meteoritebis msgavsi raime sagani ver

aRmoaCines. amitom daaskvnes, rom meteoritis afeTqebis Sedegad gamoiyo kolosa-

luri energia (1023-1024 erg), ramac airad aqcia meteoritis masa.

arsebobs hipoTeza, r-is Tanaxmad tunguskis movlena dedamiwasTan romelime

patara kometis Sejaxebam gamoiwvia. es hipoTeza yvelaze srulyofilad xsnis dak-

virvebis monacemebs. aris sxva hipoTezebic. t.m.-is sakiTxi sabolood kidev ar

aris gadaWrili~1.

rogorc citirebuli wyarodan Cans, SesaZloa, kosmosuri katastrofis

gamomwvevi ramdenime obieqti yofiliyo (meteori, kometa). amasTan, yvela aseTi

katastrofa dafiqsirebuli da Seswavlili ar aris, magram rac viciT, isic sak-

marisia, rom miTSi aRwerili ambis safuZvlis realuroba virwmunoT. amrigad,

platonis (an, ufro swori iqneba, qurum sonqis) naTqvams Tu davijerebT, rom am

kosmosur katastrofebs unda mohyoloda mTebsa da zegnebze mcxovrebi mosax-

leobis ganadgureba, `maSin, rodesac Rvarcofebs zRvaSi Caaqvs Tqveni qalaqebis

1 ix.: `qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia~, Tbilisi, 1986 w., t. 10, gv. 71.

42 43

mkvidrni~, es ukve warRvnad wodebuli movlenaa, rac araerTxel momxdara, magram

maT Soris udidesis gmirebi arian devkalioni _ promeTesa da klimenes Ze da misi

coli pira _ pandorasa da epimeTes asuli.

amaTi warRvna spilenZis saukuneSi momxdara.

vnaxoT, ras niSnavs saukuneTa aseTi dayofa.

berZnuli miTologia icnobs xuT saukunes, isini pirobiTad aRniSnaven kaco-

briobis ganviTarebis xuT periods.

pirveli iyo oqros saukune. am dros zecas RmerTi kronosi marTavda; adami-

anebma ar icodnen, ra iyo sazrunavi, Sroma da dardi, arc uZlureba da sibere,

mudam Zlierebi iyvnen. maTi uzrunveli da bednieri cxovreba maradiuli nadimi

iyo. xangrZlivi cxovrebis Semdeg sikvdili mSvid sizmars hgavda. sicocxleSi

yvelaferi uxvad hqondaT, Sroma ar uxdebodaT, miwa Tavad aZlevda maT mdidrul

nayofs. mravalricxovani saqoneli wynarad Zovda balaxs. uSfoTveli iyo oqros

saukunis adamianTa cxovreba. RmerTebi Tavad modiodnen maTTan saTaTbirod; ma-

gram oqros saukune damTavrda, im drois mosaxleobidan cocxali aRaravin darCa.

sikvdilis Semdeg oqros saukunis adamianebi axali Taobis adamianebis mfarvel

sulebad iqcnen. isini dahqrodnen mTels dedamiwaze, icavdnen simarTles da ebr-

Zodnen borotebas. ase daajildova isini sikvdilis Semdeg zevsma.

meore saukune vercxlisa iyo da adamianebic aRar iyvnen iseTi bednierebi,

rogorc wina epoqaSi. isini maTi sworni ar yofilan arc gonebiT da arc ZaliT.

mTeli asi weli izrdebodnen isini TavianTi dedebis saxlebSi da ugunurebi iyvnen.

davaJkacdebodnen Tu ara, saxls tovebdnen. mowifulobis asakSi xanmokle iyo

maTi cxovreba; da radganac isini ugunurni iyvnen, amis gamo bevri ubedureba da

simware naxes cxovrebaSi. kronosis Svilma zevsma dedamiwaze mospo maTi modgma.

is imitom ganurisxda vercxlis saukunis adamianebs, rom es ukanasknelni olim-

poze mcxovreb RmerTebs ar emorCilebodnen. zevsma isini miwisqveSeTis bnel sam-

yaroSi daasaxla.

mesame spilenZis saukune iyo da masTan erTad zevsma Subis tarisgan Seqmna

adamianTa axali Taoba, saSinelni da Zlevamosilni. spilenZis saukunis adamianebma

Seiyvares siamaye da omi. maT ara icodnen ra miwaTmoqmedebisa da arc miwis nayofs

miirTmevdnen. isini uzarmazari simaRlisa da didi Zalisani iyvenen. mouTokavi

xasiaTi hqondaT. maTi iaraRi spilenZisagan iyo gamoWedili, saxlebic spilenZisa

iyo. am adamianebma rkina jer ar icodnen. spilenZis saukunis adamianebma erT-

maneTi mospes da swrafad Cavidnen saSineli hadesis pirquS samefoSi.

meoTxe saukunis adamianebic zevsma Seqmna. eseni iyvnen ufro keTilSobilni,

ufro samarTlianebi, RmerTebis Tanasworni, naxevradRmerTebi _ gmirebi. yvela

isini daiRupnen saSinel sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi, erTni, _ Svidkarian TebesTan,

kadmosis qveyanaSi, oidiposis memkvidreobisaTvis mebrZolni. sxvani, _ mSvenieri

elenesTvis wasulni, troasTan daecnen. zevsma isini samyaros ganapiras, netarTa

kunZulebze daasaxla.

mexuTe saukune da adamianTa modgma rkinisaa da dRemde grZeldeba. dRedaRam

Rupavs adamianebs dardi da gausaZlisi Sroma. RmerTebi aTasgvar daavadebebs

ugzavnian maT. zogjer sikeTesac gaimeteben, magram boroteba ufro bevria, is

yvelganaa: Svilebi mSoblebs pativs ar miageben, megobari megobars ar erTgulobs,

stumars ar xvdebian stumarTmoyvared, ZmaTa Soris siyvaruli ar aris. adamianebi

fics stexen, ar afaseben simarTlesa da sikeTes, erTmaneTs qalaqebs ungreven.

yvelgan batonobs Zaladoba, fasobs mxolod siamaye da Zala.

sindisisa da marTlmsajulebis qalRmerTebma miatoves adamianebi. maT olim-

pos Seafares Tavi, adamianebi ki borotebisgan daucvelni arian.

am xuTi saukunis anu xuTi epoqis ganmavlobaSi adamianTa modgma srulyofis

gzas sulac ar adga, piriqiT, aSkaraa maTi uaresisaken midreka.

zogjer adamianTa modgmis cudi saqcieli zevss Seawuxebda da isic maT Tavs

risxvas daatexda xolme. ase moxda maSin, roca spilenZis saukunis, omis moyvar-

uli adamianebi erTmaneTs musrs avlebdnen, maT bevri danaSauli Caidines. es qed-

maRali xalxi olimpiel RmerTebs ar emorCileboda. aman ganarisxa mexTamtyorcni

zevsi, gansakuTrebiT ki, arkadiaSi mdebare likosuris mefe likaonma. erTxel

zevsi ubralo mokvdavis samosSi gamowyobili Cavida likosurSi. mosaxleobas rom

gaego, Tu vin mivida maTTan, zevsma saamiso niSani misca maT. xalxma zevss pativi

miago, mxolod likaons ar surda zevsisaTvis RvTaebrivi pativi eca da dascinoda

yvelas, vinc zevss aRiarebda. bolos gadawyvita, gamoecada zevsi, surda gaego,

RmerTi iyo Tu ara da amisaTvis aseT xerxs mimarTa: mokla Tavis samefo karze

myofi mZevali da misi xorci miarTva stumars. amis gamo saSinlad ganrisxda zevsi,

mexis dartymiT daangria likaonis sasaxle, likosuris ugunuri mefe ki mglad

aqcia, rom amieridan Tavad eWama adamianis xorci... am ambavma da adamianTa biwi-

erebam zevsi aiZula, kacTa modgmis mospobaze efiqra da manac gadawyvita, wyliT

moeSTo xalxi. amitom yvela qars ubrZana ar daeberaT, garda samxreTis nestiani

qarisa. am qaris mier monaberi sawvimari Rrublebidan Tavsxma wamovida. zRvebsa

da mdinareebSi wyali adidda da sul ufro zeviT miiwevda, man dafara qalaqebi

da taZrebi. mTeli saberZneTi aboboqrebuli talRebis qveS moeqca. yanebis adgi-

las Tevzebi, xolo tyeebis adgilas delfinebi dacuravdnen. wylis am ukidegano

sivrceSi eulad moCanda orwvera parnasi. mozRvavebulma wyalma mospo spilenZis

saukunis adamianebi.

am warRvnas orni gadaurCnen _ Tesaliis qalaq fTias mefe devkalioni da misi

coli pira.

yovelwliurad naxulobda devkalioni kavkasionze mijaWvul promeTes,

romelic Svils rCeva-darigebebs aZlevda. swored promeTem amcno devkalions

zevsis mier warRvnis movlenis garduvaloba; isic aswavla, Tu rogor gadarCenil-

iyvnen da am gziT meored gauwia kacobriobas fasdaudebeli samsaxuri. promeTes

rCeviT devkalionma aago kidobnis msgavsi didi gemi, iq sursaTi azida, avida gemze

da pirac aiyvana. wyalma mTeli qveyana dafara. 9 dRes ativtiva wyalma kidobnis

msgavsi gemi da bolos is miadga parnasis mwvervals. devkalioni da pira xmeleTze

gadavidnen. wyalmac iklo da gamoCnda gaudaburebuli miwa. gadarCenilma col-

qmarma zevss msxverpli Seswira.

`maSin zevsma hermesi gaugzavna devkalions. gadauqrola RmerTebis macnem da-

44 45

carielebul dedamiwas, warsdga devkalionis winaSe da uTxra:

_ zevsma, RmerTebisa da adamianebis meufem, icis ra Seni keTilSobilebis Ses-

axeb, gibrZana, airCio jildo; gamoTqvi Seni survili da kronosis Svili mas Seas-

rulebs.

devkalionma upasuxa hermess:

_ o, dido hermes, mxolod erTs SevTxov zevss: kvlav daasaxlos adamianebi

dedamiwaze.

ukan, olimposaken gaiqrola swrafma hermesma da gadasca zevss devkalionis

mudara. zevsma ubrZana devkalionsa da piras, SeegrovebinaT qvebi da ise gadegdoT

zurgs ukan, Tavs zemoT, rom ukan ar miexedaT. devkalionma Seasrula zevsis br-

Zaneba da im qvebisagan, romlebic man gadaisrola, kacebi Seiqmnen, im qvebisagan ki,

romlebic misma colma piram gadaisrola _ qalebi. ase daasaxles warRvnis Semdeg

dedamiwa axali, qvebisagan warmoSobili adamianebis modgmiT~1.

ZvelberZnulad `laas~ niSnavs `qvas~, xolo `laos~ _ `xalxs~.

es miTi aSkarad inaxavs gadmocemas realurad momxdari warRvnis Taobaze. is

iseTi bunebrivi movlenis Sedegi unda yofiliyo, rogoric aris Warbi naleqis

mosvla da amis gamo wylis uCveulo adideba, romelsac udavod mohyveboda adami-

anTa msxverpli, anu zRvisa da mdinareebis piras mcxovreb adamianebs Caitanda wy-

alSi. oRond warRvna, cxadia, mxolod devkalionis dros ar momxdara, `timeosSi~

soloni laparakobs fronevsze.

amasTan dakavSirebiT atlantologebi iSvelieben Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis ber-

Zeni istorikosis, akusiale argoselis cnobas, romelic Turme werda, rom fro-

nevsis dros momxdara warRvna, romlis gmiric ogige iyo. marTlac, berZnebis xs-

ovnas SemorCa ògigosis warRvna~. ogigosi yofila beotiis pirveli mefe, romlis

drosac kopaidis tba adidebula, napirebidan gadmosula da garemo waulekavs.

aris kidev warRvna zevsisa da eleqtras Zis, mefe dardanosis _ dardanTa winapris

droindeli.

zemosxenebul warRvnebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom

am SemTxvevaSic miTebma airekla realurad momxdari movlenebi, oRond sakiTxa-

via, Tu ra movlenebi iyo da rodis moxda isini pasuxisaTvis mivmarToT isev en-

ciklopedias, romelSic mocemulia informacia Savi zRvis Sesaxeb da, kerZod,

xmelTaSua zRvasTan damakavSirebeli sruteebis sabolood formirebis Taobaze:

`S.z-is Rrmulis warmoSobas zogierTi mkvlevari dedamiwis kontinenturi qerqis

òkeanizaciis~ procesebs ukavSirebs, zogi Tvlis, rom Rrmuli Zv. teTisis okeanis

auzis naSTia. Tanamedrove Rrmulis konturi oigocenSi Caisaxa, maSin, roca mcire

aziaSi mimdinare teqton. aRzevebebma TandaTanobiT gamoyves Savi da kaspiis zRva

okeanisagan. gviand. miocenSi S.z. gamtknarebuli zRva-tbebis (sarmatuli auzi)

nawils warmoadgenda. xmelTaSua zRvasTan xanmokle kavSiris Semdeg, meotur

droSi, warmoiSva gamtknarebuli ponturi tba. pontouri drois bolos S.z-sa da

kaspiis zRvas Soris kavSiri gawyda. savaraudoa, rom Sua da gviani ploicenis gan-

mavlobaSi igi gamtknarebuli gamdinare tba iyo. Sua pleistocenSi S.z. mcire xniT

1 ix.: Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима, Москва, издательство «Правда», 1987 г., gv. 91-92.

orjer iyo dakavSirebuli xmelTaSua zRvasTan da misi wyali ufro mariliani iyo.

ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis dros Camoyalibda Zlier gamtknarebuli axalevqsinuri

tba-zRva, r-ic 6-7 aTasi wlis win sruteebiT daukavSirda smelTaSua zRvas~1.

maS ase, CvenTvis sayuradRebo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT enciklopedia infor-

macias gvawvdis sruteebis warmoqmnis Taobaze. pleistocenSi Savi zRvis orjer

dakavSireba, isic mcire xniT, xmelTaSua zRvasTan sruteTa warmoqmnis xangrZliv

procesze migvaniSnebs: 6-7 aTasi wlis win sruteebis sabolood warmoqmna, ufro

rom davakonkretoT, Zv.w. me-5-me-4 aTaswleulSi momxdara. drois am monakveT-

Tan axlos dgas XX saukunis miwuruls mecnierebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebac:

`1998 wels amerikelma geologebma, uolter pitmenma da uiliam raianma, sakmaod

damajereblad daasabuTes mecnieruli hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac ukanaskneli

gamyinvarebis dasasruls, daaxloebiT 7500 wlis win, Savi zRvis adgilze arsebobda

didi mtknari tba (romlis donec dRevandel wyalsatevze 150-ode metriT dabali

unda yofiliyo). CrdiloeT atlantikaSi yinulis dnobis Sedegad xmelTaSua zR-

vaSi Semosulma didma wyalma gaangria dRevandeli bosforis srute da swrafad,

sul ramdenime TveSi, aamaRla tbis done, romelic amis Semdeg mlaSe zRvad iqca

(Ballard, 2001)~2.

rogorc Cans, atlantis okeanidan xmelTaSua zRvaSi SemoWrili wylis didi

masa iyo atikisa da egeosis zRvebis kunZulebisTvis noyieri niadagis SemoZarcvis

mizezi. wylis aweulma donem gaangria bosforis srute da Savi zRvis (maSin tbis)

napirebze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba aiZula, TavSesafari ufro amaRlebul adgilebSi

eZebna. maTTvis momxdaris STabeWdileba waruSleli iqneboda, radgan wyali dafar-

avda maTi bunebrivi samyaros did nawils, gaanadgurebda am adamianebis sacxovris

sazogadoebiv sivrces, daarRvevda maTi cxovrebis Cveul ritms da aiZulebda maT

axal adgilebze adaptirebas. im droisaTvis Savi zRvis samxreT da aRmosavleT

napirebze mcxovrebi protoqarTveluri tomebi sakmaod ganviTarebulni iqnebod-

nen imisaTvis, rom am katastrofis ambebi, istoriuli mexsierebidan gamomdinare,

STamomavlebisTvis gadaecaT da droTa ganmavlobaSi es ambebi miTebis saburvelSi

gaexveoda. rogorc qvemoT erT-erT momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, protoqarTvelebi

migraciis Sedegad egeidaSi aRmoCndnen da iq Caitandnen didi katastrofis miTad

qceul ambebs. albaT ase miviReT miTi fronevsis, ogigosisa da devkalionis war-

RvnaTa Sesaxeb. imis Taobaze, rom warRvnis miTebis formirebaSi protoqarTvelebs

mniSvnelovani roli unda eTamaSaT, metyvelebs devkalionis warRvnis istoriaSi

kavkasiis qedze mijaWvuli promeTes rolic.

amrigad, rig miTebSi moxseniebuli ambebis realuri safuZveli geologiur

procesebSi iZebneba.

1 ix.: `qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia~, mTavari samecniero redaqcia, Tbilisi, 1986 w., t. 10, gv. 670-671.

2 ix.: revaz gaCeCilaZe, àxlo aRmosavleTi~, bakur sulakuris gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2008 w., gv. 161.

46 47

Tavi III

sad mdebareobda kunZuli atlantisi

zogs SeiZleba atlantiselTa samyofelis Ziebis sakiTxi sruliad zedmeti

eCvenos, radgan platons `timeosSi~ zedmiwevniT zustad aqvs miTiTebuli misi

mdebareobis adgili: `... im srutis gaRma mdebare kunZuli, Tqvens enaze `herakles

svetebad~ rom iwodeba~. laparakia hibraltaris srutis dasavleTiT anu atlan-

tis okeaneSi didi kunZulis arsebobaze, romelzec atlantisis samefoTa Zlieri

kavSiri mdebareobda.

Cven ar viciT, atlantisis adgilmdebareoba, razec dialogebSia saubari, qurum

sonqisagan momdinare cnobaa Tu platonis mistifikacia... samagierod, viciT, rom

pirveli, vinc atlantisis ambavi platonis mier mogonilad miiCnia, misi mowafe

aristotele iyo, oRond es sakiTxi amiT ar gadaWrila da platons mxardamWerebic

gamouCndnen. Zv.w. III saukuneSi krantor solels qalaq saisSi, qalRmerT neiTis

taZarSi unaxavs atlantisze dawerili egvipturi teqstebi. am cnobas gvawvdis neo-

platonikosi prokle, romelic, savaraudod, cxovrobda ax.w.-is 410-485 wlebSi.

amave avtors marcelinusis dakarguli wignidan èTiopiis istoria~ Semounaxavs

zogierTi mosazreba atlantisis Sesaxeb. ai, ras gvmcnobs amis Taobaze prokles

naSromi: àtlantis okeaneSi mdebare zogierTi kunZulis mcxovrebT xsovnaSi

SemorCeniaT TavianT winaparTa mier monaTxrobi ambebi uCveulod didi kunZulis

_ atlantisis Sesaxeb; es kunZuli poseidons ekuTvnoda da iq mdebare qveyana didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi flobda okeanis yvela danarCen kunZuls~1.

orive es wyaro fasdaudebeli mniSvnelobisa iqneboda, rom ara erTi gare-

moeba: prokles pirvelwyaroebis avtorTagan aSorebs drois didi monakveTi _ 8

saukune, am xnis manZilze krantor solelisa da marcelinusis teqstebis gadamw-

erebs, SesaZloa, nebsiTa Tu uneblieT, raime cvlilebebi SeetanaT, rom araferi

vTqvaT Tavad neoplatonikos prokleze, romelic platonis Tavgamodebuli mim-

devari iyo. cxadia, amis gamo mas ar SeiZleba brali daedos faqtebis gayalbebaSi,

magram yvelaferi erTad mis naSroms, rogorc, platonis dialogebSi moTxrobili

ambis damadasturebeli wyaros, damajereblobas ukargavs.

saerTod, aSkarad igrZnoba `timeossa~ da `kritiaSi~ mocemuli istoriis gav-

lena Semdgomi xanis avtorTa qmnilebebze. ase, magaliTad: platonis umcrosi

Tanamedrovis, berZeni istorikosis, Teopompe qioselis (cxovrobda Zv.w. 376-305

wlebSi) erT naSromSi, romelic Semonaxulia ax.w.-is II-III saukuneebis Sesayarze

mcxovrebi ritoris, klavdius elianusis `nairfer istoriebSi~, amoikiTxavT: èv-

ropa, azia da libia okeaniT garSemortymuli kunZulebi iyo odesRac. erTaderTi

materiki am qveynebis gareT mdebareobda. erTob didi iyo is materiki da veeba

cxovelebi budobdnen iq. adgilobrivi mosaxlenic Cveni miwa-wylis xalxs sididiT

orjer aRematebodenen. im qveynebSi bevri didi qalaqi iyo, sul sxva kanonebi da

adaT-wesebi hqondaT, Cvensas ar hgavda. Tavisi sididiT ori qalaqi gamoirCeoda

1 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, àtlantisi~, Tbilisi, `nakaduli~, 1972 w., gv. 178-179.

gansakuTrebiT, Tumca, sididis garda, araferi hqondaT saerTo im qalaqebs. erT

maTgans `sabrZolo~ ewodeboda, meores _ `samSvidobo~. meore qalaqis mosaxleoba

uSfoTvelad da SeZlebulad cxovrobda. mosavals uguTnod da uxarebod, ux-

nav-uTesvelad moiwevdnen. avadmyofoba ra iyo, ar icodnen da mTeli maTi cx-

ovreba erTi gadabmuli dalxineba da sixaruli iyo. danaSauls da codvas ar sCa-

diodnen da RmerTebi didad ufasebdnen am ambavs. pirveli, sabrZolo qalaqis

mkvidrni, piriqiT, SfoTisaTvis iyvnen ganwobilni, iaraRis xmareba icodnen. mudam

imis cdaSi iyvnen, rogorme mezoblebi daemorCilebinaT, raTa maTi qalaqi mraval

xalxze gabatonebuliyo. or milionamde suli binadrobda am qalaqSi, iSviaTad

zogierTebi omSi miRebul Wrilobebs ewirebodnen, oRond rkina veras vnebda maT,

qviTa da joxiT Tu moikvlebodnen mxolod. samyofi hqondaT oqro da vercxli

da imaze naklebad afasebdnen, vidre Cven vafasebT rkinas. odesRac, _ yveboda si-

leni, _ maT moiwadines Cvens kunZulebsac dasxmodnen Tavs. okeanis gadmoRma aTi

milioni kaci gadmosxes da hiperborelTa miwebs miaRwies. magram darwmundnen _ es

xalxi bednieri ki aris, oRond Raribia da siRatakeSi cxovrobso, imdenad Seiziz-

Res, rom uari Tqves laSqrobis gagrZelebaze~1.

Teopompes monaTxrobis gagrZelebaSi kidev ufro Warbad aris fantastikuri

istoriebi. es Seexeba meropeebad wodebul xalxs, romlis samflobeloTa bolos

erTi adgili, anosto rom hqvia, iseT Rrmuls hgavs, iq arc sinaTlea da arc sib-

nele, haeric mewamuli. am adgilas Turme ori mdinare moedineba _ mwuxarebisa da

sixarulis. maT napiras amozidul xeebs ucnaur TvisebaTa mqone nayofi hqonia.

vinc mwuxarebis mdinaresTan gazrdili xis nayofs gemos gausinjavs, damwuxrdeba

da mTeli sicocxle mtirali iqneba. xolo vinc sixarulis mdinaresTan mowyvets

nayofs, yvela senisagan ganikurneba, sazrunavi daaviwydeba da iqamde gaaxalgazr-

davdeba, vidre bavSvad ar iqcevao...

ax.w.-is I saukunis romaeli geografis, pomponius melas wignSi, `dedamiwis aR-

nagobisaTvis~, mocemulia netari kunZulebis aRwera: `sanapiros mziT gadabuguli

nawilis pirdapir aris kunZulebi, romlebic, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, hesperidebs

ekuTvniT. silian sivrceSi atlantis mTa wamomarTula. yovelmxriv gamoSverili

kldeebi miuvals xdian am mTas; zeda nawili wawvetili aqvs, misi mwvervali ar ix-

ilveba, Rrublebs aris aSorebuli. amboben, araTu swvdeba casa da varskvlavebs,

maT sayrdenadac aris Sedgmulio.

am mTis mopirdapire mxares netarTa kunZulebia. iq TavisiT amoizrdeba er-

Timeoris momyoli nayofi, romelsac sazrdod xmaroben kunZulTa mosaxleni, im

xalxs sazrunavi ar awuxebs da didebul qalaqTa binadrebze ukeT cxovrobs. erTi

kunZulTagani imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom ori sakvirveli wyaro gamoedineba: pirve-

lis mgemebels sicili autydeba da SeiZleba siciliT mokvdes kidec. sakmarisia,

meore wyaros wyali Sesvas, rom sicilma gadauaros~2.

is, rasac pomponius mela wers, Tavidan afrikis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosa

1 ix.: klavdius elianusi, `nair-nairi ambebi~, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `logosi~, 2012 w., wigni III, 3, 18, gv. 64-65.

2 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, àtlantisi~, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1972 w., gv. 178-179.

48 49

da mimdebare kunZulebis aRweras hgavs, magram Semdeg misi monaTxrobi sicilis

momgvreli da wamgvreli wyaroebis Taobaze Zalian hgavs Teopompes sixarulisa da

mwuxarebis mdinareebis ambavs. amasTan, rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi iyo, ise aqac

fantastikuri elementis Semotana naSroms damajereblobas ukargavs. amas garda,

ori mdinare da ori wyaro, kunZulebis gansakuTrebuli nayofiereba safuZvels

gvaZlevs, am nawarmoebebSi platonis `timeosisa~ da, gansakuTrebiT, `kritias~ gav-

lenis kvali davinaxoT.

am avtorTa garda bevr sxvasac uweria okeaneSi arsebul kunZulTa Sesaxeb da

roca am kunZulTa aRwerebs ecnobi, isev da isev platonis atlantisis gavlenas

xedav.

nawilobriv es iTqmis Zv.w. I saukunis romaeli istorikosis diodore sicilie-

lis `biblioTekis~ V wignSi mocemuli kunZulis aRwerazec: `herakles svetebs

gamoRma mdebare kunZulebis gacnobis Semdeg okeanis kunZulebze gadavideT.

libiis dasavleTiT afrikasTan ufro axlos, okeanis sivrceSi udidesi kunZuli

aris ganfenili. iqauri miwa nayofieria, Tumca mTagoriani ki aris is mxare, san-

aosno mdinareebiT rom irwyveba. tyian adgilas sxvadasxvagvari xeebi xarobs ux-

vad, xolo auracxeli walkoti nayofsavsea, soflebic agreTve mdidrulad aris

gaSenebuli...

am qveynis mTian mxareSi mravlad aris tyeebi, romlebSic nairgvari msxmoiare

xe SegxvdebaT... kunZulze bevria wyaro, romelTa wyali wyurvils ki ar klavs mx-

olod, janmrTelobisTvisac mosaxdenia. nadiric mravladaa mosanadireblad da

maTi xvavrieloba sixalisisa da simdidris elferiT amSvenebs xolme lxins. kunZu-

lis irgvliv zRva TevziT aris savse... hava friad keTilia... bolos, im kunZulze

imdenad mSvenieria cxovreba, rom ityviT, iq kacni ki ara, RvTaebani unda saxlobd-

neno.

danarCeni qveynebisagan daSorebis gamo winaT is kunZuli cnobili ar yofila.

SemTxveviT waawydnen. finikieli vaWrebi ZvelTaganve zRviT mimodiodnen xolme.

amitom mxolod afrikaSi ki ara, evropis dasavleTiT mdebare mxareebSic dae-

saxlnen isini. raki xelic moemarTaT, herakles svetebsac gascdnen da okeaned

wodebul zRvaSi Secures; manamde ki, svetebis axlos, srutesTan, evropis nax-

evarkunZulze qalaqi gadiri (dRevandeli espaneTis qalaqi kadiqsi. p.i.) daafuZnes

da im qalaqSi herakles saxelze aages didebuli taZari, sadac msxverpls swiravd-

nen xolme finikielTa Cveulebisamebr. is taZari kvlavindeburad wminda adgilad

aris miCneuli, ise rom, TviT warCinebuli romaelnic didTa saqmeTaTvis xelis

miyofamde im taZarSi aRTqmas debdnen xolme da, saqmis keTilad dagvirgvinebis

Semdgom, aRTqmasac aRasrulebdnen. erTxel, afrikis gaswvriv mcuravi finikielni

qariSxalma Sors gaitaca okeaneSi da gzaabneulni bolos im kunZuls miadgnen. im

mxaris dovlaTianobis ambavi rom Seityves, sxvebsac amcnes es yovelive. amitom

zRvaosanma tirenielebmac (etruskebma. p.i.) ganizraxes iq damkvidreba, magram maT

win aRudgnen karTagenelni, romelnic imas ufrTxodnen, rom im kunZulze uzrun-

velad cxovrebis imediT cdunebuli maTi moqalaqeni iq ar gadasaxlebuliyvnen da,

garda amisa, karTagenelebs surdaT, vinicobaa moulodneli saSiSroeba dastexo-

daT, mza TavSesafari hqonodaT marqafad. imedovnebdnen _ Tuki xomaldebi gveqna,

mtrisaTvis ucnob kunZulebze gadaxvewas yvelani SevZlebTo~1.

Tu ramiTaa diodore sicilielis naSromis es Tavi gamorCeuli, esaa herak-

les svetebs iqiT finikielebisa da etruskebis sazRvao eqspediciebis Semcveli

cnobebi, am or sazRvao ers Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis asaxviT, rasac ax-

lad aRmoCenili kunZulebis kolonizebis mcdeloba edo safuZvlad. rac Seexeba

okeaneSi ganfenil udides kunZuls, es udavod platonis atlantisis anareklia,

radgan aseTi sididis, isic dasaxlebuli, kunZuli atlantis okeaneSi ar arsebobs.

Tu kanaris kunZulebsa da erT dros iq mosaxle guanCebis toms vigulisxmebT,

gamodis, rom avtors kunZulebis masStabic gauzrdia da adgilobrivi mosaxleo-

bis yofac erTob gaidealebulad ausaxavs.

sxvaTa Soris, diodore siciliels `biblioTekis~ III wignSi aRwerili hqonia

amorZalebis laSqroba atlantebis nayofier miwaze mcxovrebi mSvidobiani uwyinari

xalxis winaaRmdeg. Tu risi anareklia misi es aRwera, amis Tqma danamdvilebiT Seu-

Zlebelia. amasTan, es monaTxrobi arafers matebs atlantisis atlantis okeaneSi

arsebobis ideas.

britaneTis kunZulebis maxloblad mdebare ucnob kunZulebzec bevri iTqva:

`civi zRvebis Sesaxeb, am kunZulTa napirebs rom mimorecxavs, im dros yovelgvar

uazrobas yvebodnen. ase, magaliTad: karTagenSi namyofi erTi idumali ucxoelis

monaTxrobiT, britaneTis kunZulebis dasavleTiT, xuTi dRis curvis manZilze,

aris kunZuli ogigosi, misgan CrdiloeTiT ki _ sami sxva; erT-erT am kunZulze

damwyvdeuli iyo damxobili RmerTi kronosi~2. j.o. tomsoni qvemoT miuTiTebs,

es istoria plutarqes ekuTvniso. oRond imave gverdze, rigiT mesame sqolioSi

ganmartebulia: `aq avtori gulisxmobs ara istorikos plutarqes, `paraleluri

biografiebis~ avtors, aramed Cv.w. II s. ucnob mwerals, romelsac fsevdo-plu-

tarqes uwodeben~.

am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs miTSi moTxrobili ambisaTvis geografiuli konk-

retulobis miniWebis mcdelobasTan. rac Seexeba kronoss (Kronos), is aris olim-

pos RmerTebis winamorbedi, uranosisa da geas Svili, umcrosi titani. Man dedis

(dedamiwis), geas Semawuxebeli Tavisi mama uranosi namgliT daasaWurisa, danarCen

titanebze amaRlda da RmerTebs saTaveSi moeqca. kronosis dros dadga oqros

xana. ca da dedamiwa gaiyo. colad SeirTo sakuTari da _ rea, misgan eyola hestia,

demetra, hera, hadesi, poseidoni, zevsi; xolo filirisagan _ kentavri qironi.

geam uwinaswarmetyvela, Senc Seni Svili dagamxobso. amitom Svilebs dabadebi-

sTanave ylapavda. STanTqa yvela, garda zevsisa, radgan ream Svilis magivrad qva

gadaaylapa. patara zevsi ki gadamala kunZul kretaze, idas mTagrexilze, diqtes

gamoqvabulSi, sadac mas Txa amalTea kvebavda, kuretebi icavdnen, nimfebi uv-

lidnen. roca zevsi gaizarda, titanebTan brZolas Caudga saTaveSi, daamxo kro-

nosi da dedamisis, geas daxmarebiT, aiZula, Caylapuli Svilebi amoenTxia. ai, es


2 ix.: Дж.О. Томсон, «История древней географии», Издательство иностранной литературы, Москва, 1953 г., gv. 183.

50 51

kronosi, erTi versiiT, sxva titanebTan erTad qvesknelSia, meoreTi _ ogigosze

iyo datyvevebuli; Semdeg ki, zevsTan dazavebuli, ukve netar kunZulebze msaju-

lobda.

es miTi imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom masSi asaxul Zvel da axal RvTaebaTa

brZolaSi, anu titanebis damarcxebasa da kunZulze datyvevebis ambavSi, aSkarad

SeimCneva anarekli egeidaSi mimdinare kulturaTa cvlis mZimed mimdinare proce-

sisa, rac am kulturaTa matarebeli eTnosebis gaZlierebis, dasustebisa da da-

cemis Sedegad xdeboda. Cans, berZnebze adrindeli kulturis matarebeli xalxi,

damarcxebis Semdeg, vidre axal eTnikur ZalasTan asimilirdeboda, kunZulebze

afarebda Tavs da inarCunebda TavisTavadobas, sanam sabolood ar iqna berZenTa

mier damorCilebuli.

kronosi Zveli kulturis miTologizebuli saxea, zevsi _ axlisa. mas Semdeg,

rac berZenTa Tvalsawieri gaizarda, miTologiur personaJTa samoqmedo aspar-

ezic gazardes da is egeidas bevrad daaSores. Sesabamisad, kunZuli ogigosic sul

ufro Sors gadahqondaT da ai, fsevdo-plutarqem scada misi adgilmdebareobis

lokalizeba atlantis okeaneSi. Semdeg TavSi am miTs kidev gavixsenebT. mivubrun-

deT karTagenelTa sazRvao eqspediciebs atlantis okeaneSi, kerZod, britaneTis

kunZulebisken. amis Sesaxeb cnobebs vnaxulobT ax.w. IV saukunis romaeli poetis,

rufus festus avieniusis wignSi `zRvis sanapiros aRwera~, romelSic berZen av-

torTa Sromebi uxvadaa gamoyenebuli. ai, ras wers avieniusi: àqedan wminda kun-

Zulebamde, _ ase ewodeboda mas Zvelad, _ xomaldiT ori dRis savalia. is kunZuli

(irlandia. p.i.) ganivrad aris amoziduli wylidan da masze giernTa tomi cxov-

robs. mis maxloblad albionTa tomis kunZulia (didi britaneTi. p.i.) gaSlili.

tartesis mkvidrT Cveulebad hqondaT estriminidis farglebSi evaWraT, xolo

karTagenis mcxovrebnica da herakles svetebTan mosaxlenic araerTxel Secure-

bulan am zRvebSi. punieli hamilkoni, romelic gvauwyebs, es yovelive Tavadve

gamovcade, roca iqamde gaWirvebiT CavaRwieo, ambobs: oTx TveSi Tu SeiZleba am

gzis gavla; qari ar qris, rom xomaldi misiT iZvrodes, wylis lumbra zedapiri

uZravad dgaso. amas unda daematos Semdegi: morevTa wiaRSi mravlad izrdebian

wyalmcenareni da tyeSi aSlili SambnariviT xomaldis Zvras abrkoleben xolme.

amasTan, misive TqmiT, iq zRvac ar aris Rrma da Txeli wyali miwas Zlivs faravs.

zRvis cxovelTa gundebic xSirad gvxvdeba iq, taatiT mimaval xomaldTa Soris

zRvis urCxulebi mimoiZvrian~1.

is, Tu sad mdebareobda wminda kunZuli, romlis Sesaxebac avieniusis wignSia

laparaki, mecnierebs dRemde ver daudgeniaT. citata mniSvnelovani imiTac aris,

rom warmodgenas gviqmnis karTagenelTa sazRvao eqspediciebis masStabebsa da xa-

siaTze. okeanis zedapirze amosuli wyalmcenareebi naosnobas rom abrkolebdnen,

SesaZloa, okeanis im adgils warmoadgendes, sadac sargasis zRvaa anu SesaZloa

karTagenelebs antiliis kunZulebamde mieRwioT...

es yvelaferi kargia imis dasasabuTeblad, Tu rogor izrdeboda antikuri

samyaros geografiuli farglebi, rom isini ukve atlantis okeaneSi dacuravdnen,

1 ix.: ludvil zaidleri, àtlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 181-182.

aRwevdnen kanaris, maderas, azorisa da britaneTis kunZulebs, savaraudod, an-

tiliis kunZulebsac.

rac Seexeba Teopompes, pomponius melas, diodore sicilielis, plutarqesa

da avieniusis Sromebs, maTSi, rogorc ukve vTqvi, igrZnoba platonis `timeosisa~

da `kriteas~ pirdapiri Tu iribi gavlena.

miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad sarwmunoa is wyaroebi, zemoxsenebuli avtorebi

rom eyrdnobian, atlantologTa didi nawili maT SromebSi atlantis okeaneSi kun-

Zul atlantisis katastrofas gadarCenili fragmentebis arsebobis dadasturebas

xedavs...

arada, problema ase advili gadasawyveti ar aris Tundac imitom, rom ber-

Znebma araTu platonamde 9000 wlis win icodnen herakles svetebs iqiT mdebare

okeanis saxeli, aramed, sayovelTaod cnobilia berZnul literaturaSi, atlantis

okeane am saxelwodebiT pirvelad herodotem axsena Tavis ìstoriaSi~: `xolo

mTeli is zRva, romelzedac elinebi curaven da is, romelic herakles svetebs

gareTaa (atlantisad rom iwodeba) da mewamuli zRva arsebiTad erTia~1.

amrigad, im drois kulturuli erebidan pirvelebi finikielebi gascdnen

herakles svetebs: ègeidis aTvisebis Semdgom finikielebma savaWro urTierToba

daamyares xmelTaSua zRvis ukidures dasavleTis raionebTan, pirineis naxevarkun-

Zulze mcxovreb iberebTan, romelTagan isini umTavresad liTons iZendnen. fini-

kielebi did savaWro eqspediciebs awyobdnen pirineis iberiaSi, sadac brinjaos

iaraRs, nairgvar surnelovan zeTebs, Zvirfas qsovilebs da sxvadasxva wvril-

mans miezidebodnen xolme. iq SeZenili saqoneli ki mihqondaT aRmosavleTisaken

_ siciliaSi, saberZneTSi, aziaSi da vaWrobis Sedegad did mogebas naxulobd-

nen. TandaTan finikielebma am savaWro gzis aTviseba moaxerxes, magram es ar iyo

sakmarisi mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. saWiro iyo aRniSnuli

savaWro gzis gaswvriv finikiur dasaxlebaTa Seqmna, romelnic iqceodnen bazebad

dasavleTisaken mimavali gemebisaTvis. pirveli finikiuri kolonia tviroselebma

daaarses hibraltaris srutis dasavleTiT afrikis sanapiroze, iq, sadac amJamad

mdinare liksi atlantis okeanes erTvis, magram radgan igi savaWro gzebisagan da-

Sorebuli iyo, tviroselma vaWrebma uSualod iberiis naxevarkunZulze moikides

fexi da finikiuri qalaqi gadesi (Tanamedrove kadiqsi) daaarses~2.

zemoxsenebuli ori koloniis garda, finikielebma herakles svetebis midamoebSi

kidev ramdenime mniSvnelovani qalaqi aaSenes: tingisi, kaine, abite. xmelTaSua

zRvis am ukidures dasavleTSi evropisa da afrikis gamyof srutesTan ukve Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi moidges fexi finikielebma.

xmelTaSua zRvis dasavleT nawilSi maTi udidesi kolonia iyo Zv.w. 825 wels

dafuZnebuli qalaqi karTageni. Tavis mxriv, karTagenelebmac Zv.w. VII-VI sauku-

neebSi moawyves eqspediciebi herakles svetebs miRma koloniebis daarsebis mizniT,

magaliTad, hanonis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielbuli curva.

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 111.2 ix.: `Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1971 w., gv. 336-337.

52 53

solonis egvipteSi Casvlamde cota xniT adre faraon nexos (Zv.w. 609-593 w.w.)

davalebiT finikielebma wiTeli zRvis gavliT afrikas garSemo Semouares. amis

Sesaxeb cnobas herodote gvawvdis: `cxadia, rom libies irgvliv zRva ertymis,

garda im nawilisa, romliTac is azias esazRvreba. vinc Cven viciT, maT Soris

pirveli iyo nexo, egviptis mefe, romelmac es daamtkica: man Sewyvita arxis Txra,

romelic nilosidan arabiis ubisaken miemarTeboda, gagzavna finikielebi navebiT

da ubrZana maT, ukan herakles svetebiT gamoecuraT, vidre ar movidodnen Cr-

diloeTis zRvasa (xmelTaSua zRva. p.i.) da, amrigad, egvipteSi~1.

finikielTa aseTi aqtiurobis dros, roca isini ̀ herakles svetebs~ Soris karga

xania gadi-gamodiodnen, berZeni kolaios samoseli iq SemTxveviT moxvda: `Zalian

undodaT egvipteSi moxvedra, magram aRmosavleTis qarma maT gza gaumruda. rad-

gan qari ar Cadga, gaiares herakles svetebi da RvTis gangebis mixedviT miaRwies

tartesoss~2. es ambavi Zv.w. 631 wels momxdara, anu Zv.w. VII saukuneSi berZnebi

atlantis okeanis gacnobas mxolod iwyebdnen. ufro adre maT amis Sesaxeb warmod-

genac ar hqondaT: `homerosi arafers ambobs finikielTa Taobaze dasavleTiT da

siciliis iqiT ar miuTiTebs araviTar realur saxelwodebas~3.

citatidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom raki homeross bundovani warmodgena aqvs

xmelTaSua zRvis dasavleT nawilze, Sesabamisad, berZnebmac bevri araferi icod-

nen zRvis am nawilze. exeba ra iseT Temas, rogoric aris homerosi da geografia,

j.o. tomsoni Tavis naSromebSi cdilobs, dawvrilebiT gaerkves problemis arsSi:

`yvela am msjelobidan mxolod is aris naTeli, rom poeti misTvis ucnob aremares

metad Tavisuflad eqceva. aq SeiZleba adgili hqonoda miviwyebul mogzaurobaTa

gamoZaxils, magram es naTeli ar aris da xalxur TqmulebaTa elementebTan ucn-

auradaa Sezavebuli wminda gamonagoni. Tu amaze didi xniT adre viRac egeidelebs

SeeZloT dasavleTze moeTxroT raime realuri, is legendebiTaa gabundovnebuli

da Tu odisevsma ̀ naxa bevri xalxis qalaqebi da maTi azrebi Seiswavla~, homerosTan

Cven vxedavT mxolod sayovelTaod cnobil zRaprebs, ufro damajerebeli Tavga-

dasavlebi rom daviwyebas misces. sapirispirod zogierTi Zveli mwerlis azrisa,

homeross warmodgena ara aqvs xmelTaSua zRvaze, viTarca tbaze, da mis okean-mdin-

ares saerTo araferi aqvs namdvil okeanesTan an mis miqcevebsa da moqcevebTan.

is Tumca ganasxvavebs mas zRvisagan, magram ara rogorc cnobil gare zRvas Sida

zRvisagan, ramdenadac es strabons warmoudgenia. zogierTi Tanamedrove avtori

miuTiTebs, rom pirvel xanebSi okeanis Sesaxeb warmodgena iyo wmindad miTiuri,

magram ukve finikielTa cnobebis gavleniT is CaiTvala namdvil gare zRvad~4. j.o.

tomsonis es mosazreba Tavdeba sqolios miTiTebiT, sadac is metad saintereso

informacias gvTavazobs sityva òkeanis~ etimologiis Taobaze: `k. riteri wers,

rom Tavad sityva òkeane~ warmosdgeba finikiuri saxelwodebidan ògen~, rac

`yovlismomcvels~ niSnavs, rameTu finikielebi pirvelebi gaecnen okeanes, gavid-

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 263.2 ix.: iqve, gv. 296.3 ix.: Дж.О. Томсон, «История древней географии», Издательство иностранной литературы, Москва, 1953 г., gv. 50.4 ix.: iqve, gv. 53.

nen ra hibraltaris srutis gaRma~1.

maS ase, rogorc Zveli, ise Tanamedrove avtorebi erTxmad adastureben fini-

kielTa pirvelobas atlantis okeanis kvlevis saqmeSi da mainc xmelTaSua zRvis

ukiduresi dasavleTi nawilisa da Tavad okeanis toponimikas berZnebma Tavisi

kvali daamCnies: okeanesTan damakavSirebel srutes (dRes hibraltarisa rom hqvia)

`herakles svetebi~ uwodes. berZnuli miTologiiT, am svetebis ambavi berZeni

gmiris, herakles meaTe gmirobas ukavSirdeba. es aris gerionis Zroxebis ambavi,

romelTa gamorekvac evrisTevsma daakisra herakles. bumberazi gerioni ukidures

dasavleTSi, Suagul okeaneSi kunZul eriTiaze cxovrobda. davalebis Sesasrule-

blad Soreul gzas gaudga herakle. gaiara evropa, egvipte, mTeli libia da mivida

okeanis piras. aq, tartesTan axlos, Tavisi xangrZlivi mogzaurobis aRsaniSnavad

aRmarTa ori sveti. asea miTis mixedviT. berZnebma `herakles svetebi~ uwodes im

or kldes, romlebic srutis orive _ evropul da afrikul _ napirze aris wamo-

marTuli.

berZnebma afrikis am nawilSi mdebare mTebs aseve miTologiuri personaJis, at-

lantis saxeli daarqves. miTis mixedviT, atlanti aris iapetisa da klimenes, sxva

versiiT ki aziis Ze, promeTes Zma, pleadebisa da hesperidebis mama, afrikis mefe.

amave dros is aris zRvaTa wiaRisa da cis mecnieri, mas miawerdnen cis pirveli su-

raTis damzadebas da amis wyalobiT astronomiis fuZemdeblad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

RmerTebTan SebrZolebisaTvis zevsma dasaja meamboxe titani da cis TaRi daadga

mxrebze. afrikisa da evropis SesayarTan idga cis TaRs svetad Semdgari titani,

hesperidebis baRic mas ekuTvnoda. am baRSi inaxeboda is oqros vaSlebi, geam rom

aCuqa heras qorwilSi da herakles mikenis mefisaTvis unda Caetana. es misi me-

Tormete gmiroba iqneboda. herakle mivida hesperidebis baRSi, atlants sTxova,

vaSlebi momitaneo, promeTes rCeviT atlants Seenacvla da cis TaRi daidga mxre-

bze. gaTavisuflebulma atlantma vaSlebi miutana, Tumca, tvirTisagan gaTavisu-

fleba gautkba, aRar mounda, cis TaRs svetad Sesdgomoda da herakle kinaRam iq

darCa mis magivrad, magram gmirma ieSmaka, mcire xniT Senacvleba sTxova atlants

da, roca am ukanasknelma cis TaRi isev daidga mxrebze, heraklem vaSlebs dastaca

xeli da gaecala. miutana vaSlebi evrisTevss, magram am ukanasknelma herakles

ukan daubruna. heraklem vaSlebi aTenas uZRvna, magram qalRmerTma isini isev hes-

peridebis baRSi daabruna, radgan maTi sxvagan Senaxva ar SeiZleboda.

erTxel, uxeSi daxvedriT gawbilebulma persevsma meduzas Tavi uCvena at-

lants da is im mTad aqcia, romelsac atlasis mTebs vuwodebT da raki atlantis

samyofeli esoden axlos aRmoCnda herakles svetebTan mdebare okeanesTan, ber-

Znebma mas atlantis okeane uwodes...

berZenTa miTologiam didi gavlena iqonia maT geografiul da eTnografiul

xedvaze. amisi dadasturebaa herodotes mier afrikis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilis

aRwera: àm borcvs mosdevs mTa, romelsac saxelad hqvia atlasi. es mTa viwroa

da sruliad mrgvali, imasac amboben, rom imdenad maRalia, rom misi mwvervalis

danaxva arc ki SeiZlebao, radgan arasodes tovebs mas Rrubeli, arc zafxulSi da

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 53-ze mesame sqolio.

54 55

arc zamTarSi. adgilobrivi mcxovrebni amboben, rom es aris zecis sabjeni sveti.

xolo xalxi, romelic am mTasTan cxovrobs, misi mosaxelea. maT xom atlantebi

ewodebaT. amboben, rom isini arafer suliers ar Wamen da arc sizmrebs xedaven~1.

aseTi gaxlavT berZeni istorikosis Tvalsazrisi. herodote, mis winamorbed

istorikosTa msgavsad, namdvilad ar yofila ̀ logografosi~, rac proziT mwerals

niSnavs, _ ase uwodebdnen adreuli xanis berZen istorikosebs. `maT Sesaxeb zoga-

dad unda iTqvas, rom maTSi mTavari yuradReba legendarul xanas aqvs miqceuli

da istoria ar aris jer kidev gamijnuli miTosisagan~2. magram, misi azrovnebisa

da weris stilis, agreTve mxatvrulobidan da poeturobidan gamomdinare, zog

SemTxvevaSi herodotes nawarmoebebSi miTosuri warmoSobis cnobebs garkveuli

adgili ukaviaT da atlantebze msjelobac swored aseTi SemTxveva gaxlavT, xolo

rac Seexeba iqaur, anu Crdilo-dasavleTi afrikis uZvelesi adgilobrivi mosax-

leobis, STamomavlebs, maTi saerTo raodenoba 9 milionia, laparakoben semitur-

qamitur enaTa ojaxSi Semavali berberuli enis dialeqtze. enciklopediaSi maT

Sesaxeb amoikiTxavT: `anTropologiurad ganekuTvnebian evropoidul rasas. ber-

beruli tomebis mTavari jgufebia: tamazigti, rifebi, Slioxi, tuaregebi, kabilebi

da sxv. b. Crd. afrikis uZvelesi mosaxleobaa. maTi winaprebi `Texenus~ saxel-

wodebiT pirvelad ixseniebian Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis bolo xanebis egv. warwerebSi.

ufro gvian egviptelebi maT uwodebdnen `lebus~ an `libus~ (aqedanaa libielTa

saxelwodeba)~3.

sainteresoa, `Texenus~ berberTa Soreuli winaprebis TviTwodeba iyo, Tu ase

maT egviptelebma daarqves. am kiTxvaze rom pasuxi gvapovnina, maSin gvecodineboda,

isini Tavis Tavs ras uwodebdnen. rac Seexeba `lebus~, is egviptelTa Serqmeuli

garewodebaa, romelic berZnebma SeiTvises da am sityviT afrikas moixseniebdnen.

rogorc xedavT, arc es xalxi eZaxda Tavis Tavs atlantebs da arc egviptelebi

uwodebdnen maT ase. berZnebma atlasi jer mTas daarqves, mere mTis Ziras mcx-

ovreb xalxs da bolos _ okeanes, sadac Semdeg platonma kunZuli atlantisi `ga-

naTavsa~.

ase rom, am okeanesTan berZnebs naosnobaze metad miTebi akavSirebdaT, miTiur

personaJTa samyofeli ki imis mixedviT gadaadgildeboda eladidan Sors, ramdena-

dac, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, farTovdeboda berZenTa geografiuli Tvalsawi-

eri: maT jer xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleTi nawili ̀ aiTvises~, Semdeg _ dasavleTi,

finikielebis mier okeanis dalaSqvris Semdeg ki, am okeanesac daarqves saxeli da

mis ukdegano sivrceebSi moaTavses zogierTi miTologiuri presonaJis adgil-

samyofeli.

Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT, maSin SesaZlebelia, davuSvaT, rom kunZuli atlan-

tisi Tavdapirvelad sul sxva adgilas mdebareobda da isic sakiTxavia, ase ewode-

boda Tu ara. es kiTxva ki, Tavis mxriv, sxvas badebs: sainteresoa, solonTan sau-

1 ix.: herodote, `istoria~. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 306.2 ix.: al. wereTeli, `Zveli saberZneTi~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1966 w., t. I, gv. 280.3 ix.: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, mTavari samecniero redaqcia, Tbilisi, 1977 w., t. 2, gv. 312.

brisas rogor moixsenia atlantiselebi qurumma sonqim? an egviptelma qurumebma

Tu icodnen, es xalxi sakuTar Tavs da qveyanas ras uwodebda? amisi codna atlan-

tisTan dakavSirebiT arsebul yvela saidumlos gamoaaSkaravebda, magram es rom

ar viciT, amaSi damnaSave jer egviptelebi yofilan, Semdeg ki soloni. gavixsenoT,

ra weria amis Taobaze dialogSi `kritia~:

`solons rogorc ki azrad mouvida Tavis poemaSi gamoeyenebina es moTxroba,

man cnobismoyvareoba gamoiCina saxelTa mniSvnelobis mimarT da pasuxad moismina,

rom egviptelebi, iwerdnen ra am xalxis winaprebis saxelebs, Targmnidnen maT Ta-

vianT enaze; amitom Tavad soloni arkvevda saxelTa mniSvnelobas da werda maT

ukve Cvens enaze~.

amrigad, rogor moixseniebdnen atlantiselebi sakuTar qveyanas da xalxs,

agreTve maTi toponimika, RmerTebisa da mefeebis saxelebi, Cven ar viciT; xolo

is, rac cnobilia da rasac platoni wers Tavis dialogebSi, es aris cnobebi ucnobi

xalxis Sesaxeb, romlebic jer egvipturad uTargmniaT, Semdeg _ berZnulad; ami-

tomaa, atlantiselebis saxelebi da toponimika berZnulad rom JRers da am xalxis

namdvil TviTwodebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs; magram vidre maT namdvil saxels

ar gavigebT, iZulebuli varT, es xalxi atlantiselebad movixsenioT... oRond, Tu

pirobiTia maTi saxeli, maSin, bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom pirobiTia maTi adgil-

samyofelic, anu solonma egviptis qalaq saisSi moismina ZvelisZveli ambavi kun-

Zulze mdebare uZlieresi sazRvao saxelmwifos daRupvis Taobaze, romelsac omi

hqonia aTenTan. es uZvelesi ambavi berZenTa xsovnas ar SemorCenia, egviptelebma

ki masze zogi ram icodnen da es uTxra kidec qurumma solons. sonqis monaTxrobi

ara marto SemorCenili cnobebis egvipturi Targmani iqneboda, aramed, savarau-

dod, mTeli es istoria egviptelTa TvalTaxedvis prizmaSi iyo gardatexili da ise

Cawerili. Tavis mxriv, Tu soloni am ambis mxolod berZnulad Targmnas dasjerda

da masSi araferi Secvala, maSin udavoa, rom am istoriaSi platonma bevri cvli-

leba Seitana da is mxatvrul-filosofiur nawarmoebs daamsgavsa. amasTan, raki

yvelaferi elinuri analogiebiT aris dasuraTebuli da mowodebuli CvenTvis, _

gavimeoreb adre naTqvams, _ mimaCnia, rom platonma kunZulis adgilmdebareoba

Secvala, raTa, erTi mxriv meti idumaleba da damajerebloba mieniWebina am am-

bisaTvis; magram, rogorc ar unda iyos, erTia: platonis dialogebSi aRwerili

9000 wlis winaT daRupuli atlantisis kulturis arsebobis SesaZleblobam bevri

mkvlevari ganawyo imisaTvis, rom, radac ar unda dasjdomoda, aRmoeCina atlan-

tisis kulturis arsebobis damadasturebeli artefaqtebi, radgan, maTi azriT,

zemoxsenebuli kultura yvela Semdgom warmoSobili kulturis winamorbedi unda

yofiliyo da gulmodgined cdilobdnen am protokulturis nimuSebis Tu ara,

mis mier moxdenili gavlenis kvalis aRmoCenas atlantis okeanis gaRma-gamoRma,

oRond es imdenad Zneli aRmoCnda, rom mecnierTa sakmaod didi nawili cdilobda,

yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo da ar iyo, eZebna atlantisi...

eZebdnen dedamiwis iseT nawilebSi, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxeb Zvel ber-

Znebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. antikur saberZneTSi Tavidan dedamiwa dolis

msgavsi egonaT, misi zedapiri ki _ diskos magvari. berZnuli TvalTaxedviT dan-

56 57

axuli samyaros pirveli rukis monaxazi, romlis srulyofa hekatius miletelma

scada, anaqsimandres miekuTvneba. hekatiusisa da herodotes mixedviT Seqmnili

dedamiwis pirveli rukebis rekonstruqcia mocemulia j.o. tomsonis wignSi1. am

rukis mixedviT dedamiwa mrgvalia, mis garSemo mdinare-okeane moedineba, Tavad

dedamiwa Sedgeba erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli sami nawilisagan, esenia: evropa,

azia da libia. amaT Soris moqceula xmelTaSua zRva Tavisi Semadgeneli zRve-

biT. is iwyeba herakles svetebTan, Semdeg grZeldeba egeosis zRvamde da aqedan

dardanel-bosforis sruteebis gavliT da Savi zRviT kolxeTis sanapiromde,

kerZod, mdinare fasisamde aRwevs. kaspiis zRva aq yured aris warmodgenili,

xolo wiTeli zRva _ arabul yured. kaspiis yuris aRmosavleTiT saxloben ise-

donebi, mdinare istrosis anu dunais CrdiloeTiT moxseniebulni arian hiper-

borebi. sxva didi mdinareebidan rukaze gamosaxulia iridanosi, is CrdiloeTiT

miemarTeba da Caedineba mdinare-okeaneSi. nilosi libiaSia, tigrosi, evfrati da

indi _ aziaSi. rukaze asaxulia pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTisa da anatoliis nax-

evarkunZulebi, agreTve xmelTaSua zRvisa da egeosis zRvis kunZulebi, kavkasiis

dasavleTi sanapiro.

am rukaSi gacxadda dedamiwis Sesaxeb berZenTa eTnocentristuli warmodgena,

romlis centric saberZneTia: aqvea `dedamiwis Wipi~, kerZod, delfosSi...

rac Seexeba rukis CvenTvis saintereso nawils, anu herakles svetebs miRma

sivrces, aq vxedavT mxolod mdinare-okeanes, romlis CrdiloeT mxares, keltTa

teritoriis axlos, aris e.w. `kalis kunZulebi~, anu britaneTis kunZulebi, am

rukisTvisac ki pirobiTad gamoxatuli da meti araferi, aranairi kvali atlanti-

sisa am rukaze ar aris.

rac Seexeba herodotes mixedviT Sedgenil rukas, is, cxadia, imeorebs ber-

Znul eTnocentristul Sexedulebebs, oRond hekatiusis rukasTan SedarebiT

ufro vrclad gadmogvcems dedamiwis Sesaxeb im dros arsebul codnas. jer erTi,

gaqra e.w. mdinare-okeane, _ mis magivrad aris okeane, romlis Sesaxebac herodotem

icoda finikielTa mogzaurobis Sedegad. amis wyalobiT man danamdvilebiT icis,

rom libias okeane SemosazRvravs. wiTel zRvas, rogorc hekatiusi, isic arabTa

yures uwodebs, indoeTis okeanes _ eriTriis zRvas (wiTel zRvas). misTvis isic

cnobilia, rom libiis samxreTSi eTiopebi cxovroben; icnobs atlasis mTebs da

nilosis saTaves ratomRac am mTebSi aTavsebs... misi codna aziis geografiis Ses-

axeb ufro srulyofilia: icis, rom kaspiis zRva ar aris yure, icnobs baqtriis

xalxebs da aRmosavleT eTiopebs (albaT is am saxeliT indoelebs gulisxmobs); Cr-

dilo-aRmosavleTSi dasaxlebuli hyavs argipeebi, isidonebi da mesagetebi; xmelT-

aSua, Savi da azovis zRvebis konturebi iseTivea, rogoric hekatiusis mixedviT

Sedgenil rukaze. evropis Crdilo-dasavleTSi, keltebis gansaxlebis adgilisa da

dunais zemoT, misTvis ucnobi miwaa. rac Seexeba herakles svetebs miRma okeanis

nawils, iq aranairi kunZuli da, miT umetes, atlantisis raime naSTi miTiTebuli

ar aris.

1 ix.: Дж.О. Томсон, «История древней географии», Издательство иностранной литературы, Москва, 1953 г., gv. 150-151.

aseTs xedavdenen dedamiwas hekatiusi da herodote.

gamoxda xani da Sua saukuneebis evropelTa geografiuli Tvalsawieri, anti-

kurTan SedarebiT, metismetad nela, magram mainc gaizarda.

vidre evropelTa mier am procesis warmarTvis Taviseburebas SevexebodeT,

unda aRvniSnoT, rom Sua saukuneebSi atlantisis TemiT daintereseba, iSviaTi

gamonaklisis garda, ar SeiniSneba.

atlantologiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT, amas Tavisi mizezi aqvs da is ukav-

Sirdeba qveynierebis Seqmnis qristianul warmodgenas, romlis mixedviTac qveyana

RmerTma gaaCina; isini angariSobdnen dros `dasabamTagan~, e.i. `qveynis gaCenidan~

qristes dabadebamde. amasTan, arsebobs welTaRricxvis ramdenime sistema: pan-

doresi _ 5492 weli, aleqsandriuli _ 5500 weli, bizantiuri _ 5508 weli, qarTuli

_ 5604 weli.

amrigad, Sua saukuneebSi damkvidrebuli iyo mkacrad gansazRvruli qronolo-

giuri CarCoebi, xolo platonis naTqvami, atlantisi 9000 wlis win arsebobdao,

bevrad aRemateboda samyaros Seqmnis qristianul gagebas, rac qristianuli ekle-

siisTvis miuRebeli iyo.

da mainc, rogorc amboben, swored Sua saukuneebSi Seiqmna wigni, romelic

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT exmianeba platoniseuli atlantisis Temas. amasTan

dakavSirebiT movixmob citatas ludvig zaidleris wignidan àtlantisi~: `1869

wels levenvardenis (CrdiloeT holandiaSia) biblioTekam SeiZina Zalze Zveli

xelnaweri, ufro sworad _ Zvel frizul enaze Sesrulebuli xelnaweris fragmen-

tebi. es germanuli dialeqti anglosaqsur enebs uaxlovdeba da XVI saukunidan

mkvdar enad aris miCneuli; awindeli frizuli dialeqti mas ZlivsRa Camohgavs.

xsenebuli xelnaweris mflobeli manamde yofila korneli over de lindeni.

mis ojaxSi xelnaweri ùxsovari droidan~ inaxebodao. specialistebma daadgines,

rom xelnaweri 1256 wlidan yofila lindenis ojaxis sakuTreba. Tavisi formiT es

aris sxvadasxva avtorTa minawerebdarTuli ambavi. am wignSi gamoyenebuli damwer-

loba berZnulis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens.

ùra linda buk~ _ over de lindenis ojaxis wigni _ gacxovelebuli kamaTis

sagani Seiqna. masSi warmodgenil cnobaTa sarwmunoobis sakiTxs Tu davexsnebiT,

unda aRvniSnoT, rom es dokumenti utyuarad da XIII saukuneSi Seqmnilad miiCnies.

es aris frizebis (over de lindenis ojaxsac frizebs miakuTvneben) Taviseburi

istoriaa. masSi moTxrobili ambebi Zalian didi xnis winaT momxdara, TariRic ki

aris aRniSnuli: àtlandis qveynis CaZirvidan 3449 wels..~.

romis imperiis epoqaSi frizebi Crdilo-dasavleT germaniaSi, CrdiloeTis

zRvis napiras cxovrobdnen. romaeli istorikosi tacitusi maT ramdenjerme ix-

seniebs miwaTmoqmed da zRvaosan xalxad. ùra linda bukSi~ moxseniebulia TeT-

rpiriskaniani da cisferTvala xalxi erT RmerTs scemda Tayvans; maT Soris matri-

arqati yofila gabatonebuli da did rols asrulebda qurumi qali burgtmaadi,

agreTve minervad wodebuli, qalTa ordenis winamZRvari. aqve vxvdebiT frizebis

mefis saxels _ minos. min-erva romaelTa qalRmerTs minervas mogvagonebs, xolo

mino _ kritosis mefes, minoss, berZnuli miTologiiT kargad cnobils. frizebisa

58 59

da finikielebis savaWro urTierTobaTa gamoc aris Camogdebuli sityva; ixsenie-

bian agreTve zRvaosani mogzauri, saxelad neef-tuna da misi naTesavi inka.

ai, am wignidan nawyveti:

`mze mTel zafxuls Rrublebs efareboda, TiTqos aRar surda kvlavac

emzira miwisTvis. dedamiwaze mudmivi mdumareba sufevda da notio burusi sveli

ialqaniviT awva saxlebsa da velebs. haeri mZime iyo da damTrgunveli, xalxs six-

aruli daviwyeboda. maSin daiwyo TiTqosda qveynierebis aRsasrulis momaswave-

beli miwisZvra. mTani cecxls afrqvevdnen, xan wiaRSi inTqebodnen da xanac ufro

maRla aizidebodnen.

aldlani, romelsac zRvaosanni atlans uwodeben, gauCinarda, xolo gaavebuli

zvirTebi ise SeimarTebodnen mTaTa umaRles, rom isini, vinc cecxls gadarCenoda,

zRvis ufskrulma STanTqa.

mxolod findas qveyanaSi ki ara, tvisklandSic iwvoda miwa. tyeebi aalebuli

iyo, xolo roca qari tyeTa mxridan daberavda, mTel qveyanas ferfli faravda;

mdinareebma kalapoti Seicvales, maT SesarTavebSi axali kunZulebi gaCnda silisa

da nariyisagan. sam weliwads ase grZeldeboda, merme simSvide damkvidrda da ty-

eebma isev ixara...

mravali qveyana wyalqveS gauCinarda, alag-alag axali materikebi gaCnda,

tvisklandSi tyeebis naxevari moispo, findas xalxi ukacur miwebze daesaxla, adg-

ilobrivi mkvidrni an amowyvites, an monebad aqcies... kadikis navsadgurSi inkas

xomaldebi neef-tunas flotilias moswyda da okeanis dasavleTisken gaemarTa.

mezRvaurni imedovnebdnen _ iqneb mivakvlioT atlanis qveynis mTian mxares, wyalSi

danTqmas gadarCenils da iqneb iq SevZloTo dasaxleba...

xolo neef-tuna Sua zRvisken gaemarTa, magram inkasa da misTa mxlebelTa am-

bavi meti aRar smenia...

xelnaweri amgvarad mTavrdeba: ̀ me, hido tonomat ovira linda vaki, gmoZRvrav

Cems Zes _ okas: am wigns TvalisCiniviT unda gaufrTxilde, masSi mTeli Cveni

xalxis Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili. SarSan wyaldidobisas SenTan da dedaSenTan

erTad gadavarCine es wigni. Cemda savalalod, wigni damisvelda da xelaxla gad-

awera momixda... es wigni Seqmnilia liudverdSi atlandis qveynis CaZirvidan 3449

wels.

amas mosdevs ufro mogviano avtorTa ramdenime minaweri, romelTa Soris gvx-

vdeba kiko ovira lindas mier xelmowerili savedrebeli: àTasgzis gemudarebiT,

es Zveli nawerebi berebs ar CaugdoT xelSi. berebi Zalze veragni arian da yove-

lives mospoba swadiaT, raic Cven, frizebs mogvepoveba~.

amiT vamTavreb am sagulisxmo xelnaweris citataTa amonawers.

TariRi _ àtlandis qveynis CaZirvidan 3449 wels~ _ zogierT eWvs aRZravs.

Tu vivaraudebT, rom atlantisis katastrofa solonis saisSi Casvlamde 9000 wlis

winaT, e.i. Cv.w.-mde 9560 wlis axlo xanebSi momxdara, maSin gamodis, rom pirveli

varianti, romlis aslsac ùra linda buk~ warmoadgens, Cv.w.-mde 6111 wels unda

Seqmniliyo. samwuxarod, Cven ar mogvepoveba saimiso cnobebi, rom im droisaTvis

evropaSi damwerloba arsebuliyos.

iqneb `3449 weli~ im aslis Seqmnis TariRi iyos, romelic hido tonomat ovira

lindas 1256 wels gadauweria? amas adasturebs xelnaweris Seqmnis adgili _ liud-

verdi (dRevandeli gamoTqmiT _ leevardeni). maSin atlantisis daRupvis TariRad

Cv.w.-mde 2193 weli gamova. magram, es xom egvipteSi VII dinastiis mefobis, berZnul

qalaq-saxelmwifoTa aRmocenebis xanaa, atlantisis daRupva gacilebiT adre unda

momxdariyo. garna am TariRs kargad exameba xelnawerSi moxseniebuli iseTi ambebi,

rogoricaa frizebis urTierTkvSiri finikielebsa da kretelebTan, agreTve kadi-

kis navsadguris xseneba (albaT nagulisxmevia finikielTa qalaqi gadiri, romelsac

platoni gadeirad ixseniebs da atlantTa saxelmwifos kuTvnilebad miiCnevs).

saimdrood damwerloba ukve arsebobda. lindenTa ojaxis xelnaweris dedani

SeiZleboda Cv.w.-mde mesame aTaswleulSi finikiuri anbaniT Seqmniliyo Zvel fri-

zul enaze. momdevno sam-naxevari aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi enisa da damwerlobis

gaCarxvis mizniT xelnaweri SesaZlo iyo ramdenjerme gadaeweraT da Sig `redaqci-

uli Sesworebebi~ SeetanaT~1.

citata erTob didi gamovida, magram radganac atlantologebs ùra linda

buki~ sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis did masalas aZlevs, saWirod miviCnie,

mkiTxvelisaTvis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli informacia mimewodebina; amasTan, ùra

linda buki~ da poloneli atlantologis naazrevic Semefasebina.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas am xelnaweris Sesaxeb? Cxadia, saqme gvaqvs viRacis mier

sakmaod eSmakurad ganxorcielebul mistifikaciasTan, romelic ludvik zaidlers

ratomRac WeSmaritebad miuCnevia, Tumca siyalbe aSkarad Cans da kritikuli midg-

omisas kidev ufro naTeli xdeba. daviwyeb imiT, riTic atlantologi amTavrebs

xelnawerze Tavis msjelobas: ènisa da damwerlobis gaCarxvis mizniT xelnaweri

SesaZlo iyo ramdenjerme gadaeweraTo~.

Tu enciklopediur monacemebs davujerebT, frizebs damwerloba ax.w. XIII saukunidan aqvT. amasTan, laTinur anbans iyeneben da Zvel frizul enaze raime

teqstis finikiuri anbaniT Seqmnis Taobaze arsad araferia naTqvami. miT umetes,

SeuZlebelia, es Zv.w. 2193 wels momxdariyos. finikielebma CrdiloeT evropisaken

gza gacilebiT gvian, mxolod I aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan gaikvlies da es metad

Zneli saqme iyo. erTi sityviT, l. zaidleris mier gamoTvlil dros frizebs da

finikielebs saerTo araferi hqondaT. garda amisa, mocemuli TariRi ar emTxveva

atlantisis daRupvis platoniseul TariRs. maS, raSia saqme? ratom gaCnda axali

TariRi da riT aris misi gaCena argumentirebuli?

saqme gamyalbeblis arCevanSia; mas survili hqonia, atlantisze moeTxro Sua

saukuneebSi mcxovrebi evropelis piriT. amisTvis saWiro gaxda XIII saukunis xe-

lnaweris imitaciis Seqmna. teqnikurad es rogor gaakeTes, ar vici, samagierod,

im drois cnobiereba gaTvaliswinebulia da es iqidan Cans, rom xelnawerSi lapa-

rakia xalxze, `romelic erT RmerTs scemda Tayvans~. es aSkarad qristianuli

formulaa, qristianobamdel epoqas misadagebuli. agreTve, atlantisis CaZirvis

TariRad dasaxelebuli 3449 weli aseve Tavsdeba drois monakveTSi `qveynis dasa-

bamidan~ qristes dabadebamde.


60 61

rac Seexeba danarCens, is CrdiloeT evropis miTebisa da legendebis, agreTve

antikuri literaturisa da didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis periodis mogzaurTa

Canawerebis erTgvari narevia. ase, magaliTad: qurumi burgtmaadi, romelic min-

ervadac iwodeboda xelnaweris mixedviT; romaelTa qalRmerTi, maTi aTena, laT-

inurad Minerva, sibrZnisa da gonierebis, musikis, poeziis, mkurnalobisa da xel-

saqmis mfarveli. igive iTqmis frizebis mefis saxelzec; mino namdvilad hgavs

kretis mefis minosis saxels, iseve, rogorc neef-tunas saxeli Zalian hgavs nep-

tuns, laTinurad Neptunus, _ romaelTa poseidoni, saturnisa da reas Svili, iupi-

terisa da plutonis Zma, amfitrites qmari, dedamiwis Semazanzarebeli mZlavri

RvTaeba, romelic samTiTa fiwlis dakvriT atortmanebs zRvas da aryevs miwas.

roca am saxelebs kiTxulob im xalxis e.w. xelnawerSi, xvdebi, rom falsifikaciis

avtori cdilobs, frizTa miTologiuri personaJebi berZnul-romaul samyaros

daukavSiros da saerTod, dagvarwmunos, rom frizebsa da xmelTaSua zRvis xalx-

ebs mWidro urTierTkavSiri hqondaT.

romaelTa RmerTis mosaxele neef-tuna kadikSi (savaraudod, finikielTa ko-

lonia gadiria, dRevandeli qalaqi kadiqsi) mdgara Tavisi flotiT. mis flots

mowyvetil inkas xomaldebs dasavleTisken gaucuravT. ai, am inkam gamoiwvia didi

interesi atlantologTa Soris, radgan aqvT cda, is peruel inkebTan gaaigivon.

saqme is aris, rom pirveli konkistadorebi laparakobdnen TeTri piriskanis mqone

indielebze, kerZod, inkebs Soris. amas CaeWidnen atlantologebi da frizul xe-

lnawerSi naxsenebi inka inkebis winaprad surT dasaxon, magram swored inkas xsen-

ebiT kidev ufro cxadi gaxda mistifikaciis avtoris pozicia: mas surda, yvela

problema erTi xelis mosmiT gadaeWra da yvela kiTxvaze gaeca pasuxi. rac Seexeba

miwisZvrebsa da vulkanis amofrqvevebs, kerZod, frizlandiasa da tvisklandSi

(germaniaSi), aq mistifikaciis avtors islandiur legendebSi moTxrobili ambebi

gadmoaqvs evropaSi, radgan am kontinentze arc XIII saukuneSi da arc Zv.w. 2193

wels msgavsi araferi momxdara.

ase, rom, es xelnaweri, romlis mixedviT kunZuli atlantisi atlantis okeaneSi

mdebareobda, aSkara mistifikacia gaxlavT.

antikuri xanidan moyolebuli da Sua saukuneebSi gagrZelebuli, evropelebma,

rac ufro iTvisebdnen atlantis okeanes, miT ufro bevri kunZuli daasaxles xan

miTologiuri personaJebiT, xanac _ wmindanebiT.

irlandiel bers brandans, romelic ax.w. 484 wels daibada keris sagrafoSi da

577 wels gardaicvala anagdaunSi, VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi umogzauria at-

lantis okeaneSi. iq dasaxlebula kunZulze, romelsac wminda brandanis kunZuli

uwodes. amis Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba XI saukunis laTinur xelnawerSi `Navigatio Brendani~, `brandanis naosnoba~. konkretulad sad, romel kunZulze imogzaura

brandanma, amis Sesaxeb dRes raime konkretulis Tqma ar SeiZleba, arc is aris

zustad cnobili, romel wlebSi imogzaura. arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba imis

Taobaze, rom brandani imyofeboda islandiaSi, ian-maienis kunZulebze, kunZul

maderaze, azoris kunZulebze. zogi fiqrobs, rom man amerikas, kerZod ki labra-

doris sanapiros miaRwia.

inglisSi herefordis taZarSi aris 1275 wlis ruka, romelzec naCvenebia bran-

danis mogzaurobis marSruti. masze brandanis kunZulebic aris gamosaxuli da

isini Zalian hgvanan kanaris kunZulebs. brandanis kunZulebi, oRond amjerad mad-

eras rom hgavs, datanilia Zmebi piciganebis 1367 wlis veneciur rukaze. da bo-

los, brandanis kunZuls vnaxulobT cnobili kartografis, martin behaimis 1492

wlis globusze, im adgilas, sadac imave wels qristofore kolumbma amerika aR-

moaCina.…

brandanis mogzaurobis Tema imitomaa saintereso, rom am mogzauri beris kvali,

irlandiis garda, atlantis okeaneSi mdebare arc erT kunZulze ar aRmoCnda. zo-

gierTi atlantologi fiqrobs, rom brandani im kunZulze iyo, romelic CaZiruli

atlantisis narCens warmoadgenda da mere isic CaiZira.

asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom brandanis mogzaurobac maSindeli samyaros far-

glebis gafarToebas uwyobda xels.

mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi mohyva atlantis okeaneSi vikingebis laSqrobebsac.

maT islandias 861 wels miaRwies, misi aTviseba ki 872-930 wlebSi ganaxorcieles.

vikingTa beladma, JRalma erikma 983 wels grenlandia aRmoaCina. ori wlis Semdeg

islandieli vaWari biarin herliufsoni qariSxalma amerikis napirebTan gariya;

sxva versiiT es ambavi gadaxdenia viking leiv bedniers 1000 wlis axlo xanebSi.

XI saukunis damdegs vikingebis mier amerikis aRmoCenis ambavi evropis danar-

Ceni mosaxleobisaTvis ucnobi darCa.

samagierod didi rezonansi hqondavenecieli marko polos (1254-1324 w.w.) mog-

zaurobas aRmosavleTSi. is Tavis naTesavebTan erTad 1271 wels gaemgzavra didi

yaenis xubalais karze. es mogzauroba 20 welze met xans gagrZelda. marko polom

gaiara mcire azia, Sua azia, tibeti, Cavida CineTSi, ramdenime weli dahyo didi

yaenis samsaxurSi; Semdeg moiara samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis zRvebi, indoeTis

okeane da 1295 wels dabrunda evropaSi. 1298 wels is tyved Cauvarda genuelebs,

romlebic venecielebs eomebodnen. tyveobaSi myofma sxva tyves, pizel rustiCi-

nos ukarnaxa Tavisi Tavgadasavali. am Txzulebas ewodeba `wigni samyaros mraval-

ferovnebis Sesaxeb~ da is saukuneebis manZilze avtoritetuli wyaro iyo aRmosav-

leTiT dainteresebul evropel mecnierTa, politikosTa da mogzaurTaTvis.

marko polosa da sxva mogzaurTa monaTxrobma, agreTve 1453 wels Turq-os-

malTa mier konstantinopolis aRebam, evropelebs STaagona eZebnaT axali gzebi

sanatreli da sasurveli aRmosavleTisa da, kerZod, indoeTisaken. pirvelebi por-

tugalielebi daadgnen erT dros finikielTa mier gakvalul gzas da indoeTis

gzis maZieblebma samxreTi atlantikis gamokvlevas mihyves xeli. am Ziebam 1487-

1488 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli mogzaurobisas barTolomeu daiSi miiyvana indo-

eTis okeanemde, romelic vasko da gamam aTi wlis Semdeg gadacura da 1498 wels

miadga indoeTis sanapiros.

am or mogzaurobas Soris, 1492 wels, espaneTis samsaxurSi myofma genuelma

qristofore kolumbma, indoeTisaken dasavleTis gziT mimavalma (mas swamda am

gzis arseboba), gadalaxa atlantis okeane da martin behaimis globusze aRniS-

nuli brandanis kunZulis magier miadga ucnob napirs, romelic mas indoeTi egona.

62 63

es Secdoma maleve gamoaswora meore didma italielma mogzaurma amerigo ves-

puCim, xolo germanelma mecnierma valdzemiulerma axlad aRmoCenil kontinents

am faqtis damamtkiceblis, vespuCis saxeli amerigo uwoda, rac espanurad JR-

ers, rogorc àmeriko~. ase, rom, ukve XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi evropelebma

kargad icodenen amerikis aRmoCenis TariRic da misi `naTliis~ saxelic, magram,

miuxedavad amisa, amerikasTan mimarTebaSi kvlav amotivtivda platoniseuli at-

lantisis Tema...

saqme isaa, rom francisko lopes de gomaram 1553 wels gamoaqveyna ìndoeTis

istoria~, romelSic man yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom axlad aRmoCenili kon-

tinentis, amerikisa da atlantis okeanis topografia hgavda imas, rasac kunZul

atlantisis mdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT platoni werda: `maSin jer kidev Sei-

Zleboda am zRvis gadalaxva, radgan jer kidev arsebobda im srutis gaRma mde-

bare kunZuli, Tqvens enaze `herakles svetebad~ rom iwodeba. es kunZuli ufro

didi iyo, vidre libia da azia erTad. maSindel mogzaurebs advilad SeeZloT am

kunZulidan gadasuliyvnen sxva kunZulebze, iqidan ki _ pirdapir mdebare mTel

xmeleTze, romelic moicavda im zRvas, marTlac rom imsaxurebs Tavis saxels,

radgan zemoxsenebuli srutis gamoRma es zRva, arsebiTad, sxva ara aris, Tu ara

ube, Sig datanebuli viwro gasasvleliT da mxolod misi srutismiRmur nawils Tu

SeiZleba ewodos zRva~.

francisko de gomaras aseTi paralelis gavlebaSi daexmara im dros erTob win

wasuli kartografia, kerZod, 1537 wels gamoqveynebuli cnobili flamandieli

kartografis, merkatoris ruka, romelzec sakmaod zustad iyo gamosaxuli at-

lantis okeanis topografia.

de gomara Tvlida, rom Tu warmovidgenT hibraltaris srutis dasavleTiT mde-

bare did kunZuls, anu atlantiss, misgan dasavleTiT SeiZleba gacurva antiliis

kunZulebisaken, iqidan ki amerikis kontinentisaken. amrigad, amerikis aRmoCena

man miiCnia platonis dialogebSi aRwerili geografiuli suraTis dadasturebad,

radgan, Tu daxedavT merkatoris an Tundac kartograf orteliusis ufro gvian-

del, 1571 wlis msoflio rukas, ifiqreb, rom platoni aseT rukebs dascqeroda da

ise aRwerda atlantisis adgilmdebareobas.

amgvarad, iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom platonis mier ̀ timeossa~ da ̀ kritiaSi~

monaTxrobis damadasturebel faqtad Tavad amerikis aRmoCena iqca, oRond es

erTi SexedviT. mogvianebiT, atlantisis adgilmdebareobis sxva versiebic gaCn-

deba, magram didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis dros da Semdgom droSic, atlantisis

kvals atlantis okeaneSi eZebdnen...

aseTi damokidebuleba airekla ingliseli filosofosis, frensis bekonis

(1561-1626 w.w.) gardacvalebis Semdeg gamocemul mis wignSi `New Atlantis~ (àxali

atlantisi~). es Sroma aris alegoriuli formis utopia, moqmedeba amerikis kon-

tinentze xdeba. cxadia, f. bekonis utopiur nawarmoebs Tavisi mizandasaxuloba

hqonda, _ iseve, rogorc Tomas morisa da tomazo kampanelas analogiuri xasi-

aTis naSromebs, oRond es Cveni am wignis Tema ar aris. àxalma atlantisma~ Cemi

yuradReba miiqcia imiT, rom frensis bekoni gvTavazobs atlantisis daRupvis sxva

mizezs da sxva qronologias.

ganvixiloT ori mosazreba misi naSromidan: `saWiroa Tqven icodeT (Tumca

SeiZleba es daujereblad CaTvaloT), rom sami aTasi da meti wlis win zRvaosnoba

(gansakuTrebiT Soreul qveynebSi) axlandelze metad iyo ganviTarebuli. ar if-

iqroT, rom CemTvis ucnobia, Tu ra warmatebebi aqvs mas bolo as oci wlis man-

Zilze. es me Cinebulad vici da, miuxedavad amisa, vimeoreb: dRevandelze metad.

imitom xom ara, rom adamianTa modgmis monarCeni kidobanma ixsna warRvnis dros

da am magaliTma isini waaxalisa, mindobodnen talRebs, an kidev sxva mizezi iyo,

oRond es asea. didi floti hyavdaT finikielebs, gansakuTrebiT ki tirosis mcx-

ovrebT, aseve maT kolonias, kidev ufro dasavleTiT mdebare karTagens; aRmosav-

leTSi bevri xomaldi hyavdaT egviptesa da palestinas, CineTsa da atlantiss

(Tqven rom amerikas uwodebT), axla mxolod jonkebi da pirogebi rom aqvT, imx-

anad didi gemebi uxvad gaaCndaT... magram zeciurma risxvam dasaja es batonobis

moyvaruli Canafiqri. as welze naklebi drois gasvlis Semdeg, didi atlantisi sa-

fuZvlianad daangria _ miwisZvram ki ara, rogorc Tqveni wyaro amtkicebs (rameTu

samyaros es nawili naklebadaa midrekili amisaken), aramed nawilobriv warRvniT

an wyaldidobiT; radgan im mxareSi mdinareebi dablobSi metad uxvwyliania, xolo

mTebi, saidanac wyali Camoedineba, ufro maRalia, vidre Zveli samyaros nebismier

nawilSi~1.

rogorc naxeT, frensis bekonma, gamoiyena ra Tavisi utopiuri xasiaTis nawar-

moebisaTvis platonis monaTxrobi, atlantisi ganaTavsa amerikis kontinentze,

kerZod, braziliaSi. es ukve uaryofa iyo atlantisis mdebareobis im gansazRvrisa,

dialogebSi rom aris mocemuli. meore, rac man Secvala, es atlantisis daRupvis

TariRia. frensis bekonis azriT, es sami aTasi wlis winaT unda momxdariyo. Tu am

mosazrebas vendobiT, atlantisi troas omis dros daRupula. aq yuradReba unda

mivaqcioT imas, rom frensis bekoni angariSobs sami aTas wels, anu isic eqceva

`qveynis dasabamis~ qristianuli welTaRricxvis farglebSi.

frensis bekoni atlantisis arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxs ki ar ikvlevda, aramed

Tavisi socialur-politikuri Sexedulebis gamomxatvel nawarmoebs werda, magram,

nebsiT Tu uneblieT, platoniseuli atlantisis Taviseburi kritika gamouvida...

mogvianebiT, gamoiTqva kidev bevri gansxvavebuli mosazreba atlantisTan

dakavSirebiT. am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs mravalmxrivi interesebis mqone swav-

luli, germaneli iezuiti aTanase kirxeri. misma mcdelobam, gaeSifra egvipturi

ieroglifebi, marcxi ganicada, `jadosnuri farnis~ gaumjobeseba ki aSkarad war-

matebuli moqmedeba gamodga. swored man, 1678 wels, niderlandebis qalaq amster-

damSi, laTinur enaze gamosca romis papis, aleqsandre VII-sadmi miZRvnili wigni

`Mundos Subterraneus~ (`miwisqveSa samyaro~), romelSiac werda: `rogorc Cven sxva

mxriv warmovaCineT Cvens òidiposSi~, platoni cdilobda, minimumamde daeyvana

Tavisi moTxrobis zRapruli nawili da misTvis mieniWebina WeSmaritad istori-

uli Rirebuleba atlantisis fizikuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri geografiis

1 ix.: Фрэнсис Бэкон, «Новая Атлантида», Опыты и наставления, нравственные и политические. Издательство Академии Наук СССР, Москва, 1954 г., gv. 17-18.

64 65

dawvrilebiTi aRweriT~. da Semdeg dasZenda: `Tu Cven am Zvel Tqmulebas atlan-

tisis Sesaxeb sarwmunod miviCnevT, maSin misi adgilsamyofeli unda mogveniSna

kanaris, azorisa da flandriis kunZulebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen, ase vTqvaT,

wyliT dafaruli atlantisis zeamoRmarTul mwvervalebs~1.

maS ase, aTanase kirxeri atlantisis adgilmdebareobas miuTiTebs iq, sadac amas

gulisxmobda platoni, anu `herakles svetebis~ iqiTa mxares, atlantis okeaneSi.

misi msjeloba efuZneba imis daSvebas, rom Tu sarwmunod iqneboda miCneuli

platonis monaTxrobi, maSin igi WeSmaritebad CaTvlida atlantisis danTqmas

okeaneSi, amitom CaZiruli kunZulis mwvervalebis Sesaxebac gamoTqvms varauds.

a. kirxeris wigns darTuli aqvs ruka, romelzec mocemulia atlantisis warmosax-

viTi gamosaxuleba _ evropas, afrikasa da amerikas Soris moqceuli uzarmazari

kunZuli. mogvianebiT, 1685 wels, aTanase kirxerma atlantisi samxreT afrikaSi

`gadaitana~.

momdevno xanis avtorebi, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo da ar iyo, atlantiss iq aTa-

vsebdnen.

1679 wels frangi mecnieri odiJie werda, rom atlantisi mis samSobloSi, Zvel

galiaSi mdebareobda...

cameti wlis Semdeg, 1692 wels, Svedi mecnieri olaf rubreki germaniis qalaq

mainis frankfurtSi gamocemul Tavis oTxtomian naSromSi amtkicebda, rom at-

lantisis dedaqalaqi mdebareobda SvedeTSi, kerZod, SvedeTis Zveli dedaqalaqis,

ufsalas adgilas...

frang mogzaursa da botanikoss Jozef piton de turenfors (1656-1708 w.w.)

sarwmunod miaCnda atlantisis adgilmdebareoba platoniseul sazRvrebSi, ma-

gram misi masStabebi metad gazarda. wigni `mogzauroba aRmosavleTis qveynebSi~,

romelic 1717 wels daibeWda lionSi avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, gvamcnobs:

`cxadia, CrdiloeTis wylebi Caedineba xmelTaSua zRvaSi kimeriuli bosforiT,

Trakiuli bosforiT da dardanelis srutiT, romelic, winaparTa azriT, iyo bos-

foris sxva saxeoba anu zRvis erTi ganStoeba, romlis gadacurva xarsac SeeZlo.

xmelTaSua zRva okeanes ukavSirdeba hibraltaris srutiT. sabednierod, swored

hibraltaris srute aRmoCnda is adgili, sadac wylebisaTvis ufro advili aRmoC-

nda warmoeqmna arxi, vidre is, rom gaSliliyo afrikis miwebze. ufalma ineba am

napralis Seqmna atlasisa da kalpis mTebs Soris, amisTvis ki sakmarisi iyo mxolod

erTi winaRobisgan ganTavisufleba. SesaZlebelia, okeaneSi momxdarma saSinelma

amofrqvevam CaZira an waiRo cnobili kunZuli atlantisi, romelic platonma aR-

wera espaneTis, xolo diodore sicilielma _ afrikis sanapiroebTan. savaraudod,

kanaris kunZulebi, azoris kunZulebi da amerikaa misi narCenebi~2.

sayuradRebo marto is ki ar aris, rom turenfors atlantisi uzarmazar kun-

Zulad miaCnda, aramed isic, rom misi daRupvis mizezad okeaneSi momxdar vulka-

nur amofrqvevas Tvlida.

olaf kriuseli 1707 wels atlantiselebs goTebTan aigivebda.

1 ix.: Рожэ Дэвинь, «Атлантида, исчезнувший материк», Издательство «Петроград», 1926 г., gv. 69.2 ix.: Par M. Pitton de Tourvefort, “Relation d’un vouage ou Levant”, tome second, A Lyon, M. DCCXVII, gv. 65.

1726 wels marselelma advokatma klod oliviem gamoTqva mosazreba imis Tao-

baze, TiTqos atlantisi igive iyos, rac àRTqmuli miwa~, anu palestina...

1754 wels Jan eureniusi amtkicebda, atlantisi iudea ariso, xolo XIX sauku-

nis mecnieri baeri paralels avlebda atlantisis katastrofasa da sodomisa da

gomoris daRupvas Soris...

hipoTeza sxvac bevri iyo, magaliTad: frangi a. bai atlantisis adgilsamyo-

felad Tvlida Spicbergens da amis dasasabuTeblad moixmobda platonis naTqvams,

rom zRva iq gauvali iyoo da mas am zRvad CrdiloeT yinulovani okeane miaCnda.

delil de salmam gamoaqveyna 52-tomiani naSromi, romelSic amtkicebda, rom

atlantisi kavkasiis mTebSua mdebareobda.

garda amisa, atlantiss eZebdnen: saqarTveloSi, kolxeTis napirebTan, agreTve

yirimSi, sparseTSi da kunZul ceilonzec ki.

atlantiss aigivebdnen legendaruli puntis qveyanasTan, atlantiselebad mi-

iCnevdnen skviTebsa da egviptelebs.

atlantisis povnas cdilobdenen afrikaSic. am mosazrebas XIX saukuneSi mxars

uWerda lionis universitetis Zveli geografiis profesori berliu, romelic

1883 wels gamocemul Tavis àtlantiselebis istoriaSi~ atlantisis adgilsamyo-

flad miiCnevda atlasis mTebs da aCvenebda im gzebs, romlebiTac atlantiselebs

kulturuli kavSirebi hqondaT Zveli egviptisa da amerikis kontinentis Zvel civ-

ilizaciebTan.

lui frobeniusi ki, afrikis mkvlevari da cnobili eTnografi, 1908 wels, gvi-

neis eqspediciis Semdgom mivida daskvnamde, rom atlantisi sadRac togosa da li-

berias Soris aris saZebneli. am mosazrebis safuZvlad mas gvineis yuris napirze

aRmoCenili beninis kultura miaCnda.

Tanamedrove atlantologiis mamad wodebulma amerikelma ignatius done-

lim axali ZaliT gaaRviva interesi platoniseuli atlantisisadmi. 1882 wels man

niu-iorkSi gamoaqveyna wigni àtlantisi, warRvnamdeli samyaro~; misi ZiriTadi

saTqmeli ase Camoyalibda:

`Cven es aris viwyebT warsulis Secnobas: asi wlis win msofliom araferi icoda

arc lingvistur kavSirebze, indoevropul xalxebs rom aerTianebs, arc im warwer-

aTa Sesaxeb, romelTa umetesobiTac mofenili iyo egviptis taZrebi da akldamebi,

arc babilonis lursmuli damwerlobis mniSvnelobis, arc iukatanis, meqsikisa da

perus nangrevebSi aRmoCenili gasaocari civilizaciebis Taobaze.

Cven zRurblTan vdgavarT. samecniero kvleva win goliaTuri nabijebiT miiw-

evs. vin icis, _ SesaZloa, asi wlis Semdeg, msoflios didi muzeumebi damSvenebuli

iqnebian atlantisuri warmoSobis qandakebebiT, iaraRiT, WurWliT, xolo mTeli

msoflios wignis maRaziebSi gamoCndeba atlantiselTa warwerebis Targmanebi,

axal Suqs rom mohfens kacobriobis modgmis mTel warsuls da yvela did proble-

mas, da romlebic sagonebelSi Caagdeben Cveni drois moazrovneebs?~1.

rogorc xedavT, ignatius donelis es mosazrebebi metismetad optimisturad

JRers da swored amis gamo zedmiwevniT zustad warmoaCens avtoris ganwyobas. man

1 ix.: Рожэ Дэвинь, «Атлантида исчезнувший материк», Издательство «Петроград», 1926 г., gv. 71.

66 67

atlantisis saxiT ipova is protokultura, romelmac, misi azriT, xeli Seuwyo

yvela Semdgomi kulturis warmoqmnas; amitom Tavis wignSi, `atlantisi, warRvnam-

deli samyaro~, igi gvTavazobs kacobriobis mier ganvlili gzis Tavisebur inter-

pretacias, imis axsnas, razec mis Tanamedrove samyaroSi pasuxi ar arsebobda.

mas faqtad miaCnda didi kunZulis arseboba atlantis okeaneSi. Tvlida, rom

platonma zustad aRwera igi, rom atlantisi iyo is adgili, sadac dedamiwaze

pirvelad warmoiqmna civilizacia. droTa ganmavlobaSi atlantiselebi gamrav-

ldnen da okeanis orive mxares Seqmnes dasaxlebebi. es iyo warRvnamdeli samyaro,

romelsac sxvadasxva qveynebis miTologiaSi sxvadasxvagvarad moixseniebdnen: hes-

peridebis walkoti, alkonis baRebi, olimpos mTa, asgardi, edemi. es yvelaferi

ariso mogoneba didi qveynis, atlantisisa, sadac odesRac saukuneebis manZilze

adamiani cxovrobda mSvidobasa da bednierebaSi.

yvela xalxis RmerTebi da qalRmerTebi, _ iqneba es saberZneTis, finikiis,

indoeTisa Tu skandinaviisa, _ Tavis droze atlantisis mefeebi, dedoflebi da

gmirebi iyvneno da is, rac maT miewereba, damaxinjebuli mogonebaa istoriuli

movlenebisa: magaliTad miuTiTebs, rom berZenTa RmerTi zevsi erT-erTi atlan-

tiseli mefe iyo. amasTanave, egviptisa da perus miTologia aris atlantiselTa

Tavdapirveli religia da warmoSobs mzis Tayvaniscemas. atlantiselTa yvelaze

Zveli kolonia aris egvipte, romelic atlantiselTa civilizaciis anarekls war-

moadgens. evropaSi brinjaos saukune daamkvidres atlantebma da rkinac pirvelebma

maT gamoiyenes; finikielTa anbani, romlisganac warmoiqmna evropuli anbanebi,

Tavis mxriv, Seiqmna atlantiselTa anbanisgano da varaudobs, is agreTve maias

damwerlobis safuZvelic SeiZleba iyoso. atlantisi sawyisi adgili iyo indo-

evropelTa ariuli ojaxisa da, agreTve, semituri da sxva xalxebis dasaxlebisa.

saSineli katastrofis Sedegad daiRupa kunZuli atlantisi, misi mosaxleoba ki

atlantis okeanem waleka. swored am katastrofas asaxavs Zveli da axali samyaros

legendebi warRvnis Sesaxebo.

gamoTqmuli hipoTezis dasabuTeba bevr problemas gadawyvets, bevri Zveli

wignis simarTles daamtkicebs, gaaxangrZlivebs kacobriobis istorias, axsnis at-

lantis okeanis sapirispiro napirebze mdebare Zvel civilizaciaTa Soris arse-

bul msgavsebas, gamoCndeba Cveni civilizaciisa da Cveni codnis `winamorbedio~.

cnobili gaxdebian isini, vinc cxovrobda, uyvarda da Sromobda imaze didi

xniT adre, vidre arielebi gamoCndebodnen indoeTSi anda finikielebi dasaxlde-

bodnen siriaSio.

is faqti, rom atlantisis istoria aTwleulebis manZilze zRaprad miiCneoda,

arafers amtkicebs, saqme gvaqvs urwmunoebasTan, romelic ucodinrobisgan war-

moiSva, agreTve, inteleqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebel skepticizmTan; Cveni winaprebi

warsulTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis Cvenze ukeT informirebulni ar iyvneno.

aTaswleulebis manZilze daRupuli qalaqebi herkulanumi da pompei zRaprul

qalaqebad miiCneodnen. aTasi weli ganaTlebul samyaros ar sjeroda herodotesi,

romelmac mogviTxro nilosisa da qaldevelTa civilizaciebze.

iyo dro, rodesac saeWvod miaCndaT, faraonma nexom gagzavna Tu ara eqspedi-

cia afrikis garSemo, radgan mogzaurebma gvacnobes, rom gzis nawilis gavlis Sem-

deg mze CrdiloeTiT iyoo. dRes sruliad aSkaraa, rom egviptelTa eqspediciam

ekvatori gadalaxa da vasko da gamamde 2100 wliT adre aRmoaCina keTili imedis

koncxio.

aseTi gaxlavT ignatius donelis Sexeduleba warRvnamdel samyaroze. erTi

SexedviT, naTelia, rom is maqsimalistia; amitom atlantisis arsebobaSi xedavs ka-

cobriobis istoriis saTaves da, Sesabamisad, yvela pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvis pasux-

sac atlantisSi eZebs... is dros ar kargavs uamrav calkeul sakiTxze, magaliTad:

saxelmwifoTa warmoqmnis kanonzomierebaze da imaze, Tu ra rols asrulebs am

procesSi geografiuli garemo; paralelur procesebze egvipteSi, SuamdinareTSi,

evropaSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi da centralur amerikaSi; arc imaze, rom parale-

luri procesebi zogjer sinqronulad mimdinareobs, zogjer asinqronulia, amas-

Tan, droiTi sxvaoba SeiZleba aTaswleulebs udrides, anu ama Tu im eris unarze,

swrafad an nela gaiaros ganviTarebis gza da Seqmnas TviTmyofadi kultura. miuxe-

davad amisa, msgavseba gansxvavebul kulturebs Soris metad TvalsaCinoa xolme.

gavixsenoT Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo afrikaSi da maias qalaq-saxelmwifoebi cen-

tralur amerikaSi. orive despotia iyo, oriveSi mmarTveli gaRmerTebuli hyav-

daT da orivegan agebdnen piramidebs. aris sxva magaliTic: rogorc mogexsenebaT,

qalaq-saxelmwifoebi maiasac hqonda da Zvel saberZneTSic iyo, magram maias xalxi

despoturi mmarTvelobis erTguli darCa, berZnebma ki demokratiul mmarTvelobas

daudes saTave, msgavsebaTa raobaSi garkvevisaTvis am kulturaTa specifikurobis

Seswavlaa saWiro, rac xangrZliv kvleva-Ziebas moiTxovs da mxolod amis Sedegad

aris SesaZlebeli arsobrivi gansxvavebulobis danaxva, oRond eg aris, i. doneli

problemas am kuTxiT ar udgeba; platoniseuli atlantisis saxiT man ipova erT-

gvari universaluri formula, romlis meSveobiTac, rogorc mogaxseneT, yvela

amocanis amoxsnas cdilobs...

i. doneli marTali iyo, roca uaryofda istoriisadmi nihilistur damokideb-

ulebas, magram roca sakuTar da, amasTan, arafriT argumentirebul mosazrebebs

gvTavazobs, Tavisi warmosaxvis Sedegs, es, ra Tqma unda, cudia. miuxedavad yvela-

frisa, i. donelis Sexedulebebma didi gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove da Semdgomi

Taobebis atlantologebze, radgan protokulturis arsebobis Teoria maTTvis

misaRebi aRmoCnda.

axla amasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavdnen, magaliTad, amerikis indielTa leg-

endebsa da miTebSi moxseniebul, TeTri pirisaxis mqone wveriani RvTaebebisa da

adamianebis gamoCenas _ aseTi gaxlavT maias, toltekebisa da actekebis RmerTi ke-

calkoatli, maias enaze mas uwodebdnen kukulkans, `frTosan gvels~. is iyo kul-

turisa da planeta veneras RmerTi. mas `cecxlovan gvelsac~ uwodebdnen, `gvel-

RmerTsac~, `qarebis RmerTsac~. actekTa rwmena-warmodgeniT is iyo RvTaebrivi

mmarTveli meore _ `oTxi qaris~ _ erisa. am eris dasasruls qariSxalma dedamiwa

waleka, adamianebi ki maimunebad gadaiqcnen. adgilobrivebisagan gansxvavebiT, ke-

calkoatls TeTri piriskani da Savi wveri hqonda; indielTa miTebis mixedviT is

aRmosavleTidan mosula meqsikaSi Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad, bevri ram uswavlebia,

68 69

mere ki wasula aRmosavleTisaken, Tumca daubarebia, davbrundebio...

aRmosavleTidan mosuli da ukan gabrunebuli RmerTis istoriam mravali

mosazreba warmoSva, romelTa mixedviTac kecalkoatli xan adamiani iyo da xanac

RmerTi. amis Sesaxeb metad saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli j. vaiians Tavis

naSromSi ̀ actekTa istoria~: ̀ ukve es gaugebroba adamiansa da RmerTs Soris, aseTi

mravalsaxovani, sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom CixSi moaqcios istorikosi, magram esec

cotaa: Cvenda gasakvirad, aRmovaCenT, rom tituli kecalkoatli eZleoda ara mx-

olod teotiukanel toltekTa mmarTvelebs, aramed tenoCtitlanSi eniWebodaT

mTavar qurumebs, imdroindel swavlebaTa mcvelebs. cnobili avtoritetebi mxars

uWeren hipoTezas vinme meqsikelze, saxelad kecalkoatlze, iukatanSi rom dasax-

lda, SeiTvisa maias kultura da warCinebul mdgomareobas miaRwia. SemdgomSi is

TiTqos dabrunebula meqsikaSi, zeganis mcxovreblebisaTvis uCvenebia kalendris

erT-erTi varianti da kidev bevri sasargeblo xelovneba uswavlebia maTTvis. sxva,

ufro romantikulad ganwyobili istorikosebi mzad arian, kecalkoatlSi dain-

axon irlandieli, Zveli skandinavieli an kidev meqsikaSi moulodnelad gamoCe-

nili atlantiselic ki, sinaTlesa da baraqas rom avrcelebda Tavis garSemo. me,

piradad, vfiqrob, rom didi kulturis elementebis Semotanas, iseve, rogorc

adgilobriv xelobaTa Seqmnas, SeeZlo ara marto kulturis RmerTis gamogoneba,

aramed RmerTis saxeli mieniWebina calkeuli adgilobrivi amRorZineblebisa da

novatorebisaTvis~1.

udavod yuradsaRebi mosazrebaa, magram isic faqtia, rom kecalkoatlis TeT-

rma piriskanma da Savma wverma 1519 wels, actekTa imperiis dasapyrobad galaSqre-

bul fernando kortessa da mis espanelebs didad Seuwyo xeli gamarjvebaSi. aR-

mosavleTidan mosuli da Semdeg zecad amaRlebuli RmerTis STamomavlebs elo-

dnen actekebi, es molodini maTi rwmena-warmodgenebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.

amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, TeTr pirisaxiani da Savwvera espanelebi TavianTi

RmerTebi rom egonaT... 1520 wlis 30 oqtombers espaneTis mefis. karlos V-sadmi

gagzavnil werilSi kortesi wers, ra uTxra mas Sexvedrisas actekTa imperatorma

montesumam: `Cven viciT, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebidan, saidanac amodis mze, unda

movidnen adamianebi, romelTac uweriaT am qveynis mbrZaneblebi gaxdnen. odesRac

mefobda mbrZanebeli, romelic gaqra, da misi memkvidreni Cveni kanonieri xelm-

wifeni arian. Cven am miwis mkvidrni ara varT; mxolod ramdenime saukuniT adre

Cveni winaprebi, CrdiloeTidan mosulebi, damkvidrdnen aq, da Cven vmarTavT mas

mxolod kecalkoatlis nacvalis uflebiT. maS ase, me siamovnebiT viReb Tqveni

xelmwifis elCobas da mis fexebTan davamxob Cems samefos~2.

aseTi gaxlavT fanatikuri rwmenis Zala, romelmac Tvalebi daubrmava mon-

tesumas da sabediswero Sedegi moutana actekebs. rac Seexeba TeTri pirisaxis

Savwvera brZenkacs, man bevri ram aswavla actekebs da maTze mefobda, vidre ar

gauCinarda. misi mosvlaca da gaqrobac kiTxvebs iwvevs da maTze yvelaze damajer-

ebeli pasuxi is iqneba, Tu vivaraudebT, rom TeTri pirisaxis mqone Savwvera kaci

1 ix.: Дж. Вайян, «История Ацтеков», издательство иностранной литературы, Москва, 1949 г., gv. 134.2 ix.: Рожэ Дэвинь, «Атлантида, исчезнувший материк», Издательство «Петроград», 1926 г., gv. 120.

Tavis samSobloSi dabrunda...

is aSkarad evropoiduli rasis warmomadgenelia, oRond romeli erisa, amisi

gageba istoriis erT saidumlos kidev axdida fardas.

atlantologebs mtkiced sjeraT, rom es iyo atlantisis daRupvis Sedegad ga-

darCenili atlantiseli; magram gaugebaria, ratom datova man meqsika, miT umetes,

rom misi kunZuli aRar arsebobda. amasTan, rogorc viciT, atlantisi 11500 wlis

winaT daiRupa, xolo maias civilizacia Zv.w. II saukunidan iRebs saTaves. amitom

sainteresoa, ratom dasWirda im atlantisels 9 aTasi weli okeanis Suagulidan

iukatanis naxevarkunZulamde misaRwevad.

maS, vin SeiZleba yofiliyo is evropoidi? ludvik zaidleri Tavis wignSi baskebs

iberielebs uwodebs da maT Sesaxeb ase msjelobs: `rogori Sesaxedavni iyvnen ib-

erielni? `iulius agrikolas cxovrebaSi~ tacitusi wers: `silurTa (britaneTis

kunZulebis mcxovrebTa. p.i.) Savgvremani saxeebi, metwilad xveuli Tma da espan-

eTis winaaRmdeg maTi ganwyoba safiqrebels xdis, rom Zveli iberielni aq zRviT

gadmosulan da es mxare daukavebiaT~. tacitusi amtkicebda, iberielebs odesRac

britaneTis kunZulebis kolonizacia mouxdeniaTo. amas dRevandeli arqeologebi

da istorikosebic amowmeben. gasuli saukunis dasawyisis ugamoCenilesi lingvisti

aleqsandr humboldti im azrisa iyo, rom dasavleT evropis mTel teritoriaze,

siciliis, sardiniisa da korsikis kunZulTa CaTvliT odesRac iberiuli ena ba-

tonobda.

amave dros, SesaZloa, moiZebnos garkveuli analogiebi baskebisa da evropis

farglebs gareT mcxovreb xalxebs Soris. CrdiloeT afrikis xalxebTan baskebis

kavSiris ambavi ukve mogaxseneT, xolo ingliseli r.l. kolingtoni, ganaTlebiT

istorikosi da anTropologi, amtkicebs, gvatemalel indielTa ena baskurs Zalian

Camohgavso~1.

pirveli, rac unda iTqvas, aris is, rom l. zaidleri atlantologia da misi

msjelobis xasiaTi da argumentebis moxmobis forma tipuria atlantologisTvis _

ufro met dasabuTebas am mimarTulebis mkvlevrebTan mkiTxveli iSviaTad Tu nax-

avs. axla ki misi msjelobis Sesaxeb: rogorc vnaxeT, is baskebs `Zvel iberielebs~

uwodebs da amaSi, Cemi azriT, arc unda cdebodes. tacitusis moxmobiT, is cdi-

lobs, warmoaCinos Zveli iberielebis anu baskebis midrekileba zRvaosnobisaken,

romelic ise yofila ganviTarebuli, rom maT sazRvao gziT britaneTis kunZulebis

kolonizaciac mouxdeniaT. Sesabamisad, aseT daostatebul zRvaosnebs vikingebze

da, miT umetes, kolumbze adre SeeZloT gadaecuraT atlantis okeane da mieR-

wiaT iukatanis naxevarkunZulamde, romlis mezobladac mdebareobs gvatemala.

da raki avtori detalur informacias ar gvawvdis baskebisa da gvatemalel in-

dielTa enobriv paralelebze, unda davjerdeT imas, rom vivaraudoT: Tuki aseTi

paralelebi arsebobs, es udavod baski zRvaosnebis iukatanis naxevarkunZulsa da

mis midamoebSi CaRwevisa da iq adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis Tavise-

buri dadasturebaa...

Cven baskebsa da maTi wrmomavlobis sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT. ganvagrZoT

1 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, `atlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 246.

70 71

msjeloba: me mgonia, rom baskebi, esoden marjve zRvaosnebi, namdvilad miaRwevdnen

ara marto centralur amerikas, aramed samxreTsac... yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreT

amerikaSic analogiurad aRmosavleTidan mosul TeTr adamians didi roli aqvs

Sesrulebuli peruSi indielTa didi kulturisaTvis safuZvlis Cayris saqmeSi.

maT Sesaxeb metad sainteresod mogviTxrobs cnobili norvegieli mogzauri da

mecnieri tur heierdali: ` _ peruSi roca espanelebma aRmoaCines inkebis samefo,

pedro pisarom Cawera, rom andebis Savgvreman da tanmorCil indielebs Soris

cxovrobda inkebis gabatonebuli modgma. es iyo tanmaRali, TviTon espanelebze

ufro TeTri kanis mqone adamianebis tomi. pisaro gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs pe-

rus calkeul mcxovrebTa TeTr kansa da qera Tmas. aseTive iyvnen is adamianebi,

romelTa mumiebsac axla vnaxulobT... wynari okenis napirze, parakasis axlos, qvi-

Sian udabnoSi aris farTo gamoqvabulebi, sadac xelovnur samarxebSi SesaniSnavad

Senaxula mumiebi. Tu maT ferad sabnebs gadavxdiT, SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom zog

maTgans Tma Savi aqvs da uxeSi, rogorc indielTa umetesobas, im dros, roca sx-

vebs, imave pirobebSi Senaxulebs, qera Tma amSvenebT, xSirad wablisferi, Txeli

nazi, rogorc abreSumi, daxveuli, rogorc evropelTa Tmebi. am mumiebs aqvT win

wamoweuli qala, didi zomis tani da mkveTrad gamoirCevian perus Tanamedrove

indieli mosaxleobisagan. specialistebma, romelTac maTi Tmebi mikroskopSi

Seiswavles, ganacxades, rom maT axasiaTebT yvela is Tviseba, riTac ganasxvaveben

TmaTa nordiul tips monRolTa da indielTa Tmebisagan.

_ axla ras amboben legendebi? yvelaferi mikroskopSi xom ar Cans!

_ legendebi arafers ar amtkiceben.

_ mainc ras amboben?

_ roca pisarom indielebs hkiTxa, vin iyvneno TeTrkaniani da qeraTmiani ada-

mianebi, maT upasuxes, rom eseni iyvnen ukanaskneli STamomavalni TeTrkaniani,

wveriani adamianebisa, virakoCa _ RmerTebis STamomavalni. isini imdenad hgavdnen

evropelebs, rom, roca pisaros xalxi inkebis samefoSi Cavida, maSinve maT vira-

koCa uwodes. xom faqtia, rom fransisko pisaro erTi muWa espanelebiT SeiWra

pirdapir inkebis samefos gulSi, tyved igdo mefe-mze, daamxo misi didi imperia da

mefis uzarmazarma sabrZolo laSqarma buzic ver aufrina. inkebma ifiqres, namd-

vilad virakoCebi dabrundneno wynari okeanis miRmidan. maT Soris yvelaze ufro

gavrcelebuli legendis mixedviT, inkebis winamorbedma, mefe-mze kon-tiki vira-

koCam mTeli Tavisi qveSevrdomebis TanxlebiT datova peru da gaemgzavra wynar

okeaneSi. titikakas tbis garSemo mdebare mTebSi rom avidnen, espanelebma iqidan

dainaxes samxreT amerikis yvelaze ufro didi nangrevebi, _ tiauanako, _ mTaze,

uzarmazari lodebisagan klasikuri formiT agebuli xelovnuri terasebi, agreTve

bumberazi adamianebis mravalricxovani gamosaxulebani. roca cnobilma mematianem

siesa de leonma ikiTxa, vin datova es nangrevebio, upasuxes: es im Senobebis nan-

grevebia, romlebic inkebis mosvlamde da gabatonebamde didi xniT adre aageso.

isini auSenebiaT wverosansa da TeTrkanian adamianebs, romlebic hgavdnen maT,

espanelebs. magram erTxel am xalxma miatova qandakebebi da kedlebi da TavianTi

beladis, kon-tiki virakoCas winamZRolobiT gaemarTnen kuskoSi, Semdeg ki wynar

okeaneSi. zedwodeba virakoCa, anu ̀ zRvis qafi~, maT imitom miiRes, rom TeTri kani

hqondaT da zRvis qafiviT gaqrnen~1.

amrigad, zRvis qafiviT gamqrali xalxi evropoidebi arian, waruSleli kvali

rom datoves rogorc perus indielTa kulturasa da yofaze, aseve wynari okeanis

kunZulebis mcxovreblebze. imas, rom isini garkveul momentSi perudan aiyarnen

da kunZulebze gadasaxldnen, udavod hqonda raRac mniSvnelovani mizezi, am ev-

ropoidebma problema sxvagvarad rom ver gadawyvites, maSin mimarTes, rogorc

Cans, aprobirebul meTods, anu emigracias, kontinents gaecalnen da kunZulebze

gadasaxldnen. aprobirebulio, imitom vambob, rom amerikis kontinentze dasaxle-

bamde es xalxi iZulebuli gamxdara, axali sacxovrisi eZebna. ra iyo amis mizezi,

ucnobia, magram sxvagan gadasaxlebam maT warmateba moutana, radgan moaxerxes

peruSi SesaZleblobaTa realizeba. amas mafiqrebinebs maTi danatovari Zeglebi.

wynari okeanis kunZulebze ki am xalxis bedi tragikulad warimarTa. im infor-

maciiT, rac tur heierdalma maT Sesaxeb moipova, cnobili xdeba, rom kunZule-

bze dasaxlebidan ramdenime xnis Semdeg adgilobriv mcxovreblebs es emigrantebi

amouwyvetiaT...

dRemde ucnobia, Tu vin iyvenen es evropoidebi, saidan da rogor aRmoCndnen

amerikis kontinentze. am kiTxvaze mecnierulad dasabuTebuli pasuxi ar arsebobs.

aris mxolod varaudebi. amaTgan erTis Taobaze, baskebis sazRvao eqspediciebs

rom Seexeba, ukve mogaxseneT; magram atlantologTa nawils, gansakuTrebiT ki

ignatius donelis SexedulebaTa gamziareblebs, mtkiced swamT, rom evropoidebi

meqsikasa da peruSi atlantisidan movidnen...

miuxedavad am Teoriis susti mxareebisa, mas bevri atlantologi iziarebs.

ase, magaliTad: 1923 wels amerikeli mitCel hedji amtkicebda: atlantisi ameri-

kis kontinentis axlos mdebareobda, misi naSTebis naxva karibis zRvis fskerze

SeiZlebao. amasTan, m. hedji Tvlida, rom meqsikisa da perus Zeglebi egvipturis

msgavsi iyo da rom atlantikis gaRma-gamoRma mdebare civilizaciebs erTnairi

Zirebi hqondaT, romlebic atlantiss ukavSirdeboda... ase rom, i. donelis mim-

devrebi namdvilad hyavda, magram mis Teorias seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna `mobi-

lizmis hipoTezam~, romlis gasacnobad enciklopediur cnobas movixmobT:

`mobilizmi (laT. mobilis _ moZravi), teqtonikuri hipoTeza, romelic SesaZle-

blad miiCnevs dedamiwis qerqis didi ubnebis mniSvnelovan horizontalur gad-

aadgilebas. misi pirveli avtorebi iyvnen amerikeli geologi f. teilori (1910)

da germaneli geofizikosi a. vegeneri (1912). es ukanaskneli Tvlida, rom mezo-

zouri eris dasawyisamde kontinentebi qmnidnen erTian superkontinents _ pan-

geas. qerqqveSa fenaSi centridanuli da moqcevis Zalebis gavleniT mezozour da

kainozour erebSi pangea daiSala da misi nawilebi dasavleTisa da ekvatorisaken

daiZrnen. kontinentebis moZraobis dros maT dasavleTur kideebze warmoiqmna

naoWa sistemebi. 1930-ian wlebSi mobilizmi ganaviTares Sveicarielma geologebma

e. arganma da r. Staubma. momdevno wlebSi axali geofizikuri monacemebiT `bazal-

1 ix.: tur heierdali, `aRdgomis kunZulis saidumloeba~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1965 w., gv. 417-419.

72 73

tur~ fenaSi motivtive meqanikuri gadaadgilebis SeuZleblobis gamo mobilizmi

TiTqmis mTlianad uaryofil iqna; magram mas Semdeg, rac gamoirkva dedamiwis

mantiis zeda nawilSi SedarebiT plastiuri fenis, asTenosferos arseboba da, gan-

sakuTrebiT, qanebis narCeni magnitizmis Sewavlis safuZvelze, mobilizmi kvlav

ganaxlda neomobilisturi formiT da 60-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, rogorc `axali

globaluri teqtonikis~ anu `filaqnebis teqtonikis hipoTeza~1.

Tu verwmunebiT alfred vegeneris kontinentebis dreifis Teorias, maSin, at-

lantis okeaneSi kunZul atlantisis SesaZlo arsebobis sakiTxi saeWvo xdeba.

davxedoT atlantis okeanis fizikur rukas: pirveli, rac yuradRebas iqcevs,

es CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken 18 aTas kilometrze meridianulad gadaWimuli

Sua atlantis qedia, okeanis fskeris mTaTa sistema. qedi okeanes dasavleT da aR-

mosavleT nawilebad hyofs, Tavad qedic orad, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis nawile-

bad iyofa. CvenTvis saintereso naxevari CrdiloeT atlantikaSi mdebareobs. aq

qedis orive mxares aris wyalqveSa platoebi, qedebi da maRlobebi. fskeris es ama-

Rlebebi erTmaneTisagan gamohyofen qvabulebs. amaTgan unda gamovarCioT kanaris

qvabuli. is mdebareobs Crdilo atlantikis qedsa da afrikas Soris, daaxloebiT

im adgilas, sadac moiazrebda platoni atlantiss. qvabulis fskeri borcviani

an TiTqmis mTlianad brtyeli abizuri vakea. qvabulis maqsimaluri siRrme mis

CrdiloeT boloSi 6578 metri, xolo samxreTSi 6549 metria. kanaris qvabulis

ganapiras wyalqveSa mTebia. maTi mwvervalebi amoSverilia vulkanuri kunZulebis

saxiT, amaTgan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT maderasa da kanaris, xolo ufro samxreTiT

_ mwvane koncxis kunZulebia. ai, am midamoebSi varaudoben atlantologebi kunZul

atlantisis arsebobas. cxadia, maTi es Sexeduleba platonis naTqvams efuZneba,

magram ramdenad realuria aq didi kunZulis arseboba?

atlantisis farTobs sxvadasxvagvarad angariSoben da sakmaod didi cifrebi

mohyavT, gansakuTrebiT imaT, visac atlantisi okeaneSi eguleba. amitom erTi maT-

ganis, n. Jirovis, gamoTvlis Sedegs movixmob. is werda: `platonis monacemebiT,

dedaqalaqis winamdebare dablobis zomebi Semdegi iyo: 3000 stadioni (550 kilome-

tramde), sigrZe zRvidan Suis mimarTulebiT _ 2000 stadioni (370 kilometramde).

amrigad, mTavari samefos farTobi miaxloebiT 200 aTasi kv.km-s toli iqneboda.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom atlantisis danarCeni cxra samefo bevrad naklebi

iqneboda, Zalian uxeSi miaxloebiT SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom atlantisis saerTo

maqsimaluri farTobi 1 milion kv.km-ze meti ar iyo~.

avtori aqve gvawvdis Tavis mosazrebas kunZulis mosaxleobis raodenobis Ses-

axeb: ̀ atlantisis mTavari samefos mosaxleoba, Cemi azriT, dedaqalaqisa da qalaqe-

bis gareSe, aRwevda oTx milion adamians. Tuki vivaraudebT, rom qalaqis mosax-

leobis raodenoba Seadgenda 1/5-s soflisas, maSin miviRebT sul eqvs milions~2.

atlantisis farTobisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli es ver-

sia imdenadaa sayuradRebo, ramdenadac is ki ar pasuxobs atlantisTan dakavSire-

1 ix.: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 7, gv. 54.

2 ix.: Н.Ф. Жиров, «Атлантида», Государственное Издательство Географической Литературы, Москва, 1957 г., gv. 31-32.

bul statistikuri xasiaTis kiTxvebs, aramed Tavad badebs arsebiTi mniSvnelobis

kiTxvebs: Tu aseTi didi farTobis kunZulze iyo ganfenili atlantisis samefo

da mas ase mravalricxovani mosaxleoba hyavda, maSin ratom ar darCa am kunZulis

naSTi, an atlantiselTa kulturis raime artefaqti mainc; an kidev, es uzarmazari

mosaxleoba uceb amowyda? veravin gaaRwia samSvidobos, maT xom udidesi floti

hyavdaT?!

saqme isaa, rom n. Jirovis gaTvlebi platonis zogierT monacems efuZneba.

`timeosisa~ da `kritias~ avtors ki atlantisis Sesaxeb yvelaferi gazviadebu-

lad aqvs moyvanili. Tavad gansajeT: daujerebelia didi kunZulis arseboba iq,

sadac kanaris Rrmuli da vulkanuri warmoSobis arqipelagebia; azoris, maderas,

kanarisa da mwvane koncxis Rrmulis gaCenasac eZebneba axsna da zemoxsenebul kun-

ZulTa okeanis zvirTebidan amowvervasac, magram didi kunZulis _ atlantisis

dedamiwis am kuTxeSi arsebobis dasabuTeba Znelia. miT umetes, Tu superkonti-

nentis _ pangeas modelirebul gamosaxulebas davxedavT saTanado rukaze, sadac

kontinentebis dreifis Sedegad misi TandaTanobiT daSlisa da dedamiwis konti-

nentebis mier Tanamedrove formis miRebis procesia gamosaxuli, davrwmundebiT,

rom zemoxsenebuli procesis arc erT etapze 1 milioni kvadratuli kilometris

farTobis mqone kunZulisaTvis iq adgili ar moiZebneba.

kontinentebis dreifis Teorias rom Tavi davaneboT da atlantis okeanis fsk-

eris amsaxvel rukas kidev erTxel mivubrundeT, davinaxavT, rom Tu raime fizi-

kuri movlena iqcevs iq yuradRebas, es imis sapirispiro tendenciis niSnebia, rasac

i. doneli da misi mimdevrebi xedaven. kerZod ki is, rom vxedavT ara kunZulebisa

da materikebis daZirvis kvals, aramed piriqiT, atlantis okeanis mTel sigrZeze

aRmomarTul wyalqveSa qeds, wylis zemoT ki vulkanuri warmoSobis kunZulebs,

rac dadasturebaa imisa, rom Tu ram xdeboda okeaneSi, es kunZulebis CaZirva ki

ara, maTi amowverva iyo da amis magaliTebic arsebobs: azoris kunZulebis, san-mige-

lisa da terseiras Soris 1719 wlis 31 dekembers wyalqveSa vulkanuri amofrqve-

vis Semdeg aRmocenda patara kunZuli, romelic 1723 wels wyalqveS gauCinarda.

imave arqipelagSi msgavsi SemTxveva kidev ramdenjerme moxda: 1867 wlis 1 ivniss

kunZulebs, terseirasa da grasozas Soris kvlav vulkanis wyalqveSa amofrqveva

moxda da wylidan vulkanis wveri amovida, magram maleve wyalqveS gauCinarda.

aseTi SemTxvevebi azoris arqipelagze kidev ganmeorda 1871 wlis 1 Tebervals;

bolo SemTxveva ki 1957 wlis 28 seqtembers moxda, oRond es yvelaferi atlantis

okeaneSi kunZul atlantisis arsebobisa da daRupvis sabuTad ver gamodgeba.

atlantologTa erTi nawili did mniSvnelobas aniWebs am SemTxvevas: 1898 wels

evropasa da amerikas Soris satelefono kabelis atlantis okeanis fskerze dage-

bisas is gawyda da fskerze daeSva. daiwyes misi bolos Zebna, rac metad Zneli

saqme gamodga, radgan okeanis fskeris es monakveTi mTagoriani aRmoCnda; aq mwver-

valebic iyo, kldeebic, Rrmulebic da uzarmazari wyalqveSa dablobebic. es gax-

ldaT Sua atlantikis qedis nawili, 900 kilometriT CrdiloeTiT mdebare azoris

kunZulebidan. aq kabelis bolo 3000 metri siRrmidan amoaTries. mas amohyva tiq-

ilitis namtvrevi. es aris minisebri struqturis bazaltis lava, romelic parizis

74 75

geologiur muzeumSi inaxeba. frangma geologma p. termiem Seiswavla lavis es

namtvrevi.

1913 wels, parizis okeanografiis institutSi man waikiTxa moxseneba, romel-

Sic amtkicebda, okeanis fskerze napovni lavis fragmenti SesaZloa mxolod haerze

anu xmeleTze gadmodinebisas gamagrebuliyo da ara okeanis wiaRSio. analogad

kunZul martinikaze mdebare vulkan peles lavis minisebr struqturas asaxelebda

da, Sesabamisad, akeTebda daskvnas, rom azoris kunZulebidan CrdiloeTiT 900

kilometrze mdebare sivrce warmoadgenda xmeleTs, romelzec amoifrqva vul-

kani da misi lavis natexi amohyva kabels. axla es xmeleTi 3000 metrzea CaZiruli

okeaneSio.

am mosazrebas CaeWida atlantologTa nawili, radgan is miiCnies kunZul at-

lantisis arsebobisa da Semdgom okeaneSi CaZirvis sabuTad, magram sadReisod p.

termies mosazreba usafuZvlodaa miCneuli. mis uaryofas didad Seuwyo xeli 1967

wels a. laftonis mier gamoqveynebulma Sromam, romlis mixedviTac atlantis

okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi mineralebis ormocdaaTi procenti mcuravi yinulebis

mier iqna gadmotanili. Sesabamisad, minisebri lavis natexic islandiidan unda

Camoetana mcurav yinuls iq, saidanac is kabelis bolos amohyvao.

atlantis okeaneSi kunZul atlantisis arsebobis kidev erTi argumenti at-

lantologTaTvis iyo gvelTevzaTa saqorwilo migracia. maTi hipoTeza efuZneba

imas, rom zrdasruli gvelTevzebi micuraven sargasis zRvisken, iq yrian qviriTs

300 metris siRrmeze, anayofiereben da amis Semdeg mamrebi da mdedrebi iRupebian,

gamoCekili lifsitebi ki gzas gaudgebian. amerikuli gvelTevebis lifsitebs didi

manZilis gavla ar uxdebaT, radgan sargasis zRva maTi kontinentis mdinareebTan

axlos aris, magram evropuli gvelTevzebis lifsitebi golfstrimis Tbil dinebas

mihyvebian evropis mtknari wylebisaken da sakmaod did gzasac gadian. am Soreulma

da xifaTiT aRsavse mgzavrobam atlantologebs afiqrebina, rom kunZul atlan-

tisis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi evropuli gvelTevzas lifsitebs Sori gzis gavla ar

mouxdebodaT da kunZulis mtknar wylebs miaSurebdnen; mas Semdeg ki, rac kun-

Zuli atlantisi okeaneSi CaiZira, gvelTevzaTa lifsitebma mtknari wylis ZiebaSi

okeane gadalaxes da evropas miaRwieso. es, cxadia, hipoTezaa, radgan gvelTevzaTa

saqorwino migracia maTi instinqtidan gamomdinare qmedebaa...

atlantologTa sxva mosazreba Seexeba gamyinvarebis, golfstrimis Tbili

dinebisa da kunZul atlantisis urTierTqmedebas. am Temaze mosazreba pirvelad

gamoTqva holma 1897 wels, magram ufro konkretulad amis Taobaze e. hegemeisteri

wers: `rogorc Cans, gaCnda raRac dabrkoleba, romelmac samxreTis dinebas po-

larul olqebSi SeRwevis saSualeba mouspo. aseTi dabrkoleba SeiZleba yofiliyo

mxolod xmeleTis fragmentebi atlantis okeaneSi. TandaTanobiT es fragmentebi

SeerTdnen da warmoqmnes mniSvnelovani masivi okeaneSi, romelmac samxreTis dine-

bas sruliad gadauketa CrdiloeTSi SeRwevis saSualeba. CrdiloeTis polarul

okeaneSi Zlier acivda, mZlavrma yinulovanma safarma SeboWa zRva da kunZulebi,

daiZra samxreTisaken da dafara evraziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis teritoriebi.

daiwyo gamyinvarebis periodi... araferia daujerebeli imaSi, rom amasTan, at-

lantis okeaneSi gaCnda xmeleTis farTo masivi, romelic miRebulia iwodebodes

atlantisis materikad... gadioda aTaswleulebi. atlantisma TandaTanobiT dai-

wyo nela CaZirva okeanis wylebSi... atlantisis gauCinarebis Semdeg ekvatoruli

dineba farTo nakadad warimarTa CrdiloeTisaken da evropis yinuliT SeboWili

napirebisaken mihqonda siTbo. daiwyo klimatis intensiuri daTboba, yinuli dne-

boda da CrdiloeTisaken daixia. gamyinvarebis periodi damTavrda... amrigad, Tu

davuSvebT, rom 11515 wlis winaT daRupuli atlantisi namdvilad arsebobda, gamy-

invarebis mTeli problema martivdeba da aixsneba _ atlantisi iyo gamyinvarebis

periodis warmoqmnis mizezi, atlantisive iyo misi dasasrulis mizezic~1.

es hipoTeza SeiZleba marTlac gamomdgariyo gamyinvarebisa da Semdgom daT-

bobis periodebis asaxsnelad, rom ara erTi garemoeba: gamyinvareba ramdenjerme

moxda da daTbobamac ramdenjerme Secvala is. gamodis, rom kunZuli atlantisi

ramdenjerme warmoiqmna da CaiZira. cxadia, daujerebelia, aseTi ram momxdariyo

da amitom uniadago hipoTezebis arsebobam XX saukuneSi atlantologebs ubiZga,

kvlav sxvagan eZebnaT atlantisi...

1922 wels q. Seltenma gamoTqva azri, atlantisi samxreT-dasavleT espaneTSi

unda yofiliyo da misi dedaqalaqi tartesi mdinare gvadalkviviris SesarTavSi

mdebareobdao. tartesi antikur samyaroSi cnobili savaWro qalaqi iyo, is raime

stiqiur movlenas ar dauqcevia, ubralod, Zv.w. 509 wels karTagenelebma Caketes

hibraltaris srute da daangries tartesi. maTi mizani berZnebisaTvis atlantis

okeaneSi gasasvlelis Caketva iyo. ganzraxva aisrules da berZenTaTvis tart-

esi daviwyebas mieca. q. Seltenma Tavisi Teoria swored am faqtze aago. misi

azriT, cnobili qalaqis, tartesis mogoneba safuZvlad daedo miTs atlantisis

Sesaxeb...

q. Seltenis hipoTezas bevri susti adgili aqvs, magram umTavresi isaa, rom

atlantisis istoriam egviptidan saberZneTSi bevrad adre SeaRwia, kerZod, Zv.w.

VI saukunis dasawyisSi, maSin, roca tartesi karTagenelebma amave saukunis dasas-

ruls daangries. ase, rom, es hipoTeza safuZvels moklebulia...

gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi a. hermani miiCnevda, rom platonis mier dia-

log `kritiaSi~ naxsenebi vake adgili iyo dablobi tunisSi, qalaq neftasa da

habesis yures Soris Sot-el-djeridSi. a. hermani gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom es

dablobi wyalma ki ar dafara, aramed piriqiT, zRvam ukan daixia da mTeli es mxare

saharis udabnom STanTqao. dasaxelebuli adgili seismurad aqtiuria da es faqti

amyarebda zemoxsenebul Sexedulebas. oRond es am hipoTezis gamaZlierebeli er-

TaderTi argumenti gaxlavT.

a. hermanis Teorias raime ufro damajerebeli dasabuTeba dRemde ar moe-

Zebna.

f. gidonma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom atlantisi mdebareobda Crdilo-dasav-

leTi safrangeTis im nawilSi, romelic axla daaxloebiT 100 metris siRrmeSia Ca-

Ziruli. misi azriT, safrangeTis es sakmaod vrceli nawili Tavis droze aerTebda

britaneTsa da islandias da CaZirula brinjaos epoqaSi Zv.w. 3000 da 1200 wlebs

1 ix.: Е.Ф. Хагемейстер, «Ледниковый период и Атлантида», журнал «Природа», 1955 г., №7, gv. 92-96.

76 77

Soris. f. gidoni Tavisi hipoTezis Camoyalibebisas botanikis minacemebs eyrd-

noboda, rac sakmarisi argumenti ar aris. CrdiloeT atlantikaSi okeanis mier

dafaruli teritoriis gamo unda iTqvas, rom es gacilebiT adre, gamyinvarebis

Semdgom periodSi moxda, amitom amas yvelafers atlantisis brinjaos xanis kul-

turasTan saerTo araferi aqvs...

atlantisis Zebna meoce saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSic intensiurad grZeldeboda.

zogierTi maSin gamoTqmuli hipoTeza Tavisi arsiT fantastikuria; es Tviseba sxva

Teoriebsac ar akliaT, magram maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva germaneli iur-

gen Spanutis, bordelumeli pastoris mier 1953 wels gamoTqmuli da 1965 wels

gameorebuli hipoTeza imis Taobaze, rom CrdiloeTis zRvaSi germaniis kunZul

helholandidan 50 stadionis daSorebiT, 8 metris siRrmeze, wyalqveSa qedis zemo

nawilSi, romelsac Steingruds uwodeben mdebareobda atlantisis metropolisi.

iq marTlac naxes romeliRac dasaxlebis naSTebi.

iurgen Spanuts germaniis napirebTan mdebare atlantisis daRupvis mizezad

miaCnda Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi momxdari yvela katastrofis, bune-

brivisa da adamianis mier gamowveulis, erTianoba, romelTa Sedegadac, misi az-

riT, daiRupa minosuri kretac, xeTebis saxelmwifoc, gaukacrielda egviptec

(Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi). i. Spanuts miaCnda, rom platonis mier atlantisis daRupvis

Sesaxeb monaTxrobsa da egvipteSi `yvelanairi ubedurebis~ aRweras Soris (es

teqsti TebeSi amonis taZris svetebzea amokveTili) didi msgavsebaa. imave taZ-

ris kedelze gamosaxulia faraon ramzes III-is brZola `zRvis xalxebTan~. am uka-

nasknelTa garegnobam, morTulobam, iaraRisa da gemebis formam didi fantaziis

mqone i. Spanuts afiqrebina, `zRvis xalxebi~ CrdiloeTi evropidan unda yofili-

yvnen, kerZod, kunZul helholandsa da Slezving-holSteins Soris mdebare teri-

toriaze mcxovrebnio. rac Seexeba atlantisis daRupvas (cxadia, aq igulisxmeba

CrdiloeTis zRvaSi CaZiruli teritoria), is amis mizezad miiCnevda erTdroulad

momxdar katastrofaTa mTel jaWvs. kerZod, etnas, heklas, santorinisa da bevri

sxva vulkanis amofrqvevas, amas umatebda agreTve `faetonis kometis~ Camovard-

nas mdinare eridanSi, romelic, erTi versiiT, CrdiloeTis zRvaSi Caedineba (cx-

adia, i. Spanuti swored am versias eyrdnoba). am katastrofebma Turme gamoiwvies

uzarmazari talRa, romelmac dafara helholandTan mdebare atlantisi...

pastor iurgen Spanutis hipoTeza, rogorc mogaxseneT, fantastikuria, is ar

dasturdeba mecnierebisaTvis misaRebi arc erTi argumentiT. xolo is, rac i.

Spanuts argumentad an raime movlenisa Tu faqtis axsnad miaCnia, ubralod, Rimi-

lis momgvrelia. ase, magaliTad, is platonis dialogebSi moxseniebul liTons

orixalks, arc meti, arc naklebi, qarvad miiCnevs... sxvaTa Soris, berZnebi qarvas

icnobdnen da mas `eleqtrons~ uwodebdnen.

i. Spanuti kidev erT Secdomas uSvebs, roca amonis taZris kedelze gamosaxul

meomrebs CrdiloeT evropidan mosulebad miiCnevs.

iurgen Spanuts survili hqonda, atlantisis germanuli versia Seeqmna. mas

SeiZleba gavugoT: xom aTavseben atlantiss SvedeTSi an safrangeTSi da, raki asea,

germaniam raRa daaSava? _ araferi...

usafuZvlo hipoTezebis momrvlebam atlantologTa nawili aiZula, atlantisi

erT Zvelsa da sakmaod cnobil adgilas eZebna...

ramdenime avtorma gamoTqva mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom atlantisi aRmosav-

leT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi mdebareobda; XVIII-XX saukuneebSi aseTi Sexeduleba

mniSvnelovan tendenciad iqca.

1780 wels bortolom gamoTqva azri, rom atlantisis istoria solonis gamona-

gonia, romelic mogvianebiT platonma gamoiyena. amasTan miaCnda, atlantisis am-

bavi berZen-sparselTa omis anareklia, platonma legendad rom aqciao. bertolos

hipoTeza winaaRmdegobrivia, radgan soloni berZen-sparselTa omamde cxovrobda.

anaqronizmi hipoTezas abundovanebs, magram mniSvnelovania Tundac imiT, rom leg-

endis warmoSobis adgilis lokalizebas axdens, anu laparakia egeidaze.

XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi rusma akademikosma a. norovma aseTi mosazreba

gamoTqva: ̀ Cveni varaudiT, atlantiss ekava xmelTaSua zRvis mTeli sivrce kunZul

kviprosidan siciliamde, romlidanac CrdiloeTiT iyo tireniis zRva da tirenia.

es sivrce sruliad Seesabameba imas, rac platonma gansazRvra atlantisisaTvis~1.

1866 wels frangi vulkanologi fuke gaTxrebs awarmoebda egeidaSi kunZul

tirasiaze, xolo 1870 wels aseve frangebi, gorsie da mame _ tirsaze da tirasiaze.

maTi kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad naTeli gaxda, rom Tavdapirvelad did kunZulze, rom-

lisganac sami patara kunZulia darCenili, sakmaod maRali kultura arsebobda

da vidre misi centraluri nawili zRvaSi CaiZireboda, vulkanuri ferfliT da-

farula.

am sam patara kunZulze aRmoaCines sxvadasxva epoqis artefaqtebi: qvis iara-

Rebi, safqvavi da sanayi mowyobiloba, agreTve ospis, qeris, muxudos da Calis

narCenebi. yuradRebas iqcevda sufTa (minarevebis gareSe) spilenZisagan damzade-

buli xerxi, agreTve Sinaur cxovelTa Zvlebi. miakvlies agreTve sakmaod sain-

tereso freskebs. yvelaferi es adasturebda kunZulze ganviTarebuli sazogadoe-

bis arsebobas.

1872 wels lui figum gamoTqva mosazreba, rom atlantisi egeosis zRvaSi mde-

bare geologiuri katastrofis Sedegad daRupuli kunZuli iyo da is santorini

unda yofiliyo. figu varaudobda, rom kunZulis gadarCenil da pemzis feniT da-

farul nawilSi pompeis msgavsad vulkanur ferflSi damarxul qalaqs ipovnida.

1879 wels latreli Tvlida, rom atlantisi saberZneTis axlos iyo saZebari.

1909 wels k. frostma gazeT `taimsSi~ gamoaqveyna hipoTeza imis Taobaze, rom

atlantisis Sesaxeb platonis monaTxrobi kretis minosuri civiliazciis anarekli

iyo.

1912 wels msgavsi Sexeduleba gamoTqva d. makenzim.

am hipoTezebs saTanado artefaqtebis moSveliebac sWirdeboda. es amocana

Taviseburad _ radgan sul sxva mizani hqonda _ gadaWra ingliselma arqeologma

artur evansma. amis Taobaze metad sainteresod wers germaneli Jurnalisti k.

kerami arqeologiuri aRmoCenebisadmi miZRvnil Tavis wignSi:

1 ix.: А.С. Норов, «Изслъдованıя объ Атлантидъ», Въ Типографıи Императорской Академıи Наукъ, 1854, gv. 25.

78 79

`evansi kretaze imisTvis Cavida, rom darwmunebuliyo erTi Tavisi Teoriis

sisworeSi, romelic saintereso damwerlobas Seexeboda. aq is didxans darCenas

ar apirebda. kunZulze mogzaurobis dros evansma yuradReba miaqcia qva-RorRis

uzarmazar grovebs da nangrevebs, romelTac Tavis droze ase miizides da gaita-

ces Slimani. da ai, erT mSvenier dRes man gverdze gadado Tavisi Teoria damwer-

lobaze da xelSi aiRo weraqvi. es iyo 1900 weli. erTi wlis Semdeg man gamoacxada,

sul mcire kidev erTi weli mWirdeba yvelaferi imis gasaTxrelad, rac SeiZleba

saintereso gamodges mecnierebisTviso. magram evansi Secda: meoTxedi saukunis

Semdegac igi imave adgilas Txrida... kretis miwas weraqvi rom dahkra, evanss iq

gamocanebis kunZuli daxvda... evansma aq namdvili saocrebani naxa. aq ucxovria

xalxs (Slimanma mxolod misi koloniebis naSTebs miakvlia), razec manamde araferi

icodnen, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rasac legendebi gadmogvcemen. es xalxi, Cans, sim-

didresa da avxorcobaSi ixrCoboda. etyoba, Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervalze mas

miuRwevia im sibarituli `dekadansisTvis~, romelic Tavis TavSi kulturis moma-

val dacemasa da regress Seicavda. aseTi gadagvareba SeeZlo gamoewvia mxolod

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umaRles dones. maSinac, iseve, rogorc axla, kreta

Rvinisa da zeTisxilis qveyana yofila. is iyo vaWrobis, ufro zustad, sazRvao

vaWrobis centri. rodesac evansma gaTxrebi daiwyo, umdidres sasaxles araviTari

zRudeebi ar icavda. magram sul male yvelaferi gasagebi gaxda: cixis kedlebi

mxolod TavdacviTi nagebobaa, savaWro sawyobebsa da vaWrobas ki ufro Zlieri

dacva sWirdeboda. aseTi safari iyo mTel zRvaze gabatonebuli kretis Zleva-

mosili floti.

zRvidan es qalaqi albaT ise moCanda, rogorc zRvis margaliti, cis laJ-

vardSi Casmuli gema. misi TovliviT TeTri kedlebi, kirqvis svetebi simdidrisa

da siuxvis naTels asxivebdnen.

evansma naxa sakuWnaoebi. aq idga mdidruli ornamentebiT Semkuli uzarmazari

WurWlebi, piTosebi, odesRac isini zeTiT iyo savse. maTi natifi ornamenti tir-

inTSi napovni WurWlis ornaments Camohgavda. evansma ar daizara gamoeTvala saku-

Wnaos yvela piTosis saerTo tevadoba. _ 75.000 litri. aseTi yofila sasaxlis

maragi.

vin sargeblobda am simdidriT?

evansi male darwmunda, rom yvela misi monapovari erT epoqas rodi ekuTvnoda.

arc kedeli iyo erTi da imave xanisa, arc mTeli keramika, arc qaSanuri da arc

naxatebi. maSin man dakvirvebiT Seiswavla es aTaswlovani civilizacia da gaerkva

kidevac masSi. evansma igi periodebad dayo: adre minosuri (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleuli),

Sua minosuri (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 1600 wlamde) da gviani minosuri, romelic yvelaze

xanmokle iyo da damTavrda daaxloebiT Zv.w. 1250 wels. evansis am dayofas dResac

ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba~1.

is, rac artur evansma aRmoaCina mravalwliani gaTxrebisas, iyo kunZul kretis

minosuri kultura, romelsac samarTlianad SeiZleba vuwodoT protoevropuli

1 ix.: k. kerami, `RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi~, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1972 w., gv. 77-80.

kultura, romelic oTxi aTas welze meti xnisa iyo. kretaze evansma aRmoaCina

uzarmazari sasaxleebis naSTebi, uamravi artefaqti, romlebic naTlad metyve-

lebs iq arsebuli didi kulturis Sesaxeb.

artur evansma, ise, rom amas arc fiqrobda, metad myari safuZveli Seuqmna im

atlantologebis hipoTezas, romlebsac atlantisi egeidaSi egulebodaT.

axla am hipoTezis mxardamWerebs saSualeba hqondaT mxolod ki ar warmoedg-

inaT, Tu rogori iqneboda realuri atlantisis kultura, aramed is sakuTari

TvaliT exilaT.

a. evansis mier kretaze dawyebuli gaTxrebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg e. balCma,

amerikelma geografma, kretaze gaTxrebs rom awarmoebda, gamoaqveyna hipoTeza,

romlis mixedviTac platoni, roca atlantisis Sesaxeb werda, kretaze arsebul

minosis uZlieres saxelmwifos gulisxmobda; es saxelmwifo Zv.w. 1200 wlis axlo

xanebSi gaanadgures aTenelebma da maTma mokavSire egviptelebmao. Tezevsisa da

minotavris brZolis ambavi am omis miTologiuri monaTxrobia; atlantisis CaZir-

vas zRvis ufskrulSi is kretis saxelmwifos alegoriad miiCnevda, xolo herakles

svetebi, misi azriT, iyo usaxelo kldeebi egeosis zRvaSi.

Tu davukvirdebiT am hipoTezas, davinaxavT, rom avtori cdilobs maqsimalu-

rad moicvas sakiTxi da pasuxi gasces yvela SesaZlebel kiTxvas; Tumca aSkaraa, e.

balCi argumentebis naklebobas ganicdida.

1925 wels fesendenma gaimeora egeidaSi atlantisis arsebobis hipoTeza.

imave wels f. butavandtma mxari dauWira atlantisis xmelTaSua zRvaSi arse-

bobis ideas.

1948 wlis 24 noembers, saberZneTis anTropologiuri sazogadoebis sxdomaze,

cnobilma arqeologma, profesorma spiridon marinatosma, mxari dauWira Sexed-

ulebas imis Taobaze, rom platonis monaTxrobi movlenaTa Taviseburi asaxva iyo

da gamoTqva Semdegi mosazreba: `tiris katastrofam, bunebis kataklizmaTa Sed-

egad momxdarma, da imavdroulad egviptidan kretelTa gauCinarebam warmoSva miTi

vrceli da ayvavebuli miwis zRvis ufskrulSi danTqmis Taobaze.

italiidan xalxTa SemoWras legenda aseve `atlantebs~ miawers (laparakia e.w.

`zRvis xalxebze~, romlebic araerTxel dasxmian egviptes Cvens eramde 1300 da 1167

wlebs Soris, vidre bolos ramzes III-is mier ar iqnen ganadgurebulni. es `zRvis

xalxebi~ ZiriTadad aqavelebi, danaelebi, tirenielebi, sicilielebi da sardin-

ielebi iyvnen). maTi saberZneTze Tavdasxmis warmatebuli mogerieba da saiseli

faraonebis daqiravebuli ionieli meomrebis simamace gaxda safuZvli aTenelTa

laSqris uZlevelobis legendisa. yvela es faqtobrivi movlena xdeboda cxraasi

wlis ganmavlobaSi (1500 da 500 wlebs Soris Cvens eramde da yvela isini CarTulni

aRmoCndnen erT istoriul miTSi.

egviptelebma amave gziT Seqmnes sakuTari legenda, sadac faraon sezostriss

miawerdnen qmedebebs, romlebic sinamdvileSi ramdenime aswleulis manZilze xde-

boda. berZnebi aseve moeqcnen minoss~1.

1 ix.: А.Г. Галанопулос, Э. Бэкон, «Атлантида за легендой - истина», Издательство «Наука», Москва, 1983 г., gv. 75-76.

80 81

spiridon marinatosi metad sayuradRebo mosazrebas gamoTqvams atlantisis

miTis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. misi msjeloba efuZneba Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore

naxevrisa da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi momxdari movlenebis analizs da

am movlenaTa Soris im urTierTkavSiris danaxvas, rac saboloo jamSi erT am-

bad gaerTianda. bunebrivia, katastrofa Tu katastrofebi egeidaSi, ramac bolo

mouRo kretis minosur kulturas, agreTve pasionaruli biZgis Sedegad amoZrave-

buli apeninisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebisa da mimdebare kunZulebis xalxe-

bis eqspansia aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi, kerZod ki egviptis winaaRmdeg,

ionieli daqiravebulebis warmatebuli brZola am e.w. `zRvis xalxebTan~ aris is

sami faqtori, ramac warmoSva atlantisis legenda.

da bolos: gavecnoT im avtorebis mosazrebas, romelTa wignidanac movixmeT

profesor sp. marinatosis citata. oRond, vidre a. galanopulosisa da e. bekonis

Sromas SevexebodeT, unda gavixsenoT atlantologTa mier SemuSavebuli moTx-

ovnilebebi, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZleblad miaCndaT, atlantisis

arebobis savaraudo adgilad CaeTvalaT esa Tu is teritoria:

1. iq unda moipovebodes Savi, TeTri da wiTeli feris qvebi;

2. iq unda binadrobdnen spiloebi;

3. iq SemorCenili unda iyos koncentruli arxebisa da miwayrilebis kvali;

4. unda yofiliyo xarebis msxverplad Sewirvis tradicia;

5. iq unda SemorCeniliyo raime kvali iseTi stiqiuri ubedurebebisa, rogore-

bicaa miwisZvra, vulkanis amofrqveva an wyaldidoba, momxdari 12 aTasi wlis win.

erTi SexedviT, cxadia, Zneli iqneba dedaiwaze iseTi adgilis moZebna, yvela am

moTxovnas rom akmayofilebdes. magram a. galanopulosma da e. bekonma maTi didi

nawili kunZul santorinsa da kretaze aRmoaCines. am gziT gaagrZeles da ganavi-

Tares is mosazrebebi, rac odesme am kunZulebisa da atlantisis igiveobis Sesaxeb

ama Tu im formiT iyo naTqvami da 1970 wels gamosces zemoT ukve citirebuli wigni

`atlantisi legendis miRma _ WeSmariteba~. es naSromi mravalmxriv mniSvnelovania,

radgan masSi yuradRebas iqcevs is argumentebi, romelTa meSveobiTac avtorebi

cdiloben TavianTi hipoTezis siswore daamtkicon. amitom aucilebelia, gavec-

noT ramdenime mosazrebas maTi wignidan: `ramdenadac mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobilia,

problema isaa, rom Cven platonis monaTxrobi istoriul mowmobad migvaCnia da

ara fantaziis nayofad an legendad. Cven davamtkiceT utyuari faqtebiT, rom

mis mier aRwerili movlenebi unda momxdariyo brinjaos saukuneSi, anu 2100 da

1200 wlebs Soris Cvens eramde. Cven davadgineT, rom Zveli metropolia da samefo

qalaqi iyo ori gansxvavebuli, gancalkevebuli teritoria; amasTan, pirveli war-

moadgenda patara, mrgval, daaxloebiT 5,75 milis radiusis mqone kunZuls, meore

ki didi teritoriis qveyanas. Cven davamtkiceT, rom geofizikis TvalsazrisiT at-

lantisi ar SeiZleba yofiliyo atlantis okeaneSi da ubralod arSemdgaria yvela

is Teoria, romelic zRvaSi misi moulodneli gauCinarebis axsnas cdilobs. Cven

SevZeliT, dagvedgina, rom Zveli atlantisis arsebobis erTaderTi, logikur axs-

nas daqvemdebarebuli, adgili aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTia da rom herak-

les svetebi hibraltaris srutesTan ar unda gavaigivoT. da bolos, Cven davamt-

kiceT, rom aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi brinjaos xanaSi adgili hqonda

giganturi masStabis vulkanur aqtivobas, romlis centri iyo kunZuli santorini;

da rom amis Sedegad zRvaSi moulodnelad CaiZira dasaxlebuli mrgvali kunZulis

centraluri nawili. amrigad, Cven sruli safuZveli gvaqvs imisaTvis, rom santo-

rini gavaigivoT atlantisis Zvel metropoliasTan, rac mtkicdeba mTeli rigi

uCveulod saintereso da safuZvliani mtkicebulebebiT.

platoni arsad pirdapir ar ambobs, rom metropolia vulkanze iyo agebuli,

magram aRwerilobis mixedviT es xangrZlivi vulkanuri umoqmedobis periodSi

myofi didi vulkanuri kunZulia. is (platoni. p.i.) amtkicebs, rom akropolisi

kunZulis centrSi, maRal borcvze idga, nayofieri dablobis gverdiT, misi (pla-

tonis. p.i.) sityvebiT, msoflioSi saukeTesosi. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom yve-

laze nayofieri vulkanis xangrZlivi umoqmedobis gamo gamofituli vulkanuri

niadagebia. amas garda, aRwers ra atlantTa saxlebs, is (platoni. p.i.) laparakobs

TeTr, wiTel da Sav qvebze, riTac isini iyo agebuli. wiTeli da, gansakuTrebiT,

Savi qvebi friad damaxasiaTebelia vulkanuri moqmedebis raionebisaTvis; tirze

ki, santorinis jgufis yvelaze did kunZulze da Zvel strongile-santorinis yve-

laze did gadarCenil nawilze, tipuri wiTeli, Savi da TeTri kldeebia. amasTan,

ukanaskneli warmoadgens TeTr kirqvas, romelic gvxvdeba ilia winaswarmetyvelis

mTasTan, Tavdapirvel vulkanamdel kunZulze, romlis garSemoc mTeli danarCeni

kompleqsi warmoiSva.

Semdeg Tavis moTxrobaSi platoni moixseniebs civ da Tbil wyaroebs. Tbili wy-

aroebi gvxvdeba mxolod vulkanur raionebSi da warmoadgens maT gansakuTrebul

maxasiaTebels... Tu atlantisis metropoliis warmosaxviT suraTs, rogorc mas

aRwerda platoni, davadebT santorinis geografiul rukas imave masStabiT da Se-

vudarebT am suraTs reliefur makets, maSinve aSkara gaxdeba, rom arxebis kvali

kalderis (sityva portugaliuria da niSnavs wriuli an ovaluri formis vulka-

nuri warmoSobis Rrmuls. p.i.) fskerze iseTive siganisaa, rogorc platonis mier

aRwerili wyliani wreebi da mdebareoben isini centraluri nagebobidan imdenive

manZilze, ra manZilzec mdebareobdnen es wyliani wreebi im borcvidan, romelze-

dac poseidonis taZari mdebareobda... platoni mogviTxrobs, rom atlantisis

mcxovreblebma gaafarToes arxis Sesasvleli, raTa masSi SesZlebodaT Sesvla im

drois yvelaze did afrian gemebs. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba ivaraudo, rom Zveli

navsadguris naSTebi kalderis fskerze warmoadgens morfologiur cvlilebaTa

kvals, magram es axsna sruliad ar miesadageba tirasa da tirasias Soris mdebare,

amJamad wyalqveS moqceuli arxis mkveTrad Semoxazul Sesasvlels. misi forma da

siRrme ver aixsneba Cveulebrivi eroziiT. es iseve, rogorc misi sigrZis identur-

oba atlantisis SemaerTebel arxTan, aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom es Cveulebrivi

damTxveva ar aris. WeSmaritad, metad bevri damTxvevaa da es imdenad aSkaraa, rom

ar unda miviRoT es ubralo SemTxveviTobad... ras warmoadgens samefo qalaqi?

platonis monaTxrobidan aSkaraa, rom Zveli metropolia da samefo qalaqi mimde-

bare dablobebiT iyo ori, sruliad gansxvavebuli adgili.

santorinTan SedarebiT axlos mdebare, romeli miwa dazianda aseTive daman-

82 83

greveli katastrofis Sedegad imave istoriul periodSi? Tu erTi wamiT davivi-

wyebT platonis mier miTiTebul uzarmazar zomebs, maSin pasuxi sruliad erTniSna

iqneba: es aris kreta. gamorCeulobiTa da samefo qalaqis garemomcveli dablobis

formis aRweriT, mas aqvs mesameul periodSi kretis centralur nawilSi war-

moqmnili masivis yvela geologiuri daxasiaTeba: es masivi mdebareobs kunZulis

SuagulSi da garSemortymulia zRvisken daSvebuli mTebiT, romlebic hgvanan pla-

tonis mier aRweril mTebs, samefo qalaqis dablobs gars rom Semoswyobia. mTebSi

iyo ayvavebuli soflebi da, ueWvelia, Zvelad iq bevrad mdidari mcenareuloba

iqneboda. Tu aviRebT mesaras dablobs, is Zalian hgavs samefo qalaqis dablobs;

kunZulis samxreT boloSi mdebare da CrdiloeTis qarebisagan daculi, iseTive

wagrZelebuli da sworia. mokled rom vTqvaT, yvela daxasiaTebiT, ramdenadac

saerTod SesaZlebelia, is Seesabameba samefo qalaqis dablobs.

magram kretis centraluri masivis zomebi ar emTxveva im zomebs, romlebic

samefo qalaqis dablobTan dakavSirebiT platons mohyavs. kretis masivis yvelaze

didi sigrZe udris 34 mils, sigane ki 23 mils, sxva sityvebiT, TiTqmis 300 x 200 stadions. platoni ki amtkicebs, rom samefo qalaqis dablobs ekava 3000 x 2000 stadioni, da Semovlebuli hqonda 10.000 stadioni sigrZis Txrilio. amasTan, Ta-

vadve gamoTqvams eWvs, SeeZlo kia xalxs, gaeTxara aseTi sigrZis arxio?! da _

aRvniSnoT es! _ pirveli eWvi Tavisi moTxrobili istoriis WeSmaritebis Taobaze

platons aReZra swored dasaxelebul sidideTa gamo. aSkaraa, man igrZno, rom aq

raRac Secdomaa, magram, ar gaaCnda ra araviTari mtkicebuleba amisa da axsovda

ra sarwmuno wyaro, man kidev erTxel gaimeora, rom sityvasityviT gadmogvcems

imas, rac moismina.

Tu SevadarebT kretis centraluri dablobis zomebs samefo qalaqis dablo-

bis zomebTan, maSinve TvalSisacemia, rom ukanaskneli pirvelze aTjer metia, anu

ricxvebi ubralod aTjeraa gamravlebuli. imave Secdomas Cven vnaxulobT miwis

nakveTebis, etlebisa da gemebis raodenobaSic, arxebis sigrZeSi da, agreTve, misi

garSemomsazRvravi arxis sigrZeSic. es ki ara da, igive Secdoma daSvebulia pla-

tonis mier atlantisis zRvis fskerze CaZirvis TariRSic!

Tu verwmunebiT saisel qurumebs, atlantisi solonis egvipteSi Casvlamde 9000

wliT adre CaZirula. magram Cven istoriis kulturul monacemebze dayrdnobiT

davamtkiceT, rom atlantiselTa imperias arseboba da daRupva SeeZlo ara uadres

brinjaos saukunisa. geofizikuri cnobebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom brinjaos sauku-

nis periodSi ar momxdara arc erTi SemTxveva dasaxlebuli xmeleTis mniSvnelo-

vani nawilis uecari CaZirvisa zRvaSi, romelic Seedreboda aRmosavleT xmelTa-

Sua zRvispireTSi Cvens eramde 1500 wels momxdar katastrofas; Cven vaCveneT,

rom katastrofis Sedegad gamowveuli egeosis napirebis gaukacrielebas saerTod

ara aqvs analogia kacobriobis mTel istoriaSi. ubralod, warmoudgenelia, rom

msgavsi kataklizmebi adamianebis xsovnaSi ar SemorCeniliyo da ucnauri iqneboda,

Tuki legendebi da miTebi asaxavdnen bevrad umniSvnelo movlenebs da ar aRniS-

navdnen egeosis auzis centrSi minosur da eladur civilizaciaTa ayvavebis peri-

odSi momxdar uprecedento katastrofas.

soloni, romelic daibada 639 wels da gardaicvala 559 wels Cvens eramde,

egviptes, savaraudod, 600-ian wlebSi unda swveoda. ramdenadac strongile-san-

torinis centraluri nawilis Caqceva da aRmosavleTi xmelTaSua zRvis gaukac-

rieleba moxda daaxloebiT 1500-ian wlebSi Cvens eramde, sruliad naTelia, rom

atlantisis daRupvis istoria ukavSirdeba solonis egvipteSi Camosvlamde 900 da

ara 9000 wlis win momxdar kataklizmebs. amgvarad, atlantisis daRupvis TariRi

gadidebulia aTjer. yvelafer amas mivyavarT logikuri daskvnisaken: yvela es

Secdoma atlantisis gaqrobis droisa da samefo qalaqis dablobis zomebTan dakav-

SirebiT, sruliad ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed eqvemdebareba erTsa da imave siste-

mas da erTsa da imave dros warmoiSva.

sxvaTa Soris, platonis mier moyvanili Zveli metropoliis zomebi srulad

Seesabameba strongile-santorinis zomebs da es amtkicebs, rom roca zomebi mo-

cemulia aTobiT stadioniT, isini sruliad sworia, magram roca angariSi aTasebi-

Taa, yvela ricxvi zustad aTjer meti gamodis. rogorc Cans, roca soloni iwerda

egvipturi manuskriptebidan, mas SeeSala sityva an saTanado simbolo da `100~-is

aRmniSvneli `1000~ egona~1.

amrigad, avtorebma SeZles da pasuxi gasces atlantisis adgilmdebareobasTan

dakavSirebul TiTqmis yvela kiTxvas. maTi amocana iyo, daesabuTebinaT platonis

monaTxrobis realuroba da es gaakeTes kidec. Canafiqri, rogorc citatidan Cans,

maT ase ganaxorcieles:

1. upirveles yovlisa, gansazRvres istoriuli epoqa _ brinjaos saukune,

romelSic SesaZlebeli iyo atlantisis msgavsi kulturis arseboba.

2. Semdeg paraleli gaavles kunZulebis, santorinis da kretis, geografiul

monacemebsa da platonis dialogebSi aRwerili kunZulis analogiur monacemebs

Soris; damTxveva imdenad didi iyo, rom atlantisis sadme sxvagan arsebobaze lapa-

rakic SeuZlebeli gaxda. kalderis fskerze ipoves atlantisze arsebuli wyliani

da miwayriliani wreebis kvali; ipoves wyliani wreebis zRvasTan damakavSirebeli

arxis naSTebi zRvis fskerze. kunZulis vulkanuri warmoSobiT axsnes im nayofi-

eri miwis ambavi, rasac platoni laparakobs. imave mizeziT aixsna cxeli wylis

arseboba atlantisze. analogiuri wyaroebis kvali aRmoCnda santorinze. aseve

vulkanuri warmoSobiT aixsna Savi, TeTri da wiTeli qvebis arseboba. kunZul kre-

taze maT ipoves wagrZelebuli da swori, qarebisagan daculi dablobi da zRvisken

daSvebuli mTebi.

3. atlantisis nagebobaTa da dablobebis zomebisa da kunZulis daRupvis

TariRis kvlevisas logikuri analiziT mividnen daskvnamde, romlis mixedviT so-

lonma sworad ver gaigo egviptur teqstebSi moxseniebuli ricxviTi niSnebis mniS-

vneloba da SecdomiT aTjer gamravlebuli Caiwera. es argumenti damajerebelia,

radgan solonamde 900 wliT adre egeidaSi brinjaos xanis minosuri kultura ar-

sebobda da minosis uZlieresi sazRvao saxelmwifo angariSgasawevi Zala iyo. 9000

wlis win ki aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi araferi msgavsi arc egeidaSi


84 85

da arc sxvagan sadme ar arsebobda. igive iTqmis zomebis aRmniSvneli cifrebis

Sesaxeb: platonis monaTxrobSi es cifrebi fantastikur elfers iZens, xolo Tu

maT aTjer SevamcirebT, maSin nagebobaTa Tu dablobis zomebi realuria da mkiTx-

velisaTvis damajerebeli xdeba brinjaos xanis adamianis Zalisxmevis Sedegad Ses-

rulebul samuSaoTa masStabebi.

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls SevajamebT, SegviZlia darwmunebiT vTqvaT, rom at-

lantisis adgilmdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT platonis gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi-

dan yvelaze argumentirebulia a. galanopulosi-sa da e. bekonis mier gamoTqmuli

Sexeduleba. is axali ar gaxlavT, magram Tu yvela danarCeni mxolod hipoTeza

iyo, maT SeZles imdenad damajereblad daesabuTebinaT TavianTi mosazrebebi, rom

SegviZlia Tamamad ganvacxadoT: sakiTxi gadawyvetilia da platoniseuli atlan-

tisis WeSmariti adgilsamyofeli napovnia!

sakamaToa is argumentebi, riTac a. galanopulosi da e. bekoni cdiloben ax-

snan, Tu rogor aRmoCnda egeidaSi myofi poseidonis kunZuli herakles svetebs

gadaRma atlantis okeaneSi: `rogorc ukve iTqva, atlantisze aTi qalaqi da aTi

mmarTveli iyo. zemoxsenebul nawyvetebSi platonis aRweriT samefo qalaqi iyo

3000 x 2000 stadionis farTobis mqone dablobis dedaqalaqi. Tu danarCeni cxra

qalaqi, moxseniebuli axla citirebuli nawyvetis bolo winadadebaSi, analogi-

uri zomebis mqone olqebis dedaqalaqebi iyo, atlantisis mTel teritorias unda

daekavebina 30.000 x 20.000 kvadratuli stadionis farTobi, e.i. erTad aRebuli

mcire aziisa da CrdiloeTi afrikis dasaxlebul nawilebze meti. xmelTaSua zRvis

sigrZe utoldeba daaxloebiT 2100 mils, amdenad, 3400 milis sigrZis kunZuli

mis Sida auzSi aSkarad ver moTavsdeboda. magram soloni dacuravda xmelTaSua

zRvaze da unda scodnoda es Seusabamoba. daaxloebiT imave dros, faraon nexos

(609-593) brZanebiT, finikielebma gemebiT gars Semouares afrikas da aRmoCndnen

atlantis okeaneSi; amitom sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom saisSi qurumebTan sau-

brisas solonma eWvi gamoTqva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, xmelTaSua zRvaSi yofiliyo

aseTi zomis kunZuli, rogoric atlantisia, da, qurumebma, gaiges ra axlad aRmo-

Cenili atlantis okeanis uzarmazari sivrceebis Sesaxeb, am okeaneSi gadaitanes

atlantisi. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom saxeldobr maSin miiRo atlantis okeanem

Tavisi saxelwodeba _ iq atlantisis gadatanis gamo. unda aRvniSnoT, rom egvip-

tur warwerebSi ar aris saxelwodeba `herakles svetebi~1.

am msjelobaSi sainteresoa Semdegi: platoni Tavad ambobs, am farTobis mqone

kunZuli xmelTaSua zRvaSi ver daeteodao, _ weren avtorebi da amaSi sruliad

marTlebi arian, magram saeWvoa, solonis idea yofiliyos atlantisis `herakles

svetebs~ miRma, okeaneSi moTavseba. miT umetes, eWvi gamoeTqvas imis Taobaze, rom

atlantisi xmelTaSua zRvaSi ar moTavsdeba, radgan egvipturi ricxvebis wakiTx-

visas Tu gadawerisas Secdoma Tavad solonma dauSva, roca 100 1000-ad miiCnia

da ara saiselma qurumebma. amasTan, Tu etyoda qurumebs Tavisi Secdomis wyalo-

biT warmoSobil gaugebrobas, isini Secdomas gausworebdnen. ase rom, atlantisis


adgilmdebareobis Secvla solonis `damsaxureba~ ar aris. atlantisi, rogorc

mogaxseneT, okeaneSi mas Semdeg àRmoCnda~, rac Zveli berZnebisTvis maSindeli

samyaros farglebi gafarTovda; amitom unda vivaraudoT, rom solonis Secdomis

wyalobiT aTjer gadidebuli atlantisi okeaneSi platonma moaTavsa...

bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania a. galanopulosisa da e. bekonis msjeloba her-

akles svetebTan dakavSirebiT: `magram iqneb herakles svetebi sruliadac ar iyo

hibraltaris srute?

am azrma uamravi saintereso varaudi gamoiwvia. heraklem TiTqmis yvela Tavisi

gmiroba peloponesSi Caidina. bolo da yvelaze rTuli davaleba, romelic gmirs

mefe evrisTevsma misca, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom herakle aidSi (igive hadesSi, p.i.)

unda Casuliyo da iqidan gamoeyvana jojoxeTis guSagi, samTaviani qofaki cerberi.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiiT herakle hadesSi Cavida lakonikosis yuris dasav-

leTiT, tenaresis koncxze arsebuli ufskruliT, mis aRmosavleTiT ki mdebare-

obda koncxi malea, metad saSiSi adgili, sadac xSirad boboqrobdnen talRebi.

pavsania gvamcnobs, rom am qarebisaTvis yoveli mxridan gaxsnili koncxis

orive mxares odesRac ori taZari idga; dasavleTisa eZRvneboda poseidons, aR-

mosavleTisa ki _ apolons. amitom, SesaZloa, ar iyos didi gadaWarbeba, Tu viva-

raudebT, rom herakles svetebi sinamdvileSi iyo koncxebi, tenaresi da meleiasi.

da, SesaZloa, mocemul konteqstSi mniSvneloba hqondes, rom atlantis Zmam _

tyupiscalma, samflobelod miiRo atlantisis nawili herakles svetebTan axlos.

vnaxoT, Tu ras ambobs amis Taobaze platoni Tavis `kritiaSi~.

`...misma tyupiscalma, romelic atlantze gvian daibada, samkvidrod miiRo

herakles svetebis mxares, gadiritebis dRevandel qveynamde gadaWimuli kunZulis

ganapira miwebi. mas am samkvidros saxelwodebis mixedviT ewoda saxeli, romelic

elinurad SeiZleba gadmovceT, rogorc evmele, adgilobrivi eniT ki _ rogorc

gadiri~ (`kritia~, 114b).ramdenadac am adgils poseidonis meore Svilis saxeli daerqva, romlis ber-

Znuli saxeli iyo evmele, misi titulic SeiZleba berZnulad aJRerebuliyo,

rogorc èvmele~. _ sityva, romelic gvaxsenebs kikladis kunZulebidan yvelaze

dasavleTiT myofs _ melos, arsebiTad sul axlos mdebares CvenTvis ukve nacnob

koncxTan, maleasTan. saxeli evmele farTodaa gavrcelebuli kikladis kunZule-

bze, xolo kunZul tiraze napovnic ki iyo kldeze amokveTili Zveli warwera:

èvmele _ yvelaze mrisxane saSiSroeba~.

mTlianobaSi, platonis monaTxrobSi arsebuli mravalricxovani miTiTebebiT

Tu vimsjelebT, herakles svetebi unda yofiliyo peloponesis samxreTiT. Tuki

gavaigivebT maT hibraltaris srutesTan, gamodis uazroba. amrigad, egeosis arq-

ipelagi warmoadgens yvelaze Sesaferis adgilmdebareobas atlantisisTvis. amas-

Tan, daujerebelia, rom poseidons, romelsac eTayvanebodnen atlantiselebi, See-

Zlo ganedevna isini saberZneTidan da egeosis zRvidan~1.

citirebuli mosazrebis avtorebi WeSmaritebas RaRadeben _ poseidons nam-


86 87

dvilad ar SeeZlo egeididan gaeZevebina atlantebi. Cans, es platonma gaakeTa.

platonamde saukunenaxevriT adre yvelaferi Tavis adgilze iyo: herakles svete-

bic, savaraudoa, hesperidebis baRic peloponesis maxloblad unda yofiliyo

da promeTes Zma atlantic sadRac aq unda mdgaryo cargvalis svetad. magram,

rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, afrikis garSemo finikielTa mogzaurobas atlantis

okeanis aRmoCena mohyva, aman ki wylis am ucnobi da uzarmazari masisadmi didi in-

teresi gamoiwvia. yvelas imis gageba surda, samyaros dasavleTi sazRvrebis miRma

kidev Tu iyo rame. daZrul finikielebs berZnebi mihyvnen da dasavleT xmelTaSua

zRvispireTSi koloniebic daaarses. magram, rogorc viciT, finikielebma Caketes

srute da berZenTa winsvla SeaCeres. sakvirvelia, oRond faqtia, rom srutisken

ganxorcielebuli berZenTa politikuri eqspansia marcxiT damTavrda, samagierod

gaimarjva kulturulma eqspansiam; berZnebma ukidures dasavleTSi gadaitanes Ta-

vianTi miTologiuri gmirebis adgilsamyofeli. mTaTa sistema Crdilo-dasavleT

afrikaSi im adgilad miiCnies, sadac titani atlants cis TaRi mxrebiT eWira da

am mTebs atlantis anu atlasis mTebi uwodes. mTebTan finikielTa mier aRmoCe-

nili okeanis siaxlovis gamo am okeanes atlantis okeane uwodes, xolo xmelTaSua

zRvis okeanesTan damakavSirebeli srutis orive mxares mdebare kldeebs _ herak-

les svetebi. hesperidebis baRic srutis maxloblad gadmoitanes. ase rom, is, rac

adre berZenTaTvis peloponesis ukidures samxreTSi mdebareobda, axla xmelTaSua

zRvis okeanesTan damakavSirebeli srutis maxloblad aRmoCnda.

am kulturulma eqspansiam gamoiwvia erTgvari miTologiuri mistifikacia:

garkveul geografiul garemoSi mobinadre RmerTebi da gmirebi sxva, Tavda-

pirvelisgan metad daSorebul garemoSi aRmoCndnen. rogorc Cans, berZnul sam-

yaroSi RmerTebisa da gmirebis es gadasaxleba berZenTaTvis misaRebi iyo da amisi

mizezi berZnuli eTnocentrizmia, romlis mixedviTac imdroindeli samyaros

centrSi saberZneTi mdebareobda. Tu am TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT zemoxsenebul

sakiTxs, amaSi garkveul logikasac davinaxavT: saberZneTi centria, xolo danar-

Ceni samyaro _ berZenTa RmerTebisa da miTologiur gmirTa samoqmedo areali...

oRond aseTi ram mxolod eTnocentristul SexedulebaTa gamo ar keTde-

boda; mistifikacia iyo ara mxolod literaturuli xerxi, aramed politikuri

mizniTac warmatebiT iyenebdnen da geografiul mistifikaciasac mimarTavdnen

imave politikuri saWiroebidan gamomdinare. ase, magaliTad: berZnul-romaul

literaturaSi moipoveba cnobebi imis Taobaze, TiTqos aleqsandre makedonels

daelaSqros kavkasia... antikur samyaroSi kavkasias gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava.

erTxans is maSindeli msoflios kidec iyo. aq mdebareobda `oqromravali kolx-

eTi~, am mxares bevri didebuli miTi ukavSirdeboda, kolx da iberiel mefeebs

epyraT kavkasionze arsebuli gadmosasvlelebi, aq gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro

gzebi. ase rom, kavkasiis dapyroba erTob prestiJuli saqme iyo, magram danamd-

vilebiT aris cnobili: aleqsandre makedoneli kavkasiaSi ar SemoWrila!.. saqmis

viTarebaSi berZeni istorikosi straboni gvarkvevs: `mravalTa mier gansadide-

blad gadmocemuli moTxrobebi [maT Sesaxeb] Tu erTsa da imave azrs Seicaven, es

imitom, rom SemTxzvelebi mliqvnelobaze ufro zrunavdnen, vidre WeSmaritebaze.

aseTia, magaliTad, kavkasionis gadatana indoeTis mTebTan da maxloblad mdebare

aRmosavleTisaken _ zRvasTan, kolxidis da evqsinis zemoT mdebare mTebidan. am

[mTebs] iyo, rom elinebi kavkasions uwodebdnen da isini daSorebulni arian indo-

eTs ufro metiT, vidre 30.000 stadionia; da amasve asaxelebs miTi, romelic exeba

promeTevssa da mis borkilebs. es imitom, rom [mTebi] icoden maSindelebma ukidu-

res aRosavleTad, xolo dionisesa da herakles laSqroba indoelebze amJRavnebs

gvian warmoSobas miTisas, radgan, rogorc amboben, heraklem promeTevsi gaaTa-

visufla 1.000 wlis Semdeg. xolo ufro sasaxelo iyo aleqsandresaTvis indoeTis

mTebamde dapyroba aziisa, vidre evqsinisa da kavkasionis kuTxemde. magram dideba

miTisa, misi saxeli da is ambavi, rom iazonisa da misi maxloblebis Sesaxeb fiqro-

ben, rom maT uSoresi laSqroba Seasrules kavkasiis sanaxebamde, da is, rom prom-

eTevsi gadacemuli iyo misajaWvad qveynis kideze, kavkasionze [am ambebis gamo], un-

dodaT rogorme esiamovnebinaT mefisaTvis da gadaitanes mTis saxeli indoeTSi~1.

ase rom, rogorc xedavT, miTologiur gmirTa adgilsamyoflis cvla sxva-

dasxva mizeziT xdeboda. magram mTavri is aris, rom es Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo

antikur samyaroSi da atlantisi egeididan herakles axal adgilze gadatanil

svetebs miRma rom aRmoCnda, es erTgvari wesis gamoxatuleba iyo da ara gamonak-

lisi.

amrigad, vfiqrob, araferi gviSlis xels imaSi, rom davijeroT: atlantisi

atlantis okeaneSi ki ara, egeosis zRvaSi mdebareobda!

1 ix.: s. yauxCiSvili, ̀ strabonis geografia~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1957 w., XI wigni, me-5 Tavi, gv. 139-140.

88 89

Tavi IV

rodis da ris Sedegad daiRupa atlantisi

kosmosuri Tu miwieri warmoSobis katastrofebi, rogorc vnaxeT, upirveles

yovlisa, Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi aisaxa. zogi miTi sakacobrio mniSvnelo-

bis mqone ambavs asaxavs, sxva ufro mokrZalebuli xasiaTisaa. amas garda, miTebSi

moTxrobili istoriebi mkvlevarTa interess imiTac iwveven, rom maTSi iseTi

masStabis katastrofebia mocemuli, romlebic Zireulad cvlida da gadaSenebas

uqadda kacTa modgmis yofa-cxovrebas. aseTi Sinaarsis miTebis simravlem _ cx-

adia, Tu maTSi realurad momxdari movlenebia asaxuli _ mecnierebs aRuZraT

kiTxva: am miTebSi moTxrobili katastrofebi qronologiurad erTmaneTs xom ar

emTxveva, anu erTi movlenis sxvadasxva interpretaciasTan xom ar gvaqvs saqme.

igive ainteresebs polonel atlantolog ludvik zaidlersac: `berZen avtorTa

mier moTxrobili es poeturi ambavi (miTi faetonis Sesaxeb. p.i.), romelic, sxvaTa

Soris, mravali dramatuli nawarmoebis, romanis, leqsisa da TviT operis mSve-

nier Temad gamodgeboda, asaxavs kosmosuri masStabis sazarel katastrofas, de-

damiwaze klimati rom Seucvlia da romelsac ciuri sxeulis meSveobiT arnaxuli

ngreva gamouwvevia. am legendis analogiebi moiZebneba sxva xalxTa, gansakuTrebiT,

samxreTamerikel indielTa TqmulebebSi. masve mimarTaven xolme atlantisis `ko-

smosuri katastrofis~ momxreni.

oRond Sesamowmebelia erTi ram: SeiZleba Tu ara ̀ faetonis katastrofa~ da ̀ say-

ovelTao warRvna~ Tu devkalionis warRvna erT da imave movlenad miviCnioT?~1

es kiTxva metad mniSvnelovania da ai, ratom: atlantologTa garkveuli nawili

mxars uWers kunZul atlantisis kosmosuri katastrofis Sedegad daRupvas an gu-

lisxmobs dedamiwasTan meteoritis, asteroidis, kometis an romeliRac planetis,

magaliTad, pirveli mTvaris Sejaxebas... aseTi Sejaxebebi dedamiwis arsebobis man-

Zilze araerTxel yofila. am SejaxebaTa nawili kacobriobis gariJraJze, nawili

ki Semdgom periodebSi momxdara da Taviseburadac aisaxa sxvadasxva xalxis miTo-

logiaSi. cxadia, atlantologebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben am miTebs. miT umetes,

rom maT xeli Seuwyves atlantisis `kosmosuri katastrofis~ Teoriis gaCenas...

polkovniki a. bragini miiCnevda, rom atlantis daiRupa dedamiwasTan rome-

liRac planetis Sejaxebis Sedegad. es ki, misi azriT, ase momxdara: dedamiwas

mizidulobis wyalobiT Tavis orbitaSi mouqcevia es planeta, romelic sul ufro

uaxlovdeboda, bolos mis orbitaSi SemoWrila da Sejaxebia kidec. Teoriis av-

toris azriT, am katastrofis msxverplia atlantis okeaneSi kunZuli atlantisi,

indoeTis okeaneSi ki materiki, romelic kunZul madagaskars, ceilons, samxreT

indoeTs da indoneziis zogierT kuZuls moicavda. am materiks jer lemurias

uwodebdnen, Semdeg ki godvana daarqves.

a. braginis azriT, godvanaze jer kidev mTvaris gamCenamde cxovrobdnen adami-

anebi. Semdeg, pirveli mTvaris gamoCenisa da dedamiwasTan misi Sejaxebis Sedegad,

1 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, `atlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 77-78.

moxda is, rom dedamiwam sxva mTvare SeiZina, romelsac pirvelis bedi eliso...

savaraudoa, rom polkovnikis Teoria berZnul miTologiaSi moxseniebuli

proselendebis, mTvaris gamoCenamde dabadebuli, ufro sworad ki miwidan amoz-

rdili adamianebis ambiTac iyos nakarnaxevi.

sxva Teoriebi, romlebSic dedamiwasTan asteroidis, kometis an meteoritis

Sejaxebazea laparaki, ufro faetonis miTiT aris stimulirebuli, magram amas

zogierTi Tavgamodebuli atlantologisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia, atlantisis ko-

smosuri katastrofis Sedegad daRupvis zusti TariRi daedgina. ase, magaliTad:

poloneli astronomi oto muki am ambavs Zv.w. 8499 wlis 5 ivnisis 13 saaTiT aTari-

Rebs. am dros oTxi ciuri sxeuli _ mze, venera, mTvare da dedamiwa _ erT xazze

ganlagebula, aman ki mzis sistemaSi SemoWrili asteroidi imdenad gadaxara or-

bitidan, rom es ukanaskneli dedamiwas Sesjaxebia. muki uTiTebs am Sejaxebis adg-

ilsac _ naxevarkunZuli floridis raioni, atlantis okeanis fskeri, bahamis kun-

Zulebis aRmosavleTiT. aq asteroidis ZiriTadi masa Camovardnila, CrdiloeTi

da samxreTi karolinis Statebis teritoriaze ki asteroidis namsxvrevTa dacemis

ramdenime aTasi kvalia kraterebis saxiTo.

arsebobs oto mukis kosmosuri katastrofis Teoriisagan gansxvavebuli sxva

Teoriac. astronom n. bonevs miaCnia, rom asteroidi ki ar Sesjaxebia dedami-

was, aramed 40.000 kilometris manZilze Cauqrola Turme, magram amas okeaneebSi

iseTi moqcevebi da miqcevebi mohyolia, rom mTeli materikebi waulekavs. cxadia,

walekavda kunZul atlantissac; Tumca es Teoria ver dasturdeba im mizeziT,

rom katastrofis gamomwvevi asteroidi arsad Cans. magram amas atlantologTa im

nawilisaTvis, visac aseTi katastrofisa sjera, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs,

imitom, rom dedamiwasTan kosmosuri sxeulis Sejaxebis TeoriiT sul advilad

xsnian klimatis Secvlas, magaliTad, gamyinvarebis dros `myinvarebis ukuqcevas~,

radgan miaCniaT, rom dedamiwasTan asteroidis Sejaxebas unda mohyoloda dedami-

wis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi polusebisa da ekvatoris adgilmdebareobis Secvla.

amasTan, rogorc mogaxseneT, saqme is aris, rom gamyinvareba ramdenjerme moxda,

aseve ramdenjerme ukuiqca myinvarebic da yvela es cvlileba ver daukavSird-

eba im kosmosur katastrofas, romelic, platonis mier dasaxelebuli TariRis

momxre atlantologTa azriT, 12.000 wlis winaT momxdara. es asea, bevria upasuxo

kiTxva da atlantisis kosmosuri katastrofis Teoriis saTanadod mecnierulad

dasabuTeba ar xerxdeba; amitom atlantologebi maTTvis misaRebi Teoriis dada-

sturebas miTebSi xedaven. swored aseT Sexedulebas gamoxatavda ludvik zaid-

leri, roca werda: `xolo imaT, vinc katastrofas gadaurCa, STamomavlobisaTvis

gadmouciaT ambavi faetonisa, romelmac mamamisis _ heliosis cecxlovani etlis

cargvalze warmarTva ver SeZlo, an kidev ambavi sazareli hurakanisa~1.

raki faetonis ambavi viciT, gavecnoT, ras warmoadgens hurakanis miTi. cen-

tralur amerikaSi, kerZod, gvatemalaSi, axlac cxovrobs maias modgmis indielTa

tomi kiCe. maTi miTologiis Sesaxeb ZiriTad cnobebs gvawvdis eposi `popol-

vuxi~. iq moTxrobili miTis erTi variantis mixedviT samyaros Semoqmedni iyvnen

1 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, `atlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 304.

90 91

qalRmerTi Tepevi da RmerTebi kukumaci da hurakani. maT Seqmnes miwa, mTebi,

dablobebi, mcenareuloba da cxovelebi. Tavidan isini Seecadnen, jer Tixisagan

SeeqmnaT adamianebi, magram maTi qmnileba CamoiRvenTa, ar SeeZlo moZraoba; ga-

brazebulma RmerTebma isini gaanadgures; Semdeg xisgan gamoTales, magram isini

RmerTebs pativs ar miagebdnen da ar ujerebdnen, amitom gamoiwvies warRvna da

cecxlis wvima da amis Sedegad TiTqmis yvela adamiani daiRupa, gadarCenilebi ki

patara maimunebad gadaiqcnen.

atlantologebs hurakanis mier movlenili cecxlis wvima kosmosuri katastro-

fis gamoZaxilad miaCniaT.

`popol-vuxis~ eposSi `cecxlis wvimasTan~ erTad warRvnazec aris laparaki,

es ki bevr atlantologs imis dadasturebad iaCnia, rom dedamiwaze sayovelTao

warRvna moxda da is kosmosurma katastrofam gamoiwvia. am movlenas ukavSireben

atlantisis daRupvasac da atikis nayofieri dablobebis gadarecxvasac. amboben,

rom amisi gamoZaxilia amerikel indielTa miTebSi da devkalionis warRvnac misi

brali unda yofiliyo.

am Teoriis susti mxare isaa, rom misi dasabuTeba Znelia da ai, ratom: rogorc

vnaxeT, mxolod berZnul miologiaSi, sul cota, sami warRvna iyo. amas garda,

dedamiwaze bevria xalxi, romlis miTologiaSic ama Tu im masStabis warRvna aris

moxseniebuli, zogSic _ mosalodneli, amitom Tvali gadavavloT warRvnis Temas

miTologiaSi:

mkvlevrebma didi xania miaqcies yuradReba, rom sxvadasxva xalxis miTologiaSi

arsebul warRvnas arsebiTad erTi sqema udevs safuZvlad. amis Sesaxeb sayura-

dRebo informaciaa mocemuli miTologiur enciklopediaSi, sadac amoikiTxavT:

`msoflio warRvnis miTebis ZiriTadi sqemis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: RmerTi

xalxs warRvnas ugzavnis cudi qcevis, tabus darRvevis, cxovelTa mkvlelobisa

da a.S. gamo, an, kidev, gansakuTrebuli mizezis gareSe. zogierTi adamiani (gamor-

Ceulni simarTliT) adreve arian gafrTxilebulni warRvnis Sesaxeb da gadarCe-

nisaTvis zomebs iReben: ageben gems (kidobans, tivs, did kanoes, navs da sxv.) an

kidev saSiSroebisagan Tavs afareben mTas, maRal xes (varianti: swrafad mzardi

xe, _ wylis matebisas, maRla ahyavs adamianebi), mcurav kunZuls, kus bakans, ki-

borCxalas, did gogras an qoqosis kaklis naWuWs da a.S. Tavis gadarCenis msur-

velT arcTu iSviaTad Tan mihyavT cxovelebi, miaqvT Tesli da (an) mcenareuloba

da a.S. warRvnis gamomwvevi Tavsxma grZeldeba sakralurd miCneuli drois man-

Zilze (magaliTad, 7 an 40 dRe, naxevari weli). roca is Sewydeba, wyali dawevas

iwyebs, xmeleTis saZebnelad gamouSveben kargi ambis momtan frinvels (zogjer

_ mRrRnels), gemi miaRwevs mTebs, kunZuls (adamianebi Camodian xidan, mTidan da

a.S.). iwyeba axali, xSirad alal-marTali cxovreba RvTaebriv mcnebaTa Sesabamisad;

xalxi, saqoneli, mcenareuloba mravldeba da kvlav dasaxldebian dedamiwaze. war-

Rvnis siuJetSi niSndoblivia adamianTa pirveli wyvilis an col-qmris gamoCena,

romlebic warRvnisSemdgomi cxovrebisas kacobriobis winaprebi, zogjer ki eTni-

kuri da kulturuli tradiciebis fuZemdeblebi xdebian. amrigad, warRvnis miTo-

poeturi Tema iqceva umniSvnelovanes damakavSirebel rgolad bunebasa da kul-

turas, kosmologiasa da kvaziistorias, bunebriv uflebebsa da morals Soris,

eyrdnoba RvTaebriv dadgenilebas (aRTqma RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris)~1.

aseTi gaxlavT sqema, romelic warRvnis Sesaxeb arsebul TiTqmis yvela miTSi

meordeba. gavecnoT amaTgan uZveles miTebs. pirvelad unda movixsenioT war-

Rvnisadmi miZRvnili Sumeruli miTis personaJi ziusudra, _ `dRegrZeli sicocx-

lisaken mavali~, _ qalaq Serupakis brZeni da RvTismosavi mmarTveli. mas adami-

anTa mfarvelma RmerTma, enqim amcno RmerTebis ganzraxva _ adamianebs mouvlinon

warRvna da urCia, aego kidobani, romelsac warRvnis dros Tavs Seafarebda.

marTlac, enqis naTqvamisamebr, RmerTma enlilma adamianebs Tavs warRvna daa-

texa, adamianTa gamravlebisa da maT mier atexili xmauris mizeziT Svid dResa

da Svid Rames grZeldeboda wvima, ziusudram, rogorc `kacobriobis Teslis mxs-

nelma~, RmerTebis darad moipova maradiuli sicocxle da Tavis meuRlesTan er-

Tad netarTa kunZul Tilmunze dasaxlda.

warRvnis Sumeruli miTi udavod, adgilobrivi warmoSobisaa da bunebrivma

garemom Seuwyo xeli. isini cxovrobdnen miwaze, romelic arcTu didi xnis win

wyliT iyo dafaruli: `ar aris Zveli is miwa, sadac aRmocenda samxreTi Sumeris

pirveli qalaqebi. qvis xana ar moswrebia am niadags. neoliTis xanaSic dRevandeli

sparseTis yure (bahreini) ise Rrmad iyo SeWrili xmeleTSi, rom mTeli sivrce zR-

viT iyo dafaruli swored ise, rogorc ixseniebs qveynierebis Seqmnas babilonuri

miTosi:

`wmida saxli, RmerTebis saxli, wmida alagad ar iyo Seqmnili,

lerwami ar iyo aRmocenebuli, xe ar iyo danergili;

aguri ar iyo dadebuli, alizi ar iyo mozelili.

saxli ar iyo agebuli, qalaqi ar iyo aRmocenebuli.

qalaqi ar iyo agebuli, suldgmuli _ gaCenili.

nipuri ar iyo Seqmnili, equri _ aRmocenebuli,

uruqi ar iyo Seqmnili, eanna _ aRmocenebuli,

eridu ar iyo Seqmnili, apsu _ aRmocenebuli.

wmida saxli, RmerTebis saxli, maTi bina ar iyo Seqmnili.

mTeli xmeleTi zRva iyo oden~ (53, 47).

idiginas da buranunas (mdinareebi: tigrosi da evfrati. p.i.) mravali sauku-

nis ganmavlobaSi mohqondaT da leqavdnen kalapotis gaswvriv unoyieres, TiTqmis

uxvinWko aluvions; maTve gamostaces mlaSe wylis stiqions mozrdili sivrce da

daafines niadagi; bahreinma ukan daixia, xolo mdinareTa SesarTavTan did farTo-

bze darCa lerwmovani Waobi, sadac momavlisTvis kvlav myari niadagi iqmneboda

TandaTan. ase, rom, nilosis qveynis msgavsad, am mxarezec aranaklebi uflebiT

iTqmis, rom igi idigina-buranunas ZRveni iyo. rogorc vxedavT, am or mdinares

mxolod macocxlebeli wyali ki ar moutania, aramed qveynis saZikvelic. amitomac

1 ix.: «Мифы Народов Мира», Энциклопедия, Москва, «Советская Энциклопедия», 1988 г., том 2, gv. 324-325.

92 93

gasagebia, ratom hqonda Suamdinarul miTosSi eseoden didi mniSvneloba mtknari

wylis stiqias, enqis samflobelos~1.

diax, wyalma didi roli Seasrula im teritoriis SeqmnaSi, sadac SumerTa

kultura aRmocenda da ganviTarda. mdinareebma moitanes miwa, mdinareebmave

gaanoyieres da aqcies uxvmosavlianad, magram igive mdinareebi safrTxes uqmnid-

nen adamians: `napirebidan gadmosuli tigrosisa da evfratis talRebi aTeuli

kilometrebis manZilze walekavda xolme naTes farTobebs. amas xSirad Tan axlda

stiqiuri ubedurebac _ mTeli rigi dasaxlebuli adgilebis datborva da walekva,

rac adamianebis SegnebaSi tovebda warRvnis STabeWdilebas~2.

ase, rom, Tavad bunebrivma pirobebma ganapiroba warRvnis miTis Seqmna. Sum-

eris bunebrivi garemo amisTvis Sesaferisi iyo. tigrosisa da evfratis uecar

da yvelafriswamlek adidebas adamianebi arxebsa da dambebs upirispirebdnen, ma-

gram roca maTi Zalisxmeva amao iyo, aRaraferi rCebodaT garda imisa, rom ma-

cocxlebeli wylis momakvdineblad gadaqceva RvTis risxvad aReqvaT, xolo is

adamianebi, vinc stiqiisadmi adekvaturi damokidebuleba gamoavlines, TavianTi

Tavi da sxvebic gadaarCines, RvTis rCeulebad mieCniaT. erTi sityviT, adamianis

mier bunebrivi stiqiis RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis rwmunebaSi unda veZeboT war-

Rvnisadmi miZRvnil miTebSi arsebuli is sqema, romelzec miTologiur leqsikonSi

aris saubari.

iq, sadac bunebrivi stiqia iSviaTad an sulac ar xdeboda, _ vgulisxmob Sum-

eris mezobel teritoriebs, _ aSkarad igrZnoba Sumeruli miTis gavlena. magali-

Tad, ise, rogorc es aqadur miTologiaSi moxda, sadac Seiqmna warRvnaze arsebuli

Sumeruli miTis aqaduri varianti. misi gmiria aTraxasisi, aqadurad `sibrZniT

aRmatebuli~. warRvnis aqaduri varianti sam versiad iyofa: Zvelbabilonuri, ax-

alsiriuli da gvianbabilonuri.

miTSi moTxrobili ambavi ki aseTi gaxlavT: deda qalRmerTis mamis mier adami-

anebis Seqmnis Semdeg, RmerTi enlili aRaSfoTa adamianTa mousvenrobam da xmau-

rma da gadawyvita, moespo isini. mouvlina xalxs Wiri, Jamianoba, gvalva, SimSili,

niadagis damarileba, magram RmerTi eis (enqi) daxmarebiT adamianebma am gansacdels

Tavi gaarTves da yovel jerze isini kvlav mravldebodnen. bolos enlilma ada-

mianebs warRvna daatexa Tavs, Svid dResa da Svid Rames rom grZeldeboda. kaco-

brioba daiRupa; gadarCa mxolod aTraxasisi, romelmac RmerTi eis (enqi) rCeviT

aago didi gemi, romlis saxelwodeba iyo `sicocxlis Semnaxavi navi~, aiyvana masze

Tavisi ojaxi, qoneba, xelosnebi, xorbali da yvela pirutyvi, `romelic balaxs

Zovs~. RmerTebma masac uboZes maradiuli sicocxle. aTraxasiss babilonurad

uTa-nafiSTim, _ `sicocxlis mpovneli~, _ ewodeba.

SumerSi Seqmnili miTis gavrcelebis areali mogvianebiT kidev ufro gaiazrda

da moicva iseTi adgilic, sadac wyaldidoba uCveulo ram iyo. magaliTad, pal-

estina, naxevrad udabno, sadac mudam wylis nakleboba iyo da sadac dasaxldnen

1 ix.: zurab kiknaZe, `Suamdinaruli miTologia~, gamomcemloba `saari~, 2006 w., gv. 22-23.

2 ix.: `Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria~. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1971 w., gv. 58-59.

ebraelebi, romelTa miTologiaSic SeaRwia miTma warRvnis Sesaxeb. ̀ niSandoblivia

is garemoeba, rom miTi warRvnis Sesaxeb SuamdinareTidan modis: mogvianebiT igi

Seitanes bibliaSi~1.

ase gaCnda SumerSi Seqmnili miTis kidev erTi versia, amjerad ebrauli.

warRvnis miTis ebrauli versiis gmiria noe, misi saxeli unda niSnavdes `damaw-

ynarebels~. isic marTali kacia, rCeuli RvTisa, misi davalebiT aaSena kidobani

da mravali sulieri gadaarCina. noes sami Svili _ semi, qami da iafeti hyavda

da warRvnisSemdgomi Taobebis mamamTavari gaxda. ebrauli Zveli aRTqmis mixed-

viT, es warRvna msoflio mniSvnelobisa yofila, xolo xalxisTvis misi movlinebis

mizezi ki aseTia: roca `RmerTis vaJebis~, anu dacemuli angelozebis `adamianTa

asulebTan~ qorwinebis Semdeg warmoiSva axali modgma goliaTi adamianebisa, Rmer-

Tma aRmoaCina, rom adamianebi garyvnilan da borotisaken midrekilan. mxolod

erTma maTganma moipova RmerTis keTilganwyoba. misi es rCeuli iyo noe, adamis

STamomavali; erTob xandazmuli, radgan warRvnis dros 600 wlisa yofila. raki

RmerTs ganzraxuli hqonda, adamianebisaTvis garyvnilebis gamo warRvna moevlina,

man noe mosalodnelis Sesaxeb gaafrTxila da ubrZana, aego kidobani da aswavla,

rogori masala gamoeyenebina. noem aago kidobani da masSi Seiyvana dedamiwaze

mcxovrebi yvela cxovelis TiTo wyvili, bolos ki avida TviTon Tavisi coliT

da aiyvana Svilebi maTi colebiT. Semdeg daiwyo wvima, romelic grZeldeboda 40

dRe-Rames; wyalma maRali mTebic ki dafara da yvela cocxali arseba daiRupa.

150 dRe matulobda wyali, Semdeg kleba daiwyo da kidobani mTis wvets gamoedo.

amis Semdeg 90 dRis gasvlidan noem kidobnis sarkmlidan yvavi gamouSva, magram

yvavma xmeleTi ver naxa da ukan dabrunda, gaSvebuli mtredic jer ukan mobrunda,

Svidi dRis Semdeg ki, niskartiT zeTisxilis foToli (Tu rto?) moitana, niSnad

imisa, rom wyali daSra da xmeleTze mcenareebma ayvaveba daiwyes. kidev Svidi dRis

Semdeg gaSvebuli mtredi aRar dabrunebula, miwam gaSroba daiwyo da warRvnis

dawyebidan 365 dRis Semdeg kidobnidan gadmovidnen adamianebi da mxecebi da noem

RmerT iahves msxverpli Seswira. aseTia warRvnis Sumeruli miTis ebrauli versiis

CvenTvis saintereso nawili.

metad sainteresoa warRvnis Tema egviptur miTologiaSi. mogexsenebaT, egvip-

teSi wyaldidoba tradiciulad pozitiur movlenad moiazreboda; amitom wyal-

didoba, warRvna aq ara adamianebis gamanadgurebel, aramed adamianebis gadamrCenel

movlenad aris miCneuli. egviptur miTs warRvnis Sesaxeb zemoxsenebul sqemasTan

saerTo bevri araferi aqvs, TviTmyofadia da, rogorc Cans, raRac odesRac momx-

dari da adamianTa mexsierebaSi SemorCenili kosmosuri movlena udevs safuZvlad.

am miTs `Zroxis wignSi~ vxvdebiT: ram, egviptelTa mzis RvTaebam, daumorCilebel

da krZalvis armqone xalxs sasjelad mouvlina Tavisi Tvali, qaliSvili xator-

soxmeti, romelic cecxlovani lomis saxiT daatyda Tavis xalxs da daiwyo maTi

da sxva cocxali arsebebis STanTqma. aman iseTi didi masStabebi miiRo, rom yvela

suliers ganadgureba eloda. amitom mzis RmerTi ra da sxva RmerTebi cdiloben

1 ix.: `Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1971 w., gv. 59.

94 95

kacobriobis gadarCenas. ram brZana, daeTroT misi qaliSvili. amisaTvis moamzades

wiTeli maTrobela sasmeli, gansakuTrebuli qeris ludi, romelSic aseve gansa-

kuTrebuli minerali Seuries da gawiTlebuli ludi didi raodenobiT daRvares

mTel egvipteSi. gamZvinvarebul qalRmerTs es siTxe sisxli egona, mieZala, daT-

vra da dawynarda. am dros buneba gamococxlda da adamianebic momravldnen.

unda vifiqroT, rom cecxlovani lomis mier adamianebis ganadgureba sim-

boluri gamoxatulebaa uCveulod didxans gagrZelebuli papanaqeba sicxeebisa da

gvalvisa da amas moyolili SimSilisa, rasac adamianebi Seewirebodnen. mxolod

nilosis adidebam (romelsac Camotanili Slamis gamo wiTeli feri dahkravs) gad-

aarCina egviptis mosaxleoba daRupvisagan.

ai, ase iqca egvipteSi ludiT mowyobili warRvna adamianTa mxsnel movlenad.

indoeTis mosaxleobis yofaSi indis, gangisa da sxva mdinareebis yvelafriswam-

lekavi adideba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo da amitom warRvnasTan dakavSirebuli

miTebi sakmaod moepovebaT. es miTebi Zvelia da arielebis gamoCenamde arsebul

xanas miekuTvneba. isini garkveulwilad Seicaven miTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sqe-

mas. es gansakuTrebiT eTqmis miTs manus Sesaxeb: erTxel, ritualuri ganbanvis

dros, manus xelSi Cauvarda patara Tevzi, romelmac sTxova, gamoezarda da sa-

magierod dahpirda, rom momavali warRvnis dros ixsnida. Tevzi rom didi gaxda,

manum zRvaSi gauSva, Tavad ki misi rCeviT gemi aago. male warRvna daiwyo, manum

gemi Tavisi megobari Tevzis rqas gamoaba, romelmac is martod mdgar mTasTan

miacura. ramdenime xnis Semdeg wyalma daiwia da Tan waiyola yvelaferi cocxali.

manu miwaze martodmarto darCa. man Seswira RmerTebs msxverpli, romlisganac

amozrdili gogona ila colad SeirTo. eyolT Svilebi da misgan iwyeba adamianTa

modgma.

arsebobs warRvnis sxva induri miTic, romelSic laprakia kriSnasa da indras

konfliqtze, rac imitom dawyebula, rom kriSnas STaugonebia indrasaTvis, TiTqos

mwyemsebs ar hqondaT indrasadmi krZalva. ganrisxebulma indram miwas Tavsxma

daatexa, raTa warRvnas moespo mwyemsebica da maTi saqonelic. magram kriSnam,

xalxi rom gadaerCina, mTa zemoT aswia da Svidi dRe da Svidi Rame eWira is TiTis

wveriT, vidre indram Tavisi marcxi ar aRiara da ar Sewyvita wvima.

cnobilia warRvnis amsaxveli Cinuri miTi. egvipturis msgavsad, igi Cinuri re-

alobis Tavisufali amsaxvelia da warRvnis Temaze arsebuli miTebisaTvis damaxas-

iaTebel sqemas ar imeorebs. masSi ar aris codvebisaTvis adamianebis dasjis ambavi.

warRvna CinelebisaTvis umarTavi stiqiaa, romelsac ubedureba moaqvs da romlis

damorCilebac didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad SesaZlebelia. miTSi laparakia adidebul

wyalTan adamianebis brZolis Taobaze, rac CineTSi yovelTvis didi problema iyo.

miTis mixedviT wyaldidobam didi ngreva gamoiwvia, wyali ukve cas swvdeboda,

xalxi uimedod iyo da, ai, umaRlesi mmarTvelis davalebiT punma daiwyo warRv-

nasTan brZola. is 9 weli agebda dambebs. zogierTi versiiT ki, cdilobda mmarT-

velisTvis moparuli TviTmzardi miwiT Seekavebina da kalapotSi moeqcia wyali,

magram Sedegs ver miaRwia da amisTvis sikvdiliT dasajes iauSanis mTaze. warRv-

nasTan brZola misma Svilma, ium gaagrZela. man arxebi gaTxara da wyali zRvisken

miuSva, Waobiani dablobebidan gandevna gvelebi da drakonebi da es miwa uxvi

mosavlis momcemi gaxada.

bevri miTi aqvT warRvnis Sesaxeb amerikel indielebs. maias toms hqonda war-

modgena, rom samyaros araerTxel moevlina warRvna sxvadasxva katastrofebis

saxiT. maias xalxi Tayvans scemda oTx Zma bakabas, rolebic warRvnas gadaurCnen.

indielTa wignSi `Cilam-balami~ aris winaswarmetyveleba samyaros daRupvis Tao-

baze, rasac Zmebi bakabebi gamoiwveven, moavlenen Tavsxmas da zecas dedamiwaze

daamxoben. samxreT amerikaSi, CibCas tomis mixedviT, RmerTma CibCaCum adamianebs

warRvna Tavs imitom daatexa, rom mas awyenines.

iaganebis indielTa tomi Tvlida, rom warRvna gamoiwvia mTvarem, romelic

aseve adamianebisagan Seuracxyofilad Tvlida Tavs imiT, rom maT iniciaciaTa

ritualebi SeuryvniaT.

arakuanebs sjerodaT, rom warRvna Sedegia ori saSineli gvelis orTabr-

Zolisa, romlebmac, warmoaCendnen ra TavianT Zalas, wyali ise maRla atyorcnes,

rom amas yvelafris walekva mohyva.

wynari okeanis sanapiroze mosaxle indielebis miTis mixedviT warRvna gamoi-

wvia reiniris mTis mwvervalze mcxovrebma didma sulma, romelic ganrisxebula

adamianebsa da mxecebze da maTi amowyveta gadauwyvetia. erTi marTali kacisa da

misi ojaxisa da keTili cxovelebisaTvis gadarCenis saSualeba miucia. man ubrZana

am marTal kacs, RrublisaTvis isari etyorcna, Semdeg ki gaetyorcna meore isari

ise, rom pirvel isars moxvedroda iq, sadac bumbulebi aqvs da ase Semdeg, vidre

isrebisagan grZeli Toki Tu jaWvi ar warmoiqmneboda. roca es moxda, didma sulma

ubrZana marTal kacs da mis ojaxs, agreTve keTil cxovelebs, caze acocebuli-

yvnen. xolo roca cudma adamianebma da avma mxecebmac daiwyes acoceba, pirveli

isari amoaZro, isarTa mTeli jaWvi Tu Toki daiSala da cudi adamianebi da avi

mxecebi kvlav miwaze aRmoCndnen. daiwyo Tavsxma, wyalma dafara miwa da yvelaferi

cocxali mospo. maSin warRvna damTavrda. roca miwa gaSra, marTali kaci, misi

ojaxi da keTili mxecebi miwaze daeSvnen da bednierad cxovrobdnen.

mivubrundeT warRvnis Sesaxeb arsebul berZnul miTebs. devkalionis miTSi

SeiZleba warRvnaze arsebuli Sumeruli da misi gavleniT Seqmnili aqaduri, babi-

lonuri da ebrauli miTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sqemis amokiTxva. amitom ismeba

kiTxva, es sqema egeosuri kulturis wiaRSi aseve Sumeridan xom ar unda iyos Se-

suli, magram es ase ar aris. berZnul miTologiaSi sami warRvnaa moxseniebuli:

ogigosis, dardanosis, devkalionis da kidev miTi faetonze. amas garda, konti-

nenturi da kunZulovani saberZneTis rigi teritoriebis niadagis wylisagan gad-

arecxvis faqti aaSkaravebs, rom egeidaSi adgili hqonda bunebriv kataklizmebs,

miwiersa da kosmosurs, romlebsac mohyva warRvna, amasTan araerTi, da romelTa

xsovnac adamianebs SemorCaT da is miTologiaSi aisaxa.

igive iTqmis `popol-vuxis~ eposze, arc is aris risame gavleniT Seqmnili da

masSic kosmosur katastrofasa da warRvnazea laparaki.

amrigad, mimovixileT ra sxvadasxva xalxebis miTebi warRvnis Sesaxeb, dar-

wmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, yoveli maTgani

96 97

SeqmnisaTvis saWiro adgilobrivi pirobebisgan gamomdinare Seiqmna. rac Seexeba

zemoxsenebul sqemas, is or WeSmaritebas gvamcnobs. pirveli: mWidro kulturul

urTierTobebSi myofi xalxebis miTologiaSi SeiZleba gadavides prototipuli

miTis struqtura. magaliTad, rogorc es moxda Sumeruli miTidan gamomdinare

aqadurSi, babilonursa da ebraulSi; meore: adamianebi msgavsi xasiaTis movlenebs

msgavsadve iazreben. saqme isaa, rom Soreul warsulSi isini ver xsnidnen kosmo-

suri da miwieri katastrofebis gamomwvev mizezebs da maT RvTis risxvad miiC-

nevdnen. RmerTebs ki ratom unda daetexaT risxva adamianebisaTvis, Tuki saamiso

mizezi ar eqnebodaT da elementaruli logika adamianebs afiqrebinebdaT, rom wy-

aldidoba, vulkanis amofrqveva, miwisZvra an meteoris Camovardna maT mouvlines

imisTvis, rom RmerTebs pativs ar scemdnen an kidev, arRvevdnen RvTaebriv kanon-

ebs. stiqiuri ubedurebisas gadarCena ki imdenad Zneli iyo, rom isini romelime

konkretuli RmerTis Tu RmerTebis rCeulad miaCndaT, amitom ar aris gasakviri,

gadarCenilTagan zogierTs warRvnisSemdgomi xalxis mamamTavrad rom acxadebd-

nen xolme.

aseTia daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamovitanoT mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT, ra

iyo mizezi warRvnis miTebis erTi nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sqemis Seqmnisa.

rogorc vnaxeT, miTebze gavlenas axdenda ama Tu im xalxis yofis Tavisebu-

rebac. gavixsenoT warRvnisadmi miZRvnili egvipturi da Cinuri miTebi. Tu kar-

gad davukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom warRvnis Taobaze Seqmnili is uamravi miTi,

msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi rom aris, imdenad ar hgvanan erTmaneTs, ram-

denadac gansxvavdebian da swored es gansxvavebuloba aris yvelaze damajerebeli

argumenti imisa, rom saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva adgilas momxdari

katastrofebis asaxvasTan miTologiaSi da ara 12 aTasi wlis winandel `msof-

lio warRvnis~ sxvadasxvagvar interpretaciasTan. arada, atlantologTa nawils

swored amisi damtkiceba surs.

Tu davuSvebT, rom warRvna atlantisis daRupvam gamoiwvia, maSin didi mniS-

vneloba eniWeba imis codnas, Tu sad mdebareobda atlantisi, radganac, da es Cven

viciT, warRvnis miTebi atlantis okeanis orive mxares sakmaod aris gavrcele-

buli. aman atlantologebi, kerZod ki i. donelis mimdevrebi, daarwmuna imaSi,

rom kunZuli atlantis okeaneSi mdebareobda. vnaxoT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom

kunZuli `erTi sazareli dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi~ okeaneSi CaZiruliyo, Tundac

amisi mizezi warRvna ki ara, miwisZvra yofiliyos.

atlantis okeanis CvenTvis saintereso nawilSi araerTi miwisZvra momxdara.

gavixsenoT Tundac 1755 wlis 1 oqtombris lisabonis miwisZvra, romelmac por-

tugaliis dedaqalaqis naxevarmilioniani mosaxleobis aTi procenti _ 50 aTasi

adamiani Seiwira. magram miaqcieT yuradReba, daiRupa qalaqis mosaxleobis mx-

olod aTi procenti, romelTa mozrdili nawili, SenobaTa ngreviT Tavzardace-

muli, gadarCenis mizniT okeanis sanapirosken gaiqca da am dros miwisZvris mier

azvirTebulma uzarmazarma talRam Caitana okeaneSi. amrigad, Tu davuSvebT, rom

atlantisi atlantis okeaneSi mdebareobda, lisabonis masStabis miwisZvra mis

mosaxleobas mTlianad ver gaanadgurebda da kunZulsac ver mospobda. amas adas-

turebs mecnierebac da is miTebic, atlantologebi TavianTi Sexedulebis dasa-

dastureblad xSirad rom iyeneben.

erT aseT miTad miCneulia egvipturi Tqmuleba gvelis kunZulis Sesaxeb: `gve-

lis kunZulis Tqmuleba XII dinastiis (Cv.w.-mde daaxloebiT 2000 wlis axlos)

droindel papirusze aris aRbeWdili, amJamad leningradis ermitaJSi inaxeba. es

aris erTaderTi gadarCenili egzemplari, rogorc Cans, fragmenti didi nawarmoe-

bisa, romelic `xelmarjve gadamwers~ _ amenis Zes aSenos ekuTvnis.

Zneli dasadgenia, rodis xdeboda aq aRwerili ambebi. Tqmulebis gmiria kapi-

tani xomaldisa, romlis sigrZe 120, xolo sigane 40 wyrTas Seadgenda da romel-

sac 120 mezRvauri hyavda ekipaJad. spilenZis sabadoebis mxridan mobrunebuli

xomaldi qariSxals CauZiravs. gadarCenila mxolod am eqspediciis ufrosi, rom-

lis saxeli ar viciT. robinzonis msgavsad, masac ukacuri kunZulisTvis Seu-

farebia Tavi. egviptologTa azriT, aq laparaki unda iyos sinas naxevarkunZulze

arsebul spilenZis sabadoebis Sesaxeb, iqiTken mimavali umoklesi gza mewamul

zRvaze gadis. cnobilia, rom am gziT spilenZs jer kidev Cv.w.-mde meoTxe aTas-

wleulSi ezidebodnen. oRond, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom Tqmuleba ufro Zveli

iyos warmoSobiT. maSin, SegviZlia, mewamul zRvaSi ki ara, xmelTaSua zRvaSi

an, sulac, atlantis okeaneSi curva vigulisxmoT. magram davubrundeT Tavad

Tqmulebas.

gadarCenili kapitani, uwinares yovlisa, sazrdos mosaZebnad gaeSura. es

maincdamainc saZnelo saqme ar yofila, radgan kunZulze Cinebuli xili, Tevzi da

gareuli frinvelic mravlad aRmoCnda. kacma cecxli daagzno, danayrda da Rmer-

Tebs msxverpli Seswira.

`magram uecrad grgvinviseburi xma Semomesma. vifiqre, didi mwvane zRva Tavisi

zvirTebiT kvlav kunZuls daatyda-meTqi Tavs da SiSmoreulma saxeze xelebi avi-

fare. irgvliv xeebi lawunobda da fexqveS miwa iryeoda. rom avixede, davinaxe, rom

es iyo ocdaaTi wyrTis sigrZe gveli, romelsac ori wyrTis sigrZe wveri hqonda.

misi sxeulis rgolebi oqroTi iyo daferili. Cemsken moigragneboda gveli.

mucliT ganverTxe mis winaSe, xolo man bageni aRaxvna da marqva:

_ aq vin mogiRo? aq vin mogiRo, araraobav? Tu pasuxs daayovneb da ar metyvi,

vin mogiRo am kunZulze, myisve dagferflav da mas umal Seicnob, vidre ararad

iqceode~.

magram gvels muqara ar Seusrulebia da, radgan kacma Tavs gadamxdari mouTxro,

sanacvlod, Tavazis niSnad, TviTonac auwya Tavisi ambavi.

`_ yuri momapyar, giambob, ra ubedurebac daatyda am kunZuls. aq vbinad-

robdi me Cemi saxleuliTa da SvilebiTurT, sul samocdaTxuTmeti gveli viyaviT.

erTi asulic iyo CvenTan, ubralo mokvdavis qaliSvili, garna mas aRar mivaTvli.

erTxel ciT varskvlavi CamoiWra da yvelani cecxlma moicva. imxanad maTTan ar

vyofilvar. yvelani amoibugnen, oden me davSTi cocxali, magram gorad mdgari

maTi damwvari sxeulebi rom vixile, lamis mec gavTavdi javriT...

gvelis winaSe mucelze ganrTxmuli SubliT miwas Sevexe da varqvi:

_ me faraons vauwyeb Seni Zlevamosilebis ambavs, Seni didebis ambavs vacnobeb

98 99

mas. me vbrZaneb, nelsurnelebani mogarTvan... Cems qalaqSi xotbas Segasxam mTeli

saxelmwifos didebulTa sabWos winaSe..~.

oTxi Tvis Semdeg egviptidan xomaldi mosula da daRupvas gadarCenili kaci

or TveSi samSobloSi dabrunebula.

oRond amao iqneboda rukaze gvelis kunZulis Zebna. kacma rom Tqvas, is kun-

Zuli aRarc unda arsebobeds, Tuki aRsrulda gvelis sityvebi:

`... am kunZuls rom daagdeb, kvlavad veRar ixilav mas, rameTu es aremare

zvirTebSi dainTqmis~.

aRiZvris eWvi; marTla mewamuli zRva da sinas naxevarkunZuli igulisxmeba Tu

ara am monaTxrobSi? am eWvs samSobloSi kacis Casvlamde or Tves curva iwvevs.

es erTob didi vadaa am gzis gasavlelad, romlis sigrZe zRviT 200 kilometrs,

xolo xmeleTiT 150 kilometrs ar aRemateba. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom swored am-

den xans gagrZelda amerikisaken kolumbis pirveli mogzauroba, amasTan, am drois

naxevari kanaris kunZulebze xomaldebis SekeTebas mounda, xolo zRvaosnobis

teqnika egvitelTa droidan kolumbis xanamde maincadamainc didad ar Secvlila.

puntad wodebuli qveyana, romlis mbrZanebelic gveli iyo, aris CvenTvis uc-

nobi romeliRac mxare, saidanac egviptelebi oqrosa da spilos Zvals ezidebodnen.

gvelma rom gadarCenil kacs Zvirfasi tvirTis waRebis ufleba misca, im SenaZens

Seadgenda `nelsurnelebani xekenu, iudenebi, xesiati, tiSepsesi, mira, Tvalis Savi

sacxi, Jirafis kudebi... aromatuli fisi da sakmeveli... spilos Zvali, monadire

ZaRlebi, maimunebi, babuinebi da mravali sxva iSviaToba~.

savaraudoa, rom gvelis kunZuli CaZiruli atlantisis naSTTagani iyos. es

naSTebi nel-nela wyliT ifareboda albaT~1.

atlantisis mdebareoba ukve viciT, amitom `gvelis kunZulis ambavs Tu rame

mniSvneloba aqvs, isaa, rom mogviTxrobs grandiozuli katastrofis Sesaxeb. Sei-

Zleba es iyos kosmosuri katastrofa, romelsac mohyva miwisZvrebi da aman daan-

gria kunZuli, an kidev vulkanuri amofrqveva, romelsac miwisZvrebi axlavs. amas-

Tan, orive SemTxvevaSi, adamianebs Tavdapirelad ubedureba zemodan atydebaT.

zRvaSi danTqmul kunZulTan erTad daiRupeboda is xalxi da misi kultura,

romelTa RvTaeba gveli yofila. `xelmarjve gadamwers~. _ amenis Ze aSenos ki am

Temaze erTob poeturi ambavi SeuTxzavs. zustad rodis moxda es katastrofa

an sad, Zneli saTqmelia, magram aSkaraa, masSi aisaxa movlena, romelic didxans

SemorCa kacobriobis mexsierebas.

mivubrundeT namdvili, anu egeidaSi arsebuli da iq daRupuli atlantisis

Temas:

`1939 wels axalgazrda berZenma arqeologma spiridon marinatosma inglisuri

samecniero Jurnalis `antikvitis~ furclebze gamoTqva hipoTeza, romlis mixed-

viTac minosis samefo daiRupa kunZul-vulkanis afeTqebis Sedegad. da, rogorc

gviCvenes Semdgomma kvlevebma, romlebSiac monawileobdnen ara marto xmeleTis,

aramed wyalqveSa arqeologebic, vulkanologebi, seismologebi, geologebi da wy-

1 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, `atlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 99-101.

alqveSa geologiis specialistebi, es hipoTeza brwyinvaled dadasturda~1.

is, rom atlantisi stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegad daiRupa, platonis fan-

taziis nayofi ar aris. amasTan, Cven sityvasityviT ar unda gavigoT misi naTqvami

am ubedurebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. magram is, rom minosur kulturas santorinis

vulkanis amofrqvevam gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena, es faqtia, oRond arc

mTlianad kunZuli mouspia da arc iq mcxovrebi adamianebi, _ amas sxvadasxva ti-

pis katastrofebis Taobaze arsebuli da Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebic mowmobs.

magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT vulkani vezuvi da romauli qalaqi pompeis istoria.

Zv.w. 79 wlis 24 agvistos moxda sayovelTaod cnobili amofrqveva, romlis dro-

sac krateridan amofrqveulma ferflisa da pemzis, agreTve momwamlavi airebis

uzarmazarma vulkanurma masam mTlianad dafara axlos mdebare sami qalaqi: pom-

pei, herkulanumi da stabiumi. XVII-XX saukuneebSi vezuvi ramdenjerme amoifrqva,

kerZod, 1631, 1794, 1822, 1872, 1906, 1927 da 1944 wlebSi, magram amas im adgilas

qalaquri cxovreba ar mouspia da vulkanuri ferfliT dafaruli pompeis gver-

diT arsebobs qalaqi pompei, xolo im adgils, sadac herkulanumi iyo, dResac

ewodeba la sivita, e.i. qalaqi. anu, miuxedavad ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi vezu-

vis amofrqvevebisa, arc lavis mier ganadgurebuli qalaqebis xsovna dakargula da

im midamoebSi arc qalaquri cxovreba gamqrala, radgan vulkanurma amofrqvevam,

iseve, rogorc yvela sxva stiqiurma ubedurebam, SeiZleba erTi kulturis dacema

gamoiwvios, magram amiT meoris warmoqmnas uwyobs xels...

stiqiuri katastrofebis, gansakuTrebiT, ki vulkanuri aqtivobis mizezebi

didxans ver aexsna kacobriobas da, rogorc aseT SemTxvevaSi xdeba, is gaaRmer-

Tes... berZnul miTologiaSi mas hefestosi (Hphaistos) hqvia, zevsisa da heras vaJi,

didostati mWedeli, bunebis stiqiur ZalTa gansaxiereba, dauSreteli cecxlis

RvTaeba. is dRedaRam Sromobda miwisqveSa samWedloSi, vulkan etnas wiaRSi, rom-

lis amofrqvevac Zvel berZnebs hefestosis muSaobis RvTaebriv gamovlinebad mi-

aCndaT. iSviaTi xelovnebiT Wedda saWurvels, xelsawyoebs da samkaulebs. hqonda

ramdenime zedwodeba, mis uebro ostatobas rom warmoaCenda. magaliTad, `klito-

teqnes~ _ saxelovani ostati. garegnulad gonji iyo, koWli, aseTad daibada, orjer

gamoagdes olimpodan; erTxel heram, imitom rom gonji daibada da Svilad ar aRi-

arebda. Cavarda okeaneSi, is zRvis qalRmerTma Tetidam da okeanis asulma evrinam

gazardes. gamoWeda oqros taxti_xafangi, _ vinc zed dajdeboda, veRar adgeboda,

_ da heras gaugzavna. is dajda taxtze da veRar adga. hefestom gaTavisufleba

aRuTqva im pirobiT, rom hera mas Svilad miiRebda. manac hefesto Svilad aRiara

da am ukanasknelma olimpoze adgili moipova. amis mere hefestosi ojaxuri davis

dros sul Tavis uarmyofel dedas eqomageboda xolme. amiT ganrisxebulma zevsma

fexebSi xeli Caavlo da meored moisrola olimpodan. is daeca kunZul lemnosze,

romelic misi sayvareli adgili iyo da iq samWedlo moawyo. homerosis mixedviT

olimpozec gamarTa samWedlo, oci saberveliT aRvivebda quras da cecxlSi iwr-

Toboda rkina, dneboda oqro da vercxli. hefestom sasaxleebi auSena RmerTebs.

Tavad yvelaze kargi, spilenZis sasaxle aiSena, varskvlavebiT moWedili. hefestom

1 ix.: А.М. Кондратов, «Атлантиды моря Тетис», Ленинград, Гидрометеоиздат, 1986 г., gv. 87.

100 101

gamouWeda aqilevss fari, diomedes _ abjari, eross _ oqros isrebi, dionises _

Tirsosi; manve gamoWeda heliosis etli, zevsis davalebiT kldes miajaWva prom-

eTe. hefestom dahkra zevss TavSi CaquCi da gapobili Tavidan srulad aRWurvili

aTena iSva.

hefestosis kults aRniSnavdnen aTensa da kunZul lemnosze.

vulkani, laTinurad Vulcanus, romaelTa hefestoa, cecxlisa da mWedlobis

RmerTi. mas samWedlo hqonda etnas wiaRSi, am mTidan ki boli amodioda. vulkanis

dResaswaulebi, vulknaliebi, 23 agvistos imarTeboda. vulkanis saxeli ewoda

cecxlismfrqvevel mTas. vulkanze arsebuli miTebi arc iseTi mravalricxovani

da mrvalferovania, rogoric hefestos Sesaxeb SeTxzuli. samagierod, vulkans

romSi ufro politikuri mniSvneloba mieniWa, _ mis taZarSi senatis sxdomebi im-

arTeboda, xolo taZarTan axlos _ saxalxo krebebi.

stiqiuri katastrofebisa da vulkanuri aqtiurobis mizezebi, mogexsenebaT,

kacobriobam didxans ver axsna da mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sabolood

daaskvnes, `rom vulkanur moqmedebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni planetis

Camoyalibebis uwyvet procesSi~1.

erTi sityviT, vulkanuri procesebi TiTqmis Cveni planetis gaCenisTanave dai-

wyo da dRemde grZeldeba. dedamiwaze bevria adgili, sadac iyo da aris Camqrali

an kidev moqmedi vulkanebi.

am TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT, egeida udavo interes iwvevs, radgan misi

formirebis saqmeSi vulkanur procesebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis

Sesaxeb isev a. galanopulosisa da e. bekonis naSroms unda mivubrundeT: `...

aucilebelia, yuradRebiT SeviswavloT egeosis zRvis auzi, gamovikvlioT misi

geologiuri istoria. xom ar SeiZleboda, mocemul raionSi kataklizmebis mTeli

seria momxdariyo samyaros kataklizmebisagan damoukideblad? Tu SemorCa msgavsi

kataklizmis Sesaxeb raime mowmoba?

mesameuli periodis SuaxanebSi, anu daaxolebiT 30 milioni wlis win, saber-

ZneTis naxevarkunZuli, ioniis kunZulebi, mTeli dasavleT mcire azia da egeosis

zRva xmeleTis erT did nawils warmoadgenda. es nawili, Sedegi alpuri danaoWe-

bisa, romelic oligocenis periodSi daiwyo da gagrZelda meocenis bolomde,

mravali geologis `egeidad~ iwodeba. maTi CamoyalibebisTanave, Camozvavebisa zR-

vaSi, kerZod, mis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi miuTiTeben imas, rom mTaTa warmo-

qmnis procesebi, am raionis formireba rom moaxdines, jerac ar damTavrebula.

egeosis zRvaSi vulkanuri aqtiuroba mesameul periodSi daiwyo, saberZneTis

mcire aziasTan SemaerTebeli xmeleTis CaZirvisa da napralebis gaCenis Tanadrou-

lad. am masivis intensiurma rRvevam saSualeba misca vulkanur magmas, SeeRwia

napralebsa da bzarebSi, amoexeTqa egeosis zRvis zedapirze, im adgilebSi, sadac

dedamiwis qerqis winaaRmdegoba yvelaze naklebi iyo. egeosis zRvaSi bevri vulka-

nuri centri warmoiqmna, oRond, istoriul droebaSi aqtiuri mxolod sami aseTi

centri iyo da yvela isini ganlagebuli iyo kikladebis kunZulebis vulkanur

1 ix.: harun Tazievi, `25 weli msoflios vulkanebze~, gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1992 w., gv. 162.

zonaSi. es zona gadaWimulia egeosis zRvis gardigardmo, warmoqmnis gare mxriT

kretisaken mimarTul rkals. masSi Sedis vulkanuri centrebi: suvaki (kalamakis

axlos), egini, meTani, parosa, antimelosa, melosa, ananosa, kimolosa, polivosa,

strongilona, despotikoni, antiparosa, santorina, kristianona, kosa da nisiros.

am zonaSi vulkanuri moqmedeba daiwyo pliocinis periodSi, daaxloebiT aTi mil-

ioni wlis win. vulkani meTanze Cawynarda Zv.w. 282 wels. nisirosze ukanaskneli

amofrqveva moxda Cveni eris 1422 wels. vulkanma santorinze aqtiuroba jer kidev

1956 wels gamoavlina~1.

es citata dawvrilebiT cnobebs gvawvdis egeosis zRvis auzisa da misi kun-

Zulebis warmoSobis Taobaze da masSi kargadaa dasabuTebuli, rom xmelTaSua

zRvis es nawili erT-erTi yvelaze intensiuri vulkanuri aqtivobis raioni iyo;

vulkanebma egeidis formirebaSi namdvilad Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli. es

istoriamdel dros, magram Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq vulkanuri aqti-

uroba SeiniSneboda XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSic, gamodis, rom vulkanebi egeidis

kulturul cxovrebaze istoriul droSic aranakleb zemoqmedebas axdenda.

egeidis vulkanuri warmoSobis kunZulebidan da maTze arsebuli vulkanebi-

dan yvelaze mniSvnelovani santorinia. es sityva `wminda irinas~ niSnavs. am kun-

Zuls sxva saxelic aqvs, ufro Zveli _ strongile, anu `mrgvali kunZuli~. for-

miT is marTlac mrgvalia, ufro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom odesRac hqonda

mrgvali forma, Tumca misi narCeni kunZulebi: tira, tirasia, nea-kaimeni, pale-

kaimeni da aspronisi isea ganlagebuli, rom strongiles Tavdapirveli forma

aSkarad ikiTxeba. amasTan, santorinis es kunZulebi saxilvelad metad lamazia.

1892 wels norman duglasma kunZulebi naxa da aRfrTovanebuli werda: `santo-

rini aucileblad unda naxo! rogorc ki wavikiTxe fosvinkelis `De Theralorum Insulis~. _ daujereblad mosawyeni, oRond sasargeblo saerTo aRwera, radgan

masSi imowmebs klasikur wyaroebs, _ me gadavwyvite da Sevagrove santorinis

Sesaxeb mTeli informacia, risi Sekrebac SevZeli. cota ar momipovebia! kunZuli

fantastikuri meCvena. sityvebi `ferweruli~ an `romantikuli~ ar gadmoscemen

im STabeWdilebas, romelic warmoiSveba am frialo kldeebis danaxvisas; zRvisa

da xmeleTis ferebi sunTqvas Segikravs. CrdiloeTis mkrTali cis qveS es san-

axaoba saSinelebis grZnobas gamoiwvevda, magram aq maisis dRis damabrmavebeli

cialisas is zRaprulad mSvenieri iyo. ar vici, moaxdenda kia santorini aseTive

STabeWdilebas dRes, magram es ukve sxva sakiTxia: roca bevr sainteresos naxav,

grZnobebi Clungdeba. miuxedavad amisa, me darwmunebuli var, es kunZuli aravis

guls ar gautexs~2.

es Tvalwarmtaci kunZulebi, arc meti, arc naklebi, didi xnis manZilze mo-

qmedi vulkania... man moqmedeba daiwyo 100 aTasi wlis win da misma amofrqvevebma

egeosis zRvis am nawilis formireba daaxloebiT 25 aTasi wlis win daamTavra. 3500

1 ix.: А.Г. Галанопулос, Э. Бэкон, «Атлантида за легендой - истина», Издательство «Наука», Москва, 1983 г., gv. 77-79.2 ix. А.Г. Галанопулос, Э. Бекон, «Атлантида за легендой – истина», изд-во «Наука», Москва, 1983 w., gv. 81-82.

102 103

wlis win momxdarma giganturma amofrqvevam santorinis kunZulebs dRevandeli

saxe misca. 1200 wlis Semdeg vulkani kvlav gamococxlda. amofrqvevebi santo-

rinis kunZulebis fskerze xdeboda, ris Sedegadac Zv.w. 197 wels gaCnda vulka-

nuri warmoSobis patara kunZuli iera; Zv.w. 46 wels ieras maxloblad warmoiSva

meore vulkanuri kunZuli Teia. Zv.w. 32 wels momxdarma vulkanurma amofrqvevam

es kunZulebi SeaerTa. Semdegi vulkanuri amofrqveva ax.w. 727 wels moxda, ramac

SeerTebuli kunZulebi kidev ufro gaafarTova. amis Semdeg vulkanma miiZina da

mxolod Svidnaxevari saukunis Semdeg, 1452 wels gamoiRviZa da amofrqvevis Sed-

egad kidev ufro gazarda kunZul iera-Teias farTobi. vulkani kvlav amoifrqva

1508 wels da daamTavra kunZul palea-kaimenis formireba. am droisaTvis kunZu-

lis umaRlesi wertilis simaRle zRvis donidan 100 metri iyo. 1570-1573 wlebSi

uwyvetad mimdinareobda wyalqveSa amofrqvevebi. amas mohyva kidev erTi kunZulis

_ mikro-kaimenis gaCena. 1650 wels kunZul tiradan CrdiloeTiT, eqvsnaxevari ki-

lometris manZilze daiwyo wyalqveSa vulkanis mZlavri amofrqveva, amas miwisZ-

vrebi mohyva. male kunZul tirsze mTa merovigli orad gaipo, yvelaferma aman ki

cunami gamoiwvia da uzarmazari talRebi daatyda kretisa da kikladis kunZulebs.

qaris mier waRebulma vulkanurma ferflma mcire aziis naxevarkunZuls miaRwia,

xolo amofrqvevis xma dardanelis sruteSi, 400 kilometrze ismoda. am amofrqve-

vis Sedegad kunZul tiras Crdilo-dasavleTiT gaCnda kunZuli, romelic maleve

CaiZira. naxevar saukuneze meti xnis gasvlis Semdeg, 1707 wels, vulkanis moqmede-

bis Sedegad gaCnda kunZuli nea-kaimeni. saukunenaxevris Semdeg, 1866 wels, vul-

kanosis yureSi kunZul nea-kaimenze amoqmedda wyalqveSa vulkani da 1870 wlamde

ganagrZobda amofrqvevas, ris Sedegadac kunZul nea-kaimenis farTobi oTxjer

gaizarda. 1928, 1939-1941 wlebisa da 1945 wlis vulkanurma amofrqvevebma kunZuli

nea-kaimeni ise gazarda, rom nikra-komens SeuerTda. am or kunZuls Soris sivrcis

Semavsebeli kunZuli dafni amoiwvera, Semdeg ki samive gaerTianda erT did kunZu-

lad. jerjerobiT ukanaskneli amofrqveva 1956 wels moxda.

yovelive zemoTqmuls unda davumatoT kidev is, rom egeosis zRvis raioni

dedamiwaze seismurad erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri raionia, rac, cxadia, vulkanuri

amofrqvevebis dros kidev ufro gazrdida katastrofis Sedegebs, radgan vul-

kanis moqmedebas miwisZvrebi mohyveba xolme.

aseTi gaxldaT xmelTaSua zRvis is nawili, sadac 3500 wlis win giganturi

vulkanuri amofrqveva moxda. misi masStabebi rom ganesazRvraT, angelos galanop-

ulosma da edvard bekonma is Seudares indoneziaSi krakataus vulkanis amofrqve-

vis masStabebs. ai, ras weren isini amis Taobaze: `magram imisaTvis, rom srulfas-

ovnad SevafasoT Cv.w.-mde XV aswleulSi strongile-santorinis saSineli amof-

rqvevis tragikuli Sedegebi, aucilebelia is SevudaroT istoriul dros (1883

wlis 27 agvisto) daregistrirebulebidan yvelaze mZlavris, vulkan krakataus

amofrqvevas, miT umetes, germaneli vulkanologi g. reki amtkicebs, rom varclis-

magvari santorinis kaldera warmoiqmna zustad imdagvarad, rogorc krakataus

vulkanuri Rrmuli zondis sruteSi, sumatrasa da iavas Soris.

am amofrqvevamde krakataus 203 weli eZina. gaiRviZa 1883 wlis 20 maiss, magram

feTqebadi aqtiuroba umniSvnelo iyo. apogeas miaRwia mxolod 27 agvistos. im

dRes, saSinel afeTqebaTa seriis Semdeg, kunZulis sami meoTxedi, 21 kvadratuli

mili, zRvaSi dainTqa da am adgilze giganturi Rrmuli, 110-dan 160-mde fatomi,

warmoiqmna.

indoeTis okeanis wylebi am napralSi CaiRvara. wylis didi masebis uecarma

gadaadgilebam gamoiwvia sami uzarmazari talRa. anierSi, iavaze. maT miaRwies 118

fut (39 m) simaRles, xolo telukbetungSi, sumatraze _ 131 futs (43 m). teluk-

betungSi talRam daniuri samxedro gemi gamotyorcna xmeleTze da is napiridan

erT milze gaeCxira zRvis donidan 30 fut (10 m) simaRleze. nawilobriv an mli-

anad daingra anieri da kidev ocdacxra sxva qalaqi iavasa da sumatras brita-

nul sanapiroze; 36 aTasi kaci daiRupa an daixrCo katastrofis Sedegad. kraka-

taus amofrqveviT gamowveulma haeris talRam zRvaze iseTi Relva gamoiwvia, rom

CileSi, valparaisos reidze mdgari gemebi Ruzas moswyvita. gamoangariSebulia,

rom `msgavsi haeris talRis dartyma SeiZleboda gamoewvia 100-150 megatonis bom-

bis afeTqebas~.

krakataus amofrqvevisas grgvinva imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom 100 milis radi-

usze saxlebis minebi Caimsxvra da kedlebi daskda. is ismoda 2250 milis manZilze

samxreT-aRmosavleT avstraliaSi da 2968 milis manZilze dasavleTiT, kunZul

rodrigesze indoeTis okeaneSi. xmovanma talRam samjer Semouara dedamiwas. kun-

Zulis garSemo pemzis fenis sisqem 13 futs (4,20 m) miaRwia. vulkanuri ferfli

atyorcnili iyo 15-18,5 milis simaRleze. ferflis raodenoba imdenad didi iyo,

rom 275 milis radiusSi mTeli ca dafara da dRe Ramed aqcia. vulkanidan 130

milis manZilze ukuni wyvdiadi 22 saaTi, xolo 50 milis manZilze _ 57 saaTi gagr-

Zelda. amofrqvevidan sami dRis Semdeg ferflis uzarmazarma masam dafara 1600

milis radiusSi myofi xomaldebis gembanebi. vulkanidan amonatyorcnma Rrma arx-

ebi amoavso da maTze naosnoba Sewyda. Sua amofrqvevis dros wvrili vulkanuri

ferfli avida 50 milis simaRleze da misi nawili iaponias, afrikasa da evropas

miswvda. mtvris nawilakebi mzis sxivebs ireklavda da `zogierT adgilas, puCkip-

sSi (niu-iorki) da niu-heivanSi (konektikuti) saxanZro manqanebic ki gamoiZaxes,

raTa aalebul cas gamklvebodnen~. aSS-sa da evropaSi mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi,

mzis amosvlisa da mzis Casvlis win, gamoCndeboda xolme sxvadasxva intensivobis

wiTeli ciali.

daangariSebulia, rom vulkanis mier amotyorcnili qanebis masa utoldeba

daaxloebiT 18 kubur kilometrs! amas unda mivumatoT 3 kuburi mili airebi

pirvelsawyisi, 425 atmosferos wneviTa da 1400oC temperaturiT. mTavari amof-

rqvevis Termuli energia utoldeba 100 aTas milion kilovat/saaTs, xolo amof-

rqvevis saerTo energia gaangariSebiT 200 milioni kilovat/saaTi unda yofiliyo.

1950 wlisaTvis eleqtroenergiis saerTo xarjva 250-jer naklebi iyo 1883 wels

krakataus amofrqvevis TboenergiasTan SedarebiT.

modiT, axla SevudaroT erTmaneTs ori didi amofrqvevis Sedegebi _ 1883

wlis krakataus vulkanisa da Cvens eramde XV aswleulis santorinisa.

santorinis kalderas 32 kv. mili farTobi ukavia, siRrme _ 160-220 fatomi.

104 105

krakataus kaldera 8 kv. mils ar aRemateba, siRrme _ 110-160 fatomi.

amrigad, santorinis kaldera daaxloebiT xuTjer ufro didi moculobisaa,

vidre krakatausi.

krakataus mier amotyorcnili ferflis fenis sisqe 40 santimetrs ar aRe-

mateba. santorinze ferfliT dafaruli farTobi metia, ferflis fenis sisqe ki

30-40 metrs aRwevs!

santorinis amofrqvevis Termuli energia, peter hedervaris gamoangariSebiT,

daaxloebiT samjer didi iyo, vidre krakataus amofrqvevisas. santorinis vul-

kanis afeTqebiT gamowveuli cunamis energia orjer naklebi iyo 1960 wels CileSi

miwisZvriT gamowveuli talRebis energiaze~1.

rogorc am citatidan Cans, saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis istoriaSi momxdar erT-

erT udides vulkanur katastrofasTan. kiTxvaze: SeeZlo Tu ara mas, gamanadgure-

beli zemoqmedeba moexdina kretis minosur saxelmwifoze, pasuxi SeiZleba iyos

mxolod dadebiTi: diax, gaanadgurebda, oRond, kvlav gavimeoreb naTqvams, ara

`erTi sazareli dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi~, rogorc amas platoni werda, magram

faqtia, rom es minosuri kulturis dacemis safuZveli gaxda. am katastrofis

masStabebsa da Sedegebze kvlav gveqneba saubari, axla ki saWiroa, pasuxi gaeces

kiTxvas: zustad rodis amoifrqva maSindeli kulturuli samyaros SuagulSi mde-

bare strongile-santorinis vulkani? amisi pasuxi isev a. galanopulosisa da e.

bekonis wignSia saZebni: `rac Seexeba katastrofis TariRs, profesori spiridon

marinatosi, santorinis arqeologiur monapovarze da kretaze aRmoCenili pemzis

fenis sisqeze dayrdnobiT, im daskvnamde mivida, rom kretaze sanapiro dasaxle-

bebi dangreul iqna cunamis giganturi talRis mier da, misi azriT, es moxda 1520

wels Cvens eramde~2.

angelos galanopulosi da edvard bekoni bevrad ufro frTxilad ekidebian

katastrofis TariRis dadgenis sakiTxs da gamoTqvamen Semdeg mosazrebas: `1956

wlis 9 ivlisis damangreveli miwisZvris Semdeg am wignis erT-erTi avtori (a.g.

galanopulosi) ewvia tiross, raTa ganesazRvra zarali da pocolanis adgilo-

brivi karieris mflobelis, baton k. papageorgiusagan gaigo, rom pemzis yvelaze

qveda fenis qveS aRmoCenilia winaistoriuli naSTebi. misi karieri feras, tiras

mTavari qalaqis Soriaxlosaa ganlagebuli. winaistoriul kedelSi aRmoCnda sxva-

dasxvagvari Tixis namtvrevebi, ramdenime qvis iaraRi, adamianis Zvlebi da kbilebi,

ori maTgani Semomwvari iyo, zeTisxilis foTlebi da fiWvis xis danaxSirebuli

naWrebi. xis es patara nawilebi dauyovnebliv gagzavnes niu-iorkSi, kolumbiis

universitetis geologiur laboratoriaSi. f.a. olsonis da u.s. brokeris mier

Catarebulma radionaxSirbadis analizma aCvena, rom kunZul tiradan gamogzav-

nili nimuSebi amoRebuli iyo naxSirbadis ciklidan da daRupula 3370±100 wlis

win, ara uadres 1500 da ara ugvianes 1310 wlebisa Cvens eramde da es daTariReba

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ewinaaRmdegeba kretaze keramikisa da moxatulobis mixed-


2 ix.: iqve, gv. 98.

viT dadgenil TariRebs.

axlaxan d.g. benetma, gamomdinare cnobili pirosis marmarilos mixedviT

dadgenili devkalionis warRvnis droidan, agreTve faraon TuTmos III-is sikvdi-

lis TariRidan da israelelTa egviptidan gamosvlis droidan, ivarauda, rom san-

torinis centraluri nawili zRvaSi dainTqa Cvens eramde 1447 wels, rac sruliad

emTxveva radionaxSirbadis analizis monacemebs~1.

rogorc xedavT, strongile-santorinis giganturi katastrofis _ Tu

katastrofebis ramdenime TariRi gvaqvs: s. marinatosi Zv.w. 1520 wels uTiTebs,

d.g. beneti _ Zv.w. 1447 wels. rac Seexeba a. galanopulossa da e. bekons, isini Tv-

lian, rom vulkanis amofrqveva Zv.w. 1510-1310 wlebs Soris unda momxdariyo da

rom iyo ara erTi, aramed sami amofrqveva 25-30- wliani intervalebiT da bolos,

CaiZira kunZul santorinis mozrdili nawili, rasac uzarmazari cunami unda mohy-

oloda.

am katastrofam, gamomdinare Tavisi grandiozuli masStabebidan, aRmosav-

leTi xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebze didi gavlena moaxdina. amas aRiareben isinic,

visac egeosis zRvaSi atlantisis arseboba dauSveblad miaCniaT: `sabWoTa atlan-

tologi n.f. Jirovi Tvlis, rom egeosis zRvaSi herakles svetebidan marjvniv

da ara marcxniv mdebare galanopulosis `atlantisi~ _ es `rac gnebavT, isaa, mx-

olod ara platonis atlantisi~, Tumca santorin-strongiles afeTqebas da misgan

gamowveul mZlavr cunams marTlac SeeZlo sabediswero gavlena moexdina kretis

minosuri civilizaciis daisze `da egviptis istoriis zogierT momentebzec ki~2.

n. Jirovi orTodoqsi atlantologia da atlantis okeanis garda sadme sxva-

gan atlantisis arseboba misTvis dauSvebelia; magram Tavisi mosazrebis meore

nawilSi is obieqturad msjelobs, rom santorinis vulkanis samma amofrqvevam da

Tanmxlebma movlenebma namdvilad moaxdines minosur kretaze da egvipteze (da ara

mxolod maTze) gavlena.

egeidis arqauli istoriisa da kulturis mkvlevarma, profesorma d. benetma

santorinis vulkanis amofrqvevis Sedegebis Taviseburi arekvla aRmoaCina bib-

liur TqmulebebSi, iq aRweril, egviptelTaTvis Tavs datexil ubedurebaTa saxiT,

razec ̀ gamosvlaSia~ laparaki: udabnoSi cxvrebis mwyems moses mayvlis buCqze dan-

Tebul cecxlad movlenilma RmerTma egviptidan israelelTa gamoyvana daavala.

mose SeeWvda Tavis SesaZleblobebSi, icoda, moZmeTa darwmuneba Zneli iqneboda

da, Tumca RmerTi Tanadgomas hpirdeboda, mainc yoymanobda. davalebis sirTules

RmerTic acnobierebda: `3,19. vici, ar gagiSvebT egviptis mefe, Tu magarma xelma

ar aiZula. 3,20. moviReb xels da davsji egviptes mTeli Cemi saswaulebiT, rom-

lebsac movaxden mis SuagulSi. mxolod amis Semdeg gagiSvebT igi. 3,21. madls

vapovnineb egviptelTa TvalSi am xalxs da roca wasvlis dro dagidgebaT, xel-

carielni ar waxvalT. 3,22. inaTxovrebs Tqveni dedakaci Tavisi mezoblisagan da

Tavisi mdgmurisagan vercxlisa da oqros WurWels, samosels da ahkidebT Tqvens

vaJebsa da asulebs. ase gaeclebiT egviptes~.

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 98-99.2 ix.: А.М. Кондратов, «Атлантиды моря Тетис», Ленинград, Гидрометеоиздат, 1986 г., gv. 99.

106 107

mose verc RmerTis im naTqvamma daarwuna, saswaulebs movaxdeno, miT umetes,

rom RmerTis moTxovna egviptelTa gaZarcvis Sesaxeb Zneli gasabedavi da sarisko

iyo, radgan egviptelebis mxridan SurisZieba mohyveboda. RmerTi iZulebuli

gaxda, im saswaulebze moeTxro, romlebsac misi SewevniT mose da aaroni moax-

dendnen. me aq movixmob im saswaulebs, romelTac, santorinis amofrqvevis Sede-

gebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad logikuri da, amdenad, miwieri axsna eZebneba:

`4,9. Tu am or saswaulsac ar gerwmunen da ar Seismines Seni sityva, amoiRe wyali

nilosidan da xmeleTze daRvare. wyali, rmelsac nilosidan amoiReb, sisxlad

iqceva xmeleTze... 4,19. uTxra ufalma moses midiamSi: wadi, dabrundi egvipteSi,

radgan yvelani daixocnen, vinc mokvlas gipirebda... 7,17. ase Tqva ufalma: amiT

mixvdebi, rom ufali var: aha, am kverTxs, xelSi rom miWiravs, davkrav nilosis wy-

als da sisxlad iqceva. 7,18. gawydeba Tevzi nilosSi, ayroldeba nilosi da veRar

daleven egviptelebi nilosis wyals... 7,20. ise moiqcnen mose da aaroni, rogorc

uflisagan hqondaT nabrZanebi. moiqnia kverTxi da dahkra nilosis wyals fara-

onisa da misi msaxurebis Tvalwin, da iqca sisxlad nilosis wyali. 7,21. amowyda

Tevzi nilosSi, ayrolda nilosi da veRar svamdnen egviptelebi nilosis wyals.

sisxli Cadga mTels egviptis qveyanaSi... 8,5. uTxra ufalma moses: uTxari aarons:

mouRere kverTxiani xeli mdinareebs, nakadulebs da Waobebs da amosxi gombeSoebi

egviptis qveynad. 8,6. mouRera xeli aaronma egviptis wylebs da amovidnen gombe-

Soebi da dafares egviptis qveyana... 8,13. aasrula ufalma moses sityva da amowyd-

nen gombeSoebi saxlebSi, ezoebSi da mindvrebSi. 8,14. grovebad dayares da aqoTda

qveyana... 8,21. Tu ar gagiSvia Cemi xalxi, buzankals mogisev Sen da Sens msaxurebs,

Sens xalxs, Sens saxlebs da aivseba buzankaliT egviptelTa saxlebi da is miwac,

sadac isini arian. 8,22. gamovarCev im dRes goSenis mxares, sadac dgas Cemi xalxi,

rom ar SeaRwios iq buzankalma, vinZlo darwmunde, rom qveynis SuagulSi var me,

ufli... 9,3. dahkravs uflis xeli Sens saqonels, mindvrad rom gyavs _ cxenebs,

saxedrebs, aqlemebs, cxvar-Zroxas. gaCndeba saSineli Wiri... 9,6. aRasrula ufalma

es saqme meore dRes da gawyda egviptelTa saqoneli, xolo israelianTa saqonelSi

arc erTi suli ar daRupula. 9,8. uTxra ufalma moses da aarons: aiRe savse peSvi

quris nacari da cisken aafrqvios mosem faraonis Tvalwin. 9,9. mtvrad moefineba

igi mTels egviptis qveyanas da yvavilis muwukebad gamoeyreba kacsa da pirutyvs

mTels egviptis qveyanaSi. 9,10. aiRes quris nacari da warudgnen faraons. aafrqvia

mosem nacari cisken da gamoeyara kacsa da pirutyvs yvavilis muwukebi... 9,23.

cisken moiRera mosem Tavisi kverTxi da gamosca ufalma grgvinva da setyva. cecx-

lma dauara dedamiwas da dasetyva ufalma egviptis qveyana. 9,24. modioda setyva

da cecxli gizgizebda setyvaSi, Zalze magari iyo setyva, misi msgavsi ar mo-

sula egviptis qveyanaSi, rac iq xalxi saxlobs. 9,25. yvelaferi gaanadgura setyvam

egviptis qveynad, rac ki gareT darCa, kacidan pirutyvamde; mindvis mTeli balaxi

gaanadgura setyvam da mindorSi mdgari yvela xe dalewa... 10,13. mouRera kverTxi

mosem egviptis qveyanas da modena ufalma aRmosavleTis qari qveynad; qroda qari

mTel dRes da mTels Rames. dadga dila da moasia aRmosavleTis qarma kalia. 10,14.

Seesia uTvalavi kalia egviptis qveyanas da moefina mis yovel kuTxes. arc manamde

da arc mas mere gamoCenila amdeni kalia... 10,19. Semoaqcia ufalma aRmosavleTis

Zlieri qari da waiRo qarma kalia da Cayara mewamul zRvaSi. erTi kaliac ar dar-

Cenila egviptis mxareSi... 10,22. cisken SemarTa xeli mosem da Camowva ukuni wyv-

diadi mTels egviptis qveyanaSi, da idga sam dRes... 11,5. mokvdeba yoveli pirmSo

egviptis qveynad taxtze mjdomare faraonis pirmSodan pirmSomde mxevlisa, xel-

safqvavebs rom uzis; mokvdeba yoveli pirutyvis pirvelmogebuli... 14,16. Sen ki

kverTxi aRmarTe da zRvas daaRire, Suaze gaipoba igi da mSralad Sevlen israe-

lianebi Suagul zRvaSi. 14,17. xolo me guls gavusastikeb egviptelebs da daged-

vnebian. maSin gamoCndeba Cemi dideba faraonze, mTels mis karze, mis etlebsa da

mxedrebze. 14,18. mixvdeba egvipte, rom ufali var, roca gamovaCen Cems didebas

faraonze, mis etlebze da mxedrebze. 14,19. daiZra israelis banakis win mavali

RvTis angelozi da ukan gahyva maT, daiZra Rrublis sveti da ukan Seudga maT,

14,20. Cadga egviptelTa da israelis banakebs Soris. iyo Rrublad da wyvdiadad

egviptelTaTvis, israels ki Rames unaTebda. mTeli Ramis manZilze ar miaxloe-

bian erTmaneTs. 14,21. daaRira xeli zRvas mosem da mTeli Rame midenida ufali

zRvas aRmosavleTis Zlieri qariT. xmeleTad aqcia zRva da gaipo wyali. 14,22.

mSralad Sevidnen israelianebi Suagul zRvaSi, wyali kedlad edgaT marjvniv da

marcxniv. 14,23. daedevnen egviptelebi, Sehyvnen Suagul zRvaSi faraonis cxen-

ebi, misi etlebi da mxedrebi. 14,24. dahxeda dilis saxmilavze ufalma cecxlisa

da Rrublis svetidan egviptelTa banaks da ariv-daria egviptelTa banaki. 14,25.

daaZro borblebi maT etlebs da gauZneldaT svla. Tqves egviptelebma: gaveridoT

israels, radgan misi gulisTvis ebrZvis ufali egviptelebs. 14,26. uTxra ufalma

moses: daaRire zRvas xeli da miiqceva wyali egviptelebisken, maTi etlebisa da

mxedrobisaken. 14,27. daaRira xeli zRvas mosem da ganTiadamde miiqca zRva Tavis

adgilas. ukan mobrunebuli egviptelebi miawydnen zRvas da Cayara isini ufalma

Suagul zRvaSi. 14,28. miiqca wyali da dafara etlebi, mxedrebi da faraonis mTeli

laSqari, zRvaSi rom Sehyvnen maT; erTic ar gadarCenila~1.

axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba qceuliyo aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi

momxdari grandiozuli vulkanuri amofrqveva yvela misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

SedegiT bibliur TqmulebaTa STagonebis wyarod:

strongile-santorinis amofrqveva Tu amofrqvevebi droSi emTxveva ebraelTa

gamosvlas egviptidan, rasac mecnierebi Zv.w. XIV saukunis damdegs akuTvneben.

santorinis vulkanidan amofrqveul airebs, ferfls, pemzis namsxvrevebs, cx-

adia, SeeZlo mieRwia egviptemde. saqme isaa, rom manZili dRevandel stambolsa da

port-saids Soris 1500 kilometria. santorini daaxloebiT am or qalaqs Soris

mdebareobs da iqidan egviptemde 750 kilometri iqneba. Tu gaviTvaiswinebT imas,

rom santorinis amofrqvevas giganturi masStabebi hqonda, maSin zemoxsenebuli

manZili namdvilad ar aris ise didi, rom krateridan amotyorcnil vulkanur masas

egviptemde ar mieRwia. mis iq Catanas Zlieri qarebic Seuwyobda xels. amis Taobaze

atlantologi i. maSnikovi werda: `amrigad, Tu vulkanis amofrqvevis dros Crdi-

lo-dasavleTis qari qroda, vulkanuri ferflis mTeli fesvedi swored egviptes

1 ix.: biblia, gamosvla. gv. 60-70, Tbilisi, 1989 w.

108 109

unda damxoboda da kretisTvisac gamoedo `frTa~1.

Tu `frTis gamodebam~ minosuri kulturis ganadgurebas Seuwyo xeli, maSin,

advili warmosadgenia, ra moxdeboda egvipteSi...

zemoT citirebuli bibliuri `saswaulebi~ amisi Taviseburi ilustraciaa:

RmerTi eubneba moses, Seni mtrebi daixocneno. ki magram, ram daxoca isini? udavod,

momwamvlelma vulkanurma airebma. is moses mokvdinebis msurvelebsac daxocavda,

bavSvebsac, amasTan, ganurCevlad imisa, faraonis Svilebi iyvnen isini Tu vinme

mdabiosi, saerTod yvelive suliers moklavda, visac miswvdeboda, vinc am airebis

gavrcelebis zonaSi aRmoCndeboda.

rac Seeeba sisxlad qceul nilosis wyals; niloss egviptis miwis gamapoxier-

ebeli Slami Camoaqvs da amis gamo mis wyals isedac dahkravs mowiTalo feri, vul-

kanuri ferfli ki mas kidev ufro gaamuqebda, ase rom, adidebul da kalapotidan

gadmosul niloss udavod eqneboda sisxlis feri.

vulkanuri ferfliT gajerebul nilosSi bunebrivad gawydeboda Tevzi, ami-

tom mkvdari da dampali Tevzis suni Semawuxebeli iqneboda. mdinaridan Tavis

daRwevas Seecdeboda wylis yvela is binadari, visac napirze amoRweva SeeZlo.

aqedan _ napirze amomxtari gombeSoebis uCveulo simravlec. rogorc Cans, maT

imave mizeziT, anu vulkanuri ferflis gamo, xmeleTze Tevzebis bedi gaiziares.

didi raodenobiT napirze gamoriyuli daxocili Tevzi da xmeleTze daxocili

gombeSoebi kargi piroba iyo imisaTvis, rom buzebi uCveulod gamravlebuliyvnen.

xolo mas Semdeg, rac daxocil wylis binadarTa nawils nilosi Caitanda zRvaSi,

nawils ki miwaSi Caflavdnen, buzic Cveulebrivze meti aRar iqneboda. quris nac-

ari vulkanuri mtvris literaturuli metaforaa. am mtvers da nilosSi gaxrwnil

uamrav wylis binadarT nilosis wylis msmel egviptelebSi mravali avadmyofoba

unda gaeCina. rac Seexeba vulkanur setyvas, anu cidan pemzis namtvrevebis cvenas,

is, rogorc pompeiSi moxda, egvipteSic aseve imsxverplebda adamianebsac da piru-

tyvsac, balaxsac gaanadgurebda da xeebsac dalewavda. grandiozuli amofrqveva

drois garkveul monakveTSi klimatsac sagrZnoblad Secvlida, amitom qaris mier

kaliebis Semotyorcnac ar aris gasakviri, Tumca isic faqtia, rom kaliebma qaris

gareSec ician Semosvla da roca naxes, maTi sakvebi balaxi, foTlebi, naTesebi da

nargavebi ganadgurebuli iyo, iqaurobas swrafad gaecalnen. rac Seexeba sam dRes

mdgar wyvdiads, aseTi ram vulkanur mofrqvevas axasiaTebs, radgan vulkanuri

ferfli, amofrqvevis masStabebidan gamomdinare, faravs mzes da abnelebs dedami-

wis teritoriis garkveul monakveTs sxvadasxva drois ganmavlobaSi.

vulkanur dabnelebasTan dakavSirebiT atlantolog n. Jirovs antikur wy-

aroebze dayrdnobiT aseTi magaliT mohyavs: `romaeli mwerlis varonis (I saukune

Cvens eramde) sityvebiT, ogigosis warRvnis dros cxra Tve mefobda Rame da egeo-

sis arqipelagis yvela vulkani moqmedebda, warRvnis Semdeg ki, aTwleulebis gan-

mavlobaSi, atika ukacrieli iyo~2.

mogexsenebaT, mecnierebi ogigosis warRvnas aigiveben devkalionis warRvnas-

1 ix.: И.В. Машников, «Расшифрованные тайны древних мифов», Москва, «ЭКСМО», 2007 г., gv. 237.2 ix.: А.Л. Кац, Н.Ф. Жиров, «Разум против стиxии», Издательство «Знание», Москва, 1968 г., gv. 40.

Tan, romlis drosac daiRupnen atlantiselebi, anu ganadgurda kretis minosuri

kultura. Tu am dros aseTi masStabebis vulkanuri amofrqveva xdeboda, maSin,

egvipteSi sami dRe wyvdiadi namdvilad ar aris bevri. samagierod, dabejiTebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom egeidaSi gacilebiT met xans iqneboda wyvdiadi.

vulkanuri amofrqveviT gamowveuli atmosferuli da sxva movlenebiT Sei-

Zleba iseTi bibliuri Tqmulebis axsnac, rogoric aris wiTeli zRvis gadalaxva

ebraelTa mier. egviptelebi misdevdnen ltolvil ebraelebs da isini wiTeli zRvis

piras mimwyvdeulni aRmoCndnen, magram `Rrublis sveti~ ifaravda ltolvilebs

mdevarTagan. aSkaraa, es unda yofiliyo vulkanuri mtvris Rrubeli, romelmac

mTvare daabnela da egviptelebs ebraelTa amoJletis saSualeba ar misca. amave

dros, aRmosavleTis Zlierma qarma zRvis wyali gadadena da fskeric gamoCnda.

es albaT iq moxda, sadac TavTxeli iyo. warmoiqmna erTgvari foni da gadasvla

SesaZlebeli gaxda. ebraelebmac es gaakeTes. maT egviptelebi mihyvnen. am drois-

aTvis albaT aRmosavleTis Zlieri qari Cadga da mis mier gadadenili zRvis wyali

ukuiqca. gzas adre Semdgarma ebraelebma gadaawres, gvian daZrulma egviptelebma

ki _ vera. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom egviptelebi mxolod zRvis

ukuqcevis msxverplni ar gamxdaran da maT daRupvaSi sabediswero roli iTamaSa im

cunamma, romelic, savaraudod, bolo amofrqvevis Semdeg kunZulis centraluri

nawilis CaZirvis Sedegad warmoiSva. uzarmazar talRas namdvilad SeeZlo gad-

aelaxa suecis yeli, Caqceuliyo wiTel zRvaSi, gaeZlierebina ukuqceuli zRvis

nawili da daefara egviptelTa laSqari.

ase rom, `gamosvlaSi~ aRwerili saswaulebis axsna kunZul santorinis vul-

kanis amofrqvevis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT sruliad SesaZlebelia.

rac Seexeba imas, Tu ram da rogor daRupa kretis minosuri saxelmwifo da

misi kultura. amis Taobaze sakmaod damajerebeli mosazreba gamoTqva cnobilma

arqeologma, minosuri kulturis aRmomCenma artur evansma. amisaTvis mas kretaze

mravali wlis gatareba dasWirda da swored am dros moxda movlena, ramac evanss

swori daskvna gaakeTebina. amasTan dakavSirebiT movixmob ramdenime citatas ze-

moT ukve naxsenebi k. keramis wignidan `RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi~:

`iseve, rogorc kretaze mcxovrebi xalxisa da misi damwerlobis warmoSoba,

gaurkvevelia agreTve kretis samefos dasasrulic. gabeduli Teoria, ramdenic

gnebavT, imdenia. evansi arCevda dangrevis sam aSkara stadias. orjer sasaxle aR-

udgeniaT, mesamed ki misgan nangrevebiRa darCenila... evanss miaCnda, rom minosis

sasaxle romeliRac bunebriv kataklizms unda daengria. amisi klasikuri maga-

liTia pompei. knososis sasaxlis gaTxrisas evansi iseTive uecari daRupvisa da

ngrevis niSnebs waawyda, rogorsac d’elbevi da venuti vezuvis Ziras: mitovebuli

sameurneo iaraRi, daumTavrebeli WurWeli da xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, moulod-

nelad Sewyvetili saojaxo samuSao.

evansma Seqmna Teoria, romlic TviTonve gamoscada. 1926 wlis 26 ivniss, 21

saaTsa da 45 wuTze evansi loginSi iwva da wigns kiTxulobda. uecrad man igrZno

Zlieri miwisqveSa biZgi. sawoli adgilidan daiZra, saxlis kedlebma ryeva dai-

wyo. irgvliv raRac nivTebi cvioda, waqceuli kasridan wyali iqceoda. miwa jer

110 111

oxravda da kvnesoda, Semdeg ki ise aRrialda, TiTqos legendaruli minotavri

gacocxlebulao. biZgebi male Sewyda da rodesac yvelaferi damSvidda, evansi sa-

wolidan wamoxta da quCaSi gavarda. igi sasaxlisken garboda. sadac ki SeiZleboda,

evanss Tavidanve foladis sayrdenebi da koWebi daedga. samagierod, axlomaxlo

soflebsa da TviT dedaqalaq kandliSi miwisZvras saSineli ngreva gamoewvia.

aseTi iyo evansis piradi STabeWdilebani. maT ganamtkices misi hipoTeza. evansi

eyrdnoboda imas, rom kreta erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Zlieri miwisZvrebis raio-

nia evropaSi. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, mxolod uZlieres da sruliad moulodnel

miwisZvras, iseTs, romelsac SeeZlo miwa gaepo da Sig Caetana adamianis yoveli

naxelavi, mxolod aseT uZlieres biZgs SeeZlo, ise daengria minosis sasaxle, rom

mis adgilze oriode sacodavi qoxis garda aRarafris aSeneba ar SeiZleboda~1.

artur evansi avtoritetia da unda verwmunoT. man zustad gansazRvra kretis

nagebobaTa ngrevis mizezebi; isic, rom ngreva samjer moxda. es kargad exmianeba

a. galanopulosisa da e. bekonis mosazrebas 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi santorinis

samjer amofrqvevis Sesaxeb, rasac win uswrebda Zlieri miwisZvrebi, es ki isedac

seismurad aqtiur zonaSi mdebare kunZulze katastrofulad aisaxeboda. artur

evansis dakvirvebidan kargad Cans, rom pirveli da meore damangreveli miwisZvre-

bis Sedegad gatialebuli minosis sasaxle da sxva nagebobani kretelebma aRadgines,

magram mesame miwisZvris Sedegad ngreva ise didi iyo, rom maT aRar eyoT erovnuli

energia dangreuli qveynis aRsadgenad. garda ngrevisa, iyo kidev cunamic. am ram-

denime wlis winaT mecnierebma miagnes asi metri simaRlis talRis kvals, romelic

santorinis erT-erTi, SesaZloa, mesame amofrqvevisas kretas dastydomia.

1 ix.: k. kerami, `RmerTebi akldamebi da mecnierebi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 85-86.

Tavi V

vin iyo is xalxi, visac atlantiselebs uwodebdnen da ra enaze metyvelebdnen isini

Zneli aRmoCnda atlantisis adgilsamyofelis dadgena da amas 2400 weli das-

Wirda. cxadia, advili ar iqneboda atlantiselTa vinaobis garkvevac, radgan

eZebdnen 12 aTasi wlis win atlantis okeanis kunZulze arsebul saxelmwifos,

atlantologebis azriT dedamiwaze arsebul kulturaTa saTaves rom warmoad-

genda... erTi sityviT, maTTvis kacobriobis istoria atlantisidan iwyeboda, amisi

damadasturebeli artefaqtebi ki ver warmoadgines; Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia am

adamianebisaTvis, darwmunebulni yofiliyvnen, rom evropaSi, aziaSi, afrikasa da

amerikaSi mcxovrebi rigi xalxebi atlantisel kolonistTa STamomavlebi arian...

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mravali araargumentirebuli da kuriozuli mosazreba

gamoiTqva.

orTodoqs atlantologTa eTnologiuri Ziebebis tipuri gamoxatulebaa

frangi mkvlevris, roJe devinis wigni `atlantisi _ gamqrali materiki~, romlis III TavSi avtori aseT mosazrebebs gamoTqvams: `atlantisi arsebobs eTnikuri Tval-

sazrisiT _ zRvam Caylapa atlantisuri okeania, magram koloniebi kidev didxans

arsebobdnen; atlantisis xalxebi _ kanaris kunZulebi, marokos atlasi anu libia,

iberia, liguria, etruria, karia, berZnuli kunZulebi, centraluri amerika, an-

debi _ berberuli ena da `barbaro~.

rogorc Cans, avtors wuTiTac ki ar epareba eWvi imaSi, rom zemoT CamoTv-

lili qveynebi TavianTi mosaxleobiT atlantisis koloniebi iyvnen. es daskvna roJe

devinisTvis aris argumenti, rac eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT atlantisis arsebobas

misTvis utyuars xdis... r. devini sagangebod gamohyofs arasemituri da araari-

uli warmoSobis mzis kultis mqone, brinjaos mwarmoebel xalxebs da maT atlan-

tisis kulturis memkvidreebad miiCnevs: `mzis kulti, aseve brinjaos mrewveloba,

rogorc Cans, moemarTeboda, upirveles yovlisa, piramidebisa da dolmenebis im

didi gziT, romelzec istoriamdel dros gaiares dasavleli dampyroblebis (at-

lantiselebis. p.i.) brwyinvale etlebma, mogvianebiT, rbolisagan abuqebuli mt-

vris msgavsad, maT mihyva grZeli wyeba legendebisa herakleebze, iazonebze, at-

lasebze da promeTeebze~.

adgas ra pozicias, rom ~istoria iwyeba atlantiselebisagan~, _ r. devini

gulmodgined daeZebs maT STamomavlebs da am pativs aniWebs Crdilo-dasavleT

afrikaSi, atlasis mTebis midamoebSi mcxovreb berberebs, maT yvela sxva xalxis

winamorbedad miiCnevs da Tavisi Sexedulebis dasamtkiceblad iSveliebs sxvadasxva

avtorTa mosazrebebs, eTanxmeba maT da Tavad gamoTqvams Tamam azrebs: ̀ Cven kvlav

mivmarTavT berberul enas _ dasavleTis mcxovrebTa im enas, romelic sanskritze

uZvelesia. misi fesvebi namdvilad aRmoCenilia yvela xalxTan, visi warmoSobac

gamocanas warmoadgens, _ Tu ar vaRiarebT, rom pirvelsawyisi adgili, saidanac

isini gadmosaxldnen, atlantisi iyo.

112 113

renani Tavis ̀ semituri enebis istoriaSi~ aRniSnavs, rom Stikelisa da tarkvin-

iusis cdebi, amoexsnaT etruskuli ena semituris saSualebiT, usafuZvloa.

is aRniSnavs, rom homerosis naTqvamiT (iliada, II, 867) laparakobdnen ber-

berTa enaze, barbarophônoi... lui renanis mier gansakuTrebiT marokos atlasSi

warmoebuli Ziebani Zveli berberuli enis Taobaze da CvenTvis misi Semomnaxavi

wminda werilebi (tifinari) amtkicebs, rom uZvelesi Savgvremani rasa, romelic

sawyis-istoriul epoqaSi Seeria keltebs anu kel-luas, kimirielebs, midielebs,

iranelebs da kidev Cvens droSic iyo aTaswlovan qiSpobad CrdiloeTelTa da

samxreTelTa Soris, soff Gherbi da soff Chergui, Tavisi enis lingvisturi fesvebis

Rrma kvali daasva xalxebs, romelTagan bevri ukve gamqrala, magram yvela isini

aRmoCnda atlantikuri imperiis im rukaze, romelic platonma Semogvixaza... ber-

beruli fesvebis daxmarebiT zogadad ai, amgvarad aSuqeben da xsnian zogierTi

Zveli tomis saxels:

ligurebi: baskuradaa lligor; berberulad _ ligor, _ mTis xalxi;

libielebi anu

`lebu~ egviptur warwerebSi: al-abu (gadmosaxlebuli xalxi);

skviTebi (skiTebi), sic; ait, _ `qalaqebis~ xalxi;

amorZalebi, alazoun, _ ennis SvilTa xalxi;

SeiZleba sruliad advilad gavagrZeloT es sayuradRebo lingvisturi rigi.

ai, kidev ramdenime aseTi magaliTi:

Turanelebi _ ennis xalxi;

kaledonielebi _ ennis tomi;

britanelebi _ emigrantebi, ennis Svilebi;

er-inni _ ennis Svili;

tirenebi, tur-enni _ ennis xalxi;

sekvanebi _ ennis sacxovrisi;

elinebi, al-enni _ ennis klani;

iranelebi _ ur-ann;

menesi _ m’ennu;

kirena (kirenanka), kir-enn _ ennis centri;

qan-aan _ ennis xalxTa saxelmwifo (finikielebisa da semitebis winamorbedi,

filistimelebTan, madianitebTan da amonitebTan erTad).

ase mcire-mcired Cven Tvalwin aRdgeba misi ferflis damfaravi xalxebidan es

didi xnis win daviwyebuli eri muqkaniani Tu wiTelkaniani adamianebisa, romelsac

Cven vicnobT pirvelyofili egviptisa da legendaruli amerikis qandakebebiTa da

ferweriT~.

ai, aseTi ènaTmecnieruli~ ZiebebiT cdilobs roJe devini, àRmoaCinos~ at-

lantiselTa eTnikur-lingvisturi zemoqmedebis kvali. misi Semdegi cda mimarTu-

lia atlantiselTa kulturis nakvalevis moZiebisaken:

ùkve etruriis istorikosebma SeniSnes, rom tarkviniaSi, volteraSi, kiuzaSi,

ceraSi, larnakebsa da nekropolisis kedlebze gamosaxuli adamianis figurebi gam-

oirCevian erTgvarovnebiTa da friad saxasiaTo tipurobiT.

es patara tanis xalxi didi TaviT, grZeli da msxvili cxviriT, mkvrivi da

Caskvnili; maTi nakvTebi, _ ambobs miSle, _ ̀ magonebs meqsikur qandakebebs palenkes

nangrevebidan~.

oaxakeSi mdebare Zegli Cven aseve gviCvenebs grZel da msxvilcxvirian adami-

anebs; aseTivea romSi, valetrasa da berlinSi daculi meqsikuri ferweris niuSe-

bic.

aseve niburimac, pliniusis mier porsenis akldamis aRwerisas, meqsikur taZ-

rebTan msgavseba dainaxa.

didi xania ukve dionise halikarnaselma ganacxada, rom etruskebi arc eniT,

arc wes-CveulebebiT ar hgvanan arcerT sxva xalxs. qandakebebi ras-ennis xalxs,

rogorc etruskebi Tavis Tavs uwodebdnen, Cven warmogvidgenen, rogorc mxolod

Caskvnil figurebs.

etruskebi ganTqmulni iyvnen brinjaos nawarmiT. volsiniis aRebis Semdeg ro-

maelebma wamoiRes ori aTasi brinjaos qandakeba, magram Tavad maT, kidev didxans,

mxolod xisa da Tixis qandakebebis damzadeba SeeZloT.

etruskTa religia warmoadgenda imave narevs astronomiuli misticizmisa da

sisxliani msxverplSewirvisa, romelic, rogorc Cans, aris meqsikur religiur mis-

teriebSi.

maTTan qurumebi, kanonmdeblebi, qalebi iyvnen. aseve iyo berber mmarTvelTa

ojaxebSi, romlebic SeiWrnen egvipteSi da aages piramidebi, da aseve (hqondaT. p.i.)

amerikis, iberiisa da skviTeTis uZveles xalxebs.

amgvarad, gamartivebulad gadmoveciT ra Cveni daskvnebi, Cven iZulebulni

varT, vaRiaroT Semdegi faqti: istoriuli civilizaciis dasawyisSi evropaSi, af-

rikaSi, amerikaSi Cven vpoulobT Tu ara erTian pirvelyofil istoriul xalxs,

maSin, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, legendaruli xalxis jgufs, romelTac gaaCndaT

saerTo fizikuri tipi, erTnairi wes-Cveulebani (gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifoze

qalTa gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT), religia, romelSiac maRali astronomiuli sim-

boloebi ewyoboda sisxlian msxverplSewirvas da brinajos damuSavebis erTnair

meTods.

istorikosebi arafers amboben imis Taobaze, Tu saidan warmoiSvnen da gavr-

celdnen es xalxebi. isini aRniSnaven amas ganusazRvreli terminiT _ `dasavleTi-

dan~.

ai, am gamoucnob dasavleTSi, _ romelic geologebma zRvis ufskrulidan am-

oitanes platoniseuli saxelwodebiT atlantisi, _ ennis xalxma ganaviTara bri-

jaos saukunis Tavisi civilizacia kastis Zalauflebis qveS, msgavsad im gmirTa

kastisa, romelic evseviusis sityvebiT, flobda egviptes daaxloebiT TerTmeti

aTasi wlis win Cvens eramde.

atlantisis xalxi Seexo da Seeria adre mcxovreb erovnebebs im qveynebSi, sadac

isini Cadiodnen. rogorc Cans, droTa ganmavlobaSi aman warmoSva originaluri ti-

pebisagan sakmaod gansxvavebuli xalxebi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom atlantisSi,

114 115

msgavsad axlandeli afrikisa, erTmaneTis gverdigverd cxovrobdnen Savi, TeTri

da wiTeli rasebis adamianebi, romelTac marTavda àmaugis~, anu `qaldevelTa~

kasta, romelic Sedgeboda astronomTa, meomarTa, mSenebelTa, metalurgTagan. ma-

gram brinjaos rasis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi (dagrZelebuli qala, msxvili

cxviri, patara xelebi) aRmoaCndaT berberebs, egviptelebs, etruskebs, aimaras,

baskebs, guanCebs.

meore mxriv, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom atlantiss urTierToba hqonda im said-

umlo hiperboriul qveyanasTan, apolonis kultis sakurTxevelTan da maRal

orfikul tradiciasTan, romlis istoriac jer aravis gaubedavs, rom Camoewera.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc qvemoT gamoCndeba, atlantisis religiuri isto-

ria gadaefina antikuri religiis mTel istorias da mis kvlevas SeuZlebels xdis,

Tu ar davuSvebT imas, rom sul Tavidan iyo erTgvari samociqulo moZraoba, at-

lantiselTa kolonizacia~1.

roJe devinis ase vrclad citirebas is azri aqvs, rom naTeli gaxdes orTodoqs

atlantologTa mier warmoebuli kvlevis Tavisebureba. rogori zedapiruli da

aramecnierulic iyo r. devinis `lingvisturi~ Ziebebi, iseTivea mis mier moxmo-

bili faqtebis kvleva da amis Sedegad gamotanili daskvnebi. mizezi aseTi ten-

denciuri msjelobisa, es, ginda Tu ara, atlantisis arsebobisa da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, am saxelmwifos civilizatoruli funqciis aRiarebaa rogorc dasavleT,

ise aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi da amis dasasabuTeblad gauTavebel paralelebs

avlebs xmelTaSua zRvisa da centraluri amerikis kulturebs Soris, miuxedavad

imisa, aris aseTi daskvnebisTvis saWiro masala Tu ara... yvelafrisadmi calsaxa

midgoma avtors xels uSlis araTu pirvelwyaros azrs Caswvdes, aramed imaSic

ki, rom sworad amoikiTxos teqsti. ase magaliTad: r. devinis mier damowmebul

homeross ìliadas~ zemoxsenebul qebaSi ar uTqvams, karielebi berberul enaze

laparakobdneno. is werda:

`karielT, moubarT barbarosul ena-kiloze~2.

barbarosuli ucxos, burdRunas, araberZnul enas niSnavs da ara berberul

enas.

ase rom, avtoris mier argumentad moxmobili renanis mosazreba mcdaria.

zustad iseve, rogorc yvela is argumenti da masze dafuZnebuli daskvna, romelic

berberuli `fesvebis~ daxmarebiT àSuqeben da xsnian zogierTi Zveli tomis saxe-

lebs~.

aseve sruliad xelovnuria laparaki etruskTa brinjaos qandakebebisa da maias

tomis skulpturebis portretuli msgavsebis Sesaxeb. Tu vinmes hgavs r. devinis

mier aRwerili etruskuli skulpturebi, _ miSlem rom maias tomisas miamsgavsa,

_ isini hgvanan TrialeTSi napovni vercxlis Tasis figurebs, oRond am msgavsebis

gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT...

roJe devins akvitebul idead rom ar qceoda mavan mecnierTa mosazreba imis

1 ix.: Рожэ Дэвинь, «Атлантида, исчезнувший материк», Издательство «Петроград», 1926 г., gv. 72-85.2 ix.: homerosi, ìliada~, qeba II, 867, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv. 95.

Taobaze, xmelTaSua zRvis xalxebi dasavleTidan movidneno da am xalxTa warmoma-

vlobis garkveva ecada, SesaZloa, atlantisis adgilsamyofeli bevrad adre dadge-

niliyo, magram maSin roJe devini orTodoqsi atlantologi aRar iqneboda...

misi Sexedulebebidan mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia is, rom yuradReba miaqcia arain-

doevropel xalxebs, mzis kultis mimdevrebsa da brinjaos mwarmoeblebs, oRond,

es mxolod mas ar gaukeTebia, _ etruskebsa da baskebSi bevri sxva atlantologic

atlantiselTa STamomavlebs Tu maTi kulturis gavleniT Camoyalibebul xalxebs

xedavda. zogierTi atlantologi xalxebis am rigs kidev ufro zrdida.

gavida wlebi da poloneli atlantologi ludvik zaidleric dainteresda

`mzis SvilTa sacxovrisiT~. amasTan dakavSirebiT movitan ramdenime citatas:

`mravali mkvlevari, kerZod i. lipsic, fiqrobs, mzis kulti yvela xalxisaTvis

ariso niSndoblivi. maTi azriT, am kultis wyaroa adamianis rwmena ciur sxeulTa

zebunebrivi Zalisadmi. am sxeulTa Soris ki mze udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi

iyoo. marTlac, sicocxle dedamiwaze mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli mzis sxivTa

sinaTlesa da siTbosTan, da SesaZlo iyo, amis Secnoba safuZvlad dasdeboda gan-

sakuTrebul kults, dedamiwaze sicocxlis Semoqmed RmerTTan mzis gaigivebas.

oRond kvleva-Ziebam cxadyo, rom mzis kulti sayovelTao movlena rodi yofila.

mzis kultis sayovelTaooba egvipturi da romauli miTosis, agreTve maias xalxTa

miTosis gavleniT warmoisaxa; xolo faqtiurad mzis kulti Zvel egviptes, samxreT

azias, xmelTaSua zRvis napirebTan mdebare qveynebs, irlandias, centralur amer-

ikas, kanaris kunZulebsa da polinezias moicavda mxolod, e.i. im xalxebs, rom-

lebsac wesad hqondaT micvalebulTa Cacucqulad Camarxva, gvamis dabalzameba

an ConCxis wiTlad SeRebva da piramidebis ageba. unda aRiniSnos, rom mzis kulti

niSandoblivia Zveli xalxebisaTvis, romlebsac SedarebiT maRalganviTarebuli

kultura hqondaT. vgoneb, es faqti imas miuTiTebs, rom mzis kultis samSoblo

atlantisi iyo...

saidan moxvdnen apeninis naxevarkunZulze etruskebi? arsebobs ramdenime Teo-

ria: erTni etruskebs miiCneven mcire aziidan, sxvani _ kavkasionis mTebidan mosul

xalxad. zogni imas fiqroben, etruskebi adgilobrivi mkvidrni arian, odiTganve

aq ucxovriaTo. oRond yvela istorikosi da eTnografi aRiarebs, rom etruskebis

warmomavlobis dadgena SeuZlebelia.

isic ueWvelia, rom Tavdapirvelad etruskebi kulturis mxriv gacilebiT

maRla idgnen, vidre maTi mezobeli xalxebi da gvian mosuli laTinni, _ dRes ukve

SesaZloa amis dadgena rogorc gaTxrebze, ise romael istorikosTa sagulisxmo

cnobebze dayrdnobiT. etruskebma didi gavlena moaxdines romis kulturis ganvi-

Tarebaze. es gavlena Tavs iCenda imperiis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis manZilze, TviT

qristianobis epoqamde... espaneTis CrdiloeT nawilSi, safrangeTis sazRvarTan,

biskais yuris sanaxebSi amJamad milionamde baski cxovrobs. isini sxva erovnul

jgufs ekuTvnian, vidre mTi mezobeli espanelbi da frangebi, xolo maTi ena msof-

lioSi cnobil arc erT enas ar hgavs. istoriuli kvleva-Zieba cxadhyofs, rom

baskebi yofilan STamomavalni vaskonebisa, xolo eseni winareistoriuli droidan

pirineis naxevarkunZulze damkvidrebul iberielTa erT toms Seadgendnen... Tavi-

116 117

anT enas baskebi uwodeben eskuras (an eskuaras, euskaras, euksaras, uskaras), rac

`sityvanaTels~ unda niSnavdes.

baskuri enis sagulisxmo Tvisebaa ricxviT saxelTa warmoTqmis wesi. erTidan

aTamde ricxviTi saxelebi amgvaria: bat, bi, hiru, lau, botz (an bast), sei, zazpi, zortzi, beder-atzi da hamar. TerTmeti aris hamabatr, ToTxmeti _ hamalaur da ase Semdeg:

30 _ hogoi ta hamar, oci da aTio;

34 _ hogoi ta hamalur, oci da ToTxmetio;

40 _ berrogoi, ese igi ori ocio da ase Semdeg.

maSasadame, baskebi ocobiTi Tvlis sistemas iyeneben. am sistemis naSTi SemorCe-

nilia agreTve frangul enaSi: quatre-vingts _ oTx ocs, ese igi oTxmocs niSnavs si-

tyvasityviT. Quotre-vingts-onze sityvasityviT niSnavs oTx ocsa da TerTmets, ese

igi oTxmocdaTerTmets. danielnic aseve iTvlian.

eWvi ar aris, rom baskebs, frangebs da danielebs erTi wyarodan auRiaT magal-

iTi. am xalxebis meti ocobiT sistemas sxva aravin iyenebs, garda centraluri

amerikis Zveli mkvidrebis _ maias da actekebisa. ocobiTi sistemis kvals vpou-

lobT sxva indoel xalxebSic, agreTve polineziaSi. am sakiTxis irgvliv kidev

mogviwevs saubari~1.

l. zaidleri, masze adre citirebuli r. devinis msgavsad, im maRali kul-

turis mqone xalxebs, romelTa warmomavlobac im xanad burusiT iyo moculi,

atlantisis kulturis STamomavlebad miiCnevs. am SemTxvevaSic igrZnoba avtoris

survili, es xalxebi atlantisis arsebobis mtkicebulebad ganixilos. misi az-

riT, protokulturis arsebobis Sesaxeb laparakobs mzis kulti zogierT xalxSi

da rom atlantiselTa gareSe aseTi kulti ver Seiqmneboda. mosazreba, cxadia,

sakamaToa, oRond is srulad esadageba atlantologTa msjelobis xasiaTs... amave

logikidan momdinareobs interesi baskebisa da etruskebisadmi da ara mxolod

imitom, rom pirvelebma didi gavlena moaxdines iberiis naxevarkunZulis kul-

turul ganviTarebaze, meoreebma ki _ romauli kulturis formirebaze, _ avto-

risaTvis mTavaria, rom es xalxebi, misi azriT, arc erT ers ar enaTesavebian,

rac iZleva warmoSobs Sanss, es xalxebi atlantiss daukavSiros. amave mizeziT man

yuradReba miaqcia baskebis ocobiTi Tvlis sistemas. amiT man isini frangebTan

da danielebTan, agreTve maiasa da actekebTan erTad miakuTvna im xalxebs, visac

erTi savaraudo wyarodan unda SeeTvisebina Tvlis zemoxsenebuli sistema... kargi

iqneboda, l. zaidlers scodnoda, rom qarTvelebic ocobiTi Tvlis sistemas vi-

yenebT.

msgavsi àtlanto-centristuli~ poziciis demonstrirebas axdens Taname-

drove amerikeli atlantologi frenk jozefi naSromSi àtlantisis daRupva~.

samagaliTod movixmob mis aseT mosazrebas: `guanCebis ena miekuTvneba indoevro-

pul jgufs, Tumca arc ki hgavda arc erT cnobil enas. amasTan, mas gasaocari

msgavseba aqvs berZnul, goTur da Zvel zemogermanul enebTan, magram kanaris kun-

Zulebis ena bevr araariul elements Seicavs. am elementebidan zogierTi aSkarad

miekuTvneba euskara enas _ baskTa enas da Zvel egviptursac ki, ase rom, zusti

1 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, àtlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 234-245.

Targmani SeuZlebeli iqneboda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, guanCebis enam ganicada

sruliad gansxvavebuli enebisa da xalxebis gavlena, rac tipuri iyo xalxisaTvis,

romelsac xSiri urTierToba hqonda ucxoelebTan. atlantiselTa enasac unda

ganecada zustad aseTi zegavlena, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ayvavebisa da atlantisis im-

periis batonobis periodSi, SesaZloa, swored kanaris kunZulebze laparakobdnen

im enaze, romelic atlantisze JRerda. raoden tragikulia, rom Cvenamde moaRwia

am enis mxolod ramdenime aTeulma sityvam.

ar SeiZleba danamdvilebiT amtkico, SemorCnen Tu ara sadme msoflioSi at-

lantisTa STamomavalni. naTeli mxolod isaa, rom guanCebi iyvnen atlantiselebi.

magram, maTi gaqrobis Semdeg, Zalian Znelia, romelime Tanamedrove populaciuri

jgufi daukavSiro atlantiselebs. erTi aseTi jgufi SeiZleba pireneebSi mcx-

ovrebi baskebi iyvnen. maTi ena indoevropuls ar miekuTvneba da ar aris dakav-

Sirebuli romelime sxva Tanamedrove enasTan. sainteresoa, rom euskara enas bevri

aqvs saerTo finur-ugorul jgufTan, agreTve etruskebisa da guanCebis enebTan

da nahualtas enasTan, romelzec actekebi laparakobdnen. yvela es mkvdari ena

sruliad gasagebi ar aris, magram is faqti, rom baskur enas _ euskeras gaaCnia

aSkara Sesatyvisi atlantiselTagan warmoSobili oTxi xalxis enasTan, TavisTavad

metad mniSvnelovania~1.

aseTi gaxlavT f. jozefis mosazreba, is gulmodgined eZebs da poulobs

actekebSi, guanCebSi, baskebsa da etruskebSi atlantiselTa STamomavlebs. amas

daaxloebiT ise akeTebs, rogorc masze adre citirebuli avtorebi. gansxvaveba

isaa, rom ufro kategoriulad msjelobs.

Cem mier moxmobili samive avtori: roJe devini, ludvik zaidleri da frenk

jozefi atlantiselTa STamomavlebad atlantis okeanis orive mxares mcxovreb

oTx xalxs miiCnevs. maTi arCevani ufro meqanikuria, vidre mecnieruli kvlevis

SedegebiT motivirebuli. meqanikuri imitom, rom brmad mihyvebodnen platonis

dialogebs da, cxadia, agreTve ignatius donelis Sexedulebebsac. maT rom SesZle-

bodaT, orTodoqsi atlantologebis azrovnebis stereotipi daeZliaT da sxva-

gan, magaliTad, herakles svetebs gamoRma, xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi

eZebnaT atlantisi, Tundac egeidaSi, maSin Zalauneburad miaqcevdnen yuradRebas

erT dros iq mcxovreb xalxebs, _ iqneb baskebTan da etruskebTan maTi naTesaobis

kvalic epovnaT, da maT ukiduresad zedapirul lingvistur Ziebebs mcireodeni

Sedegi mainc gamoeRo da WeSmaritebas miaxloebodnen.

maT, vinc sxvagan eZeba, ipoves kidec kretaze atlantisi, maTve miaqcies yura-

dReba winareberZnul mosaxleobas. amis Taobaze angelos galanopulosi da edvard

bekoni werdnen: `magram kretis pirveli mobinadreni, Cv.w.-mde IV aTaswleulSi aq

rom gamoCndnen, ra Tqma unda, berZnebamdeli tomebi iyvnen, ganurCevlad maTi war-

momavlobisa, yvela isini kretaze kikladebidan movidnen. WeSmaritad, kikladuri

kulturis gavlena adre minosur kretaze sruliad aSkaraa. am xalxebs, vidre

kretamde miaRwevdnen, santorinisa da melosis nayofier kunZulebze mouxdaT Se-

Cereba. minoselTa mier santorinis dasaxleba miTologiaSi asaxuli movlenebidan

1 ix.: Фрэнк Джозеф, «Гибель Атлантиды», Москва, Фст.Фстрель, 2004 г, gv. 206.

118 119

SeiZleba gavaigivoT poseidonis mosvlasTan, romelic aq everonisa da levkipas

qaliSvil kleitoze daqorwinda da atlantiselTa dinastia daaarsa. am pirvelma

minoselma mosaxleebma santorini mdidari mcenareulobis, maT Soris, sxvadasx-

vagvari palmebis, fisis xeebisa da zeTisxilis ayvavebul kunZulad ixiles. kunZu-

lis nayofierebis Taobaze Tundac misi uZvelesi saxelwodebis mixedviT SeiZleba

vimsjeloT: yvela avtori, _ pindare, kalimaqosi, apolonios rodoseli, plinius

ufrosi da pavsaniasi, _ adasturebs, rom iris Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba iyo kal-

isto, rac ùmSvenieress~ niSnavs. imisaTvis, rom santorinidan kretaze gadasuli-

yvnen, adrekikladuri periodis (2800-2000) xalxebs moeTxovebodaT gansakuTreb-

uli vaJkacoba da gambedaoba da aseTi gadasvlisaTvis aucilebeli xerxemlis (ki-

lis) mqone gemebi; marTlac, kikladebis mcxovrebni mTel aRmosavleT xmelTaSua

zRvispireTSi pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc gamoiyena gemis xerxemali (kili)~1.

a. galanopulosi da e. bekoni, asabuTeben ra atlantisis arsebobas egeidaSi,

imasac amboben, misi mosaxleoba berZnebamdeli iyoo... maTi es gancxadeba sruliad

Tanxvdeba Zveli berZeni avtorebis Sexedulebebs imis Taobaze, rom kontinenturi

da kunZulovani saberZneTis teritoriaze berZenTa mosvlamde araberZnuli mosax-

leoba cxovrobda. am azrs bevri Tanamedrove mecnieric iziarebda: `sakvirveli

ar unda iyos, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulisaTvis saberZneTis mosaxleobis

garkveuli nawili berZnulad ar laparakobda~2.

araberZnuli mosaxleoba, cxadia, araberZnul enaze laparakobda: àm enis ma-

tarebel erT-erT toms Seadgendnen pelasgebi~3.

pelasgebs icnobs zogierTi atlantologic: `saintereso cnobebi mouwodebia

aristoteles erT naSromSi, romelic, samwuxarod, Cvens dromde aRar Semonaxula.

amas aristoteledan asi wlis Semdeg mcxovrebi apolonios rodoselisagan vigebT.

aristotele Turme amtkicebda, pelasgebs meti ufleba hqondaTo arkadiis mi-

marT, vidre gvian mosul elinebs, radgan pelasgebi ukve maSin cxovrobdnen arka-

diaSi, ̀ rodesac yvela ciuri sxeuli jerac ar brunavda cargvalze, danaelTa rasa

jerac cnobili ar yofila, xolo pelasgTa qveyanas devkalionis Svilni jerac ar

ganagebdnen~4.

aristoteles naTqvami unda gavigoT imis dadasturebad, rom pelasgebi me-

tismtead Zveli mcxovreblebi arian da isini aq miTologiuri personaJebis gaCe-

namde mosaxleobdneno.

am siZvelem da maTma kulturam ara marto Seqmna is miTologia, rasac Cven

berZnuls vuwodebT, aramed didi masala misca berZnul literaturas, aesaxa

qceva adamianebisa, romlebic TiTqos berZnul samyaros ekuTvnian, magram jerac

SemorCenili erovnuli cnobiereba akavebT, raTa berZenTa mowinaaRmdege Tana-

moZmeebze xeli ar aRmarTon. àrsebobs kidec cnobac, rom aqilevss, romelic

1 ix.: А.Г. Галанопулос, Э. Бэкон, «Атлантида за легендой - истина», Издательство «Наука», Москва, 1983 г., gv. 118.2 ix.: j. Cedviki, `mikenuri samyaro~, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1989 w., gv. 42.

3 ix.: s. yauxCiSvili, `berZnuli literaturis istoria~, Tbilisi,, 1950 w., tomi I, gv. 6.4 ix.: ludvik zaidleri, àtlantisi~, Tbilisi, `nakaduli~, 1972 w., gv. 87.

cnobilia berZnul miTologiaSi berZenTa gmirTagmirad, ar surda troadis omSi

monawileobis miReba, rom man, brZolis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, qalurad gad-

acmulma Tavi Seafara Tavis biZaSvilebTan (gogonebTan) da rom igi samarcxvinod

amxiles berZenma gmirebma. filologiur mecnierebas ar SeuZlia, pasuxi ar gasces

am gaugebrobas da ar gaarkvios, Tu rogor moxda, rom es berZeni gmirTagmiri

oms Tavs aridebda, diacurd imaleboda da mxolod mas Semdeg Caeba omSi, rac

odisevsma da diomedem amxiles igi. TiTqos TavisTavad aseT pasuxs moiTxovs ze-

moT dasmuli kiTxva: rogori gmirTagmiria aqilevsi, Tuki mas omSi monawileobis

eSinia? _ rom is umamacesi gmiria, amisi uaryofa ar SeiZleba; maSasadame, Tu mas

omSi monawileobis miReba ar surs, es imitom, rom igi ar aris berZeni da berZenTa

mxareze omSi monawileobis miReba ar unda; is swored im winaberZnuli mosaxleo-

bis ricxvs ekuTvnis, romlebic berZnebma daimorCiles. marTlac ar aris aqilevsi

berZeni? gadavxedoT troadis omSi monawileTa sias da davinaxavT, rom berZenTa

siaSi aqilevsi araa. aqilevsi Tavisi mirmidonelebiT iq moTavsebulia ara ber-

ZenTa siaSi, aramed `pelasgikur argosSi~ (ix zemoT, gv. 45). am ukanasknelSi, Cveni

azriT, moTavsebulni arian isini, romelnic winaberZnuli mosaxleobis kategorias

unda ekuTvnodnen~1.

axla vnaxoT citatis avtoris mier miTiTebuli `xomaldebis sia~, anu kata-

logi, romelSic mocemulia troas omSi monawile berZenTa sruli sia da troelTa

mokle sia:

ài, TviT `xomaldebis siac~ berZenTa banakSi (t. 494-759)

winamZRoli xomaldebis raodenoba

1. beotielebi (5 kaci) 50

2. orqomeni askalafe, ialmene 30

3. fokidelebi sqediosi, epistrofosi 40

4. lokridelebi aianti oileosis Ze 40

5. evbeelebi elefenori 40

6. aTeni menesTevsi 50

7. salamini aianti telamonis Ze 12

8. argosi diomede, sTenele, evrile 80

9. mikeni agamemnoni 100

10. lakedemoni menelae 60

11. pilosi nestori 90

1 ix.: s. yauxCiSvili, `berZnuli literaturis istoria~, Tsu-s gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1950 w., gv. 88-89.

120 121

12. arkadia agaperoni 60

13. elida (4 kaci) 40

14. dulqia megesi 40

15. iTake odisevsi 12

16. etolia Toasi 40

17. kreta idomenevsi 80

18. rodosi tlepolemosi 9

19. svime k. nirevsi 3

20. nisirosi k. fidipe, antifosi 30

To Πελασγcxoν Aeγos

21. mirmidonelebi aqilevsi 50

22. filake protezilae, podarke 40

23. fere evmele 11

24. meTone filoqtete 7

25. trike da iTome podaliri, maqoni 30

26. ormenia evripile 40

27. argisa polipete 40

28. kifosi gunevsi 22

29. magnetebi proToosi 40

troadelebi da maTi mokavSireebi (t. 816-877)

1. troadelebi heqtori

2. dardanebi eneasi

3. Zelia pandere

4. adrastea adraste, amfiosi

5. perkote asiosi

6. pelasgebi (larisidan, kvimesidan, eoliidan)

hipoToe

7. Trakielebi akamasi

8. kikonebi evfemiosi

9. amidoni pireqme

10. palfagonia pilemene

11. haliZonebi odiosi, epistrofosi

12. mizielebi qromiosi, ennomosi

13. frigielebi forkisi, askaniosi

14. meonielebi (=lidielebi) antifosi, mesTle

15. karielebi nastesi

16. likielebi sarpedoni1

metad sayuradReboa `xomaldTa katalogi~, anu troas winaaRmdeg galaSqre-

buli berZnuli koaliciis wevrTa CamonaTvali. `mSvenieri elenes~ gamosaxsnelad

daZruli berZenTa flotis 1190 xomaldidan TiTqmis erTi meoTxedi _ 280 gemi

`pelasguri argosidan~ aris da amaT Sorisaa mirmidonelebis saTaveSi myofi aqi-

levsi. maSasadame, is pelasgia...

Zvel berZen avtorTagan pelasgebis yvelaze adreul xsenebas vxvdebiT Zv.w.

VIII saukuneSi homerosis ìliadaSi~:

àxla vumReroT pelasgikur argosSi mcxovrebT,

aloss, alopes, treqissa da fTias rom floben.

lamaz qalebiT saxelganTqmul heladis mkvidrebs

hqviaT helenni, aqavelni, mirmidonelni.

maT ormocdaaT gems aqilevs meTaurobda~1.

rogorc vnaxavT, pelasgebi troelebisa da maTi mokavSireebis gverdiTac

ibrZvian:

`hipoToosi mouZRoda Subosan pelasgT,

uxvnayofian larisaSi dasaxlebulebs,

aresis modgmis hipoToos da pilaos,

orive iyo tevtamidi leTosis vaJi~2.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom pelasgebi orive mxares ibrZvian, gamodis,

troas omis dros pelasgebi jer kidev sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze yofilan gan-

saxlebulni.

amrigad, ìliadaSi~ ara marto moxseniebulni arian pelasgebi, aramed poemis

meSveobiT imasac vigebT, rom 33 saukunis win gamarTuli udidesi omi, romlis

1 ix.: homerosi, ìliada~, msoflio literaturis biblioTeka, Tbilisi, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979 w., II, 681-684, gv. 90.2 ix.: iqve, gv. 95.

122 123

mxolod erT epizods asaxavs homerosi, aris berZen-aqavelTa eTnikuri eqspansia

egeidasa da momijnave teritoriebze, romlis mizanic berZnebamdeli mosaxleobis

_ pelasgebisa da maTi monaTesave xalxebis dapyroba da asimilacia iyo. araber-

Znuli mosaxleobisaTvis kidev ufro gamanadgurebeli aRmoCnda berZen-dorielTa

Semoseva Zv.w. XII saukuneSi, romelic mogvianebiT berZnuli klasikuri xelovne-

bis erTi Sedevris safuZveli gaxda: saqme is gaxlavT, rom Zveli berZnebi mterze

gamarjvebis niSnad aRmarTavdnen tropaions _ svets, romlis garSemoc mtrisTvis

warTmeuli saWurveli iyo daxvavebuli. erTxelac, karielebis Zlevis Semdeg, sveti

ki ar aRmarTes, aramed datyvevebuli, grZeli kabebiT Semosili karieli qalebi

daayenes, viTarca gamarjvebis aRmniSvneli tropaioni, Tavze xonCiT, romelzec

berZenTa mier mopovebuli nadavli ewyo. am ambebidan karga xnis Semdeg, roca Zv.w.

421-409 wlebSi xuroTmoZRvarma alkamenem erexTeonis taZari aago, saxuravis dam-

Weri svetebis magivrad datyvevebuli karieli qalebis gamomsaxveli qandakebebi

aRmarTa... mis Semdeg damkvidrda svetis aseTi skulpturuli forma da maT `kari-

atidebs~ uwodeben. oRond es Semdeg...

TavianTi eqspansiis aqaveul etapze berZnebma ver SeZles, bolomde gaetexaT

pelasgebi. troas omis dros maT (pelasgebs) ukve dakarguli aqvT pasionaruli

energia, ZlivsRa inarCunebdnen TavisTavadobas, ufro calkeul individTa gansa-

kuTrebulobis gamovleniT axdendnen dampyrobel berZen-aqavelebze STabeWdile-

bas. amis nimuSia aqilevsi, romelsac gmiri meomris didi avtoriteti aqvs da amave

dros SeunarCunebia erovnuli cnobiereba, amitom Tavidan ar surs berZnebTan

erTad troelebTan omi, radgan icis, rom tomiT naTesav xalxs unda ebrZlos,

magram isic iZulebulia, sxva pelasgebis msgavsad berZenTa mxare eWiros da Tu

pelasgebi erovnul doneze ver axerxeben daicvan TavisTavadoba, amas maTi meom-

rebi, maT Soris, pirvel rigSi aqilevsi individualur doneze, axerxebs. amasTan

ise, rom waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs berZnebze... gavixsenoT, ìliadas~ da-

sawyisSi swored aqilevszea laparaki:

`risxvas, RmerTqalo, ugalobe aqilevsisa,

aqavelT Tavs rom daatexa vneba ulevi!

gmirTa sulebi gadaxvewa qveSeTis mxares,

gvamni dayara yvav-yoranTa dasayivarad

da ZaRlTa wilad... zevsis neba maSin aRsrulda,

mtrad moekidnen odes erTurTs mamacTa mefe

agamemnon da aqilevsi RmerTis sadari~1.

ìliadaSi~ Cven mravalgzis vnaxulobT `RmerTis sadari~ aqilevsis vneba-

TaRelvis Sedegebs. kargad rom daakvirde, gagiWirdeba imis garkveva, vin aris am

poemis mTavari gmiri _ agamemnoni, menelaosi, parisi, elene, heqtori, priamosi,

odisevsi, sxva gmirebi Tu pelasgi aqilevsi. am personaJs usazRvro mgznebareba da

heroizmi Semoaqvs poemaSi, misi gmirobis magaliTze Taobebi aRizarda; gamoxdeba

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 51.

xani da miTologiur gmirad qceuli aqilevsis saflavs istoriuli gmiri aleqsan-

dre makedoneli moinaxulebs.

Zv.w. V saukuneSi mcxovrebi herodotesaTvis pelasgTa Taobaze bevri ram uc-

nobi iyo: `romel enaze laparakobdnen pelasgebi, amis Tqma ar SemiZlia danamd-

vilebiT. xolo Tu SesaZlebelia mixvedra im pelasgebis mixedviT, romlebic ax-

lac arian da cxovroben tirsenTa zemoT qalaq krestonSi da romlebic odesRac

emezoblebodnen axla dorielebad wodebulebs (maT ekuTvniT is miwa, romelic

axla Tesaliotidad iwodeba), anda Tu SeiZleba mixvedra im pelasgebis mixed-

viT, romlebic helespontSi cxovrobdnen, plakiesa da skilakeSi da romlebic

aTenelebTan iyvnen mWidrod dakavSirebulni; da aseve pelasguri dasaxlebuli

punqtebis mixedviT, romlebmac saxelebi gamoicvales, Tu amis mixedviT SeiZleba

mixvedra, maSin pelasgebi laparakobdnen barbarosul enaze. Tu mTeli pelasguri

tomi aseTi iyo, pelasguri modgmis atikurma tomma, elinuri rom gaxda, Tavisi

Zveli enac daiviwya. radganac arc krestonelebis ena hgavs mezobelTagan vinmes

enas, arc plakielebisa, xolo am ori qalaqis mosaxleobis ena ki saerToa, cxadia,

rom rodesac gadavidnen im adgilebSi, SeinarCunes enis Taviseburebebi da amas

icavdnen.

me vfiqrob, elinuri tomi, Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan, sul mudam erTsa da imave

enaze laparakobda. pelasgur toms rom gamoeyo, is susti iyo; dasawyisSi is mcire

iyo, gadidda da mravaltomianad iqca. es moxda gansakuTrebiT imis Sedegad, rac

mravali pelasguri tomi SeuerTda mas da Semdeg TandaTanobiT kidev sxva bar-

barosuli tomebic. xolo me vfiqrob, rom pelasguri tomi, romelic barbarosuli

iyo, arasodes gamravlebula didad~1.

ìstoriis mama~ arc bevrs da arc konkretuls pelasgTa Taobaze ar lapara-

kobs, magram es erTi SexedviT. Tu kargad davukvirdebiT mis naTqvams, davinaxavT,

rom miuxedavad imisa, pelasgebis Sesaxeb bevri araferi icis, herodote movlenebs

akvirdeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, akeTebs saintereso daskvnebs. xvdeba, rom pe-

lasgebi ucxo tomia, araberZnuli da amitom uwodebs maT enasaca da maT toms bar-

barosuls; amave dros, misi naTqvamidan kargad Cans isic, rom pelasgebs kontinen-

turi da kunZulovani saberZneTis teritoriaze berZnebze adre ucxovriaT, xolo

mogvianebiT SemoWril berZnul tomebs, sustTa da mcirericxovanT, maT wiaRSi

upovniaT gamravlebisa da gaZlierebis kargi pirobebi da imdenad gaZlierebulan,

rom mouxdeniaT pelasguri tomebis asimilacia, oRond ara yvelasi, radgan hero-

dotes dros jer kidev iyo SemorCenili pelasguri mosaxleoba, romelic nel-

nela iTqvifeboda berZnul eTnosSi... sayuradReboa ìstoriis mamis~ SeniSvna imis

Taobaze, rom pelasgebi mravalricxovanni arasodes yofilan. es daskvna ar unda

iyos swori, radgan saberZneTis, egeidisa da mcire aziis sanapiroze mcxovrebma

pelasgebma gauZles jer aqaveli da Semdeg dorieli berZnebis Zlier eTnikur

eqspansias da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, miuxedavad migraciisa, xolo darCenilTa

berZnebis mier asimilaciisa, herodotes dros jer kidev arsebobdnen da avad Tu

kargad inarCunebdnen TavisTavadobas. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, am droisaTvis pe-

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 54-55.

124 125

lasgebs ukve sabolood gaxarjuli hqondaT pasionaluri energia, obskuraciis

anu gadaSenebis fazaSi imyofebodnen, magram maTma maRalma kulturam da eTni-

kurma Tvisebebma didi gavlena moaxdina naxevradvelur berZnebze da udavod myari

safuZveli Seuqmna maT mier mogvianebiT Seqmnil didebul kulturas. pelasgebi

iqcnen erTgvar eTnikur da inteleqtualur masalad, romelic axali (berZnuli)

eTnosis Camosayalibeblad iqna gamoyenebuli.

yvelaefri es erTbaSad ar momxdara, amas dasWirda dro da asimilaciis xan-

grZlivi procesi, ramac saberZneTis teritoriaze mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semad-

genlobis Secvla gamoiwvia. herodotes naSromSi bevria am movlenaTa gamoZax-

ili; xSirad es ambebi Taviseburad, konspeqturi formiT aris mocemuli ise, rom

saxelTa cvlis miRma verc ki dainaxav eTnikur dapirispirebas, magaliTad, ase,

rogorc am citataSia mocemuli: `xolo aTenelebi, sanam pelasgebs epyraT dRevan-

deli eladad wodebuli qveyana, TviTonac pelasgebi iyvnen da ewodebodaT kra-

naebi; mefe kekropis dros kekropidebi erqvaT, xolo rodesac mmarTveloba erex-

Tevsma daimkvidra, maSin daerqvaT aTenelebi. magram ion qsuTosis Ze rom gaxda

mxedarTmTavari, aTenelebs misi saxelis mixedviT ewodaT ionelebi~1.

vfiqrob, zemoT moxmobili citatebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom virwmunoT

WeSmariteba: winaberZnuli mosaxleoba pelasguria! amitom kidev ufro did mniS-

vnelobas iZens kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu vin arian pelasgebi da saidan movidnen

isini kontinenturi da kunZulovani saberZneTis, agreTve mcire aziis napirebze.

pasuxs SeiZleba mivagnoT profesor rismag gordezianis fundamentur naSromSi

`mediteraniul-qarTveluri mimarTebebi~, romlis, kerZod, mesame wignis daskvniT

komentarebSi, gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi zedmiwevniT zustad xsnian CvenTvis sain-

tereso sakiTxs: ̀ mediteraniul-qarTveluri enobrivi mimarTebebis is suraTi, rac

mTeli zemowarmodgenili masalis ganxilvis Sedegad ikveTeba, bunebrivia, isto-

riuli da arqeologiuri monacemebis sistemaSi Casmas moiTxovs.

savsebiT naTelia, rom xmelTaSua zRvispireTi, am sityvis yvelaze farTo

gagebiT, neoliTidan moyolebuli, enaTa ojaxebis formirebisa da enobrivi kon-

taqtebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes areals warmoadgenda. magram unda vivarau-

doT, rom Zv.w. VIII-VI aTaswleulebSi e.w. pirveli an protosakacobrio enis (Tu

enebis) diferenciaciis procesi ukve sakmaod Sors iyo wasuli. enaTa axal-ax-

ali ojaxebis formireba warmoadgenda erTdroulad raRac ufro adreuli sta-

diis dasrulebisa da SedarebiT gviandelis dawyebis etaps. rogorc Cans, Tavis

mxriv, xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi mimdinare movlenebi mxolod nawili iyo evraziis

sivrceSi Zveli enobrivi erTianobebis daSlisa da axalTa warmoqmnis uwyveti pro-

cesisa. savaraudoa, rom neoliTSi arsebiTad gamoikveTa im enobriv erTianobaTa

konturebi, romelnic CvenTvis cnobili enobrivi ojaxebis warmoqmnis safuZvels

qmnidnen. aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi amgvar, garkveulwilad, dominan-

tur erTianobad warmomidgeba samxreT-aRmosavleT-anatoliuri, romlis difuz-

1 ix.: herodote, `istoria~, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1976 w., t. II, gv. 501.

iam TiTqmis mTel am regionSi warmoSva e.w. mediteraniuli enobrivi erTianoba Tu

kavSiri. axla Znelia imis Tqma, SeiZleba Tu ara am `warmonaqmns~ enobivi ojaxis

kvalifikacia mieces. yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, mas enobriv paralelTa Tu Tanx-

vedraTa sakmaod maRali xarisxi gamoarCevda. Cemi azriT, swored am difuziis

Sedegad, sxvebs Soris unda warmoqmniliyo aseve e.w. egeosuri enobrivi areali,

romelic egeida-anatoliis regions moicavda da mesopotamiur-protoqarTve-

luri enobrivi areali, romelic samxreTi kavkasiisa da CrdiloeTi mesopotamiis

regionebs moicavda. vfiqrob, Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis dasawyisidan mesopotamiur-

protoqarTveluri erTianobis daSlis Sedegad SuamdinareTSi Sumeruli ena yali-

bdeba, xolo mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis samxreTi kavkasiis regionSi

saerToqarTvelur enaTa ojaxi formirdeba. pirveli warmoadgens savaraudo

protoSumerulis (samxreT-aRmosavleTi anatoliurisa da CrdiloeT afrikulis

sinTezis Sedegi) da Sumerul-protoqarTveluris Serwymis Sedegs, amitom Sum-

erul enas aSkarad gamoarCevs kvaziqarTveluri xasiaTi. qarTvelur enaTa ojaxi

mesopotamiur-protoqarTveluri da dasavleT da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasi-

uri enebis urTierTSerwymis safuZvelze iqmneba. amieridan ukve sakuTriv qarT-

veluri xdeba mediteraniul mimarTebaTa sistemaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani el-

ementi. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: romeli arqeologiurad cnobili kulturis far-

glebSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT saerToqarTveluri enis matarebelTa gavrceleba?

Cemi azriT, mtkvar-araqsis adrebrinjaos xanis kulturis farglebSi. es kul-

tura, rogorc cnobilia, Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi gavrcelda sakmaod did (daax-

loebiT 1000 km x 500 km) teritoriaze da moicva areali, romelic CrdiloeTiT

saqarTvelos, samxreT-dasavleTiT kilikiis, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT urmiisa da

vanis tbis, nawilobriv Tanamedrove siriis farglebs swvdeboda... Zv.w. III aTas-

wleulis meore naxevridan evraziul sivrceSi xalxTa intensiuri gadaadgilebis

procesi iwyeba. vfiqrob, rom misi kvali am periodSi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis

idumalebiT mocul `gauCinarebaSic~ SeiZleba davinaxoT. mtkvar-araqsis kul-

turis daqveiTebis procesTan dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo kavkasiuri tomebis

difuzia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda.

xalxTa am gadaadgilebebSi, rogorc Cans, aqtiurad monawileobdnen qarTveluri

tomebic. Cemi azriT, kavkasiur tomTa dasavleTisaken moZraoba ori mimaTulebiT

mimdinareobda. erTi _ samxreT-dasavleTis, risi kvalic unda davinaxoT anato-

liaSi alaja-hiukis, garkveulwilad, enigmaturi kulturis istoriul asparezze

gamoCenaSi. am kulturas mkvlevarTa erTi nawili xeTebTan akavSirebs, romelTa

enis mimarTebaze qarTvelurTan zemoT gavamaxvile yuradReba (I, 165 Smd.). am mi-

marTulebiT gadaadgileba egeidas unda miswvdomoda, rac iq e.w. qarTveluri Sris

formirebaSi unda gamoxatuliyo. meore mimarTulebaa Crdilo-dasavleTis, _ moZ-

raoba maikopis yorRanebisa da tripolies (ukraina) gavliT evropisa da, kerZod,

xmelTaSua zRvispireTisaken mimdinareobda. man Tavisi kvali datova e.w. gvianin-

doevropul dialeqtebSi; jerjerobiT yvelaze reliefurad aq qarTveluri el-

126 127

ementi ikveTeba (Sdr. II, 80 Smd.). am moZraobaTa Sedegad egeidasa da dasavleT

xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi iqmneba enobrivi areali, romelSic mniSvnelovani Cans

qarTveluri komponenti.

winaberZnul-qarTveluri enobrivi Sexvedrebis istoriul-arqeologiuri sa-

fuZvlebi. _ ramdenad realurad gamoiyureba qarTveluri migraciis sakiTxi Zv.w.

III aTaswleulis miwurulis da II aTaswleulis dasawyisis egeidaSi istoriul-

arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT? upirveles yovlisa, ganvixiloT TviT berZnuli

tradicia, Zvel avtorTa cnobebi egeidaSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis movlenebis Ses-

axeb. rasakvirvelia, berZenTa cnobebSi preistoriul ambebze bevria miTiuri, wi-

naaRmdegobrivi, magram, vfiqrob, maTSi SeiZleba racionaluri marcvlis monaxvac.

kerZod, berZen avtorTa erToblivi aRiarebiT, elinTa aRmavlobamde egeidaSi

wamyvani adgili ekavaT pelasgebs da sxva araelinur tomebs: lelegebs, kavkonebs,

kuretebs, karielebsa da sxvaT. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad axlos iyvnen TviT

es tomebi erTmaneTTan genetikuri TvalsazrisiT. yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, TviT

berZnul wyaroebSi ar aris iSviaTi termini `pelasguris~ gamoyeneba saerTod win-

aberZnuli mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom berZnebi pelasgebs Tvlidnen avtoqTonur-araeli-

nuri mosaxleobis wamyvan elementad egeidaSi. berZnul miTologiur tradiciaSi

pelasgosi erTgvar egeosur àdamad~ aris miCneuli. a.m. pavsaniasTan (8, I, 4) mot-

anilia orstriqoniani nawyveti Zv.w. VI s. poetis, asios samoselis, erT-erTi ge-

nealogiuri poemidan:

άντίθεον δέ Πελασγό έν ύψικόμοισιν όρεσσιγαία μέλαίν άνέδωκεν, ίνα θνητώνγένος είη.`RvTisdari pelasgosi tyiT dafarul mTebSi

Savma miwam warmoqmna, raTa mokvdavTa modgma yofiliyo~.

Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu daaxloebiT rodis unda gaCeniliyo pelasgosi,

radgan sxvadasxva avtori sxvadasxvagvar genealogiur sias gvTavazobs. erTi

aSkaraa _ pelasgosi win uZRvoda e,w, devkalionis warRvnas. apolodorosi amg-

varad ajamebs pelasgosis Sesaxeb arsebul cnobebs: `[pelasgosi], rogorc akusi-

laosi gadmogvcems, yofila zevsisa da niobes vaJiSvili, xolo hesiodes mixedviT

igi àvtoqTonia~ (III, 8, 1). rogorc Cans, TviT apolodorosi mxars uWers pirvel

versias, radgan pelasgosis genealogia okeanossa da Tetisamde ahyavs. misi cno-

biT, titansa da titanidas hyavdaT Svili inaqosi, am ukanasknels okeanida melisa-

gan hyavda vaJiSvilebi: fronevsi da airialevsi. fronevss nimfa teledikesagan

hyavda apisi da niobe. niobem zevsisagan ori vaJi _ argosi da pelasgosi _ gaaCina.

argosisa da evandes STamomavlobis nusxa danaosis argosSi gadmosaxlebamde, anu

berZnuli miTologiuri qronologiis mixedviT Zv.w. XVI an XV saukunemde amg-

varia:

174

`RvTisdari pelasgosi tyiT dafarul mTebSi

Savma miwam warmoqmna, raTa mokvdavTa modgma yofiliyo~.

Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu daaxloebiT rodis unda gaCeniliyo

pelasgosi, radgan sxvadasxva avtori sxvadasxvagvar genealogiur sias

gvTavazobs. erTi aSkaraa _ pelasgosi win uZRvoda e,w, devkalionis

warRvnas. apolodorosi amgvarad ajamebs pelasgosis Sesaxeb arsebul

cnobebs: `[pelasgosi], rogorc akusilaosi gadmogvcems, yofila zevsisa

da niobes vaJiSvili, xolo hesiodes mixedviT igi àvtoqTonia~ (III, 8, 1).

rogorc Cans, TviT apolodorosi mxars uWers pirvel versias, radgan

pelasgosis genealogia okeanossa da Tetisamde ahyavs. misi cnobiT,

titansa da titanidas hyavdaT Svili inaqosi, am ukanasknels okeanida

melisagan hyavda vaJiSvilebi: fronevsi da airialevsi. fronevss nimfa

teledikesagan hyavda apisi da niobe. niobem zevsisagan ori vaJi _ argosi

da pelasgosi _ gaaCina. argosisa da evandes STamomavlobis nusxa

danaosis argosSi gadmosaxlebamde, anu berZnuli miTologiuri

qronologiis mixedviT Zv.w. XVI an XV saukunemde amgvaria:

argosi _ evande

ekbasosi peerasi epidavrosi kriasosi

agenori

argosi _ ismene

iasosi

io

epafosi

libie

belosi

egviptosi danaosi

Sesabamisad, danaosi aris mecxre Taoba argosis Semdgom. e.i. argoss dan-

aosamde daaxloebiT 300 wliT adre, anu Zv.w. XIX-XVIII saukuneSi ucxovria mi-

Tologiuri tradiciis mixedviT. bunebrivia, Tuki pelasgosi misi Tanamedrovea,

igic am periods unda davukavSiroT, Tumca misi STamomavlobis nusxa erTgvarad

winaaRmdegobaSia argosis STamomavlobis nusxasTan. kerZod, pelasgoss, miTolo-

giuri tradiciis mixedviT, devkalionis warRvnisgan (Zv.w. XVII, XVI an XV sau-

kune) aSorebs mxolod ori Taoba, radgan zevsma warRvna adamianebs mouvlina pe-

lasgosis Zis likurgosis 50 vaJis sicocxleSi. Sesabamisad, am versiis Tanaxmad,

pelasgosi yvelaze adre Zv.w. XVII saukuneSi moeqceoda. magram, rogorc Cans, am

SemTxvevaSi berZnul miTologiur tradiciaSi gaugebroba Seaqvs TviT warRvnis

motivacias. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom likurgosi da misi 50 Svili ganasaxier-

eben pelasgosis mTel Taobebs, romlebic Semdgom tradiciaSi Seerwynen erTma-

neTs; amas, sxvaTa Soris, mxars uWers dionisios halikarnaselis cnobac, romlis

Tanaxmadac pelasgebi kontinentur saberZneTSi troas omamde 17 TaobiT adre

unda gamoCeniliyvnen (I, 11, 2). Tuki troas omis herodoteseul TariRs miviRebT

amosavlad, es daaxloebiT Zv.w. XX-XIX saukuneSi unda momxdariyo. rogorc Cans,

pelasgosis STamomavalni sakmaod swrafad gavrcelebulan egeidaSi da saerTod

mTel xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. sxva tomTa pelasgizaciis an pelasguri winaremosax-

leobis diferenciaciis Sedegi unda yofiliyo im winaberZnul tomTa formireba

(karielebi, lelegebi, kavkonebi da sxv.), romelnic pelasgebTan erTad figuri-

reben Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi... pelasguri migracia, pelasgTa gansaxlebis mTavari

regionidan, peloponesosidan unda dawyebuliyo. man, rogorc Cans, male moicva

128 129

TiTqmis mTeli kontinenturi saberZneTi. ukve erTob adre pelasgebs dauarsebiaT

dasaxlebebi italiaSi, ris dasamtkicebladac antikur wyaroebSi moaqvT xolme

sakmaod saimedo argumenti _ pelasguri geografiuli saxelwodebebi, toponimebi.

rom aviRoT marto iseTi tipiuri pelasguri fuZe, rogoricaa lar-, misgan nawar-

moebi saxelwodebebi gvxvdeba xmelTaSua zRvis sul sxvadasxva regionSi. a.m.:

aris(s)a _ kampaniaSi, TesaliaSi, atikaSi, argolidaSi, kretaze, lesbosze, troa-

daSi, lidiaSi, kapadokiaSi; arinum _ (italiaSi); arine _ epirSi (atikaSi); arisos _

(peloponesosSi), arymna _ (lokrisSi, kariaSi), arymnos (evbeaze), arision da arin-

thios _ (lakoniaSi), aras da arymon _ (ioniaSi), aranda _ (isavriaSi da kilikiaSi)

da a.S. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviT berZnul wyaroebSi gvaqvs miniSneba imis

Taobaze, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi istoriul asparezze gamo-

sulan pelasgebi, romelTac ara marto berZnuli enisa da kulturis forirebaze

mouxdeniaT didi gavlena; isini sakmaod farTod gavrcelebulan Zveli samyaros

mraval regionSi.

pelasgTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebi antikur wyaroTa mixedviT ase SegviZlia

warmovidginoT: saberZneTi da egeida (aRmosavleTiT sazRvaria mcire aziis sana-

piro, samxreTiT _ kreta, Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ Trakia, makedonia da epire); ap-

eninebis naxevarkunZuli (pos SesarTavidan umbriisa da kampaniis CaTvliT vidre

brutiumamde)... Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis, e.i. daaxloebiT im drois-

aTvis, rodesac berZnul tradicias pelasgosi gamohyavs istoriul asparezze,

saberZneTSi aRmavlobas iwyebs Sua heladuri kultura. igi, rogorc Cans, ukve

adre brinjaos xanis bolos dawyebuli migraciebis Sedegs warmoadgens... `am moZ-

raobis kvali kargad Semogvinaxa levkandi I~-is kulturam. man, Tavis mxriv, bi-

Zgi misca tiransis kulturis aRmavlobas, xolo adre heladur IIB periodTan

dakavSirebulma kulturebma safuZveli Seuqmnes Sua heladuri kulturis ganvi-

Tarebas. amJamad am ukanasknels Semdeg qveperiodebad hyofen: Sh I, daaxl. 2100

an 2050/2000-1900 (`adreuli miniuri~), Sh II, daaxl. Zv.w. 1900-1700 (`dekorati-

uli (an mowifuli) miniuri~) da Sh III, daaxl. 1700-1575/1550 (im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki

daveTanxmebiT santorinis katastrofis gadaTariRebas, maSin Zv.w. 1625) (`gviani

faza~)... `Sua heladuri kulturis matareblebma, rogorc Cans, espaneTsac ki mi-

aRwies, razec aq Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore meoTxedSi aRmocenebuli e.w. elar-

gar-is kultura unda miuTiTebdes, romelsac mravali ram aaxloebs Sua heladur

kultursTan, yvelaze metad ki keramika. Tuki am monacemebs berZnul wyaroTa

cnobebTan SevapirispirebT, davinaxavT, rom Sua heladuri kulturis gavrceleba

qronologiuradac da geografiuladac yvelaze metad pelasgTa aRmavlobisa da

gansaxlebis suraTs emTxveva. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulTa

mijnaze kontinentur saberZneTSi Camoyalibebuli pelasguri mosaxleoba erT-

erTi wamyvani eTnikuri elementi gaxda egeida-anatoliaSi da sakmaod myarad

moikida fexi italiis da ramdenadme espaneTis zogierT regionSi... `daaxloebiT

Zv.w. 1800 wlisaTvis espaneTis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi aRmavlobas iwyebs EIArgar-is kultura, romelic, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, heladuri kulturis aSkara gavlenas

gviCvenebs. es kultura, SesaZloa, baskebis winaprebTan dakavSirebuli, pelasgur-

qarTveluri tomebis erTi nawilis dasavleTiT gadaadgilebis kvals areklavdes~.

_ `Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi iwyeba xalxTa mZlavri gadaadgileba, gansakuTrebiT aR-

mosavleTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. am procesSi intensiurad monawileoben

mtkvar-araqsis kulturis regionSi ganlagebuli kavkasuiri, kerZod, qarTveluri

tomebi. am ukanasknelTa moZraobam Crdilo-dasavleTiasken gamoiwvia CrdiloeT

Savi zRvispireTSi Sereva adgilobriv tomebTan, ramac Tavisi anarekli hpova gvian

indoevropul dialeqtebSi SesamCnevi qarTveluri Sris gaCenaSi, romelmac Tav-

isi kvali datova gansakuTrebiT baltur-slavur, Trakiul, makedonur, berZnul,

italikur, albaT keltur, germanikul da zogierT sxva enasa Tu enaTa jgufebSi.

rogorc Cans, berZnuli enis e.w. qarTvelizmebis erTi nawili swored am moZrao-

basa da qarTveluri elementebis gavrcelebis gvian indoevropel mediatorsa Tu

mediatorebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amave dros, savaraudod, anatoliidan egei-

daSi aRwevs meore nakadi kavkasieli, kerZod, qarTvelurenovani emigrantebisa,

romelTac e.w. egeosuri, samxreT-aRmosavleT-anatoliuri kulturis gavrcelebis

Sedegad formirebul erTianobaSi SeaqvT mZlavri, ukve sakuTriv qarTveluri,

komponenti. egeidaSi iqmneba egeosur-qarTveluri enobrivi erTianoba, romelsac

pirobiTad minosur-dasavleT anatoliur-pelasguri (Semokl. mdap) SeiZleba vu-

wodoT. am ukanasknelis diferenciaciis Sedegad am regionSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis

dasawyisidan formirebas iwyebs erTmaneTis monaTesave an TiTqmis monaTesave mi-

nosuri, pelasguri, leleguri, dasavleT anatoliuri da sxva enebi. am arealidan

ukve Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi xdeba gadaadgileba dasavleTisaken,

rac italiasa da espaneTSi Sua heladuri tipis kulturis gavrcelebasa da espan-

eTSi winare-baskuris, xolo italiaSi winareetruskulis anu pelasguris damkvi-

drebas uwyobs xels. Zv.w. XVII an XVI saukuneSi egeidaSi xdeba movlena, romelic,

rogorc Cans, am regionSi ZalTa axali mniSvnelovani gadaadgilebis safuZvels

qmnis _ es iyo santorinis katastrofa anu civilizebuli samyaros istoriaSi erT-

erTi umZlavresi vulkanuri amofrqveva. mas dendroqronologiuri da radiokar-

bonuli meTodiT aTariReben Zv.w. 1650-1600 wlebiT, arqeologTa mier SemoTavaze-

bul tradiciul TariRad Zv.w. 1550-1500 wlebi iTvleba. ukanasknel xanebSi ufro

pirveli TariRisaken ixrebian~1.

qarTveli mecnieris monografiidan moxmobili es vrceli citatebi saSualebas

gvaZlevs, gaverkveT atlantiselTa erovnebaSi, Tu virwmunebT imas, rom minosuri

kretis brwyinvale kultura airekla platonis dialogebSi (amisi damadasture-

beli faqtebi ki saWiroze metia), maSin imaSic unda gaverkveT, Tu vin iyo minosuri

kretis mosaxleoba, romelmac Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi uZlieresi sazRvao imperia

Seqmna da gabatonebul mdgomareobas miaRwia egeidasa da aRmosavleT xmelTaSua

zRvispireTSi, _ es xalxi pelasgebi iyvnen, protoqarTveluri tomebi.

aq bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ram mianiWa protoqarTul tomebs is didi

erovnuli energia, rom maT jer, anu Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi Seqmnes sakmaod did

teritoriaze ganfenili mtkvar-araqsis kultura da daaxloebiT 1000 wlis Sem-

1 ix.: rismag gordeziani, `mediteraniul-qarTveluri mimarTebebi~, etruskuli, daskvniTi komentarebi. gamomcemloba `logosi~, 2007 w., t. III, gv. 404-430.

130 131

deg ganaxorcieles dasavleTisaken or nakadad mimarTuli eTnikur-kulturuli

eqspansia? _ amisi mizezi ori mZlavri pasionaruli biZgi unda yofiliyo. pasion-

arulis Taobaze am naSromSic gavakeTe komentari da ufro detalurd lev gumil-

iovis Teoriis Taobaze ukve vwerdi eseebis krebulSi èrovnuli idea~ (Tbilisi,

2003 weli). amitom aq aRar gavimeoreb. vityvi mxolod, rom eTnogenezisis es saw-

yisi momenti saqarTvelos teritoriaze ara mxolod zemoxsenebul or SemTxvevaSi

und momxdariyo, aramed, rogorc Cans, es movlena periodulad xdeboda Zveli

qvis xanisa da axali qvis xanis drosac, eneoliTis xanaSic, roca warmoiSva Su-

laver-SomeTefes kultura, sionis kultura; amis Sedegia kulturuli procesebi

dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi, rogorc ukve vTqvi, adre brinjaos xanaSi

mtkvar-araqsis kultura, agreTve Sua brinjaos xanaSi adre yorRanuli kultura,

TrialeTis kultura, kolxuri kultura. pasionaruli biZgi _ es eTnogenezisis

procesis permanentuli dawyeba da gagrZelebaa, msgavsad egviptelTa eTnosisa da

misi kulturis mravalgzisi ganaxlebisa, mTlianobaSi 5000 weli rom gagrZelda.

ase rom, zemoT CamoTvlili kulturebi erTi protoqarTveluri eTnosis ganvi-

Tarebis sxvadasxva kulturuli etapia!

aseTi Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs zogierTi mecnieruli mosazre-

bac. arqeologi oTar jafariZe wers: `bolo dros ufro is azri dominirebs, rom

mtkvar-araqsis kulturis warmoqmnis pirvandeli warmoqmnis regioni centralur

amierkavkasiaSi, sion-lelaTefes kulturis gavrcelebis ares moicavda da am kul-

turis safuZvelze unda aRmocenebuliyo~1.

es ki, arc meti, arc naklebi, ara marto protoqarTveluri, aramed zogadad

qarTuli kulturis konstanturobaze metyvelebs. amasTan, cxadia, es mdgradoba

da memkvidreobiToba erTi eTnosis wiaRSi mimdinare procesebis Sedegia da yoveli

axali pasionaruli biZgis Sedegad axdens mkveTr gamovlinebas axali kulturis

saxiT.

nebismier kulturas aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis yvelaze naTlad gamomxatveli

materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi. aseTia, ra Tqma unda, pasionaruli

biZgis Sedegad warmoqmnili is erovnuli energia, Cvens winaprebs, protoqarTve-

lebs, megaliTuri nagebobebis aSenebis saSualeba rom misca. vgulisxmob Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevrisa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris Zeglebs:

lodovans, abramlos, patara abuls, Savors, Tejiss. am Zeglebs adrec ikvlevdnen2,

magram gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina Jurnalist zurab dvalis TaosnobiT

organizebulma eqspediciam, romelSic monawileobda amerikeli mecnieri gordon

hiustoni, romlis kvlevebis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom garda im funqciebisa, rasac

akuTvneben am nagebobebs _ TavdacviTs an sakultos, maT aqvT kidev ufro mniS-

vnelovani funqciac. aRmoCnda, rom abuli da Saori yofilan giganturi observa-

toriebi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cveni Soreuli winaprebi cdilobdnen garkvevas

1 ix.: oTar jafariZe, `qarTveli eris eTnogenezisis saTaveebTan~, gamomcemloba àrtanuji~, Tbilisi, 2006 w., gv. 286.

2 ix.: leon meleqseT-begi, `megaliTuri kultura saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 1938 w.; guram yifiani, `qvis darbazebi~, samecniero Sromebis krebuli, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, #9, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005 w.

drosa da sivrceSi, maT SeuqmniaT dRe-Ramsworobis dadgenis sistema. udavoa,

es uZvelesi astronomebi zecaze dakvirvebis Sedegebs yofa-cxovrebaSi nergavd-

nen, _ gavixsenoT mTvaris kalendris roli soflis meurneobaSi. savaraudoa, rom

swored am epoqaSi daiwyo is astronomiuli Ziebebi, romelTa Sedegic, ukve mogvi-

anebiT iyo kolxebis is kvirbebi, romlebzec saxmeleTo da sazRvao gzebi iyo

aRniSnuli. mogexsenebaT, Zvelad gzis gagneba mnaTobebze dakvirvebiT xdeboda.

unda vifiqroT, rom didi migracia, romelic mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semqmnelma

protoqarTvelurma tomebma ganaxorcieles Savi zRvis samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis

SemovliT egeidisaken da iq kretis didi minosuri civilizacia Seqmnes, am codnis

gamoyenebiT ganxorcielda.

pasionaruli biZgis Sedegia mogvianebiT warmoqmnili Zveli kolxa da diaoxi,

agreTve kidev ufro gvian Seqmnili iberiis samefo. amas garda, pasionaruli bi-

Zgebi xdeboda saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi

protoqarTveluri tomebis (Tobalebi, muSqebi) gansaxlebis arealSi. es maTSi mim-

dinare eTnogenezisis procesis xasiaTidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davinaxoT.

yvela es pasionaruli biZgi gansxvavebuli simZlavrisa iyo, oRond, rogorc

ukve iTqva, ori maTgani gansakuTrebuli simZlavriT gamoirCeva. pirveli unda

momxdariyo Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi da warmoqmna mtkvar-araqsis protoqarTuli

kultura, romelic teritoriulad ganfenili iyo mTlianad centralur am-

ierkavkasiaSi, vrceldeba samxreTiT da moicavs vanisa da urmiis tbebis mimdebare

teritoriebs, Rrmad aRwevs iranSi, Tanamedrove qalaqebamde _ hamadanamde da go-

dinamde, agreTve iWreba anatoliis naxevarkunZulis siRrmeSi qalaq malaTeamde.

am kulturis kvals vawydebiT centralur anatoliaSi alajas midamoebSi da mtk-

var-araqsis kulturis did kolonias aRmosavleTi xmelTaSua zRvis piras dRevan-

deli siriis, libanisa da israelis teritoriebze, romelsac `kirbeT kerakis~

kulturas uwodeben. aseTi gaxlavT zemoxsenebuli pasionaruli biZgis Sedegad

amoZravebuli protoqarTuli tomebis mier dakavebuli teritoriis masStabebi;

amitom ver gaviziarebT b-ni o. jafariZis mosazrebas, romelic ambobs: ìsicaa

sagulisxmo, rom kulturis did sivrceebze ganfena SeiZleba sxvadasxva garemoe-

bas gamoewvia, magram rodesac migrantebi Tavis pirvel adgilsamyofels mTlianad

ar toveben da sacxovreblad sxva adgilze gadadian, amis erT-erTi ZiriTadi miz-

ezi mosaxleobis mkveTr zrdasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli~1.

Znelia daeTanxmo avtors imaSi, rom didi sivrcis aTviseba gamowveuli iyo

mosaxleobis mkveTri zrdiT, radgan Tu eTnosSi pasionarebi _ anu isini, visi

`moqmedebis impulsi aRemateba Tavis gadarCenis instinqts~, sxvanairad, altru-

istuli eTikis mqone adamianebi, romlebic pasionaruli biZgis Sedegad Cndebian

adamianTa populaciaSi, _ ar arian, maSin mosaxleobis veranairi zrda ver gamoi-

wvevs iseT farTomasStabian eTno-kulturul eqspansias, romelic mtkvar-araqsis

epoqis protoqarTvelma tomebma ganaxorcieles.

rogorc cnobilia pasionaruli biZgis Teoriidan, eTnogenezis sawyisi momen-

1 ix.: oTar jafariZe, ̀ qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan~, gamomcemloba ̀ artanuji~, Tbilisi, 2006 w., gv. 285.

132 133

tidan 1000-1500 wlis gasvlis Semdeg eTnosSi pasionarTa ricxvi katastrofulad

klebulobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi mtkvar-araq-

sis kulturis Semqmneli protoqarTveluri tomebis pasionaruli energia Semcire-

buli iqneboda da isini yvela mimarTulebiT Tavdacvaze iqnebodnen gadasulni;

amitom savaraudoa, rom aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis

Semoqmed protoqarTvelur tomebSi kvlav unda momxdariyo pasionaruli biZgi,

amasTan uZlieresi, romelic odesme qarTul eTnoss Sexebia da ris wyalobiTac

Cvenma winaprebma TavianTi umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli misia Seasrules.

didma pasionarulma energiam da, savaraudod, xelsayrelma saerTaSoriso

politikurma viTarebam, protoqarTvelur tomebs misca saSualeba, didi masSta-

bis eTno-kulturuli eqspansia ganexorcielebinaT dasavleTis mimarTulebiT

da, rogorc amis Sesaxeb wers rismag gordeziani Tavisi monografiis citirebul

monakveTSi, ori gziT: Crdilo-dasavleTiT Savi zRvis SemovliT balkaneTis nax-

evarkunZulisaken da samxreTiT, anatoliis naxevarkunZulis gavliT egeidisaken.

orive nakadma miaRwia kontinentur da kunZulovan saberZneTs.

is, rom es asea, mtkicdeba minosuri periodis kretis mosaxleobis dnm-is kv-

leviTac. statiaSi, romlis saTauricaa `evropuli mosaxleoba minosur brinjaos

xanaSi kunZul kretaze~ da romelsac avtorTa koleqtivi: jefri r. hiugi, per-

istera paSu, petros drineasi, donald mastropaolo, dimitra m. lotakisi, pa-

trik a. navasi, manolis mixalodimiTRakisi, jon a. stamatoianopulosi da jorj

stamatoianopuosi awers xels, qveTavSi `genetikuri msgavseba neoliTis da Tana-

medrove evropul mosaxleobas Soris~, amoikiTxavT: ̀ minosuri mosaxleobis dnm-is

haplotipi waagavs evropuli mosaxleobis dnm-is haplotips (ix. sur. 2b, 3a 4, aseve damatebiTi figuruli gamosaxulebebi S1-S3). minoselebis umetesoba daklas-

ificirebuli iyo haploidur jgufebSi H (43,2%), T (18,9%), K (16,2%) da (8,1%).

haploiduri jgufebi: U5A, W, J2, U, X gamovlenili iyo erTaderT adamianSi (TiTo

haploidi erT adamianSi). minosuri haplotipis yvelaze didi saerTo procenti

gamovlinda evropul mosaxleobasTan, gansakuTrebiT adamianebTan CrdiloeTi da

dasavleTi evropidan (Sesabamisad 26,98% da 29,28%) (ix. sur. 2, 3, 4; aseve damate-

biTi cxrili S7). meoTxe suraTze gradienti naklebad avlens minoselebis ms-

gavsebas im mosaxleobasTan, romelic aRmoaCines CrdiloeT afrikaSi; gradienti

gviCvenebs msgavsebis zrdas im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven gadavadgildebiT axlo

aRmosavleTis, kavkasiisa da xmelTaSua zRvispireTis kunZulebis gavliT samxreT

da kontinentur evropaSi (ix. sur. 4a). aqedan gamomdinareobs minoselebis haplo-

tipis sxvaobis didi procenti brinjaos xanasTan (ix. sur. 4c) da neoliTis xanis

evropul mosaxleobasTan~ (ix. sur. 4b).es monacemebi adastureben minosuri kretis mosaxleobaSi kavkasiuri substra-

tis arsebobas. imave statias darTul sqemaze kavkasiuri elementis wili 15%-iT

aris warmodgenili1.

1 ix.: Nature communications, article, received 31 Dec. 2012, Accepted 12 Apr. 2013, Published 14 May 2013, A European population in Minoan Bronze Agr Grete. Jeffery R. Hughey, Peristera Paschou, Petros Drineas, Donald Mastropaolo, Dimitra M. Lotakis, Patrick A. Navas, Manolis Michalodimitrakis, John A. Stamatoyannpoulos, George Stamatoyannopoulos. gv. 4-5.

amas garda, `iuTubze~ ganTavsebul leqciaTa ciklSi naTqvamia, rom `winare

berZnuli substrati kavkasiuri tipisa iyo~1.

orive wyaroSi miTiTebuli kavkasiuri substrati sxva aravinaa, Tu ara mtk-

var-araqsis kulturis protoqarTveluri mosaxleoba!

mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semqmneli winareqarTveluri tomebis Sesaxeb viciT

kavkasiasa da mimdebare teritoriebze warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sed-

egad.

arqeologiam am tomebis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis amsaxveli kidev ufro

didi masala mogvca, magram, amave dros, moipova is artefaqtebi, romliTac Sesa-

Zlebli gaxda, dadgeniliyo, Tu ra enaze metyvelebdnen protoqarTveluri tomebi;

amave dros, gairkva isic, Tu damwerlobis ra sistemebs iyenebdnen isini...

egeidaSi mopovebuli da damwerlobis aRmniSvneli arqeologiuri werilobiTi

Zeglebis wakiTxva SeZlo axalgazrda qarTvelma mecnierma gia kvaSilavam. aman

sabolood naTelhyo im xalxis eTnikuri warmoSoba da ena, romelmac kunZul kre-

taze minosuri kultura Seqmna...

pirveli, rac gaSifra gia kvaSilavam, es e.w. `festos disko~ iyo. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT Tavad mecnieri aseT informacias gvawvdis:

1 ix.: Час истины - Древний Крит и его обитатели», hyyps: www.youtube.com.

134 135

136 137

amrigad, axla viciT, rom is xalxi, romelsac qurumi sonqi, soloni da pla-

toni atlantiselebs uwodeben, protoqarTveluri tomebi iyvnen. ai, am tomebma

Seqmnes kretaze uZlieresi saxelmwifo. maT hqondaT jer ieroglifuri damwer-

loba, rasac gia kvaSilava `kolxur oqrodamwerlobas~ uwodebs da rasac zedmiw-

evniT zustad da vrclad gavecaniT. minosuri kulturis Semqmnelma protoqarT-

velurma tomebma damwerloba ganaviTares da Seqmnes is, rasac A-xazovani damwer-

loba hqvia, romlis gaSifvrac, ̀ festos diskosi~ ar iyos, Tavis droze mecnierebma

ver SeZles. qarTveli mecnieri aleqsandre wereTeli amasTan dakavSirebiT werda:

`(Zv.w.) XVIII saukunisaTvis kretelebs axali damwerloba, egreT wodebuli A-xazo-

vani damwerloba SemouRiaT. specialistebi fiqroben, rom am damwerlobis niSnebi

sityvis marcvlebs gamosaxaven; zogi ki gvarwmunebs, rom A-xazovani damwerloba

piqtografiulis kursivuli formaa. ra Tqma unda, rogorc es sakiTxi, ise im enis

dadgenis problema, Tu romeli enaa am damwerlobaSi mocemuli, gadawyvetilad

ver CaiTvleba, vidre misi amokiTxva ar moxdeba~1.

enis dadgena masze molaparake xalxis eTnikuri warmomavlobis garkvevis pi-

robaa. karga xans gamocanad qceuli A-xazovani damwerlobis amokiTxva SeZlo

`festos diskos~ wamkiTxavma mecnierma gia kvaSilavam. amis Taobaze dainterese-

bulma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba saTanado gamokvleva naxos 2011 wlis krebulSi ìsto-

riul-eTnologiuri Ziebani~. mkiTxveli rom ar gadavtvirToT erTob specifikuri

xasiaTis teqstis citirebiT, movixmob profesor nana Sengelaias mier Sedgenili

sainformacio furclis meore nawils, romelSic A-xazovani damwerlobis amokiTx-

vazea laparaki:

À-xazovani warwerebi metwilad aris avTenturi agrikulturuli angariSebi,

romlebic Seicaven anTroponimebs, agraruli wesis amsaxvel sityvebs (rogori-

caa: marcvleulebi), Sinaur cxovelTa saxelebs, zoma-wonis aRmniSvnel terminebs,

maTematikur operaciebs da ase Semdeg. gia kvaSilavam moaxdina A-xazovani warwere-

bis gaSifvra B-xazovani damwerlobis (romelic A-xazovani warwerebis identuria)

fonologiuri Rirebulebebis mixedviT, misi algoriTmis safuZvlebis Tanaxmad,

romlis gamoyeneba/misadageba SeiZleba mTeli rigi xazovani teqstebis mimarT.

garda amisa, moxerxda arqeologiuri, eTnologiuri, istoriuli, lingvis-

turi da biologiuri masalis gaanalizeba, aseve A-xazovani damwerlobis niSnebis

tipologiuri kvlevebi, am warwerebis fundirebuli amokiTxva protoqarTvelur-

kolxur enaze.

A-xazovan warwerebSi mocemuli toponimebi, eTnonimebi, mravalricxovani an-

Troponimebi amJRavneben garkveul dasabuTebul kanonzomier msgavsebas dRevan-

del qarTul toponimebTan, eTnonimebTan da anTroponimebTan (mag. lazur-me-

grulTan, svanurTan, xevsurulTan, fSavurTan da sxva).

maTematikuri operaciebis gamomxatveli sityvebi: mimatebisTvis (kuro) da

gamoklebisTvis (kiro) aTaswleulebis manZilze SeinarCuna Tanamedrove qarTulis

monacemTa bazam. qarTvelur enebSi xorblis, qeris sayovelTao aRmniSvneli si-

tyvebia: *dә’ar-i/*dәqar-i, qarTuli enis Tanamedrove marcvleulis sistematizaciis

1 ix.: a. wereTeli, `Zveli saberZneTi~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1966 w., gv. 41.

Tanaxmad, dika-s da uZvelesi kolxuri orTaviani xorblis aRmniSvneli sityva gad-

mocemulia laTinuri terminebiT: Triticum ibericum da Triticum paleo-colchicum (Triticum turgidum). kolxeTi da iberia (dRevandeli saqarTvelo) amgvari xorblis aRmocen-

ebisa da ganviTarebis teritoriaa.

Zv.w. IV-III ss-is dablagomis doqis ZvelqarTuli warwerebi amoikiTxa g. kvaSi-

lavam A-xazovani da festos diskos niSnebis fonologiuri gaJRerebis mixedviT.

peloponesis naxevarkunZulis Zveli mosaxleobis monacemebis mimoxilva, aseve

mimoxilva mcire aziis, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis mosaxleobis monacemebisa indoev-

ropuli tomebis gadasaxlebamde, gviCvenebs, rom adgilobrivi, mkvidri mosaxleoba

ar iyo arc indoevropuli da arc semituri warmomavlobis. zogierTi mkvlevaris

azriT (kreCmeri, Saxermairi, Cedviki, furne, gamyreliZe, ivanovi da sxvebi) es iyo

protoqarTveluri tomebi, romelTa enac warmoadgenda didi gavlenis mqone sub-

strats berZnuli dialeqtisaTvis peloponesze berZnuli tomebis SeWris Semdgom.

kolxuri anTroponimebis, pelasgur-kolxuri tiponimebisa da eTnonimebis

gaSifvra amtkicebs, rom Zveli pelasgur-kolxuri kultura da ena gavrcelda

samxreT evropaSi, mcire aziaSi, xmelTaSua zRvispireTsa da Savi zRvispireTSi

Zv.w. XXV-XX ss-Siwarwerebis gaSifvris gia kvaSilavaseulma meTodma da misi

muSaobis Sedegebma moipova saerTaSoriso aRiareba; da akademiur wreebSi daiwera

komentarebi:

1. g. kvaSilavam warmoadgina Tavisi gamokvleva saerTaSoriso konferenciaze,

romelic eZRvneboda festos diskos aRmoCenidan 100 wlisTavs, paraskevs, 31 oq-

tombers, da SabaTs, 1 noembers, 2008 wels, berlingtonhausSi, londonis siZvelee-

bis SemswavlelTa sazogadoebasa da samefo xelovnebis akademiaSi;

2. jerom m. aizenbergi, festos diskos gaSifvris mcdeloba. JurnalSi: `min-

erva~, antikuri xelovnebisa da arqeologiis saerTaSoriso Jurnali, ivlisi/

agvisto 2008, t. 19, nomeri 4. gamocemulia did britaneTSi;

3. festos diskosadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferencia, organizebuli

jerom m. aizenbergis mier. JurnalSi: `minerva~, saerTaSoriso recenzia antikur

xelovnebasa da arqeologiaSi. gamoqveynebuli did britaneTSi, ianvari/Tebervali

2009, t. 20, nomeri 1;

4. robert d. moriti. molaparake qvebi. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge, 2010;5. toni o’koneli. atlantipedia. Original Writing, Dublin, 2010;6. Cizi Sandori. argonavtika. Virtus. Hu, Budapest, 2010;7. jeison kolavito. iasoni da argonavtebi: berZnuli miTis epikuri istoria.

New York, 2012;8. robert d. moriti. kolxia-kolxis: antikuri saqarTvelo preistoriul

eraSi, antikuri xana, adreuli samefoebi da eklesiis aRmavloba. Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012.

doqtor gia kvaSilavas wigni gankuTvnilia maTTvis, vinc Seiswavlis istorias,

arqeologias, eTnologias, miTologias, lingvistikas da damwerlobas xmelTaSua

zRvispireTSi adreul brinjaos xanaSi~1.

1 ix.: ìstoriuli da eTnografiuli Ziebani~, XIII, Tbilisi, 2011 w.

138 139

am aRmoCenam kidev ufro gaamyara minosuri kretis mosaxleobis protoqarT-

veluri warmoSobis faqti.

saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleuli atlantisis

problemis gadawyvetisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone gamodga, radgan swored

am aTwleulSi moxda `festos diskos~ ieroglifur da A-xazovan damwerlobaTa

wakiTxva.

gia kvaSilavas informacia gvaZlevs Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas:

mis mier gaSifrulma `festos diskom~ da A-xazovanma damwerlobam pasuxi gasca

erT metad mniSvnelovan kiTxvas: ra enaze laparakobda mtkvar-araqsis kulturis

Semqmneli xalxi. isini protoqarTvelur enaze laparakobdnen, radgan es ena Cai-

tanes egeidaSi, am enaze metyvelebda minosuri kretis pelasgi mosaxleoba!

kidev erTi sakiTxi: gia kvaSilavas mier dablagomis doqze da jumiTis qvaze

amokiTxuli A-xazovani damwerlobis asoebi mafiqrebinebs, rom anbanuri damw-

erloba saqarTveloSi Semovida kretidan da es albaT Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi moxda! A-xazovanma anbanurma damwerlobam, rogorc

prototipulma anbanma, Semdeg mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi bunebrivad gani-

cada cvlilebis ramdenime etapi, vidre Tanamedrove qarTul anbans miviRebdiT!

am etapebis dadgena arqeologebis saqmea...

vfiqrob, drouli iqneba mivuTiToT im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom kretul damwer-

lobas anu atlantiselTa damwerlobas rigi mecnierebisa protodamwerlobad mi-

iCnevs da arcTu usafuZvlod:

140 141

`aqve unda aRiniSnos metad sayuradRebo Tvalsazrisi, gamoTqmuli ucxoeli

lingvistebis: a. evansis, r. renekis, e. diusos mier, romelTa safuZvelze finikiuri

damwerloba warmoqmnili unda iyos kretuli da iberiuli niSnebisagan, romelic

samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia e.w. `kretuli Teoriis~ (i. sundvali, v. gior-

gievi) saxelwodebiT~1. zemoT CamoTvlil avtorTagan CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ser

artur evansis, mosazreba, romelsac seriozuli safuZveli aqvs. amis arapirdapir

dadasturebas vnaxulobT finikielTa istoriisa da kulturis mkvlevris, don-

ald hardenis nawerebSi, rodesac is msjelobs am xalxis Semoqmedebis uaRresad

ekleqturi xasiaTis ganmapirobebel mizezebze: `finikielTa xelovnebisa da kul-

turis arseboba da ayvaveba ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, magram roca Cven vcdilobT,

maTi nawarmoebebi gamovyoT, maSin vawydebiT mraval sirTules.

brinjaos saukunis bolos levantis sanapirosa da Sida raionebSi gamefda mx-

atvrul mimarTulebaTa didi aRreva. XII dinastiis periodidan, Tu ufro adre

ara, qanaanelebi kargad iyvnen gacnobilni egviptur Sedevrebs da ostaturad ba-

Zavdnen egviptur motivebsa da formebs. levantur xelovnebaSi egvipturi gavlena

batonobda XVIII dinastiis Zlevamosili mefeebis drosac, amitom ar unda gagvik-

virdes, rom egvipturi stili SemorCa egviptis saxelmwifos dacemis Semdegac.

sxva didi xelovnebis, mesopotamiuris gavlena, Cv.w.-mde II aTaswleulSi ar

yofila ise Zlieri, rogorc egvipturisa. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia gliptikaSi

(qvis kveTa, spilos Zvali da a.S.). sabeWdav-cilindrebs, sabeWdav-Stampebs xSirad

uwodeben siro-xeTurs, romelTa stili da motivebi aSkarad fesvebiT ukavSird-

eba asiriasa da babilons. amasTanave, mkveTrad Cans gansxvavebac da egvipturi mo-

tivebis erTgvari minarevic, rac naTlad amtkicebs maT adgilobriv warmoSobas.

mxolod asirielTa batonobis periodSi, Cv.w. I aTaswleulSi, mkveTrad gam-

ovlinda mesopotamiuri xelovnebis gavlena levanturze. adre levanturi skulp-

turis stili metad hgavda anatoliursa da xeTurs. ugaritis aRmoCenebSi, iseTSi,

rogoric elvis RmerTis cnobili stelaa, xeTebis gavlena sagrZnobia kostiumsa

da atributebSi, oRond kompozicia da poza ufro egvipturia. XV da XIV sauku-

neebSi finikielebma xuris (miTani) kulturis gavlena ganicades, magram xuritebma

ver Seqmnes sakuTari damaxasiaTebeli kultura da _ sabeWdav-cilindrebisa da

TeTrad SeRebili muqi fonis keramikis garda _ Cven ar SegviZlia, maT mivaweroT

raime mxatvruli nakeToba. aucilebelia, aRvniSnoT egeidelTa gavlenac. Cv.w.

II aTaswleulis mravali Suaminosuri feradi keramika aRmoCnda ugaritSi da iq

daarsebul minosur koloniaSi. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve kretuli stilis spi-

ralurnaySiani vercxlis Tasis fragmenti biblosidan. mogvianebiT, II aTaswleu-

lis meore naxevarSi, mikenelebma gaafarToves egeiduri kontaqtebi da aRmosavle-

TiT daaarses dasaxleba.

maS, ras SeiZleba samarTlianad vuwodoT finikiuri brinjaosa da rkinis sau-

kunis dasawyisis stilTa am narevSi?~2

1 ix. marine cincabaZe, ̀ aRmoaCine aTaswleulis saqarTvelo~, gamomcemloba ̀ universali~, Tbilisi, 2013 w., gv. 284.

2 ix.: Дональд Харден, «Финикийцы», Москва, Центрполиграф, 2002 г., gv. 207-208.

rogorc xedavT, finikielebi uaRresad midrekilni iyvnen, sxva xalxebisagan

SeeTvisebinaT maTi SemoqmedebiTi monapovari da raRa anbans Seqmnidnen damoukide-

blad? es kiTxva legitimuria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kretis minosuri kulturis

originalur xasiaTsa da kretelTa koloniis ugaritSi arsebobas. ufro dama-

jereblad JRers, rom anbani kretelma pelasgebma Seqmnes da maTgan SeiTvises

finikielebma!..

ase rom, anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmnac atlantiselebs ukavSirdebaT.

enaTmecnierulma Ziebebma dagvanaxa protoqarTvelur tomTa mier xmelTaSua

zRvis auzSi ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri eqspansiis masStabebi, anu is, rac miTosma

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli formiT Semoinaxa; laparakia kirkes (Kirke) _ mzis RmerTis,

heliosisa da perses asulis, kolxeTis Zlevamosili mefis, aietis disa da medeas

mamidis (zogi versiiT ki _ dis) _ Sesaxeb, romelic heliosma Tavisi etliT hespe-

riaSi Caiyvana (am SemTxvevaSi xmelTaSua zRvis ukiduresi dasavleTi ki ara, italia

igulisxmeba). kirke apeninis naxevarkunZulis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebare kun-

Zulze dasaxlda, romelsac aia ewodeboda. kirke iyo jadoqari da grZneuli; man

kolxTagan devnili iasoni da medea ganwminda Secodebisagan (igulisxmeba afsirtes

muxanaTuri mkvleloba), zevss msxverpli Seswira, samsxverplo sisxliT dabana xe-

lebi iasons da eriniebis sakurTxevelTan evedreba aRavlina, aRar SeerisxaT mkv-

lelebi. kirkem arc Zmis mkvlelobis monawile medeas uTxra uari danaSaulisagan

ganwmendaze, radgan misi Tvalebis elvarebaSi amoicno, rom es qali masaviT mzis

RmerTis, heliosis STamomavali iyo... kirkes vxvdebiT agreTve homerosis ̀ odisea-

Sic~, sadac am miTologiur personaJs sakmaod mniSvnelovani funqcia eniWeba. jer

iyo da, jadosnis niWi uCvena berZnebs, mis samyofelSi Sesuli odisevsis razmis

nawili, ocdaaTi kacis SemadgenlobiT, evriloqosi rom edga saTaveSi, Rorebad

aqcia:

`karni ganixvnes myis elvisebr gabrwyinebulni.

saxtad STenili did darbazSi Sevida yvela.

evriloqos ki karTan darCa daeWvebuli.

pativiT dasxa kirkem yvela skam-savarZelze,

pramnul RvinoSi Seuria yveli da Tafli,

qeris fqvili da moayara zed sawamlavi,

rom imis SemWmels daaviwydes samSoblo mxare.

miarTva yvelas es sasmisi, Sesves da imaT

joxi Semohkra, saRoreSi Sereka yvela.

Tav-fexiT, bewviT, xmiT sruliad Rors daemsgavsnen,

SeunarCundaT martooden goneba kacis~1.

grZneulma kirkem mxolod odisevsis Txovna-mudaris Semdeg, `cxra wlis tax-

ebs damsgavsebulni~ misi TanamoZmeni kvlav adamianebad aqcia.

1 ix.: homerosi, ̀ odisea~, msoflio literaturis biblioTeka, gamomcemloba ̀ sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1977 w., Tavi X, gv. 216-217.

142 143

bolos, kirkes rCeviT, odisevsma qveskneli moiara, raTa gaego, rogor dab-

runebuliyo iTakaSi:

ìqneb ggoniaT, samSobloSi axlave wavalT?

kirkem sxvagvari mimiTiTa gza da savali:

unda mivadgeT aidis da persefones saxls,

rom Tebel brZenis, tiresias suls SevekiTxoT~1.

Tu òdiseas~ mixedviT vimsjelebT kirkes italiur samyofelze, sadac

ezoSi `raRac jadoTi~ monusxuli mglebi da lomebi daudian da mosul stum-

rebs ZaRlebiviT laquciT xvdebian, aqauri kunZuli aia iseTive momnusxveli da

gamoucnobia berZenTaTvis, rogoric aia-kolxeTi da aq gamoCnda protoqarTve-

luri tomebis, pelasgebis didi kultura, romelic berZen-aqavelTaTvis bolomde

Seucnobeli darCa, miuxedavad imisa, rom pelasgTa didi gavlena ganicades; ami-

tom gaaxvies idumalebis saburvelSi aietic, medeaca da mamidamisi kirkec. aseTebs

vicnobT maT berZnul miTebSi.

miuxedavad Tavdapirveli pasionaruli energiis daqveiTebisa, rac pelasgebze

aqavelTa gamarjvebis mizezi gaxda, maT mainc aRmoaCndaT imdeni erovnuli energia,

rom mas Semdeg, rac iZulebulni iyvnen daetovebinaT kontinenturi saberZneTi da

mcire aziis naxevarkunZulze gadasaxldnen, aqac aqavelTa Semotevas igeriebdnen.

_ gavixsenoT troas omi, _ aqedanac aiyarnen, apeninis naxevarkunZulze daides bina

da etruskul civilizacias Cauyares safuZveli. pelasgTa am migracias asaxavs

miTi kirkes Sesaxeb da kunZul aias gaCena adriatikis zRvaSi.

heliosma Tavisi qaliSvili hesperiaSi, anu dasavleTis qveyanaSi daasaxla; es

imas niSnavs, rom egeosis auzidan ayrili protoqarTveluri tomebi dasavleTSi,

e.i. italiaSi gadasaxldnen. gamoxdeba xani da hesperia xmelTaSua zRvis ukidures

dasavleTSi aRmoCndeba gadatanili; da aq TavisTavad Cndeba azri, rom: hesperiis

dasavleTisaken gadaadgileba miTologiaSi areklili protoqarTvelur tomTa

dasavleTisaken migraciis Taviseburi gamoxatuleba SeiZleba iyos. rogorc Cans,

es asea, radgan protoqarTveluri tomebi xmelTaSua zRvis dasavleT kides aRweven

da hesperiac, savaraudod, maTi kulturisa da miTologiis nawili, aseve adgils

icvlis. aq aSkaraa analogia ukve naxseneb atlantisis okeaneSi gadatanasTan dakav-

SirebiT, _ gaizarda ra berZenTa Tvalsawieri, adre egeidaSi arsebuli realiebi,

iqneboda es herakles svetebi Tu cis kides svetad Semdgari atlanti, an kidev kun-

Zuli atlantisi, iq moaTavses, sadac, maTi azriT, samyaro mTavrdeboda. sayura-

dReboa, rom Zveli berZnebi protoqarTvelur tomTa kvals mihyvebodnen rogorc

kontinentur da kunZulovan saberZneTSi, aseve mTel xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. maTi,

anu protoqarTvelur tomTa, gansaxlebis areali ki, Tu cnobil mecnierTa dak-

virvebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, bevrad farTo iyo, vidre es SeiZleba warmovidginoT;

2010 wels gia kvaSilavam iseTi mkvlevarebis Sromebze dayrdnobiT, rogorebic

iyvnen: humboldti, kluge, mari, Saxermaieri da sxvebi, Seadgina Zv.w. IV-II aTas-

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 216-217.

wleulebis I naxevarSi protoqarTvelur-kolxuri (iberiuli) modgmis gansaxlebis

arealis amsaxveli ruka, romlis mixedviTac protoqarTveluri tomebi dasaxleb-

ulni yofilan amierkavkasiis mTel teritoriaze, kavkasionis mTianeTis CaTvliT.

isini saxlobdenen azovis, Savi, marmarilosa da egeosis zRvebis garSemo; maTi

dasaxlebebi moicavda aRmosavleT Trakias, kontinentur da kunZulovan saber-

ZneTs, mcire aziis naxevarkunZuls mTlianad, kunZul kvipross, adriatikis zRvis

sanapiroebs, apeninis naxevarkunZuls, kunZulebs: korsikas, sardiniasa da sicil-

ias; maTi dasaxlebebi iyo alpebis garSemo, provansisa da langedokis sanapiroe-

bze, agreTve pirineis naxevarkunZulis garSemo; isini arsebobdenen dasavleTi da

CrdiloeTi safrangeTis zRvispira raionebSi. amas garda, dasaxlebebi yofila

samxreT-dasavleTi, samxreTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi inglisis sanapiroebsa da

irlandiis samxreT sanapiroze. protoqarTvelur tomTa dasaxlebebi aRniSnulia

dRevandeli marokos, alJirisa da tunisis CrdiloeT sanapiro teritoriebze,

alag-alag libiis zRvispireTSic. es dasaxlebebi moicavdnen nilosis deltisa da

aRmosavleTiT palestinis teritoriebs. cxadia, protoqarTvelur tomTa aseTi

masStaburi gansaxleba erTi zemZlavri an intervaliT momxdari ramdenime pasion-

aruli biZgis Sedegi unda iyos, ramac erTi modgmis xalxs misca pasionarebis

didi raodenoba, romelTac TavianTi Tanatomelebis gansaxleba SeZles samxreTi,

dasavleTi da CrdiloeTi evropis, agreTve CrdiloeTi afrikisa da mcire aziis

aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT sanapiroebze ise, rom xmelTaSua zRvebis sistema pro-

toqarTvelur tomTa Sida zRvad iqca...

es ruka Seiqmna im mecnierTa mosazrebebis safuZvelze, romlebmac am far-

TomasStabiani gansaxlebis Sedegad darCenili kvali dainaxes. protoqarTvelur

tomTa mier danatoveb kvals atlantologebic naxulobdnen, magram maT saTanado

kvalifikacia ar gaaCndaT da amitom swor daskvnebs ver akeTebdnen. ase, magaliTad:

atlantologi l. zaidleri baskebis Taobaze msjelobisas werda: ìsic scades,

baskuri kavkasiur enaTa jgufSi CaericxaT qarTulTan misi savaraudo msgavsebis

gamo, magram seriozuli mkvlevarni (kerZod, i. Cekanovski) gadaWriT winaaRmdegni

arian baskuri enis kavkasiur enaTa jgufSi Setanisa _ baskuri CrdiloeT afrikis

enebs ufro hgavso~1.

davaneboT Tavi imas, Tu ramdenad seriozuli mkvlevaria i. Cekanovski, _ es

CvenTvis saintereso ar aris. samagierod, bevrad mniSvnelovania niko maris mier

tfilisSi, 1927 wels, `kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri institutis macnes~ V

tomSi dabeWdili werili `pirineis guriidan~, romelSic mecnieri aRfrTovaneb-

uli wers safrangeTis baskeTSi, sofel terdecSi nanaxi im gasaocari msgavsebis

Sesaxeb, baskur da gurul bunebasa da yofas Soris rom naxa: `nuTu es ar aris

saswauli, gasaocari movlena, roca, CemTvis ucxo enaze molaparakeTa Soris, Tavs

ise vgrZnob, TiTqos qarTvelebiT garemoculi viyo. sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba iyos,

radgan qarTul frazas `Sen ra xeli gaqvso?~ isini Cveneburad aRiqvamen, qarTu-

lad `Sen ra ufleba gaqvs?~-o mniSvnelobiT. kidev ukeTesi, msgavsad gamoyenebisa

sityvis sofel (sofel) Zvel literaturulSi `soflis~, `dasaxlebis~ mniSvnelo-

1 ix. ludvik zaidleri, àtlantisi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 245.

144 145

biT da agreTve qveynis mniSvnelobiT (qarTvelebTan `msofliosa~ da `samyaros~

mniSvnelobiTac), aqac `sofels~ yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe xmaroben `qveynis~

mniSvnelobiT. `Tavi moikla~ da `Tavs uTxra~, sxvagvarad verc ityvian aqaur

enaze, roca surT gamoxaton azri `TviTmkvleloba~, `sakuTar TavTan saubari~,

e.i. sruliad iseve, rogorc CvenTan kavkasiaSi, iafetidebTan~1.

mecnieris es dakvirveba, bunebrivia, gvafiqrebinebs, rom azris gamoxatvis

aseTi msgavsi formebi mxolod monaTesave erebs SeiZleba hqondeT.

mecnieri mixeil qurdiani Tavisi naSromis, ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniere-

bis safuZvlebis~, mesame TavSi, romlis saTauria `baskur-kavkasiuri hipoTeza is-

toriul-SedarebiTi meTodis Suqze~, qarTul-baskur SesatyvisobaTa saintereso

magaliTebs gvawvdis:

qarTveluri baskuri

1.0. s | qarTv. *Z1

|| *Z : baskuri c|s (tz||z)

1.1.1. s | qarTv. *Z1ar-i :

`godori~

qarT. Zar-i `didi kalaTa~, `godori~

svan. jar < *jar-i

`varcli~

bask. sarәi|zarri(trankr.: sarәi)`didi kalaTa~

1.1.2. s | qarTv. *Z1ir-i :

qarT. Zir-i `Ziri~

`fesvi~

zan.: megr. jinj-i

<*jir-i || laz. jiji

<*jir-i ìd~

bask. siri | ziri(transkr.: siri)`soli Sdr:

ziri-tu `ylortis amoyra~

1.1.3. s | qarTv. *Z1ual-i :

qarT. Zvali

svan. jiju ìd~

bask. asur | azur(transkr.: asur)a-sur | a-zur-Sia | a proTetuli xmovania.

1.1.4. s | qarTv. *s1V-Z-e `rZe~ :

qarT. Zv. sZe

ax. rZe ìd~zan.: megr.: b/m Ja<*ja

||laz b/m ja <*ja ìd~ 2

bask. esi | ezi(transkr.: esi)`wvela

1 ix.: niko mari, `kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri institutis macne~, V tomi, tfilisi, 1927 w., gv. 8.

ukve aq moyvanili qarTvelur-baskur SesatyvisobaTa es nimuSebic sakmarisia

imisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT qarTveluri da baskuri enebis naTesaobaSi. es kidev

erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semqmnelma protoqarT-

velurma tomebma pirineis naxevarkunZuls miaRwies da droTa ganmavlobaSi gansax-

ldnen pirineis mTebis orive mxares.

axla gavixsenoT am wignis mesame TavSi atlantolog l. zaidleris mier baske-

bis iberielebad moxseniebis ambavi, kornelius tacitusis moSveliebac, kerZod,

roca aRwers britaneTSi mcxovrebi Zveli iberielebis garegnobas da espaneTis

mcxovrebTa mimarT maTi siZulvilis ambavs.

rogorc l. zaidleris, aseve tacitusis naTqvams adasturebs ingliseli isto-

rikosi artur mortoni, romelic mogviTxrobs iberiuli tomebis mier britaneTis

kunZulebis kolonizaciis Sesaxeb: `kornuelSi, irlandiaSi da uelsisa da Sot-

landiis sanapiroebze arsebobs iberielebis anu liTonis kulturis xalxis mier

datovebuli Zeglebi. isini movidnen da dasaxldnen britaneTSi Cv.w.-mde mesame

aTaswleulSi. aseTi Zeglebis bolo jgufi saterlendSia, ukanasknel punqtSi,

romelsac miadgebodnen iberielTa gemebi iqamde, vidre CrdiloeTis gziT wavi-

dodnen skandinaviisaken, naTlad miuTiTebs gzis mimarTulebasa da mniSvnelobas.

am dros jer kidev grZeldeboda miwis daweva; ufro mokle da usafrTxo Canda

zeviT, la-manSze gamavali gza da evropuli napiris gaswvriv Caketili iyo savali

Tu miwis zoliT ara, britaneTs kontinentTan rom aerTebda, maSin sruteebiT,

romlebic viwro da wyalmarCxi iyo da miqcevisa da moqcevis swrafi talRebis

gavleniT icvlida Tavis formas. SesaZloa, swored aman gauRviZa survili iberi-

elebs, dasaxlebuliyvnen britaneTSi.

Tumca neoliTis dros iberielebze cotaa zusti cnobebi, mainc SeiZleba

maT Sesaxeb gamovTqvaT sarwmuno mosazrebebi, radgan maT datoves miwaze yofnis

aSkara kvali. amas garda, isini gaxdnen britaneTis kunZulebis Tanamedrove mosax-

leobis ZiriTadi winaprebi~1.

marTalia, citatis avtori arafers ambobs imis Taobaze, Tu vin arian es iberi-

elebi, _ britaneTis mosaxleobis eTnogenezisis procesSi esoden didi roli rom

iTamaSes, _ magram ukve xsenebuli tacitusis naTqvami gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqme

gvaqvs ubralod pirineis naxevarkunZulis Zvel mosaxleobasTan ki ara, aramed

aqedan mosul protoqarTvelur tomebTan. miT umetes, rom laparakia `liTonis

kulturis xalxis~ Sesaxeb. Cvens Soreul winaprebs ki namdvilad eTqmiT, liTonis

kulturis fuZemdeblebi varTo.

amrigad, pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri cnobebiT, gia kvaSilavas mier Sedgenil

rukaze naCvenebi protoqarTvelur tomTa gansaxleba dasturdeba ara mxolod im

mecnierTa kvlevebis mixedviT, ris safuZvelzec man es ruka Seqmna, aramed bevri

gviandeli mecnieris mosazrebiTac..

Tavad rukam ki mraval iseT kiTxvas gasca pasuxi, atlantologebi xSirad

rom wamoWrian; magaliTad, baskurisa da CrdiloeTi afrikis enebis (albaT ber-

berulis) savaraudo msgavsebis sakiTxi. Tu vinmem zemoxsenebul enebs Soris raime

1 ix.: Мортон Артур, «История Англии», Издательство Иностранной Литературы, Москва, 1950 г., gv. 21.

146 147

Sesatyvisoba da enobrivi paraleli aRmoaCina, es gasaocari sulac ar unda iyos,

radgan rukis mixedviT, baskeTis teritoriazec da CrdiloeT afrikaSic erTi

modgmis xalxi yofila gansaxlebuli _ protoqarTveluri tomebi! rukaze Crdil-

oeTi afrikis am nawils `fazania~ ewodeba, iseve, rogorc saberZneTs `pelasgia~,

kunZul kretas `qarTi~, kvipross ìaTnana~, italias ètruria~. aRniSnuli teri-

toriebisaTvis sxvadasxva dros darqmeuli es saxelebi CvenTvis nacnobad, metic,

mSobliurad JRers.

mas Semdeg, rac xmelTaSua zRvispireTisa da dasavleTi evropis garSemo pro-

toqarTvelTa mier ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri eqspansia (da ara mxolod eTni-

kuri, magram amis Sesaxeb momdevno TavSi vilaparakebT) mecnierulad mtkicdeba,

atlantologTa mier gakeTebuli zogierTi daskvna kargavs im mniSvnelobas, rasac

avtorebi aniWebdnen, icvleba da sul sxva datvirTvas iZens aqcentebi. kerZod,

aseTia roJe devinis es mosazreba: `Savgvremani iberebi, baskebi, ligurielebi,

ausebi, etruskebi, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan metnaklebad Sereulni iyvnen lab-baren (emigrantebi)~1.

cxadia, es xalxebi emigrantebi iyvnen. amaSi sadavo araferia, magram avtori

gulisxmobs, rom isini warmoSobiT atlantisidan iyvnen da es atlantisi atlan-

tis okeaneSi mdebareobda. arada, realoba sul sxvagvaria: es xalxebi nawilia im

eTnosisa, romelmac Seqmna kretis minosuri saxelmwifo, platonis atlantisis

prototipad rom iqca. amasTan, zemoxsenebuli xalxebi warmoSobiT dasavleTidan

ki ra, aramed aRmosavleTidan iyvnen.

bevrad sainteresod mimaCnia roJe devinis sxva gamonaTqvami: ̀ tuaregebis qvey-

anaSi jer kidev Cvens dReebSi uCveneben iabarTa saflavebs, rogorc yvelaze Zveli

rasis Zeglebs~2.

cxadia, devini am saflavebsac atlantiselebs ukavSirebs, amitom am arte-

faqtebis Seswvlas zogadad atlantologiisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. amas

garda, sakiTxavia, es saflavebi raime informacias xom ar Seicaven CrdiloeT af-

rikaSi mcxovreb protoqarTvelur tomebze da Tu es asea, maSin, es atlantiselTa

eTnikur warmoSobaze damatebiT cnobebs mogvawvdida.

xmelTaSua zRvispireTsa da evropis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze gansaxle-

bul da gabatonebul protoqarTvelur tomTa siZlieres TandaTan moeRo bolo.

jer iyo, santorin-strongiles amofrqvevam Tu amofrqvevebma kretis minosuri

saxelmwifos daqcevas Seuwyo xeli; Semdeg ki protoqarTvelurma mosaxleobam

indoevropelTa Semosevebs veRar gauZlo, politikuri aqtiuroba veRar SeZlo da

droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdurebTan asimilacia ganicada. maTi warsuli an miTebad

iqca, an daviwyebas mieca... Tu rogor iviwyebs esa Tu is xalxi warsuls, kargad aqvs

aRwerili herodotes karielebTan dakavSirebiT: `Semdeg, didi dro rom gavida,

karielebi dorielebma da ionielebma gamoaZeves kunZulebidan da egre movidnen

isini xmeleTze (anu mcire aziaSi. p.i.). egre iyoo, amboben kretelebi karielebis

Sesaxeb. xolo TviTon karielebi ar arian am sakiTxis Sesaxeb maTi azris, aramed

1 ix.: Рожэ Дэвинь, «Атлантида, исчезнувший материк», Издательство «Петроград», 1926 г., gv. 80.2 ix.: iqve, gv. 81.

TviTon Tavisi Tavi xmeleTis mkvidr mcxovreblebad miaCniaT da saxelad mudam is

gverqvao, amboben, rac axla gvqvia. saamisod miuTiTeben karieli zevsis uZveles

salocavze misalelebSi, xolo am salocavSi wili aqvT misalelebsa da lidielebs,

rogorc karielebis naTesavebs, radgan amboben, rom lidosi da misosi karosis

Zmebi arian. eseni am salocavSi monawileobdnen karielebTan erTad, xolo maT,

vinc sxva tomisani arian, magram imave enaze laparakoben, romelzedac karielebi,

am salocavSi wili ara aqvT~1.

karielTa yofis aRweris es suraTi tipuria eTnosisaTvis, romelic kargavs

warsulis xsovnas, sxva tomis xalxad miiCnevs mis enaze molaparake xalxebs da,

axal realobas Seguebuli, sakuTari warsulis axal istorias igonebs.

ase TandaTan daviwyebas mieca atlantisis Semqmneli protoqarTveluri tome-

bis Tavgadasavli. is sxva tomebis istoriam gadafara.

1 ix. herodote, ìstoria~, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 99.

148 149

Tavi VI

rogori iyo atlantiselTa kultura da maT mier warmoebuli `kulturaTa dalogi~

arcTu didi xania, cnobili gaxda, rom platoniseuli atlantisis realuri

istoriuli prototipi kretis minosuri saxelmwifo iyo Tavisi protoqarTvelu-

rad molaparake mosaxleobiT da am mosaxleobis mier Seqmnili kretuli anu pro-

toqarTveluri kulturiT. es aris siaxle atlantologiaSi. manamde atlantisis

problemis mkvlevrebi rogorc Tavad kunZuls, aseve misi kulturis nakvalevs

atlantis okeanesa da mimdebare teritoriebze eZebdnen. gaweuli Zalisxmevis um-

Tavresi mizani kacobriobis winarekulturis povna iyo. am ZiebaTa Tavisebur mi-

moxilvas, sakuTari xedvis prizmaSi gardatexils, gvTavazobs rusi atlantologi

b. bogaevski XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi daweril statiaSi àtlantisi

da atlantisuri kultura~. es sabWoTa mkvlevari SesavalSive warmoaCens imas, Tu

ratom eniWeba am sakiTxs esoden didi mniSvneloba:

èvropuli kulturis istoriaSi Znelia ipovo sxva problema, romelic ase

Zlier aRelvebdes Cvens warmosaxvasa da cnobismoyvareobas, rogorc atlantisis,

am idumali, okeanis talRebSi danTqmuli materikis sakiTxi.

Cvens dros atlantisi araTu daviwyebulia, aramed, piriqiT, SeiZleba Tvali

gavadevnoT sazogadoebis farTo wreebisa da mecnierebis samyaroSi mis mimarT

axlad aRZrul interess.

mkvlevaris cnobismoyvare azris miswrafebis garda, romelic ar aris Tanaxma

gamocanaTa kedlis winaSe SeCerdes, romelzec Cans uimedo warwera ìgnoramus - ignorabimus~ (àr viciT da verc SevicnobT~. p.i.), atlantisis problemas aqvs WeS-

maritad sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, ssrk samecniero interesebis pirobiT rom aris

gaZlierebuli.

atlantisis problemas samarTlianad aniWebda did mniSvnelobas valeri bri-

usovi: `Cven antikurobisagan vswavlobdiT, _ wers is, _ antikuroba adreuli war-

sulisagan, adreuli warsuli _ atlantisisagan. idumali, axla naxevradmiTiuri

atlantiselebi Cveni maswavleblebis maswavleblebi iyvnen da Cven sruli ufleba

gvaqvs, mivaniWoT maT sapasuxismgeblo wodeba `maswavlebelTa maswavleblebisa~.

igive azri ufro frTxili formiT gamoTqva n.o. lernerma, roca ambobda, rom

àtlantisis sakiTxi daiyvaneba arsobrivad mTeli msoflio kulturis erTianobis

sakiTxamde, uZvelesi civilizaciis kera-winapramde, romlis movalec aris mTeli

kacobrioba~. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom valeri briusovi 1917 wels da lerneri

1926 wels aRniSnaven akad. n.i. maris Sromebs iafetologiis dargSi. iafeturi

Teoria, iafetur enaTmecnierebasTan erTad, aRZravs kulturis genetikis Ziri-

Tad sakiTxebs. da Tu momavalSi unda dadges erTiani enis epoqa, mTel kacobri-

obas rom gaaerTianebs, maSin winareistriuli warsulis uSores aTaswleulebSi

arsebobda kulturis erToba, romlis ZiriTadma elementebma droTa ganmavlobaSi

kulturaTa axali formebi SeiZines, sxvisgan rom ganirCeodnen Tavisi Camoyalibe-

buli individualuri niSnebiT, gamomdinare ama Tu im ekonomikuri yofis sazoga-

doebrivi pirobebisagan~1.

b. bogaevskis msjeloba atlantisis problemis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSire-

biT hgavs imas, rasac amis Taobaze orTodoqsi atlantologebi werdnen da es

gasakviri ar aris, radgan citatis avtori maTi Tanamoazrea, oRond, am SemTx-

vevaSi yuradRebas sxva sakiTxi iqcevs: b. bogaevski iziarebs mosazrebas (metad

popularuls 20-ian wlebSi), romlis mixedviTac, ̀ momavalSi unda dadges erTiani

enis epoqa, mTel kacobriobas rom gaaerTianebs~. mocemul SemTxvevaSi misTvis

argumentis funqcia eniWeba uSores warsulSi momxdar sapirispiro process,

ris drosac àma Tu im ekonomikuri yofis sazogadoebrivi pirobebisagan~ Camoy-

alibda individualuri niSnis mqone kulturebi da aq aSkarad ikiTxeba faruli

azri: xom SeiZleba ekonomikurma yofam, am SemTxvevaSi, socialisturma, erT

dros dawyebuli enaTa warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis procesi SeaCeros, istoriis

Carxi ukuRma daatrialos, amas ki, udavod, mohyveboda erTi enis gabatoneb. 20-

iani wlebis ssrk-Si ki aseT enad, bunebrivia, rusuli igulisxmeboda. faruli

azri ikiTxeba b. bogaevskis atlantisuri kulturis Ziebisadmi miZRvnili weri-

lis SesavalSi, rac rusuli sabWouri imperializmisadmi Taviseburi xarkis gad-

axdas warmoadgenda.

amis Semdeg is kritikulad mimoixilavs atlantisis kulturis kvalis Ziebis

mcdelobas sxvadasxva avtorTa mxridan. ase, magaliTad: ironiulad ekideba at-

lantologebis, frostisa da bekis, mcdelobas, atlantisi da misi kultura kre-

tis minosur kulturas daukavSiron:

àr Rirda SeCereba samarTlianad daviwyebul frostis statiaze, rom misi

azrebi ar yofiliyo atacebuli da gadmocemuli bekis popularul wignSi `kretis

sazRvao mbrZaneblebi~ da gameorebuli mis uaxles naSromSi.

beki srulad eTanxmeba frosts imaSi, rom `timeossa~ da `kritiaSi~ mocemulia

kretis aRwera: knososis navsadguri, abanoebi sasaxleSi, xaris msxverplSewirva.

bekis miaCnia, rom kretis geografiuli mdgomareoba sruliad miesadageba plato-

nis sityvebs:

`mxolod erTi dabrkoleba aRimarTeba sruli igiveobis aRiarebis gzaze: daR-

upuli atlantisi herakles svetebs gaRma mdebareobda~. miuxedavad amisa, avtori

sirTules advilad aRwevs Tavs: `samyaros Zvel-egvipturi warmodgenis Tanaxmad,

_ ambobs is, _ zeca eyrdnoboda oTx svets, romlebic sinamdvileSi mTebs war-

moadgendnen. originalur monaTxrobSi (solonma rom moismina saisSi egvipteli

qurumebisagan) CaZiruli kunZuli am svetebs miRma metaforulad mdebareobda~.

aseT axsnas mxolod Rimilis gamowveva SeuZlia~2.

amrigad, b. bogaevski ar iziarebs frostisa da bekis mosazrebas imis Taobaze,

rom kretis minosuri kultura, es atlantisis kultura iyo; imitom rom, jer

erTi, am avtorebma saTnado argumentebi ver moiyvanes; meorec, b. bogaevskis at-

lantisi okeaneSi eguleboda da ara egeosis zRvaSi.

1 ix.: Журнал «Новый Восток», 1926, №15, gv. 222-223.2 ix.: iqve, gv. 228-229.

150 151

atlantiselTa kulturis maZiebels arc germaneli mkvlevris frobeniusis

mosazreba eCvena damajereblad, romelmac atlantisis kulturas gvineis yuris

sanapiroebze miagno. `frobeniusma s-d afrikaSi, gvineis sanapiroze, togosa da

liberias Soris, naxa `naSTebi romeliRac Zveli, didebuli, gadaSenebuli civili-

zaciisa~, kvali ìm epoqis maRali kulturisa, roca dedamiwaze brinjaos saukune

batonobda~. tomi, am olqSi rom binadrobda, iorubad iwodeboda. olqis mTavari

religiuri centri qalaqi ibadania. iorubebi binis toms enaTesavebian, romelTa

centric cnobili beninia.

atlantisur wres mimagrebuli iorubTa kultura an epigoni am kulturisa

benini gamoirCeva didi qalaqebis arsebobiT, taZrebiT, biurokratizmiT marTvisas

da Zlieri TeokratiiT Tavisi mkacrad agebuli ierarqiiT 16 mTavari RmerTisa da

mefis sakraluri mkvlelobiT.

atlantisuri kultura sastikia, uZravia da mkveTria. masSi unda davinaxoT

maRali klasikuri kulturis nimuSi, romelsac, beninis brinjaoTi Tu vimsjelebT,

araferi aqvs saerTo zangur primitiul xelovnebasTan.

atlantisur kulturaSi Zlieria xmelTaSua zRvispireTuli elementebi da is

etruskTa gareSe gaugebaria.

frobeniusi darwmunebulia, rom iorubebi arian pirdapiri èpigonebi atlan-

tiselebisa da rom maT mier dasaxlebuli olqi warmoadgens platoniseul at-

lantiss, romelic winareistoriul xanaSi SeiZleba kunZuli yofiliyo, radganac

sahara mxolod cota xnis win (geologiuri TvalsazrisiT) amoimarTa okeanis siR-

rmeebidan, adre ki im zRvis fskeri iyo, gvineas rom aSorebda evropisagan~1. b. bo-

gaevski ar eTanxmeba frobeniusis mosazrebas da iSveliebs luSanis Sexedulebebs

imis Taobaze, rom beninis kultura wmindad zanguria. Tumca, b. bogaevski imasac

wers, rom beninis kultura afrikis sxva zanguri kulturebisagan maRali doniT

gansxvavdeba. mere imasac ambobs, Tu odesme aRmoCndeba namdvili atlantiselebis

kultura, maSin SeiZleba misaRebi iyos briusovis winadadeba, romlis mixedviTac

iorubTa qveyana atlantiselTa kolonias warmoadgendao.

kidev erTi kultura, romelsac b. bogaevski ganixilavs, es kanaris kunZulebis

mcxovreblebis, guanCebis kultura gaxlavT. am xalxis saxels igi ase ganmartavs:

àdamiani kunZul tenerifedan~ (guan _ adamiani, Sinet _ tenerife). garda amisa,

guanCebsa Tu guaSebze is iSveliebs frang anTropologTa daskvnas da gvamcnobs,

rom isini kromanionul rasas miekuTvnebodnen.

Tavad bogaevski maTi kulturis Sesaxeb wers: `guanSTa kultura, romlis Ses-

axebac Cven viciT XIV da, gansakuTrebiT XV saukuneebis qronikebiT, aseve mravali

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa.

ar ganvixilavT guanSebis kulturas yovelmxriv, aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom

guanSebi gamoirCeodnen stumarTmoyvareobiT, patiosnebiT, cxovrebaSi zomiere-

biT, Tavisuflebisadmi araCveulebrivi siyvaruliT, gasaocari simamaciT, qalis

pativiscemiT; guanSebs axasiaTebdaT agreTve religiuroba, magram maTi kulti gam-

oirCeoda gansakuTrebuli silamaziT. unda aRiniSnos agreTve cekvisadmi araCveu-

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 229.

lebrivi siyvaruli, romelic Tavisi mravalmxrivobiT da simkvircxliT aocebda

evropelebs.

guanSebma sruliad ar icodnen zRvaosnoba, ar hqondaT navebi da erTi kun-

Zulis mobinadreni ar stumrobdnen TavianT mezoblebs. guanSebi miwaTmoqmedni

iyvnen, amasTan, miwas xeliT amuSavebdnen. xnuli gahyavdaT basri Zvlispiriani

joxiT. qeris marcvals guanSebi aSrobdnen, fqvavdnen xelis safqvaviT da acxobd-

nen lavaSebs, rogorc amas adgili aqvs yvela Tanamedrove berberul tomSi da

rogorc amas akeTebda eneosi, CrdiloeTi afrikis napirs rom miadga.

sayuradReboa, rom guanSebi zogjer gamoSrobil marcvleuls miirTmevdnen

xeliT. XV saukunis qronistis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `CitebiviT~-o.

amas garda, isini mcired mesaqonleobasac eweodnen da cxvrebisa da Txebis

moSenebas misdevdnen, hyavdaT kidev veluri Rorebi; rZe da wyali Seadgenda gu-

anSTa sakvebs.

XIV saukuneSi evropelTa mosvlamde, guanSebma ar icodnen liTonebis gamoy-

eneba.

cxovrobdnen guanSebi bunebriv an kldeSi gamokveTil gamoqvabulebSi; zogjer

agebdnen patara mrgval an ovalur saxlebs gauTleli qvisagan, SesasvleliT,

romelic qvis ori didi filisagan Sedgeboda da mesamiT iyo gadaxuruli.

saxlebi, rogorc CrdiloeT afrikaSia (alJiri, maroko), sanaxevrod miwaSi iyo

Cadgmuli _ Tviseba, romelsac aRniSnavs frobeniusi, `rogorc damaxasiaTebels

atlantisuri kulturisaTvis... guanSTa iaraRebidan aRsaniSnavia Subi, saTxedi

qvis an obsidianis piriT, Surduli, SesaZloa, faric. gran-kanariaze gamoiyen-

eboda gaprialebuli qvisagan damzadebuli saomari culebi. tansacmeli Sedge-

boda wvrili myesebisagan Sekerili Txis tyavisagan. tyavisave fexsacmelisagan da

wawvetebulwveriani qudisagan, zogjer gadmoxrili zemo nawiliT. mosarTavebidan

Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo mrgvali an cilindruli grZeli mZivebi da qvis, ni-

Jarisa da taxis kbilebis burnukebi.

sxeuli moxatuli hqondaT. amasTan, didwilad geometriuli naySis amoy-

vanisaTvis gamoiyeneboda egreT wodebuli pintaderiebi, Tixis an qvis saxeluri-

ani sabeWdavebi. saRebaviT dafaruli ornamenti sabeWdavis brtyel nawilze iyo

moTavsebuli. msgavsi pintaderiebi napovni iqna meqsikasa da iukatanze, agreTve

xmelTaSua zRvis kulturuli wris sxvadasxva winareistoriul sadgomebze, lig-

uriaSi, apuleaSi (molfeta), transilvaniasa da TrakiaSi, sadac sxeulis moxatvis

faqtebs ixsenieben herodote da straboni. sxeulis moxatvas mimarTavdnen winare-

istoriul irlandiaSic da dunai-tripolies kulturis wreSi, rogorc amis Ses-

axeb SeiZleba moxatuli qandakebebiT vimsjeloT.

yofaSi guanSebi iyenebdnen friad ubralo formisa da primitiuli teqnikis

Tixis, xisa da mownul WurWels. keramikuli WurWeli, Cveulebriv, ornamentis ga-

reSea... religiuri Cveulebebidan aucilebelia aRiniSnos umaRlesi fenis mimarT

balzamirebis gamoyeneba. mumiebs Semoakeravdnen Txis ramdenime tyavs: savarau-

dod, ritualuri mniSvneloba hqonda qalis patara Tixis qandakebebs, romelTa

zurgzec zigzaguri xazebi gamosaxavda gaSlil Tmebs... enasTan dakavSirebiT sain-

152 153

tereso dakvirvebebi aqvs bertelos: `kanaris kunZulebze da C. afrikis atlasis

dablobebis da mis mTiswineTSi berberebiT dasaxlebuli olqebis adgilmdebareo-

bisa da sakuTari saxelebis SemorCenili dasaxelebebis SedarebiT Seswavlas, me

mivyavar, _ ambobs bertelo, _ guanSebisa da berberebis enis homofoniis Taobaze

daskvnisken~. berberuli sityvebi xSirad gvxvdeba guanSebis enaSi... guanSebisa da

berberielebis enaTa damTxvevebi ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos~1.

b. bogaevskis citireba gvamcnobs, rogorc sxva orTodoqsi atlantologebis

SemTxvevaSi iyo, Tu ranairi warmoedgina mas atlantisis kultura, ras uaryofs

da ra miaCnia sarwmunod. ase, magaliTad: mas sasacilod miaCnia frostisa da bekis

mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom atlantisze saubrisas platonTan mocemulia kre-

tis aRwera. cxadia, am SexedulebaSi Rimilis momgvreli araferia. b. bogaevskisa

da msgavsi rwmenis mqone atlantologebs veravin gadaarwmunebda, rom atlantisi

okeaneSi ar iyo. es maTTvis miuRebeli gaxldaT, amitom eZebdnen isini atlantis

okeaneSi, xolo mis kulturul kvals _ antikuri samyaros periferiebze. miaqcieT

yuradReba: rogori rudunebiT krebs da gadmogvcems yvelafers, rac, misi azriT,

atlantiselTa kulturas Seexeba. magaliTad, frobeniusis Ziebebs, oRond is bo-

lomde ar iziarebs germaneli mecnieris daskvnebs da eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom

beninis kultura atlantisis koloniis naSTs warmoadgens. ufro met mniSvnelobas

is kanaris kunZulebis mosaxleobas aniWebs mis kulturas, am kulturis kavSirs

berberul kulturasTan, did adgils uTmobs bertelos mosazrebebs, romelic

bevr saerTos naxulobda guanCebisa da berberTa enobrivi paralelebis Ziebisas.

kanaris kunZulebis mcxovrebTa kulturis gacnobisas ar aris saWiro iyo eT-

nologi an kulturologi, raTa darwmunde, rom guanCebs saerTo araferi aqvT

platonis mier aRweril atlantiselebTan da ai, ratom:

1. daviwyoT imiT, rom guanCebi miekuTvnebian kromanionul rasas, xolo at-

lantiselebi, platonis monaTxrobidan gamomdinare, aSkarad xmelTaSua zRvis ra-

sis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen;

2. guanCebma zRvaosnobisa ara icodnen ra, maSin, roca atlantiselebs

uzarmazari floti hyavdaT, gemTsaSenebic hqondaT da navsadgurebic;

3. platonis atlantisi brinjaos xanis civilizaciaa, xolo guanCebma evro-

pelTa mosvlamde ar icodnen liTonebis gamoyeneba;

4. guanCebi misdevdnen sxeulis moxatvas, rasac ar akeTebdnen atlan-

tiselebi;

5. guanCebs Txebi hyavdaT, atlantiselebs _ xarebi, iq xaris kulti iyo da

xaris msxverplad Sewirvis rituali sruldeboda;

6. guanCebi Txis tyavebSi iyvnen gaxveulni, atlantiselebs mravalnairi qso-

vili hqondaT, isini arc tansacmlis xarisxiT da arc dizainiT erTmaneTs ar

hgavdnen;

7. guanCebi gamoqvabulebSi cxovrobdnen da, rogorc Cans, axali dawyebuli

hqondaT saxlebis ageba, amasTan, gauTleli qvisagan. atlantiselebs ki, platons

Tu verwmunebiT, saarako arqiteqtura hqondaT. isini mSeneblobisTvis ara mx-

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 240-242.

olod gaTlil qvas, Zvirfassa da naxevradZvirfas liTonebsac iyenebdnen. amitom

sruliad gaugebaria, rom b. bogaevski iSveliebs frobeniusis azrs, CrdiloeT af-

rikis msgavsad sanaxevrod miwaSi Cafluli saxlebi damaxasiaTebelia atlantisuri

kulturisTviso;

8. platons arsad uweria, atlantiselTa enaSi berberuli sityvebi iyoo, ma-

gram saqme isaa, rom b. bogaevskis swored CrdiloeT da dasavleT afrikaSi da

mimdebare teritoriebze eguleboda atlantisi da atlantiselTa Soreul STa-

momavlebad miiCnevda berberebsa da guanCebs. am mxriv is sruliad iziarebs kidev

erTi atlantologis, Jermenis, mosazrebebs:

àmrigad, saharis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT da C.d. afrikis kanaris kunZulebTan

damokidebulebisa da guanSTa sakiTxis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, Jermenis Teo-

ria òri atlantisis~ Taobaze da atlantisis narCenebze, rogorc Cans, kanaris

kunZulebis saxiT, me mgonia, dasabuTebulia~1.

aseTi gaxlavT orTodoqsi atlantologis xedva atlantisuri kulturis xa-

siaTsa da mis savaraudo naSTebze. saWiroa amdagvari mosazrebebis gacnoba mkiTx-

velisaTvis, raTa mas sruli warmodgena hqondes imis Taobaze, ra miaCndaT atlan-

tisis kulturis danatovrad da rom aseTi xedva gamoiwvia platonis dialogebis

ukritiko miRebam, oRond atlantologia erT adgilze ar dgas, rogorc vnaxeT,

dadginda atlantisis adgilsamyofeli da cnobilia atlantiselTa kulturuli

memkvidreobac.

kretas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia miTologiaSi: aq diqtes gamoqvabulSi

dabadebula zevsi, kronosisa da reas Ze, aq darajobdnen mas nimfebi da kuretebi,

reas qurumebi. es ukanasknelni iaraRs aJRarunebdnen, rom kroniss ar gaego pat-

ara zevsis tirili da ar mimxvdariyo, ream Svilis magivrad qva rom gadaaylapa; aq

futkrebi Tafls uzidavdnen zevss, aq kvebavda Tavisi rZiT mas Txa amalTea.

am kunZulis mbrZanebeli iyo zevsisa da evropes Ze minosi, pasifaes (helio-

sis asuli, kirkes da) qmari, ariadnes, fedras, devkalionis (oRond es sxvaa, war-

Rvnis gmirTan saerTo araferi aqvs), androgeosis, evrimedontis, qrises, nefalio-

nis mama, radamanTisis da sarpedonis Zma, kretis uZlieresi sazRvao saxelmwifos

damaarsebeli. mis saxels ukavSirdeba kretis kanonebis Seqmna, misi kulturis ay-

vaveba, samefo sasaxlis agebac (knososis sasaxle) da kretuli damwerlobac.

miTebs kidev mivubrundebi, axla sityva mivceT k. kerams, romelmac saintere-

sod aRwera ingliseli arqeologis, artur evansis mier knososis sasaxlis aRmo-

Cenis ambavi: èvansma gaTxrebi knososis maxloblad daiwyo. aq antikuri kedeli

niadagis sul Txeli feniT iyo dafaruli. ukve ori-sami saaTis Semdeg SeiZleboda

laparaki pirvel Sedegebze. ori kviris Semdeg ki gaocebuli evansi dahyurebda

SenobaTa naSTebs, romelTac rva akris farTobi ekavaT. SemdgomSi aq gaiTxara

sasaxlis nangrevebi ornaxevar heqtar farTobze.

Tavisi saerTo gegmiT knososis sasaxle tirinTisa da mikenis sasaxleebs Camoh-

gavda. kidev meti, aSkarad enaTesaveboda maT, miuxedavad imisa, rom garegnulad

maTgan sakmaod gansxvavdeboda. amave dros, misi saocari sidide, simdidre da si-

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 243.

154 155

sadave kidev erTxel cxads xdida, rom tirinTi da mikeni mxolod meorexarisxovan

qalaqebs, koloniaTa centrebs, Soreul provinciebs warmoadgendnen.

centraluri ezos _ uzarmazari marTkurTxedis _ garSemo ganlagebuli

iyo Senobebi. maT Rru aguriT nagebi kedlebi da svetebze dayrdnobili bani-

ani saxuravebi hqonda. magram oTaxebi, gasasvlelebi da darbazebi ise ucnaurad

iyvnen ganlagebulni, ise advili iyo maTSi dabneva, gzis dakargva, rom adamianebs

Zalauneburad labirinTi axsendeboda. aseTi azri mosdioda yvelas, masac ki, visac

arasodes ar gaegona legenda mefe minosisa da dedalosis mier agebul labirin-

Tze. yvela Semdgomi labirinTebis pirvelsaxed rom iqca~1.

gavixsenoT labirinTis ambavi, metad mimzidveli miTologiuri istoria, rom-

lis gmirebic vnebas ayolili RmerTebi da adamianebi arian:

kretis mefe minosma poseidons sTxova, zRvidan xari gamomigzavne, minda msx-

verplad Segwiroo... male zRvis talRebidan oqrosferma xarma gamoscura. mi-

noss xari Zalian moewona, msxverplad SewirvisaTvis ver gaimeta da Tavis jogs

Seuria jiSis gaumjobesebis mizniT, zRvis RmerTs ki sxva xari Seswira. sixarbiT

gamowveulma mefis am saqcielma ganarisxa poseidoni da SurisZieba afiqrebina. man

oqrosferi xari gaagiJa, meores mxriv ki minosis cols pasifaes xaris siyvaruli

STaagona; zoofilur vnebas ayolili qali xars danebda, misgan daorsulda da ey-

ola kaciWamia xar-kaci minotavri, rac niSnavs `minosis xars~. ase imitom daerqva,

rom minosma Seikedla colis mier ukanonod Sobili urCxuli, romlis samyoflad

aTenel didostats dedaloss labirinTi aagebina.

sityva `dedaleos~ berZnulad Sedevris sinonimia, _ ase daerqva miTolo-

giur gmirs, romelic mravalmxrivi niWiT iyo dajildoebuli. profesiiT mxat-

vari, xuroTmoZRvari, sadurglo xelsawyoebis: xerxis, culis, burRis, sasworis

da sxv. gamomgonebeli. miTologiaSi erTob aRiarebuli ostatia. mas miaweren

marmarilosagan Tvalebmoxamxame da mosiarule qandakebis gamokveTas. man Tavisi

dis, pedrikes Svils, taloss aswavla Tavisi xelovneba. mowafem araTu SeiTvisa

naswavli, aramed ganaviTara da Tavadac gamoigona zogi ram: gvergvi, cibrutis

rkina. am ambavma Tavzari dasca dedaloss, radgan talosSi konkurenti dainaxa

da, safrTxe rom Tavidan aecilebina, disSvili akropolisis umaRles mwvervalze

aiyvana, xeli hkra da ufskrulSi gadaCexa. am danaSaulisaTvis areopagma sikvdili

miusaja. dedalosma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela, kretaze Cavida, mefe minosis xuroT-

moZRvari gaxda da minotavris samyofelad miwisqveSa labirinTi aago. romlis

uamravi daxlarTuli talanidan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebeli iyo. manve daumzada

dedofal pasifaes xis Zroxa; manve gamoavlina qoreografiuli niWi da gamoigona

qoros saferxulo cekva ariadnesaTvis; dedalosma sxva ramec gaakeTa minosis asu-

lisaTvis, magram amaze qvemoT.

am dros aTenSi kidev erTi mkvleloba moxda. misi msxverpli minosisa da pasi-

faes vaJi androgeosi (`mamaci~) iyo. aTenSi Casulma mefiswulma Tavisi saxeli gaa-

marTla da axlad dawesebul panaTenur dResaswaulebze gamarTul asparezobebze

1 ix.: k. kerami, `RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 78-79.

yvela varjiSSi gaimarjva. kreteli Wabukis am gamarjvebam aTenis mefe egeosis

Suri gamoiwvia da misi mokvla ganizraxa. androgeoss maraTonis xari daaZgeres da

ase mouRes bolo. minosma Svilis sikvdili maSin gaigo, rodesac parosze msxver-

pls swiravda qaritebs; Tavidan gvirgvini moiglija, memusikeebs ubrZana, Seewyvi-

taT fleitebze dakvra, magram msxverplSewirvis wesi bolomde Seasrula. aseTi

msxverplSewirva _ ugvirgvinod da umusikod _ Semdgom tradiciad iqca, minosma ki

aTens alya Semoartya, daamarcxa aTenelebi da Svilis mkvlel qalaqs mZime xarki

daado: yovel cxra weliwadSi 7 vaJi da 7 qalwuli unda miecaT. kretaze Cayvani-

lebs labirinTis gzas gauyenebdnen, sadac isini minotavris _ xarisTaviani adami-

anis msxverplni xdebodnen.

egeosis vaJi Tezevsi papasTan izrdeboda, roca aTenSi Cavida, maSin gaigo am

mZime xarkis Sesaxeb da gadawyvita, Tavad moxalised gamgzavrebuliyo kretas. iq

Casulma Tezevsma mefe minosis mier mowyobil asparezobebze gaimarjva, Wabuki

Seuyvarda minosis asul ariadnes; man aTenel mefiswuls daxmareba aRuTqva, Tu

colad SeirTavda. dedalosis rCeviT ariadnem Zafis gorgali da maxvili gadasca

Tezevss, romelmac Zafi labirinTis SesasvlelSi miamagra da ise Sevida mis ta-

lanebSi, Tavs daesxa minotavrs, mokla da Zafs gamohyva labirinTidan, Tan gam-

oiyola aTeneli gogo-biWebi da ariadnec gaitaca. kunZul diaze Ramis gasaTevad

SeCerebuls sizmrad dionise gamoecxada da uTxra, ariadne Cemi daniSnuliao, ami-

tom Tezevsma mZinare qali miatova da Tavad aTenisaken gaswia. ariadne gaxda dio-

nises coli. hefestom saqorwino saCuqrad oqros sxivmosili gvirgvini gamouWeda.

ariadne Semdeg gadaiqca bunebisa da mcenareulobis RvTaebad. minosi gaqceulebs

daedevna, magram Tezevssa da ariadnes ver daewia, Semdeg gamoedevna dedaloss,

romelic gaiqca siciliaSi, sadac minosi RalatiT mokles.

miTebSi moqmedi vnebasa da Jins ayolili RmerTebi da adamianebi, ukvdavni da

mokvdavni, xSirad avlenen mZvinvare xasiaTs. rogorc Cans, civilizaciis gari-

JraJze adamianebi, xalxebi, bevrad daundobelni iyvnen erTmaneTisadmi, vidre es

Cven SeiZleba warmovidginoT. miTi minosze, minotavrze, dedalosze, ariadnasa da

Tezevsze ZvelisZvelia. masSi Taviseburad aisaxa egeidaSi eTnosTa da kulturaTa

warmoqmnisa da daRupvis etapebi, oRond miTebSi, ufro sworad ki maT gviandel

redaqciebSi, mkveTrad gamoCnda ara mxolod adamianebisa da xalxebis zneobrivi

mdgomareobis obieqturi suraTi, aramed miTebma ideologiuri datvirTvac SeiZina

da subieqturad aisaxa is warsuli, rodesac kontinentur da kunZulovan saber-

ZneTSi mxolod berZnebi ar cxovrobdnen, an ufro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, am

teritoriebze berZenTa Camosaxlebis procesi. magram rodesac berZnebi aq sabo-

lood damkvidrdnen, maSin miTSi naCvenebma warsulma gamarjvebulTa sasurveli

saxe miiRo, berZnebi naTeli ferebiT daixatnen, maTi mowinaaRmdegeni ki uaryofiT

personaJebad iqcnen. amis damowmebas vnaxulobT plutarqesTan Tezevsis biogra-

fiaSi, romelSic labirinTSi aTeneli ymawvilebis minotavris mier SeWma-arSeWmazea

laparaki: `yvelaze ufro SemaZrwunebeli Tqmulebis mixedviT, kretaze wayvanil

bavSvebs labirinTSi Wamda minotavri; sxva gadmocemiT, ymawvilebi labirinTSi ib-

neodnen, gamosavals ver poulobdnen da iq ixocebodnen. minotavri, rogorc evr-

156 157

ipide ambobs, iyo

CanasaxSive Sereuli saxis qmnileba

anu:

naxevrad xari da naxevrad adamiani.

filoqore ambobs, kretelebi aseT gadmocemas ar eTanxmebiano. isini amtkiceben

Semdegs: labirinTi iyo cixe, romlis saSineleba mxolod da mxolod is gaxldaT,

rom iq Camwyvdeuls gamoqceva aRar SeeZlo. maTi sityviT, minosma androgeosis

xsovnis aRsaniSnavad gimnasturi asparezoba daawesa da gamarjvebulebs jildod

aZlevda im ymawvilebs, romlebic manamde labirinTSi iyvnen Camwyvdeulni. pirvel

asparezobaze gaimarjva samefo karze friad gavlenianma erT-erTma sardalma,

saxelad tavrosma, ukeTurma da mrisxane kacma, romelic aTenelTa bavSvebs qed-

maRlurad da Seubraleblad eqceoda.

aristotelec Tavis `beotielTa saxelmwifo mowyobaSi~, rogorc Cans, ar iz-

iarebs im azrs, rom minosi bavSvebs klavda. is fiqrobs, rom ymawvilebi `kretaze

monobis uRels eweodnen da monobaSive berdebodnen~. ̀ rogorc Cans, marTlac didi

ubedurebaa im qalaqis mtrad gadakideba, romelsac mware enis patroni xalxi hyavs

da poeziiTac ganTqmulia. atikis TeatrebSi minoss mudam avad ixseniebdnen da

lanZRavdnen. mas ver uSvela verc hesiodem imiT, rom ̀ mefeTa Soris udidesi mefe~

uwoda da verc homerosma, romelmac mas `zevsTan mosaubre~ Searqva. tragikosebma

yvelas ajobes: Teatrebis scenidan didad gautexes saxeli minoss, rogorc mrisx-

ane da moZlade kacs~1.

plutarqes naTqvami gvexmareba davinaxoT minosisadmi aTenelTa uaryofiTi

damokidebulebis WeSmariti mizezi. ratom unda mohkidebodnen minoss mtrad

aTenelebi da dramaturgTa daxmarebiT gaetexaT misTvis saxeli? _ am kiTxvis pa-

suxi saZebnia Soreul istoriul warsulSi, roca atikaSi ukve berZnebi mZlavrobd-

nen da maTsa da protoqarTvelur minosur kretas Soris samxedro dapirispireba

iyo; es mdgomareoba miTSi aisaxa aTenSi androgeosis, xolo kretaze minotavris

mkvlelobiT da, cxadia, simboluri datvirTvac SeiZina. Tavidan anu kretaze mi-

nosis miTis Seqmnas, mis mier poseidonis motyuebasa da oqrosferi xaris msxverp-

lad arSewirvas, RmerTis SurisZiebasa da minotavris dabadebas Tavisi mniSvneloba

eqneboda da, rogorc xSirad aris miTebSi, adamianTa zneobriv problemebs war-

moaCenda, magram berZnebis eTnikuri eqspansiisa da aTensa da kretas Soris xangr-

Zlivi brZolis dawyebis Semdeg, minosis miTologiurma saxem SeiZina mtris xatis

funqcia, romlis Sesaxebac berZnuli literatura Tu rames ityoda, es uaryofiTi

damokidebulebis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo. aseve moxda minotavris SemTx-

vevaSic: arabunebrivi siyvarulis am Sedegma, xarisTavianma kacma, gansxvavebuli

simboluri datvirTva SeiZina berZnul miTologiaSi: kretaze xaris kulti iyo, mi-

notavri am kultisa da kretis gansaxierebad aqcies, borotebis xatebad, romelic

aTenel gogo-biWebs Wamda.

roca dro gavida da kretaze berZnebi damkvidrdnen, maT ukve aRar esmodaT

1 ix.: plutarqe, `rCeuli biografiebi~,`Tezevsi~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 33-34).

miTSi gamoxatuli ideologiuri brZolis mniSvneloba. amitom aRiqvamdnen labir-

inTs aTeneli tyveebis cixed da aristotelec amis gamo ar iziarebda minosis mier

bavSvebis daxocvis ambavs.

igive iTqmis miTSi dedalosis rolisa da adgilis Sesaxeb, im funqciidan gamom-

dinare, rac mas aqvs dakisrebuli: is kretasa da atikaSi mcxovreb protoqarTvelTa

Semoqmedebis fuZemdebelia, xelosnobisa da xelovnebis pirveldamwyebi, gasaocari

niWis patroni, romelic Tanabari ZaliT vlindeboda saxviT xelovnebaSi, arqiteq-

turasa (magaliTad, labirinTis ageba, rac bevri mkvlevarisTvis knososis sasaxlis

Tavisebur anarekls warmoadgens) da qoreografiaSi; gavixsenoT, rom man Seqmna

saferxulo cekva ariadnesTvis. es ki, _ Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aseTi xasiaTis

cekvebi uZvelesia, civilizaciis gariJraJze rwmena-warmodgenebidan momdinare

ritualidan cekvad Camoyalibda, _ imisi maniSnebelia, rom dedalosi SeiZleba

odesRac xelosnobisa da xelovnebis uZvelesi RvTaeba an Semoqmedebis simbolod

qceuli gmiri iyo, TandaTanobiT igi gadaiqca mokvdavad, romlisTvis Suri da SiSi

ucxo ar aris. xolo ukve miTis berZnul variantSi is ariadnes da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, Tezevsis mxardamWeri da, amrigad, minosis mowinaaRmdege xdeba.

miTis aseTi interpretireba sruliad dasaSvebad mimaCnia, radgan faqtia, rom

protoqarTveluri kulturis matarebelma pelasgebma kontinenturi da kunZu-

lovani saberZneTis teritoriaze manamde ararsebuli religiuri sistema Seqm-

nes. amas aRniSnavs herodote Tavis `istoriaSi~: `eladaSi TiTqmis yvela RmerTis

saxeli egviptidanaa Semosuli. rom es saxelebi barbarosTagan aris gadmoRebuli,

es danamdvilebiT Sevityve gamokiTxvis Sedegad, xolo me ki ufro is mgonia, rom

swored egviptidan eladaSi es saxelebi, garda poseidonisa da dioskurebisa, ris

Sesaxebac zemoT vilaparake, heras, hestias, Temidis, qaritebis, mereidebisa da

yvela sxva RmerTebis saxelebi egviptelebis qveyanaSi cnobili iyo imTaviTve. me

imas vambob, rasac amboben TviT egviptelebi. RmerTebis saxelebi, romlebzedac

egviptelebi amboben, ar viciTo, me vfiqrob, darqmeulia pelasgebis mier, garda

poseidonisa. am RmerTis Sesaxeb elinebma gaiges libielTagan, radgan libielebis

garda arsad yofila poseidonis saxeli gavrcelebuli dasabamidan. libielebi ki

mudam pativs scemdnen am RmerTs. gmirebic sruliad ar swamT egviptelebs.

esec, da amis garda, sxvac, ris Sesaxebac vlaparakob, elinebs egviptelTa-

gan gadmouRiaT, xolo hermesis qandakebaTa keTeba gamarTuli sarcxvineliT

egviptelTagan ki ar uswavliaT, aramed pelasgebisagan da pelasgTagan elinTa

Soris pirvelad aTenelebma gadmoiRes, xolo amaTgan _ danarCenebma. pelasgebi

aTenelebis mezoblebi gaxdnen maTsave qveyanaSi maSin, rodesac aTenelebi ukve

elinebad iqcnen. aqedan iyo, rom daiwyo pelasgebis elinebad miCnevac. xolo visac

ki miuRia monawileoba kabirTa misteriebSi, romelsac samoTrakielebi asrule-

ben (da rac maT pelasgebisagan gadmoiRes), is uTuod gaigebs, rasac me vambob.

radgan es pelasgebi, romlebic aTenelebis mezoblebi gaxdnen, uwin samoTrakeze

cxovrobdnen da amaTgan gadmoiRes samoTrakelebma misteriebi. xolo hermesis

qandakebebis keTeba gamarTuli sarcxvineliT elinTa Soris pirvelad aTenelebma

iswavles pelasgebisagan, xolo pelasgebi amis Sesaxeb raRac wminda Tqmulebebs

158 159

gadmoscemen, rac cxaddeba xolme samoTrakeSi misteriebis dros~1.

is, rasac herodote wers pelasgebis civilizatoruli rolis Sesaxeb egeidaSi,

amas Tanamedrove enaze kulturaTa dialogis warmarTva hqvia, amasTan, sakmaod

intensiuris, radgan maT ara marto Seiswavles da SeiTvises egvipturi religia,

aramed gadmoitanes is pelasgur realobaSi da gadaamuSaves. amaSi mxolod Rmer-

TebisaTvis saxelebis Secvla ar igulisxmeba; egvipturi RvTaebebi rom gapelas-

gurdnen, Cemi azriT, isini ufro gaadamianurdnen da mobilurebi gaxdnen; isini

xSirad trialeben mokvdavTa Soris, maTTan erTad ibrZvian, zogjer daiWrebian

xolme, xan am gziT, xanac, sxvagvarad, gulSematkivroben adamianebs. maTi qceva

bevrad gansxvavdeba egviptur RvTaebaTa qcevis stereotipisagan, iseve, rogorc

pelasgebis cnobiereba gansxvavdeboda egviptelTa cnobierebisagan... ramdenadac

kretis religias vecnobiT, vrwmundebiT imaSi, rom pelasgTa eTnikurma Tavise-

burebam gansazRvra egvipteli RmerTebis iseTi interpretacia, iseTi humanizeba,

ramac ukve mogvianebiT xeli Seuwyo saberZneTSi religiisgan filosofiis gamoyo-

fas da mis saero profesiad gadaqcevas. aman adamianebis azrovneba gaaTavisufla

religiuri SeboWilobisagan da Seqmna samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da demokratiuli

mmarTveloba, rac safuZveli gaxlavT evropuli civilizaciisa, risi formirebis

saqmeSic proqarTveluri kulturis damsaxureba udavoa...

magram mivubrundeT im RvTaebas, romlis Sesaxebac herodote wers, elinebma

mis Sesaxeb libielebisagan gaigeso; libiaSi, anu afrikaSi, orad ori saxelmwifo

iyo, sadac zRvaosnoba gaxldaT ganviTarebuli, SedarebiT naklebad egvipteSi da

gacilebiT metad karTagenSi, anu finikielTa koloniaSi, afrikis Crdilo-dasav-

leT sanapiroze rom daarsda. oRond es Zv.w. 825 wels moxda. egviptelebsa da

karTagenelebs berZnebi kargad icnobdnen da, Sesabamisad, maT icnobda herodo-

tec. am ukanasknels erTi an meore xalxi rom egulisxma, amas dawerda kidec, ami-

tom sakiTxavia, vin iyvnen is libielebi, zRvis RmerTi rom hyavdaT?

davxedoT cnobil mecnierTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnil gia kvaSi-

lavas rukas da davinaxavT, rom afrikis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze, sadac

mogvianebiT karTagenis samflobeloebi iyo gadaWimuli, iq, finikielTa mosvlamde

bevrad adre, protoqarTveluri tomebi cxovrobdnen. amave rukaze datanilia

maTi ori mozrdili dasaxleba dRevandeli libiis respublikis teritoriaze, am

qveynis centrSi da mis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi. protoqarTveluri tomebis

aseTi wyvetili gansaxleba CrdiloeT afrikaSi (Tu amas nilosis deltaSi Casa-

xlebul protoqarTvelur tomebsac mivumatebT) gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini xme-

leTs ar miuyvebodnen da zRviT mogzaurobdnen, amasTan savaWro, religiuri da

kulturuli kavSirebi xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi sazRvao gzebiT xorcieldeboda;

amitom gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom maT rwmena-warmodgenebSi Casaxuliyos zRvis

RmerTis rwmena da Semdeg ukve aqedan am kults SeeRwios elinizebul egeidaSi.

magram, Cemi azriT, ufro sarwmuna, poseidonis kulti kretaze Casaxuliyo, rad-

gan minosis saxelmwifo amave dros uZlieresi sazRvao imperia iyo da xmelTaSua

zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi misi floti batonobda. kretelebi flotis meSveobiT

1 ix.: herodote, `istoria~, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 138-139.

imdenad daculebad Tvlidnen Tavs, rom maT dedaqalaq knososs galavanic ar

hqonia Semovlebuli... daujerebelia, am zRvaosan xalxs ar hqonoda zRvis Rmer-

Tis kulti da is udavod poseidoni iyo, mas Semdeg, rac santorin-strongiles

amofrqvevaTa Sedegad kretas vulkanuri ferfli, cunamebi da miwisZvrebi daa-

tyda Tavs, ramdenime weliwads rom grZeldeboda da cxovrebis normaluri ritmi

moSala, es kretelebis nawils aiZulebda, sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyvnen da albaT

libias Seafares Tavi; Semdeg kretidan libiaSi Casaxlebuli protoqarTvelebisa-

gan SeiTvises poseidonis Tayvaniscema elinebma.

is, rom pelasgebma egviptidan gadaiRes RvTaebaTa didi nawili, amisi safuZ-

veli egviptesTan kreteli pelasgebis mWidro savaWro da kulturuli urTier-

Toba iyo. amis Taobaze aleqsandre wereTeli werda: `SedarebiT ufro farTo

yofila kretis urTierToba Zvel egviptesTan, gansakuTrebiT XII dinastiis epo-

qidan (2000-1740), sxvaTa Soris, faiumis oazisis im drois fenaSi aRmoaCines kama-

resis stilis WurWeli, xolo imave dinastiis faraonamenemxet III dros (1849-1801)

luqsoris maxloblad (zemo egvipteSi) miwaSi CauflavT Zvirfasi kretuli nivTe-

bis mTeli ganZi. ufro intensiuria kretis savaWro da kulturuli urTierToba

egviptesTan Tebes XVIII dinastiis xanaSi (1584-1388... saerTod, XVIII dinastiis xa-

naSi egviptis savaWro da kulturuli kavSiri saberZneTTan aramcTu Sewyvetilia,

aramed gafarToebula. amaze migviTiTebs, sxvaTa Soris, knosis sasaxleSi, ro-

dossa da kviprosSi mravlad aRmoCenili egvipturi xelosnobis nawarmebi. arqe-

ologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, egviptidan egeosis zRvis raionSi SemohqondaT

oqro, spilos Zvali, qvis WurWeli, qaSanurisa da saerTod mxatvruli xelosnobis

nawarmebi. TviTon egvipteSi nubiamde aRmoCenil iqna egeosuri sagnebi. am xnis

egviptur samarxebze xSirad aRbeWdila egeoseli vaWrebi da moxarkeebi, romlebic

mxar-zurgiT miezidebian sxvadasxva saxis egeosur saqonels. am samarxebis su-

raTebSi vamCnevT agreTve `kaftisa da didi zRvis kunZulTa magnatebs~. keftiu-

kafti kretelebis aRmniSvnel saxelad aris miRebuli~1.zemoTqmuls davumatebdi,

rom arsebobs egvipturi naxati kaftis warmomadgenlisa, romelsac xelSi xarisTa-

viani amfora uWiravs.

cxadia, 700 wlis ganmavlobaSi intensiurad warmarTuli urTierTobebi gansx-

vavebuli xasiaTisa iyo. is kretis minosuri saxelmwifos Zlierebis xanasac moicavs

da santorin-strongiles amofrqvevis Semdgom periodsac, rodesac dasustebuli

kretis sazRvao saxelmwifo egviptelTa moxarke xdeba da, amave dros, berZnuli

tomebis eqspansiis obieqtad iqceva, rasac mohyva kretis sakmaod SeTxelebuli

protoqarTveluri mosaxleobis asimilireba iq Casaxlebuli berZnebis mier. ma-

gram vidre es moxdeboda, kretelma pelasgebma SeiTvises egvipturi religia da

misi gapelasgurebiT safuZveli Cauyares jer egeidis protoqarTveluri mosaxle-

obis religiisa da miTologiis gamdidrebas da gamravalferovnebas, xolo Semdeg

amaze dafuZnda berZnuli religia, miTologia da azrovneba...

mecnierTa azriT, nilosis deltaSi protoqarTveluri tomebi yofilan Casax-

lebulni, rac g. kvaSilavas xsenebul rukazec Cans. SesaZloa, maTac eTamaSoT mniS-

1 ix. al. wereTeli, `Zveli saberZneTi~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1966 w., gv. 36-37.

160 161

vnelovani roli egvipturi religiis egeideli pelasgebis mier gacnobis saqmeSi,

anu dasaSvebad mimaCnia, rom am protoqarTvelur tomebs Suamavlis saqme gaekeTe-

binaT.

Tumca, nilosis deltaSi Cvens Soreul TanatomelTa erT dros arsebobis

faqtma SeiZleba erTi araswori daskvnis gabaTilebasac Seuwyos xeli. saqme is

gaxlavT, rom herodotes Tavis ìstoriaSi~ aRwerili aqvs egvipteli faraonis

sesostrisis saarako laSqrobebi, romelsac, TiTqos, im dros cnobili samyaros

naxevari daepyros. amas qurumebi miyvebodneno, wers ìstoriis mama~ da Sors mi-

maval daskvnas akeTebs, kerZod, kolxTa warmomavlobis Taobaze: `man es gaakeTa

da gadaiara xmeleTi, vidre aziidan evropaSi ar gadavida da daimorCila skviTebi

da Trakielebi. me vfiqrob, rom is uSoresi adgili, sanamdec mivida egviptelTa

laSqari, swored aq iyo, radgan amaT qveyanaSi kidev Cans maT mier dayenebuli

svetebi, xolo amaTze ufro Sors ki aRar aris. aqedan Semobrunda da ukan wavida.

Semdeg ki mdinare fasisTan iyo. me ar SemiZlia dabejiTebiT imis Tqma, rom am adg-

ilas TviT mefe sesostrisma gamohyo Tavisi laSqris raRaca nawili da datova aq,

am qveynis mcxovrebad; an kidev imisi, rom zogierTi jariskacTagani, gadaRlili

xetialiT, darCa mdinare fasisTan.

magram cxadia, rom kolxebi egviptelebi arian. amas me TviTon mivxvdi imaze

uwin, vidre sxvaTagan movismendi da ise vityodiT da radganac amas vfiqrobdi,

SevekiTxe orives; kolxebs ukeT axsovdaT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs kolxebi.

egviptelebi amboben, rom, maTi azriT, sesostrisis laSqridan arian kolxebi da

me TviTonac ase meCveneboda, radgan kolxebi Savgvremnebi arian da xuWuWTmianebi

(magram es arafers niSnavs, radgan sxvebic arian aseTebi), magram, amasTanave da

ufro metad amas mowmobs is, rom yvela xalxTagan mxolod kolxebi, egviptelebi

da eTiopelebi arian, romlebic Tavidanve awarmoeben winadacveTas. xolo finik-

ielebma da im sirielebma, romlebic palestinaSi arian, rogorc TviTon amboben,

egviptelebisagan, xolo sirielebi, romlebic mdinare TermodonTan da parTe-

niosTan cxovroben, da makronebi, romlebic maTi mezoblebi arian, amboben, rom

kolxTagan iswavles es axlaxan. mxolod eseni arian is adamianebi, romlebic wina-

dacveTas axdenen da Cans, rom esenic egviptelebis msgavsad akeTeben amas, xolo

egviptelTa da eTiopelTa Sesaxeb ar SemiZlia vTqva, Tu romelma iswavla am ors

Soris meorisagan. raRaca Zalian Zveli Cans orivegan. xolo imis did sabuTad, rom

xalxma es egviptelTagan iswavla maTTan Serevis safuZvelze, meCveneba Semdegi: is

finikielebi, romlebic eladasTan urTierTobaSi arian, aRar baZaven egviptelebs

im saqmeSi, rac sarcxvinels exeba da Svilebis winadacveTas aRar ewevian~1.

herodotes hipoTeza kolxebis egvipturi warmoSobis Sesaxeb efuZneba legen-

das faraon sesostrisis CrdiloeTiT laSqrobis Sesaxeb, romelic, savaraudod,

Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi unda momxdariyo, magram es ambavi daujerebelia imis gamo, rom

egviptelTa omebis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebiT viciT, maTi laSqari CrdiloeTiT

ise Sors arasodes waweula, rom kolxeTamde mieRwios; aRarafers vambob skviTe-

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 155-156.

bisa da Trakielebis dapyrobaze...

egviptelTa CrdiloeTiT dawyebuli laSqrobebi siria-palestinis dapyro-

bisaTvis xeTebTan brZolas Seexeba da is iwyeba Zv.w. XIV saukuneSi, roca egviptis

axali samefo Zlierdeba. oRond uSualo samxedro konfliqts erTi tragikuli is-

toria uZRoda win: amboben, egviptis axalgazrda faraoni tutanhamoni qurumebma

mowamleso. ra iyo amis mizezi, ucnobia, magram misma qvrivma, axalgazrda dedo-

falma anhesenamunma, romelic amis Semdeg qveSevrdomebs aRar endoboda, maTdami

Tavisi antipaTia imiT gamoxata, rom xeTebis mefes sufiluliumas werili gaugza-

vna: `qmari Cemi gardaicvala, vaJiSvili ki ara myavs. Senze amboben, bevri Ze hyavso.

Sen rom gamomigzavno erT-erTi Seni ZeTagani, igi Cemi qmari gaxdeba. me arafriT

ar aviyvan qmars qveSevrdomTagan..~.1 xeTebis mefisTvis es winadadeba momgebiani

iyo, radgan egviptesTan megobruli urTierTobis damyarebis sawindari iqneboda

da erTi Tavisi Svili marTlac gagzavna egvipteSi, magram ufliswuli gzaSi mokles

antixeTuri partiis warmomadgenelma egviptelebma. am arasasiamovno incidents ar

SiZleba ar daeZaba xeTeb-egviptelTa urTierToba da egviptis mier siria-pales-

tinis dapyrobis cdas _ rasac Tavisi mefobis 20 weli Seswira faraonma TuTmos

III-m _ mtrulad ar Sexvedrodnen. es aSkara gaxda, roca faraonma ramzes II-m Zv.w. 1312 wels daiwyo omi siriis sabolood dasapyrobad, magram gadaawyda xeTebis me-

fis, muvaTalis, Zlier winaaRmdegobas, romelic aseve eqspansionistur politikas

awarmoebda siriis mimarT. imave wels egviptelebi qalaq qadeSTan brZolaSi dama-

rcxdnen. egvipte-xeTebis omi kidev 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da 1296

wels damTavrda siriis gayofiT: CrdiloeTi siria xeTebs gadaecaT, samxreTi ki

_ egviptelebs. ase rom, egviptelebma namdvilad ver SeZles sirias gascdenodnen,

araTu is, rom Savi zRvisTvis mieRwiaT.

sainteresoa, rom sakuTari hipoTezis uaryofas arapirdapir Tavad herodo-

tec axdens, roca zemoxsenebuli faraonis mier qveynebis dapyrobis aRmniSvneli

svetebis aRmarTvis Taobaze laparakobs: `meti wili svetebisa, romlebic daay-

ena sxvadasxva qveynebSi egviptis mefem sesostrisma, aRar Cans, xolo palestinis

siriaSi Cemi TvaliT vnaxe isini, warwerac iseTi hqonda, rogorc vTqvi da zed

qalis sarcxvinelic iyo gamosaxuli~2.

arapirdapiri uaryofa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom WeSmaritebis dasadgenad sakma-

risia am naTqvamis logikuri gaazreba: egiptelTa dapyrobaTa aRmniSvneli svetebi

iq SemorCa, sadac maT ilaSqres da gamarjvebis niSnad svetebi aRmarTes, anu `pal-

estinis siriaSi~. xolo iq, sadac ar ulaSqriaT, arc svetebi daudgamT, amitom

sruliad fuWi saqme iqneba TrakiaSi, skviTeTsa da kolxeTSi am svetebis Zebna.

mivubrundeT nilosis deltaSi Casaxlebul protoqarTvelebs. me ar vici,

isini iq rodis moxvdnen, didi pasionaruli biZgis dros dawyebuli protoqarTve-

luri tomebis gansaxlebisas Tu santorin-strongiles amfrqvevis Semdeg kretidan

gadmoxvewili pelasgebi iyvnen, romelTac bunebrivi kataklizmebis gamo kunZulis

1 ix.: g. giorgaZe, àTasi RvTaebis qveyana~, Tbilisi, 1988 w., gv. 68.

2 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 156.

162 163

mitoveba mouxdaT. Zneli saTqmelia, ramden xans darCnen iq protoqarTvelebi.

cxadia, maTi nawili droTa ganmavlobaSi egviptelebTan asimilirebuli iqneboda,

sxva nawili ki datovebda egviptes. me gamovTqvam varauds, rom amaTgan mcire

jgufi mainc moaRwevda kolxeTamde da moitanda nilosis napirebTan SeTvisebul

egviptur kulturas. rogorc Cans, herodote amaT STamomavlebs gadaawyda fazi-

sis napirebze. am ègviptel kolxebs~ Zv.w. V saukuneSi jer kidev SenarCunebuli

unda hqonodaT egvipturi tradiciebi da cxovrebis wesi, raki ìstoriis mamas~

isini egviptel jariskacTa STamomavlebi egona.

vfiqrob, herodotes hipoTeza efuZneba ara egviptelebisa da kolxebis eTni-

kuri kontaqtis, aramed `kulturaTa dialogis~ Sedegs.

magram mivubrundeT kreta-mikenis, anu atlantisis, klasikur kulturas.

radgan isic, razec axla vsaubrobdiT, atlanturi kulturaa (protoqarTvelebi

da maTi `kulturaTa dialogi~ egviptelebTan nilosis deltasa da fasisis na-

pirebTan), oRond `periferiuli~.

cnobili mecnieris, r. lixtenbergis, wignSi `winaistoriuli saberZneTi~, aris

erTi Tavi, romelsc `sulieri kultura~ ewodeba da masSi kretelTa religiuri

da miTologiuri personaJebis gamosaxvis formebzea laparaki:

ègeosuri kulturis sferoSi uZveles religiur Zeglebs warmoadgens SiSveli

qalRmerTis gamsaxuleba, ... romelSiac xazgasmulia dedobriobis idea... friad

mravalferovania egeosuri kerpebis gamosaxulebebi. es qvis patara firfitebia,

romlebzec adamianis gamosaxuleba xSirad erTob miaxloebiTia. mas aqvs violinos

msgavsi forma, sadac mxolod moxazulia adamianis saxis nakvTebi, sadac arasodes

ar aris aRniSnuli piri. aRniSnulia mZivi... kretasa da mikenis beWdebsa da sxva-

dasxva qvebze xSiradaa gamosaxuli xeTa kultis scenebi, arcTu iSviaTad gamosax-

ulia mamakaci, romelic muxlmoyrilis pozas mogvagonebs, _ mas CauWidia xisTvis

xeli da Tavisken gadauxria. amasTan, iq aris erTi an ori qali, erTi maTgani cekvavs,

meore ki sakurTxevelzea daxrili, am qalis zemoT mcenareebia gamosaxuli... qve-

bze xSirad vxvdebiT yovelgvari saxis demonebis gamosaxulebebs, maTi aRreuli

formebi Sedgeba adamianisa da cxovelTa figurebisagan. araiSviaTad gamosaxaven

naxevrad kacisa da naxevrad xaris figurasc. aq aSkarad saqme gvaqvs minotavrTan,

romelic kargadaa cnobili TezevsTan dakavSirebuli miTebiTa da gadmocemebiT...

Cven yuradRebas kidev mivaqcevT xaris mniSvnelobas... aseTi demonebis sxeulis

nawilebis Sexameba, maTi miTologiuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, dRemde rCeba

gaurkveveli. Cven vxedavT Cacucqul figuras xaris TaviT da grZeli kudiT. mis

marcxena xelis mtevans aqvs totis Sexedulebac, winidan ki mas dakiduli aqvs

qalis mkerdi, gasaocrad grZeli... erT-erT sabeWdavze gamosaxulia mcenare da

rZiani mkerdi _ es amkvidrebs kavSirs adamian-xarsa da mcenareTa samefos Soris...

àmas garda, Tixis sabeWdavebze gvxvdeba saTiTaod gamosaxuli xaris Tavis qalebi,

an frTosani, an iseTi rqebi, romlebic mTavrdeba sxva cxovelebis TavebiT... sxva

Sereuli Sexameba Sedgeba frTiani mamakacis figurebisagan cxvrisa Tu frinvelis

TaviT. bevri msgavsi sabeWdavi xaris TaviT iqna napovni kato zarkos maxloblad

kretaze... xSirad gemaze (naxatSi) mxrebiT ezidebian moklul cxovelebs, xarebs an

irmebs. sxva gemaze demoni gamoxatulia mSvidad mdgari xaris ukan, romelsac rqaze

eqaCeba... cnobilia vercxlis xaris Tavi mikenidan, mooqrovili rqebiT, romelic

erT dros warmoadgenda skiptrisa Tu Rirsebis aRmniSvneli sxva niSnis nawils, rqebs

Soris naxvreti aqvs... ...ormagi culi xaris Tavis qalebze, savaraudod, miuTiTebs

mamakacis sqesis mqone RvTaebaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba, xari gaviazroT ara

misi astraluri mniSvnelobiT, aramed mamakacuri simbolos rolSi, mwarmoeblur

Zalad... uZveles dros kultis msaxurebisas didi roli eniWeboda musikasa da cek-

vas... ...Cven mier ganxiluli Tasebis suraTebs gaiazrebdnen, rogorc xarebze na-

dirobis gamosaxulebas. vfiqrob (erT-erT gamosaxulebaze. p.i.), mamakaci misdevs

cxovels... mamakacs magrad Cauvlia xeli xarisTvis, romelic mocemul viTarebaSi

mSvidad dgas, maSin, roca sxva kaci cxovelis zurgs zed evleba... ...asea danarCen

sagnebzec: xars moukecavs fexebi, wynarad wevs miwaze, maSin, roca kacs Cauvlia

misTvis rqebSi xeli da unda zed gadaaxtes. es sruliad naTlad miuTiTebs, rom

am gamosaxulebaSi unda davinaxoT miCveuli da, albaT, specialurad gawvrnili

xarebi, romlebzedac axorcielebdnen tanmovarjiSeni savarjiSoebs... Caswvde am

suraTebis WeSmarit azrs, arc ise Znelia, radgan bevri miTi mogviTxrobs gmirebis

Sesaxeb... Senobas warmoadgens kretis labirinTi, romelSic Tezevsma daamarcxa

minotavri, xarisTaviani urCxuli... kultis msaxurebisas daiwyes miTebis mixedviT

warmodgenebis mowyoba. miTebs gaiTamaSebdnen xalxuri simboloebiT; xolo roca

mzis weliwadis kalendaruli aRricxva SemoiRes, am simboluri warmodgenebis

Sesruleba daiwyes wlis dasawyisis sazeimo dResaswaulze. umTavresi momenti am

warmodgenebisa iyo adamianis gamarjveba xaris magvar urCxulze da gmiris Tanmx-

lebTa saferxulo cekva, romelic TiTqos asaxavda labirinTis mixveul-moxveul

gasasvlelebSi moZraobas... àrsebobs kidev ufro Zveli mxatvruli gamosaxule-

bebi. es, upirveles yovlisa, gawvrTnil xarebTan brZolis egeosuri suraTia da

meore, ferxulis gamosaxuleba, romlis Taobazec mogviTxroben miTebi~1.

maS ase, r. lixtenbergi mimoixilavs kretis religiasa da kulturas. man kunZu-

lis TiTqmis mTeli religiuri cxovrebis gzas gaadevna Tvali. gvesaubra uZvelesi

drois qalRmerTebisa da mcenareTa gaRmerTebis Sesaxeb, risi suraTebic kretis

saxviTma xelovnebam Semogvinaxa. amas Semdeg xaris kultis amsaxveli gamosaxule-

bebi mohyveba, amasTan, metad didi raodenobiT, rac am kultis mniSvnelobaze miu-

TiTebs. mivubrundeT qalRmerTebs: es udavod reas gamosaxulebebia, romelmac

Sva zevsi kretaze. amboben, rom aziaSi warmoSobili didi dedis, kibelas kulti

kretaze reas kults Seerwya, magram, rogorc ar unda iyos, reas kulti kretaze

uZvelesi Cans. gavixsenoT knososis sasaxleSi napovni spilos Zvlisa da oqros

qandakeba qalRmerTi gvelebiT. is Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaa da sabuTia

imisa, rom qalRmerTis kulti kretis panTeonis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo. sayura-

dRebo faqtia: reas Tayvans scemdnen ara mxolod kreteli protoqarTvelebi,

aramed maTi saqarTveloSi, kerZod, kolxeTSi darCenili TanamoZmeni. amis Sesaxeb

wers romaeli saxelmwifo moRvawe da mwerali flavius ariane: `fasisSi rom Se-

dixar, marcxniv aRmarTulia fasiseli qalRmerTis qandakeba. garegnobis mixedviT

1 ix.: Лихтенбенг Р. Фон, «Доисторическая Греция», Петербург, 1913 г., gv. 103-140.

164 165

is hgavs reas, radgan xelSi winwila uWiravs, misi savarZlis win wvanan lomebi da

TviT is iseve zis, rogorc fidiasis qandakeba aTenis metroonSi~1.

ariane ar gvamcnobs imas, Tu rodidan idga reas qandakeba fasisis SesasvlelSi.

Tavisi Txzuleba, `mogzauroba Savi zRvis gaswvriv~, anu sxvagvarad `periplusi~

arianem dawera ax.w. 130/131 wlebSi, magram sruliad bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom

reas anu didi dedis, zogadad nayofierebis qalRmerTis, kulti protoqarTvelur

tomebSi sul cota matriarqatis dros unda Casaxuliyo, Tu ufro adre ara.

rogorc vnaxeT, kretaze bevria zemoxsenebuli kultis amsaxveli gamosax-

ulebani. `kretis sarwmunoebas emCneva xis kultic _ dendrolatria~2. xis kulti,

rogorc Cans, protoqarTveluri tomebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. gavix-

senoT TrialeTSi, yorRanis gaTxrisas napovni mTliani vercxlisgan gamoWedili

cilindruli Tasi ori Weduri friziT. qvedaze gamosaxulia erTimeoris win mima-

vali xvadi da furi irmebi, zemo rigSi ki _ RvTaebaTa 23 anTromorfuli gamosax-

uleba, ori ZaRli, kidev ramdenime sagani da sicocxlisa da nayofierebis xe. es

sakulto xis erT-erTi uZvelesi gamosaxulebaa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebs

miekuTvneba.

kretaze uxvad napovn xarisa da akrobatebis gamosaxulebebs aseve eZebneba

paraleli qarTul sportul SejibrebebTan. rogorc Cans, Tavidan xarTan brZola

miwaTmoqmedebis RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili sakulto rituali iyo kretaze. droTa

ganmavlobaSi ritualma Tavdapirveli religiuri xasiaTi dakarga da minosuri

kretis maRalganviTarebuli kulturis pirobebSi moipova daniSnuleba sacirko

warmodgenis, _ erTgvari mZafri SegrZnebebis momgvreli sanaxaobisa, rodesac

kargad navarjiSebi akrobatebi gaafTrebul da gaqanebul xars rqebSi xels Caav-

lebdnen da zed gadaevlebodnen. albaT Tavidan xari veluri iyo, magram, savarau-

doa, rom, ramdenadac xarTan Serkinebam ufro Teatraluri xasiaTi miiRo, aspar-

ezobaSi monawile xarebi saTanadod gawvrTnilni iqnebodnen. xarTan akrobatebis

varjiSobani imdenad popularuli kretuli sanaxaoba iyo da amasTan Tu misi war-

moSobis sakulto sawyisebsac gaviTvaliswinebT, ar unda gagvikvirdes arc xarTan

varjiSis gamosaxulebaTa simravle da arc is, rom am moqmedebis amsaxavi freska

knososis sasaxleSia gamosaxuli.

xarTan SebrZolebis sakulto rituali saqarTveloSi, kerZod, kolxeTSi,

xalxur sportul sanaxaobad, kurulad, gadaiqca. am tradiciis Sesaxeb cnobili

qarTveli eTnografi, akademikosi giorgi Citaia werda:

`samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis ganviTarebis uZveles safexurze miuTiTebs ma-

salebi xaris Sesaxebac. qarTul xalxur poeziaSi xari warmodgenilia miwaTmo-

qmedebis fuZemdeblad. Zveli kolxebi mamakacs maRla xeze gadmokidebul xaris

tyavSi marxavdnen; svanebi wminda buRa _ visxvebs miawerdnen RvTaebriv gamanay-

ofierebel Zalas. visxvis kultTan dakavSirebuli iyo rigi akrZalvebisa. ar

SeiZleboda misi cudi sityviT moxsenieba, misi Tavisuflebis SezRudva. mas ar

1 ix.: `berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, V, flavius ariane, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1983 w., gv. 157.

2 ix.: al. wereTeli, `Zveli saberZneTi~, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1966 w., gv. 49.

kodavdnen da uRelSi ar abamdnen. Tavisuflad gaSvebuli visxva-buRa velurde-

boda. amasTanave sazogadoeba, sadac iyo visxva, Tavs avi sulebisgan daculad Tv-

lida. amasTanave varaudobdnen, rom visxva cxovelTa gamravlebis, wveladobisa da

yovelgvari dovlaTis gadidebas uwyobda xels. svanebTan adgili hqonda agreTve

wminda xarTan brZolasac.

uaRresad fasovania is masalebi, romlebic buRebTan Sejibrebas gamoxatavs.

samegreloSi Zvelad gavrcelebuli iyo es Cveuleba kurulis saxelwodebiT.

kuruli warmoadgenda xalxuri sportis erT-erT saxes, romelic kvira dRes

imarTeboda soflis maxloblad _ moedanze. specialurad momzadebul da gawvrT-

nil buRas abamdnen moednis centrSi dasmul paloze da ori kaci iwyebda mis

gamojavrebas. amasTanave, sastikad icavdnen buRasTan moqcevis wesebs: mas mxolod

sxeulis garkveul nawilebSi wvdebodnen _ rqebsa, yurebsa, beWebsa da zurgSi. uki-

duresobamde gaRizianebul buRas auSvebdenen da erT-erTi mebrZolTagani Seebr-

Zoleboda mas. gaafTrebul buRas SemotevaTa mogeriebasTan erTad, mas unda See-

boWa da waeqcia igi miwaze. imave saRamos buRasTan SeWidebis adgilze imarTeboda

Sejibreba WidaobaSi.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom sportuli sanaxaoba `kuruli~ _ buRasTan Sejibreba _

unda asaxavdes xaris moTvinierebas, im brZolis msgavsad, romelsac Sumerebis

gmirebi gilgameSi da enkidu gareul xarTan awarmoebdnen _ kuruli asaxavs xaris

winaaRmdeg adamianis im Tavdadebul brZolas, romelic win uswrebda mis moSinau-

rebas.

es matriarqatidan patriarqatSi gardamavli periodia, roca kolxeTSi Toxis

miwaTmoqmedeba spilenZ-brinjaos xanaSi Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles fazaSi

Sedis~1.

amrigad, uZvelesi samonadireo rituali jer protoqarTvelur tomTa rwmena-

warmodgenebis nawili gaxda, Semdeg ki sportuli sanaxaoba, rac kretis minosur

saxelmwifoSi Teatralizebul, sportul sanaxaobad iqca Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi.

saqarTveloSi ki is xalxur-sportul sanaxaobd darCa da TiTqmis XXI saukunemde

moaRwia.

kretis minosuri saxelmwifos kulturis xasiaTsa da masStabebze yvelaze srul

warmodgenas knososis didi samefo sasaxle qmnis. es gaxlavT 20.000 kvadratul

metrze gadaWimuli 2 da 3-sarTuliani nagebobebisagan Seqmnili sistema, romlis

centrSi 60 metri sigrZisa da 29 metri siganis Sida ezo iyo; is sinaTles awv-

dida rig saTavsoebs, amave dros, akavSirebda kidec erTmaneTTan sasaxlis dar-

bazebs, oTaxebs da derefnebs. es grandiozuli nageboba Tavisi uamravi gasasv-

leliT namdvilad hgavs labirinTs da safiqrebelia, rom miTs minotavris pirquSi

samyofelis Sesaxeb swored kretis mefeTa am Senobam daudo safuZveli. Tumca

Tavad sasaxle, freskebiT morTuli oTaxebiT, metismetad sazeimod gamoiyure-

boda. didi sasaxleebi kretelTa TviTgamoxatvis mniSvnelovani Zeglia, iseTive,

rogoric egviptelTaTvis piramidebi iyo. amitom, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom ar-

1 ix.: g. Citaia, ̀ Toxis kultura dasavleT saqarTveloSi (kolxeTSi)~, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis Sromebi, IV, nakveTi II, Tb., 1959, gv. 159-160.

166 167

qeologebi kretaze sasaxleTa mSeneblobaSi sam etaps gamohyofen da es procesi

700 weli gagrZelda. pirveli periodia Zv.w. 1900-1700 wlebi, meore _ Zv.w. 1700-

1400 wlebi, mesame ki Zv.w. 1400-1150 wlebia. es intensiuri mSenebloba da nagebo-

baTa monumenturi, sazeimo xasiaTi ver Secvala santorin-strongiles vulkanis

gamanadgurebelma amofrqvevamac, romelmac saboloo jamSi xeli Seuwyo minosuri

saxelmwifos dacemas da kretel protoqarTvelTa eTnikur katastrofas.

knososis sasaxleSi aris freska: Tavze SroSanebis gvirgvinian mefe-qurums

sfinqsi mohyavs. es gamosaxuleba gvarkvevs sasaxlis mravalgvar funqciaSi: is iyo

kretis minosuri samefos religiuri, politikuri da kulturuli centri. aqedan

marTavda mefe-qurumi did sazRvao imperias, romelic imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom

kretelebs TavianTi kunZulis dasacavad cixe-simagreebis ageba ar dasWirvebiaT.

aq religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRe-

bis Semdeg mefe-qurumi da misi garemocva Teatralur da Teatralizebul spor-

tul warmodgenebs uyurebdnen, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, akrobatebis Serkineba

xarTan. safiqrebelia, rom kretelTa religiuri ritualebi aseve gvarianad Tea-

tralizebuli iyo. minosur kretaze Teatris Senoba mafiqrebinebs, rom Teatri aq

gaCnda, _ iseve, rogorc maTi religia, _ `kulturaTa dialogis~ wyalobiT, ker-

Zod, egviptelTa misteriebisa da kreteli pelasgebis xalxur saxeobaTa sinTezis

Sedegad, rac, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad daedo klasikuri xanis berZnul Teatrs!..

knososis sasaxlis freskebi zedmiwevniT zustad gadmogvcemen kretelTa cx-

ovrebis wess, sulier ganwyobas, maT mier mSvenierebis aRqmis Taviseburebas: aq

adamianebs, frinvelebs, cxovelebs, mcenareebs, ritualur da yofiT scenebs xata-

vdnen ise, rom maTgan optimisturi ganwyoba gamosWvioda da, cxadia, amisi mizani

am naxatebis mayurebelTaTvis aseve optimisturi ganwyobis Seqmna-SenarCuneba iyo.

freskebis xilvisas naTlad SeigrZnob, rom minosuri sazogadoeba cxovrebiT tk-

bobaze iyo orientirebuli; aSkaraa, kretul xelovnebaSi iyo miswrafeba adamian-

isa da adamianuri grZnobebis reabilitaciisa, agreTve survili, freskaze asaxuli

qalisa Tu kacis individualuri Tvisebebi, pirvel rigSi ki, xasiaTi da ganwyoba

gadmoecaT. davakvirdeT Cvenamde moRweul freskul gamosaxulebebs, Tundac uke

xsenebul mefe-qurums: is mocemulia mistikuri ritualis Sesrulebisas, magram

erTi Sexedvac sakmarisia, rom darwmunde _ personaJis mimika, Jestikulacia, poza

(romelSic egvipturi tradiciis gavlena SeiniSneba) gadmogvcems mefe-qurumis

survils, es sazeimo ritualuri svla Tavisi pirovnuli sidiadis warmosaCenad

gamoiyenos... an kidev, Tvali SevavloT e.w. `cisfer qalbatonebs~, cisfer fonze

rom arian gamosaxulni. isini varcxnilobiT, tansacmlis dizainiTa da saxiTac ki

TiTqos erTmaneTs hgvanan, pozebic msgavsi aqvT. Cans, raRac metad saintereso sa-

naxaobas uyureben da aRfrTovanebulni taSs ukraven. magram Tu davakvirdebiT am

TiTqos msgavs figurebs, aseve TiTqos msgavs saxeebs, davinaxavT, rom, jer erTi,

profilSi mocemuli maTi saxeebi swored profilis moxazulobiT gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan da meorec, sanaxaobiT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba yvelas saxeze

Taviseburad aisaxeba. yuradRebas iqcevs freska, romelzec gamosaxulia kaci Te-

vzebiT. ar vici, is meTevzea, amayad rom dascqeris Tavisi Sromis Sedegs, Tu Te-

vziT movaWre, mosalodnelma mogebam rom gaaamaya; da bolos, namdvili Sedevri,

e.w. `parizeli qali~. aRfrTovanebas iwvevs savaraudod patara tanis, didmkerd-

iani qalis ambiciuri da nervuli xasiaTis gamomxatveli profili, romelic Tana-

medroved da nacnob movlenad gamoiyureba... saerTod, kretaze qali, freskebi-

dan da qandakebebidan gamomdinare Tu vimsjelebT, erTob emansipirebulad gam-

oiyureba, rac iq damkvidrebuli cxovrebis wesis xelovnebiT gamovlenisas xdeba

CvenTvis sacnauri...

minosuri saxelmwifo rom kunZulze mdebareobda da zRvasTan iyo dakavSire-

buli, es knososis freskebidan kargad Cans. magaliTad SeiZleba movixmoT `cis-

feri delfinebis~ oTaxSi gamoxatuli freska, romelzec TevzebTan erTad zRvaSi

mocurve delfinebia gamosaxuli; magram yvelaze mZafrad kretelTa zRvasTan kav-

Siri meTuneobis nawarmze aisaxa. napovnia uamravi WurWelia, romlebzec Tevzebi,

bade, rvafexebi, niJarebi da zRvis mcenareebia daxatuli. aseTebs, povnis adg-

ilidan gamomdinare, kamaresis stilis vazebs uwodeben. zRvis Temis garda, lar-

nakebze xSiria mcenareTa gamosaxuleba (iseve, rogorc bevria mcenareTa amsaxavi

freskebi knososis sasaxleSi), aris sxva formiT da masalT damzadebuli WurWeli.

aRsaniSnavia WurWeli ormagi culebis gamosaxulebiT. ormagi culi Zalauflebis

simbolo iyo kretaze; knososis sasaxleSi `ormagi culebis~ darbazic iyo.

roca uyureb minosuri kretis kulturul memkvidreobas, freskebs, vazebs,

qandakebebs, sayofacxovrebo da ritualuri daniSnulebis nawarms, maTi Sesrulebis

maRal xarisxs, uaRresad daxvewilsa da mdidrul stils, acnobiereb minoselTa

maRal yofiT kulturas, _ maT xom Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi abazana da kanalizaciis

sistemebi hqondaT. amas garda, gamoirCeodnen samyaros xedvis farTo diapazoniT,

sakuTar TavSi ar iyvnen Caketilni. Tu xatavdnen kretuli cxovrebis scenebs,

aseve xatavdnen, magaliTad, afrikuli yofis suraTebsac, radgan mWidro kavSiri

hqondaT iqaur qveynebTan. roca uyureb freskebze gamosaxul sacirko da spor-

tul sanaxaobebs, naxulob msoflioSi uZvelesi Teatris Senobas, rwmundebi, rom

kacobrioba kretel pelasgebs unda umadlodes Teatris, cirkisa da sportuli as-

parezobebis Camoyalibebas... minosuri kretis yofa SemoqmedebiTad datvirTuli,

sanaxaobrivad mravalferovani da mdidruli iyo. aman warmoSva arsebuli zogi-

erTi araswori Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb. kerami werda: `evansma aq namdvili saocre-

bani naxa. aq ucxovria xalxs (Slimanma mxolod misi koloniebis naSTebs miakvlia),

romelzedac manamde araferi ar icodnen, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rasac legendebi

gadmogvcemen. es xalxi, Cans, simdidresa da avxorcobaSi ixrCoboda. etyoba, Tavisi

ganviTarebis mwvervalze mas im sibarituli `dekadansisTvis~ miuRwevia, romelic

Tavis TavSi Seicavda kulturis momaval dacemasa da regress. aseTi gadagvareba

SeeZlo gamoewvia mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umaRles dones~1.

sakamaTo mosazrebaa, radgan kretis minosur kulturas araferi etyoba `deka-

dansisa~. Tavad gansajeT: marTalia, santorin-strongiles amofrqveva saboloo

jamSi kretis minosuri saxelmwifos dacemis mizezi gaxda, magram katastrofis

1 ix.: k. kerami, `RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 79-80.

168 169

Semdeg kretelebma SeZles qveynis aRdgena. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom maT kidev

hqondaT saTanado pasionaruli energia. mogvianebiT, aqavelTa Semotevis Semdeg,

maT did nawils kunZulis datoveba mouxda, palestinaSi gadasaxldnen da gaxdnen

`filistimelebi~, romelTac istoriuli tradicia ganixilavs, rogorc kretidan,

egvipturi wyaroebis `qafToridan~ gamosulebs~1.

axal qveyanaSi damkvidrebas da mere brZolas ebraelebTan, cxadia, aseve sWird-

eboda pasionaruli energia.

aqavelTa Semotevam kontinentze da kunZulebze mcxovrebi pelasgebi aiZula,

jer mcire aziis naxevarkunZulze gadasaxlebuliyvnen da mere aqedan apeninis nax-

evarkunZulze, etruriaSi. ase rom, egeosis zRvis kunZulebze da mis sanapiroe-

bze mcxovreb protoqarTvelur tomebs namdvilad ar emuqrebodaT erovnuli en-

ergiis amowurvis wyalobiT gamowveuli uilajoba. isini bunebrivi kataklizmebisa

da berZenTa eTnikuri eqspansiis msxverplni gaxdnen.

maTi kultura, rogorc mogaxseneT, gasaocrad optimisturi JReradobisa

iyo, rac am xalxis xasiaTidan momdinareobda da ris Sesaxebac metad sayuradRebo

mosazreba aqvs profesor rismag gordezians.:

`pirveli, rac adamians minosuri xelovnebis gacnobisas moicavs, esaa misi

saocrad axalgazrduli suli da, marTlac, TiTqos sagangebod, TiTqmis yvelgan,

sadac ki gamosaxulia adamiani, warmodgenilia axalgazrda; sadac ki gamosaxulia

bunebis suraTebi, warmodgenilia mcenareTa yvavilobis periodi. xandazmuloba,

miZineba, Wknoba, rogorc Cans, ar izidavda kretel mxatvrebs. uTuod ipyrobs

yuradRebas kretuli xelovnebis Tematikis e.w. impresionistuli xasiaTi. minosuri

epoqis mxatvars, Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovanTagan gansxvavebiT, ainteresebs ara

imdenad istoriuli movlenis, romeliRac istoriuli Tu miTologiuri piris ukv-

davyofa, ramdenadac erTi STabeWdilebiT miRebul gancdaTa xazisa da ferebis

saSualebiT gadmotana. swored amitom esoden moWarbebulia kretul xelovnebaSi

mcenareuli da cxoveluri samyaro, adamiani ki, metwilad, warmodgenilia bunebis

fonze an raRac yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul epizodebTan dakavSirebiT. Zveli aR-

mosavleTis xelovnebisagan minosurs uTuod ganasxvavebs mudmivi ganaxlebisaken,

cvalebadobisaken swrafva. Tumca, amasTanave mas mravali Zafi akavSirebs egvip-

tursa Tu winaaziur mxatvrul kulturasTan. arsebiTi isaa, rom minoseli mxat-

vari bevrad ufro gabedulia mxatvrul kanonTa darRvevis saqmeSi~2.

am SefasebaSi zedmiwevniT zustad aris mocemuli minosuri xelovnebis Zveli

aRmosavlurisagan gansxvavebulobis safuZveli, `mudmivi ganaxlebisadmi, cvale-

badobisaken swrafva~. es im kulturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, sadac, rogorc

ukve mogaxseneT, adamianuri grZnobebi religiuri dogmebiT ki ar aris SeboWili,

is garemomcvel realobas, pirvel rigSi ki adamiansa da bunebas erTxel da samuda-

mod dakanonebuli, ucvleli xedvis kuTxiT ki ar uyurebs, aramed mis mier samyaros

aRqma dinamiuri; aq aris tkboba sicocxliT, silamaziT, moZraobiT, ferTa siux-

viT, individualuri gansakuTrebulobiT. aman ki minoselTa arqiteqturas Tavisi

1 ix.: g. giorgaZe, àTasi RvTaebis qveyana~, Tbilisi, 1988 w., gv. 83.

2 ix.: rismag gordeziani, `berZnuli civilizacia~, Tbilisi, `merani~, 1988 w., gv. 32.

kvali daamCnia. monumenturs, arsebiTad megaliTurs, labirinTis tipis uzarmazar

sasaxleebs mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli simsubuqe da haerovneba SesZina. am

sasaxleebSi ramdenime aseuli adamiani cxovrobda, xolo maT sardafebSi sursa-

Tis didi raodenoba inaxeboda. k. kerami wers: èvansma ar daizara gamoeTvala

sakuWnaos yvela piTosis saerTo tevadoba. igi udrida 75.000 litrs. aseTi yo-

fila sasaxlis maragi~1. amdeni produqti, xalisiani, sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli

freskebiT morTuli sasaxlis darbazebi, oTaxebi da talanebi, Teatraluri sanax-

aobebi, uaRresad mravalferovan da gemovnebiT nakeTeb WurWelTan erTad, qmnis

STabeWdilebas, rom knososisa da sxva minosuri sasaxleebi dausrulebeli zeime-

bisaTvis agebuli sivrceebi iyo... cxadia, es ase ar yofila. ubralod, kretelTa

cxovrebis wesi iyo iseTi, rom maTi kulturis gacnobisas eqcevi iluziis tyveo-

baSi, TiTqos erT dros uwyvetad mozeime xalxis daqceul samyofels uyureb... da

kidev: yurdsaRebia is mosazreba, rom minosel mxatvars istoriul Tu miTolo-

giur pirze metad ainteresebda èrTi STabeWdilebiT miRebul gancdaTa xazisa da

ferebis saSualebiT gadmotana~. Tu davukvirdebiT am naTqvams, davinaxavT, rom

es Tviseba kargad miesadageba qarTul xasiaTs da minosel mxatvarze Tqmuls Tu

qarTveluri warmoSobis Semoqmedebaze gadavitanT, aRmovaCenT zogad damaxasi-

aTebels qarTuli SemoqmedebiTi azrisas...

egeideli pelasgebis erovnuli xasiaTi, maTi msoflmxedveloba iyo safuZveli

imisa, rom am xalxma, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ara marto egviptur RmerTebs Seucvala

saxelebi, aramed isini gaapelasgura kidec, rac arsebiTad maT gaadamianurebas

niSnavda... Tu Zveli egviptis panTeonis aseTi gardaqmna SeZles pelasgebma, maSin

sruliad ar aris gasakviri, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT xelovnebas `mravali Zafi

akavSirebs egviptursa da winaaziur mxatvrul kulturasTan~, moaxerxes gadae-

muSavebinaT da gardaeqmnaT es kultura, _ RmerTebis msgavsad, gaepelasgurebinaT

is, rac Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovnebisagan SeiTvises, miecaT misTvis ara mxolod

gansxvavebuli forma, aramed kidev ufro metad SeecvalaT Sinaarsi; amis Sedegad

ki miviReT sruliad sxva kultura, romlic, vimeoreb, gaxda safuZveli berZnul-

romauli kulturisa.

ase rom, udavoa egeideli pelasgebis roli antikuri evropis kulturis

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. am TvalsazrisiT maTi saqmianoba uTanabrdeba imas, rasac

orTodoqsi atlantologebi miawerdnen atlantiselebs, miT umetes, rom minosuri

kreta aris kidevac platoniseuli atlantisis prototipi, magram, me vfiqrob,

rom obieqturoba iTxovs, am sakiTxs ufro masStaburad SevxedoT: minosuri kre-

tis kultura udavod yvelaze didi gamovlinebaa evropis kontinentze kavkasiidan

daZruli protoqarTveluri tomebis civilizatoruli saqmianobisa. cxadia, es ar

yofila maTi erTaderTi qmedeba, didi mniSvnelobisa rom iyo, amasTan, mxolod

evropisaTvis naRvawi. oRond, amjerad maTi saqmianobis es kuTxe gvainteresebs.

amisaTvis saWiroa, gonebis TvaliT gadavwvdeT protoqarTveluri tomebis im

Soreul warsuls. aq udides samsaxurs gagviwevs qarTveli mecnieri aleqsandre

1 ix.: k. kerami, `RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1972 w., gv. 80.

170 171

gvasalia, romelsac TbilisSi 1927 wels daubeWdavs patara wigni saTauriT `qarT-

velTa uSoreulesi winaprebi~.

naSromis Tema saukunis damdegisTvis esoden popularul pirvelyofili sa-

zogadoebis problemebsa da, kerZod, enis Casaxvis sakiTxs Seexeboda. imisaTvis, rom

mkiTxvelisaTvis naTlad daenaxvebina msjelobis sagani, avtorma moixmo citatebi

rigi cnobili mecnierebis, saxeldobr ki renkes, veilis, engelsis, gekelis, mores,

davis, teiloris, nikolskis, gorodcevis da uznaZis Sromebidan. iseTi mosazreba,

rogoric, magaliTad, grigol naTaZes aqvs gamoTqmuli:

`rodesac adamianebi ufro da ufro xSirad xvdeboden erTmaneTs, maSin sag-

nebis saxelebic dasWirdaT. Tavdapirvelad adamiani sagnis saxelsac xmiT hxata-

vda. is cdilobda, iseTi xmiT gamoexata sagnis saxeli, romelic am sagnis bunebas

moagonebda. SemdegSi am xmebisagan sityva warmosdga. sazogadoT pirveli adamianis

sityvebi bunebis mibaZva iyo~. citata motanilia 1920 wels gamocemuli gr. na-

TaZis wignidan ̀ pirvelyofili kultura~, gv. 68. Semdeg amisa, aleqsandre gvasalia

cdilobs, qarTul enaSi ipovos am procesis amsaxveli magaliTebi: àxla SevexoT

qarTvel tomTa sityvebs da SeiZleba maTSi zemoxsenebuli Teoriebis ganaRdeba

vnaxoT. Tu cecxlis saxelwodebaSi pirvelyofili enis bunebasac davurTavT, ma-

Sin, cxadia, qarTvel tomTa winaprebs JamTa viTarebaSi, Tundac sxvadasxva saxel-

wodebiT, cecxlis mopovebaSi, SemoReba-aRmoCenaSi prioriteti unda mieniWos.

qarTulad _ cecxli

megrulad _ daCxiri

afxazurad _ amca

sagulisxmoa, rom joxis, xis nawilis saxelwodeba megrul enaSi cecxlis

saxelwodebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: da-Cxiri. yvelam kargad viciT, Tu ra aris

Cxiri. vidre `da~-s ganmartebas SevudgebodeT, unda vaxsenoT, rom sityva `Cxiris~

warmoSoba wambaZvelobis niadagze SeiZleboda. Tu imas warmovidgenT, rom pirve-

lyofili adamiani joxs gadatexda (araviTari dana mas ar moepoveboda), TavisTa-

vad cxadia, rom Cxiris boloebi uswormasworo iqneboda, xSirad napirebze patara

firfitebiT. cecxlis mosapovebeli operaciis dros swored da mxolod am pat-

ara firfitebs SeeZlo Cxriali gamoeRo da bunebrivad adamianma am joxs Cxiri

uwoda. gadaWriT vambob, rom mxolod aseTi axsniT SeiZleba sityva `Cxiris~ war-

moSoba gagebul iqnes. saintereso isaa, rom qveda ficris rols `nakve-Cxiri~ as-

rulebda, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom Tumca esec Cxiri iyo, mxolod `nakva~ _

albaT qveviTis SinaarsiT. `nakva~-Si ueWvelia `kva~ _ quas niSnavs. albaT es Se-

dareba gviani damatebaa da im xanas ekuTvnis, rodesac aramcTu cecxlis nacarSi

Senaxva erT adgilze dabanakebisas scodniaT, aramed namdvili keris gaCaRebac.

xolo `da~ da `na~ ekvivalentebi unda iyos da qals unda gamosaxavdnen: da=dia da

na=nana; orive=deda. amrigad aSkaraa: cecxlis mopoveba-Senaxvis procesSi qarT-

vel dedakacs warsulSi monawileoba miuRia.

sityva Cxiris interpretaciidan uSualod gamomdinareobs: qarTvelTa toms

_ megrelebs _ Soreul warsulSi cecxlis xelovnur mopovebaSi monawileoba mi-

uRiaT.

cx, Cx erTi da imave bunebisaa. amas prof. m. wereTeli gvimowmebs: `sumeruli

da qarTuli~-s saTauriT Jurnal ̀ gvirgvinSi~ moTavsebul werilSi (`gvirgvini~, gv.

115; 1912 w., tfilisi), sadac ambobs: ̀ zaR (caR)=Sewva, wva_izaR_(icax, ici=cecxli)._

qarTul. cx, Sx, Cx, wv~. aqve migviTiTebs: ̀ ix. saR=wva, _qarT. cia, ciagi, cecxli da

sxva~ da 108-e gverdze: `sax, zax=wva, _qarT. cx. Wan-megr. Cx, Cq, svan. Sx: cecxli,

cxeli da sxv. megr. daCxiri, svan. liSxi=wva_qarT. naxSiri=naxSiri, Wan-megr. gr.

niSqeri=rac damwvaria. _agreTve diSqa=rac dasawvavia=qarT. SeSa (seSa=siSa. S<Sv).

_ Ziri wv warmomdgari unda iyos Zirisagan Sx (cx da sxv.)~. Ziri `cx~-s warmoSoba

advili gasagebic iqneba, Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom xis fxvnili, romelic

zemoxsenebuli Teoriebis mixedviT saWiroa cecxlis dasanTebad, xolo araviTar

xmaurs ar gamoiRebs, rom sityviswambaZvelobiT niadagze warmomSobi momenti veZ-

ioT masSi; cecxlis gaRvivebisas ki saWiro iqneboda an Tiva an burbuSela, romelsac

SeeZlo gamoeRo xmauroba `cx-cxucxuni~; meore ganmartebac rom mivumatoT, rom

elvis saSualebiT tyes cecxli gauCndeboda, aqac pirvelyofili adamianebi `cx~-

iebs moismenda. cxadia (TviT sityva, cxadia _ Si-cx-naTels, cecxls, sinaTlis mo-

maswavebeli ram aris), rom adamianma `cx~ am bunebrivi wyarodan daiunja. `ce~=`ca~

aris. adamiani cas ufro adre icnobda, vidre cecxls. `daCxiri~ ki cecxlis xe-

lovnuri mopovebis procesis maCvenebelia da masTanve am procesSi qarTvelTa

winaprebis dedas didi Rvawli miuZRvis. amave ZirTa kinematikis irgvliv bevri

ramis Tqma SeiZleboda istoriul-qronologiuradac, magram mivubrundeT afxa-

zur sityvas àmcas~, romlis qarTul bunebas aSxawavac ar uaryofs. Cveni fiqriT,

bunebrivi TavsarTi à~, arc meti arc naklebi, àris~-isgan aris warmonaSobi da

amitomacaa, rom yvela arsebiT saxels win uZRvis. qveviT Cven davinaxavT am à~-s

Sesaxeb zogierT mosazrebas, xolo aq unda vaRiaroT, rom `m~-mosulis ekvivalen-

turi Sinaarsiani sityvis nawyvetia da, bolos, `ca~ udavod qarTuli cis Sesaxeb

gveubneba. amrigad, Sedga aglutiniuri sityva a(ris)+m(osuli)+ca(dan)=amca~. `mgo-

nia, arc erT enaze ar aris gaerTianebuli cis da cecxlis cneba da erTi saxiT mo-

cemuli _ cecxlis. Tu marTalia profesor gordovecis debuleba (romelsac Cven

udavod vRebulobT), rom ukve 200.000 weliwadia, rac kacobrioba cecxls icnobs,

maSin Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, zemoganxiluli faqtebisda mixedviT, amave wlovane-

bis aris jerjerobiT qarTveli eric, ukeT rom vTqvaT, qarTvelebi im tomidanaa

warmoSobili, romelmac cecxli pirvelad daipyro an _ cecxlis damWeri tomi, Tu

SeiZleba ase vuwodoT _ qarTvelTa winaprebia~1.

am citatiT gavecaniT uRresad sayuradRebo msjelobis Sedegs. Tavad gansa-

jeT: qarTuli ena inaxavs kvals Cveni uSoresi winaprebis mier cecxlis warmoSobis

pirobebis gacnobierebisa da misi mopovebisa da Senaxvis unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebis

xangrZlivi procesis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom pro-

toqarTvelurma tomebma progresis gzaze Zalian adre, kacobriobis gariJraJze,

gadadges nabiji da daeuflnen cecxlis mopovebis xelovnebas. rogorc Cans, es

1 ix.: a. gvasalia, `qarTvelTa uSoreulesi winaprebi~, tfilisi,1927 w., gv. 32-35.

172 173

procesi ara marto didxans grZeldeboda (Tanamedrove mecnierTa azriT, cecxli

400.000 wlis winaT iqna mopovebuli), aramed metad rTulic iyo, amitom am saqmeSi

warmatebam ara mxolod qarTul enaSi hpova asaxva, aramed saTave daudo msoflios

xalxTa miTologiaSi arsebuli erTi yvelaze ufro Zveli da saintereso miTis

Seqmnas, _ vgulisxmob miTs amiran-promeTes Sesaxeb. Zvels imitom, rom sxvagvarad

masSi ar aisaxeboda cecxlis motacebis Tema, adamianebis mier cecxlis mopoveba _

es dedamiwaze civilizaciis sawyisi momentia da rac am sakiTxs exeba, is uZvelesi

droidan SemorCa kacobriobis mexsierebas.

amiranis uZvelesi miTi xalxurma zepirsityvierebam Semoinaxa. is, drois mdin-

arebidan gamomdinare, icvleboda, radgan ama Tu im epoqis prioritetebi masze

gavlenas axdenda. erTi aseTia qristes motivis Semosvla antikuri xanis miTSi,

oRond es sulac ar amcirebs TqmulebaSi dafaruli saidumlos gamocnobis mniS-

vnelobas.

miTi amiranis Sesaxeb ramdenime versiiT aris warmodgenili. es gaxlavT

fSauri, qarTluri, raWuli da svanuri. am versiebis mixedviT SegviZlia davadgi-

noT amiranis warmomavlobis, individualuri niSan-Tvisebebis, misi gmiruli saqmi-

anobis, yamaris motacebisa da gmiris mijaWvis ambebis simboluri mniSvneloba.

unda vifiqroT, rom TqmulebaSi airekla kacobriobis ganviTarebis is peri-

odi, roca adamianebi SemgroveblobiTa da raimes monadirebiT irCendnen Tavs.

TqmulebaTa mixedviT amiranis deda nadirobis qalRmerTi, oqrosnawnaviani

dalia, mama ki monadire sulkalmaxia. amirans oqros kbili hqonda.

es amiranis RvTaebrivi Tu naxevradRvTaebrivi warmoSobis maniSnebelia _ da-

lis epiTeti _ oqrosTmiiani. oqros kbiliT scnoben devebi gmirs. sayuradReboa,

rom mis Zmobilebs zurgze, beWebSua, mzisa da mTvaris niSnebi hqondaT, rac amiranis

ciur sxeulebTan, im or mTavar mnaTobTan, kavSirze miuTiTebs, mogvianebiT qarT-

velur tomTa RvTaebebad rom iqcnen. amiranis garegnobac gansakuTrebulia, mas

aqvs sacrisodena Tvalebi, Tormeti uReli xar-kameCis Zala da mglis muxli.

amirani borotebasTan meomari gmiria, warmatebiT ebrZvis moZalade devebs:

àmiran, devi baybayi

Casaubroben mtrulada,

xmalze xeli aqvs amirans,

cxare omi aqv gulada.

amiran-devi Seibnen,

miwas gahqonda griali,

amiranma devi dasca,

daawyebina Rriali~1.

devebis saxiT TqmulebaSi airekla is Zalebi, romlebic civilizaciis gari-

JraJze safrTxes uqmnida adamians da am Zalebze gamarjveba misTvis sasicocxlo

1 ix.: xalxuri sibrZne, qarTuli eposi, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1964 weli, tomi III. `raWuli versia~, gv. 41.

mniSvnelobisa iyo. Cvens Soreul winaprebSi Camoyalibda maTTvis saSiS, borote-

bad miCneul movlenebze gamarjvebuli gmiris arsebobis moTxovnileba da droTa

ganmavlobaSi, rogorc es xdeboda xolme, Caisaxa xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi da

bolos miTad iqca. rogori iyo arqauli Sinaarsi amiranze arsebuli Tqmulebisa,

Zneli dasadgenia, magram masSi rom uZvelesi adamianis mier samyaros xedvaa asax-

uli, es Tqmulebis yvela versiaSi aSkarad ikiTxeba _ amirans SebrZoleba mouxda

devisaTvis moWrili Tavebidan Wiebad amosul TeTr, wiTel da Sav gveleSapebTan.

amiranma TeTri da wiTeli gveleSapebi daxoca da mere Savs miubrunda:

`Seeba Sav gveleSaps daRaluli da damSvrali:

Savma aiRo, Caylapa, Savi zRvisaken gaswia~1.

magram amirans almasis dana hqonda, gauWra gveleSaps muceli da gamovida.

am epizodSic Tavs iCens uZvelesi ambebis gamoZaxili: TeTri, wiTeli da Savi

gveleSapebi raRac stiqiuri ubedurebis simbolur gamoxatulebas hgvanan. es

movlena SeiZleba yofiliyo mexis dacemiT gamowveuli tyis grandiozuli xan-

Zari, romelsac gadaurCa amirani da, SesaZloa, iqidan cecxliani muguzalic gam-

oitana...

yovel SemTxvevaSi, Savi gveleSapis stomaqidan gamosuli amirani cecxlidan

gamoRweuls, Tma da wver-ulvaS Setrusuls hgavs:

àmirani daibada, goWsa hgavda xuxulasa,

wver-ulvaSi gascvivnoda, Caeyara tomarasa~2.

gavixsenoT gveleSapis sxva saxelic: `qarcecxli~; tyis xanZari swored maSin

aris mZvinvare, roca Zlieri qari qris...

TqmulebaSi siyvarulis Temac Semodis, es maSin xdeba, roca damarcxebuli

devi Sebralebas sTxovs amirans da Tan lamazi qalis adgilsamyoflis Tqmasac

hpirdeba:

`zRvis gaRma qali gaswavlo, saxelad yamar hqviano~3.

amirans unaxavd Seuyvarda yamari, romlis mama qajebis batoni yofila da qa-

jebisa da eSmakebisagan Semdgari zeciuri mxedroba axlavs. fSavuri Tqmulebis

mixedviT, yamari zRvis piras mdgar koSkSi cxovrobda, xolo mSoblebi ki caSi

hyolia. svanuri Tqmulebis mixedviT, qali cxovrobda caze jaWviT yofila Camok-

idebul koSkSi. es jaWvi amiranma gawyvita, koSki Camovarda da gmirma naxa qeTu _

ase hqvia svanur versiaSi yamars. amirans yamaris mama SeebrZola.

àmiranis xmali yamaris mamis muzarads

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 14; `fSavuri versia~.



174 175

moxvdeboda, naperwklis cecxli enTeboda~1.

roca maTi brZolis ambavs kiTxulob, Tvalwin warmogidgeba Weqa-quxilis su-

raTi, romelsac mexis Camovardna da xanZari mohyveba xolme.

qajebis batonis Taobaze ivane javaxiSvili werda: `erTi sityviT, qalis mama

TiTqos cecxlismfrqveveli zeciuri arsebaa~2.

uZvelesi adamiani rom bunebriv movlenebs RvTaebrivi Zalis gamovlinebad

aRiqvamda, didi xnis dadgenili faqtia. amiranis eposi protoqarTveluri tome-

bis mier uxsovar dros cecxlis mopovebis miTologizebuli ambavia. ukve mogax-

seneT, rom kacobriobis istoria swored cecxlis mopovebiT iwyeba, cidan mosuli

cecxliT. es movlena Semoinaxa qarTulma enam, xolo miTologiam _ adamianis mier

cecxlis mopovebis procesi. rogorc vnaxeT, eposis ori epizodi _ Savi gveleSa-

pis `qarcecxlisa~ da yamaris motacebisa _ ori sxvadasxva formiTaa gamoxatuli:

pirveli mistikur saburvelSi gaxveuli heroikuli ambavia; meore, misticizmisa da

heroizmis garda, erotikiTac aris gajerebuli. Tu Savi gveleSapi, `qarcecxlad~

wodebuli, asocirdeba yvelafris gamanadgurebel tyis xanZarTan, rogorc cecx-

lis wyarosTan, yamari Tavad aris ciuri cecxlis simbolo, romelsac itacebs

gmiri. orive es ambavi eposis arqaul plasts warmoadgens.

aseve arqaul plasts ganekuTvneba amiranis Widili RmerTTan: fSavur versiaSi

gmiri RmerTs Sexvdeba da SeWidebas moindomebs. daarWo RmerTma joxi, moswia

amiranma da amoiRo, meoredac amoaZro, mesamed RmerTis mier darWobilma joxma

fesvebi gamoiRo, xed iqca. mozida amiranma es xe da ver amoaZro. `maSin daswyevla

RmerTma amirani, daaba im xeze~, Tavze ki Tovl-yinuliani mTa daadga. amiranis

goSia dRedaRam lokavda jaWvs, aTxelebda. da roca jaWvi unda gawyvetiliyo,

mWedeli dahkravda grdemls da jaWvi isev sqeldeboda.

qarTlur versiaSic TiTqmis asea: amiranma uTxra ufals, dameWideo. jer iWi-

davebs, mere ufalma yavarjeni miwaSi daarWo. amirani mivida amosaZrobad, magram

ramdenadac amoswia, imdenad Rrmad Caeso. damarcxebuli amirani ufalma jaWviT

daaba da zed uzarmazari mTa gadaafara. amiranis finia Tormeti Tve lokavs jaWvs,

is gaileva da unda gawydes, rom mWedlebi kvers samjer dahkraven da jaWvi isev

msxvildeba.

raWul versiaSic igive ambebi xdeba mciredi gansxvavebiT: amirani joxze dayrd-

nobil moxuc kacs Sexvdeba; ar icoda, rom RmerTia, amitom uTxra, metakeo. ber-

ikacma miugo: `joxs davabijgeb, sartyeli Seixseni da erTi piri kisers gamoibi,

meore am joxsa da Tu amoswev, getakebio~. gaakeTa ase amiranma, magram joxi rkinis

palod iqca, sartyeli _ jaWvad. RmerTma gverdiT uro daudo. eweva amirani jaWvs,

eweva, unda amoaZros, magram am dros palos Citi daajdeba. gulmosulma amiranma

uros dastaca xeli, mouqnia, Citi gafrinda, rkinis palo ki isev CaerWo miwaSi.

svanur versiaSic igive finalia, oRond am SemTxvevaSi amirani RmerTs ar

eWideba. is ar emorCileboda mas da amiT bevrjer awyenina, amitom ufalma is


2 ix.: iv. javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoria~, Tbilisi, 1960 w., t. I, gv. 155.

rkinis didi jaWviT rkinisave palos miajaWva. masTan erTad miaba misi erTguli

yurSac. yoveldRe amirani da yurSa ewevian jaWvs, raTa amoaZron rkinis palo, ma-

gram mofrindeba Citi, dajdeba paloze, gulmosuli amirani mouqnevs uros, Citi

gafrindeba, uro moxvdeba palos da Ziramde CaarWobs.

rogorc vnaxeT, amiranis mijaWvas erTi mizezi aqvs _ is eurCeba RmerTs. maT

Soris gamoricxulia nebismieri kompromisi. adamianebi mWedlebis saxiT avlenen

monur morCilebas RvTisadmi da, rogorc fSavur da qarTlur versiebSia, maSin,

roca jaWvi unda gawydes, isini sagangebo ritualis wyalobiT amsxvileben jaWvs.

Tavad amirani ki ugunurebas avlens, roca uazrod brazdeba da paloze Camomjdar

Cits uros uqnevs, amiT ki Tavis mijaWvas kidev ufro axangrZlivebs. aq naTlad

Cans, rom mijaWvis epizodic arqauli plastia eposisa, rom adamians misTvis aux-

sneli da dauZleveli Zalebi RmerTad hyavda miCneuli da upirobo morCilebis

meti aRaraferi darCenoda. im uZvelesi drois xalxis mier Seqmnili gmiris Sesa-

Zleblobebi reglamentirebulia, mas SeuZlia RmerTs aumboxdes, magram gamarjve-

bis imedi ar aqvs...

amiranis Tqmulebis arqauli plastebi Zalian Zveli Cans, isini did pasionarul

biZgamde ramdenime aTasi wliT adre unda Seqmniliyo. es im sastiki da ZaladobiT

aRsavse garemodanac Cans, sadac Tqmulebis gmiri moqmedebs. amitom dabejiTebiT

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom amiranis eposi, romelic cecxlis mopovebis ambavs Seexeba,

asaxavs kacobriobis civilizaciis sawyis moments, radgan adamianTa sazogadoe-

brivi ganviTareba cecxlis mopovebiT iwyeba.

Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, protoqarTvelurma tomebma amiranis

Tqmuleba, rogorc sakuTari zepirsityviereba, egeidaSi Caitanes. iq ki, sava-

raudod, kreta-mikenis didi pelasguri kulturis wiaRSi, miTi gadamuSavdeboda

da miiRebda axal dasaxelebas da garkveul mxatvrul saxes, vidre mogvianebiT

amas aRwerda hesiode Tavis `TeogoniaSi~, bolos ki esqile am Temaze SeTxzavda

tragediebs: `mijaWvuli promeTe~, `ganTavisuflebuli promeTe~ da `cecxlovani

promeTe~.

egeidaSi arsebuli kulturuli garemos Sesabamisad miTi ganviTarda: klasikur

versiaSi es gmiri, aq ukve promeTe, adamianTa modgmis Semqmnelad aris miCneuli;

gadamuSavebuli miTis mixedviT promeTes Tavgadasavali aseTi gaxlavT: titan ia-

petoss oTxi vaJi hyavda: meniotiosi, atlasi, epimeTe da promeTe. es ukanaskneli

sxvebisagan imiT ganirCeoda, rom winaswarmetyvelebis niWi hqonda momadlebuli.

zevsis mier Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis warmoebuli brZolebisas, roca is ti-

tanebs Seeba, promeTem, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavadac titani iyo, zevsis mxare

daikava, radgan ganWvrita momavali da axali Taobis RmerTebis gamarjveba ixila.

titanebs urCia, zevsisaTvis dabrkoleba ar SeeqmnaT, magram mas ar daujeres da

mis erTgulebaSic eWvi Seitanes. promeTe gamarjvebuli zevsis banakSi aRmoCnda.

erTxel zevss Tavi astkivda da promeTes sTxova, daxmareboda. winaswarmetyvelma

icoda, rom mexTamtyorcni RmerTis Tavidan misi qaliSvili unda dabadebuliyo,

culiT Tavi gaupo zevss da iqidan aTena amofrinda. zevss ara marto gauara

Tavis tkivilma, aramed Wrilobac maSinve mouSuSda. zevsma promeTes adamianebis

176 177

Seqmnac daavala. man miwa wyliT daalbo da am masisagan gamoZerwa adamianebi. amas

garda, promeTesa da mis Zmas epimeTes daevalaT RmerTebis wyaloba Tanabrad

gaenawilebinaT adamianebsa da cxovelebs Soris. moxda ise, rom Zmis aryofnisas

epimeTem arasworad moaxdina es ganawileba da mogebulebi cxovelebi aRmoCndnen.

ase, magaliTad: zogs Zala misca, zogs _ siswrafe, zogs _ frTebi, zogs _ miwaze

xoxvis unari, zogs _ sqeli tyavi da bewvi, zogs _ Cliqebi, zogs _ brWyalebi; zogi

balaxis mWameli unda yofiliyo, zogic _ xorcisa; zogs swrafad gamravlebis un-

ari mieca, zogs kidev _ ara. am ganawilebis Sedegad adamianebma veraferi miiRes,

isini cxovelebis winaSe daucvelebi aRmoCndnen. promeTem aseT mdgomareobaSi

myofi, zecas miSterebuli da ususuri adamianebi rom ixila, gadawyvita, maT dax-

mareboda: amitom mWedeli RmerTis, hefestos samWedlodan Seipara, moipara da

adamianebs miutana ciuri cecxlis naperwkali; Tan mis mierve Seqmnil mokvdavebs

aswavla Tavis gatana maTTvis saSiS garemoSi. jer imiT, rom cecxli misca da misi

wyalobiT mopovebul yvela sikeTes aziara: aswavla, rogor daemzadebinaT uebari

malamoebi da gamklavebodnen sneulebebs; aswavla xarebis moTviniereba, miwis mox-

vna, cxenebis gaxedna; apovnina oqros, vercxlisa da spilenZis sabadoebi; aswavla

tansacmlis tareba da xelosnoba, samsxverplo cxovelis Signeulze dakvirvebiT

mkiTxaoba _ garkveulwilad gaumxila misnobis saidumloc. ase aqcia adamianebad

Tavis mierve miwisa da wylisagan gamoZerwili arsebebi; magram maT bevri naklic

hqondaT: ver iswavles erTmaneTis siyvaruli, zneoba, kanoniereba. mexTamtyorc-

nel zevss ar moswonda es modgma adamianebisa. bolos likaonis mier misTvis ada-

mianis xorcis SeTavazebam (ris Sesaxebac am wignis sxva TavSi mogaxseneT) misi

moTminebis fiala aavso.

zevsma olimpos RmerTebi Sekriba, acnoba maT, rom warRvniT mokvdavTa mospoba

da Semdeg ukeTesi adamianebis Seqmna surda. rogorc viciT, es warRvna samxre-

Tis notio qarebisa da poseidonis daxmarebiT moewyo da dedamiwaze suldgmulTa

pirveli Taoba ganadgurda. viciT, rom am warRvnas orni gadaurCnen _ devkalioni,

promeTes vaJi da epimeTes asuli pira. devkalioni qalaq fTias mefe iyo Tesali-

aSi. man misan piTias rCeviT pira SeirTo colad. rogorc viciT, devkalioni mosa-

lodneli warRvnis Sesaxeb promeTem gaafrTxila. erTi versiiT, is maSin ukve

mijaWvuli iyo, sxva versiiT _ ara.

promeTes rCeviT devkalionma kidobani aago, Sig Seitana yvelaferi, rac

saWiro iyo da colTan erTad Sevida kidobanSi. warRvna 9 dRe-Rame gagrZelda,

meaTe dRes kidobani parnasis mTaze gairiya. rogorc viciT, hermesis SuamavlobiT

col-qmarma zevsisagan adamianTa axali modgmis Seqmnis ufleba miiRo. danabare-

bisamebr Seagroves qvebi da ukan mouxedavad, xelukuRma isroles. warmoiSvnen

qalebi da kacebi. mTidan Camosulma devkalionma zevsis samlocvelo daaarsa lik-

rossa da aTenSi. devkalionsa da piras SeeZinaT Svilebi: amfiqtioni, protogenea

da helenosi, romlebic berZen tomTa winaprebi gaxdnen.

axali modgmis adamianebze isev promeTe zrunavda. es adamianebi RmerTebi-

sadmi mowiwebiT iyvnen ganmsWvalulni. maT moindomes, gaerkviaT, Tu rogori ZR-

veni unda SeewiraT RmerTebisaTvis da am mizniT mekonSi Seikribnen. es problema

maT promeTem gadauwyvita: man dakluli xari aqna, saukeTeso naWrebi erTad dado

erT gobze da zed kuWi daafara; meore gobze jer Zvlebi, Semdeg ki kargi naWrebi

da qoni daawyo da zevss mimarTa: `mexTampyrobelo, airCie, romelic gsurs, Sens

maxvil Tvals araferi gamoepareba~. zevsi karg naWers da qons daxarbda, xelSi ki

Zvlebi SerCa. amrigad, promeTes wyalobiT adamianebs xorci darCaT, RmerTebs ki

_ Zvlebi da amis Semdeg dawesda, _ RmerTebisaTvis Sesawirvi adamianisaTvis saW-

melad uvargisi iyo.

motyuebulma zevsma javri adamianebze iyara da maT cecxli waarTva, raTa

sibneleSi yofiliyvnen da umi sakvebi eWamaT.

promeTem gadawyvita, kvlav daxmareboda adamianebs da radgan jer kidev

wina modgmis xalxisTvis cecxlis gadacemis gamo zevsisagan olimpoze gamoCena

akrZaluli hqonda, aTenas sTxova, SeeSva, iq marad mogizgize koconidan kvlav

moipara muguzali, lerwmis ReroSi gadamala da swrafad daeSva dedamiwaze, sa-

dac cecxli adamianebs gadasca. aman ganarisxa zevsi da misi brZanebiT kavkasionis

qedze, kldeze miajaWves titani, Semdeg ki _ es hefestom gaakeTa, mkerdSi rkinis

sari gautares. ise SeboWes, rom ganZreva da Tavis mobruneba ar SeeZlo. aseTi

saSineli tanjva arguna zevsma titans adamianebisaTvis aRmoCenili daxmarebisaT-

vis. promeTe winaswarmetyveli iyo da icoda, rac eloda, magram mainc adamianebis

erTguli darCa.

promeTes sanugeSod okeanosis meTaurobiT okeanidebi kavkasionisaken daiZ-

rnen. TanaugrZnes titans, magram urCies, zevss damorCileboda. amis gakeTebas

titani ar apirebda. promeTem icoda, rodis dadgeboda zevsis mefobis dasasruli

da amaze esaubra okeanossa da mis asulebs.

mijaWvul gmirTan RmerTebis Sikriki mivida da ayvedrida: adamianebis gamo

RmerTebis mama zevsi ratom gadaimtereo. promeTem ase upasuxa hermess: `zevsis

laqiav, ar gavcvli Cems tanjvas Sens monobaze. gaswi, aame mtarvals!~

hermesi zevsis davalebiT iyo mosuli, raTa promeTes saidumlo gaego, magram

veras gaxda da iqaurobas gaecala.

ganrisxebulma zevsma kavkasions elva da mexi dauSina. amis Sedegad mowyda da

tartarosSi dainTqa is klde, romelzec promeTe iyo mijaWvuli. karga xans iyo

qvesknelis wyvdiadSi titani, mere zevsma is klde Tavis adgilze daabruna, magram

axali satanjvelic moifiqra: yoveldRe cidan eSveboda arwivi da RviZls ukort-

nida titans. nakadulebad moedineboda da aremares Rebavda promeTes sisxli da

sadac ki ewveTeboda, zed wiTeli yvavilebi amodioda.

sanam gmiri maradiuli tanjvisTvis iyo ganwiruli, zevsma Tavisi batonoba

ganamtkica. man tartarosidan gaaTavisufla da Semoiriga titanebi, romlebic

axla promeTes exvewebodnen, zevss dazaveboda. qalRmerTi Temisi mivida gmirTan

da Seeedra: `Cems vaebas mainc eci pativi, promeTe, Semibrale, guli mikvdeba Seni

tanjvis Semyures. zevsi ukve aRar mrisxanebs Zveleburad, yovlismkurnalma drom

misi risxva daacxro. axla zevsis Zalaufleba ganuzomelia, verc veravin Searyevs,

arc aravisi eSinia. amaoa Seni tanjva~.

qalRmerTis qviTinma imoqmeda promeTeze, Serigebisaken nabiji gadadga da ig-

178 179

ive gaakeTa zevsmac. man hesperidebis baRSi oqros vaSlebis mosapoveblad mimaval

herakles daavala promeTes ganTavisufleba. Tavis mxriv, promeTemac gaTqva is

winaswarmetyveleba, rac zevss mosvenebas ukargavda: `Tu zevsi Tetiss SeeuRleba,

gaCndeba uZlieresi RmerTi, romelic mas taxts waarTmevs~.

heraklem isriT gangmira arwivi da daamsxvria promeTes borkilebi, maT nacv-

lad zeTisxilis totebisagan gvirgvini da rgolebi gaukeTa. am Soreuli droidan

adamianebi samkaulebad gvirgvinsa da samajurebs xmaroben tanjuli gmirisadmi

pativiscemis niSnad. aseve Zvelia promeTes pativsacemad dResaswaulis Catarebis

tradicia; is imarTeboda yovel wels aTenTan axlos, akademosis WalaSi, sadac

promeTes samsxverplo iyo. aqedan iwyeboda sirbili anTebuli CiraRdnebiT. mTa-

vari iyo, morbenals cecxli ar Caqroboda. gamarjvebuli is iyo, vinc pirveli

miitanda anTebul CiraRdans aTenSi, kerameikonis ubanSi, sadac meTuneebi mis-

devdnen TavianT saqmes.

am SemTxvevaSic kargad Cans nawarmoebSi areklili epoqis Taviseburebani: axla

arc yofaa iseTi sastiki, rogoric amiranis Tqmulebis dabadebisas da RmerTTan

SeTanxmebac ukve SesaZlebelia. da bolos, pelasguri samyaro ufro racionaluria

da realisturi. is cecxlis motacebis ambavs, amiranis Tqmulebisgan gansxvavebiT,

aRar axvevs mistikur da erotikul safarvelSi, ukve acnobierebs is adamianebis

mier cecxlis mopovebis sakacobrio mniSvnelobas, miT umetes, rom Cveni uSo-

reulesi winaprebis mier cecxlis mopovebas maT mier liTonis aRmoCena mohyva.

ivane javaxiSvili werda: `berZnebis mwerlebic erTxmad aRiareben, rom sauke-

Teso spilenZis nivTebi swored am qveynidan gamohqondaTo. TviT elladaSi xom

spilenZi cota iyo da ufro aziidan Semotanili madniT midiodnen iolas. TiT-

bris saxelebi ki, zogierT evropul enaSi, magaliTad, germanulad _ messling, an-glosaqs. _ mästling, Zvel nor. _ messling, poln. _ mosiandz hqvia _ mossene, anu moss-

inikis tomis saxelisagan aris warmomdgari. swored es mossinikebi iyvnen TiTbris

xelobaSi ganTqmulni. am madnis meore saxelic, `TiTberi~, namdvili qarTulia da

niSnavs `TuT-feri~, e.i. mTvaris (megr. TuTa, qarT. TTuc) feris madans. rkinis,

gansakuTrebiT foladis momzadebac, berZnebs, rogorc etyoba, pirvelad qarT-

veli tomebisagan SeuswavliaT. es foladis berZnuli saxelidanac Cans: `xalvfs,

xilvbdikos~ xalibebis tomis saxelwodebisagan aris warmomdgari da xalibursa

niSnavs. marTlac, xalibebis mier gakeTebuli rkinis nivTebi Zalian ganTqmuli

iyo. erTi sityviT, umTavresi da kacobriobis warmatebisaTvis aucileblad saWiro

madnis saxelebi an qarTveli tomebisagn aris SeTvisebuli, an arada maTi satomo

saxelwodebisagan aris warmomdgari. amiT cxadad mtkicdeba, rom qarTvel tomebs

madneulis SemuSavebaSi kacobriobis winaSe sapatio Rvawli miuZRviT~1.

WeSmaritebas RaRadebda didi mecnieri da misi sityvebis dadasturebas vnaxavT

sxva wyaroSi: XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi giorgi kvirkveliam gamosca wigni `ucx-

oeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis meliToneobis Sesaxeb~. iq moyvanili

ucxoel mecnierTa mosazrebebiT araTu mtkicdeba ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedule-

bebi, aramed kidev ufro masStaburad warmoCindeba protoqarTveluri tomebis

1 ix.: iv. javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoria~, 1913 w., t. I, gv. 79-80.

roli msoflio masStabiT metalurgiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. movitan ramdenime

citatas am wignidan: ̀ didZali arqeologiuri masalisa da klasikuri xanis avtore-

bis cnobebze dayrdnobiT r. forbsi midis im daskvnamde, rom pontos raioni, sa-

dac cxovrobdnen xalibebi, Tubalebi da mosinikebi, warmoadgens mravali feradi

liTonisa da rkinis samSoblos...

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom ucxoel mecnierTa umravlesoba dResac erTxmad

aRiarebs kavkasiisa da mcire aziis metalurgiis did gavlenas Sumerze, egvipteze,

kviprosze, romze, saberZneTsa da dasavleT evropazec. am mxriv, maTi azriT, yve-

laze didi damsaxureba miuZRviT pontos raionSi, gansakuTrebiT mdinare halisis

auzSi mcxovreb tomebs _ xaldebs, mosinikebs da Tubalebs...

germaneli mecnieri r. virxovi amtkicebda, rom spilenZis metalurgias sa-

fuZveli Cauyares pontos raionSi mcxovrebma, meliToneobiT saxelganTqmulma

tomebma, _ xalibebma da tibarenebma...

ingliselma h. karpenterma da polonelma mkvlevarma St. pSevorskim mosini-

kebi aRiares gansakuTrebuli da maRali xarisxis spilenZ-brinjaos mwarmoebel

tomad mTels msoflioSi...

mcire aziaSi, _ wers r. forbsi, _ vercxlis mdidari sabadoebisa da ver-

cxlovani tyviis madnebis arseboba, aseve pontoSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva tomis,

gansakuTrebiT, xalibebis mier metalurgiis codniT aRWurva da is aRmoCenebi,

romlebic maT miewerebaT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom vercxlisa da tyviis rafinireba

pirvelad SeimuSaves pontoSi, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi. Semdgom, _ ganagr-

Zobs igi, _ es codna gavrcelda mTels Zvel aRmosavleTSi, manam, vidre Zv.w. XV

saukuneSi es orive liToni farTod ar iqna aTvisebuli.

pontos raionis vecxlis da tyviis damorCilebis epicentrad aRiarebis dasas-

abuTeblad da am saqmeSi xalibTa wvlilis warmosaCenad r. forbss mohyavs strabo-

nis cnoba homerosis mier Alybe-s qveynis ̀ vercxlis warmoebis samSoblod~ miCnevis

Sesaxeb. igi savsebiT iziarebs Alybes chalybes-Tan _ ̀ xalibTa qveyanasTan~ gaigivebis

straboniseul versias da am cnobas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs...

da ai, Zv.w. XIV saukuneSi, mcire aziaSi, pontos raionSi, kerZod, md. halisis

xeobaSi mcxovrebma meliToneobiT saxelganTqmulma qarTveluri modgmis tomma _

xaldebma (xalibebma) pirvelad mTel msoflioSi SeimuSaves jer rkinis dafolade-

bis, xolo Semdeg ki foladis miRebis teqnologia, ramac dasabami misca rkinis

farTod warmoebas aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi. sakacobrio mniSvnelobis movle-

nas _ foladis aRmoCenas _ dasabami mieca iq _ pontos raionSi, sadac metalurgi-

asTan dakavSirebiT msoflio mniSvnelobis udidesi problema gadawyda~1.

maS ase, citirebuli mosazrebebi gvarwmunebs, rom liTonis mopovebisa da da-

muSavebis saqmeSi protoqarTvelur tomTa pirveloba udavoa da, amasTan, lokali-

zebulia maTi gansaxlebis adgilic: mcire aziis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-aRmosav-

leTi nawili, anu Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTi sanapiro, oRond es ar niSnavs

imas, rom es procesi dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritorias ar moicavda. piriqiT,

1 ix.: giorgi kvirkvelia, `ucxoeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis meliToneobis Sesaxeb, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1976 w., gv. 9-45.

180 181

is TandaTanobiT da amasTan sakmaod swrafad vrceldeboda qarTvelTa gansax-

lebis mTel teritoriaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT qalbatoni marine cincabaZe wers:

`Zv.w. VII aTaswleulSi CaTal-qiukSi, anatoliaSi (Tanamedrove TurqeTi) aRmoCe-

nili metalurgiis nimuSebi ukavSirdeba qarTvel tomebs: xalibs, Tubals, mosiniks,

romlebmac kulturul msoflios gaacnes metalurgiis dargi. amis utyuari das-

turia teritoriaze moZiebuli da Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli rkinis

mdnobeli saamqroebis simravle (galis r-ni, sof. fiCora, raWis, afxazeTis, Sida

qarTlis mTianeTi). kerZod, galis r-nis sofel fiCoraSi aRmoCenilia Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis dasaxleba, sadac moZiebulia metalis sxvadasxva nivTi (kavi, Sub-

ispiri) da saamqrosaTvis saWiro mowyobiloba: keramikuli milebi _ haerisaTvis,

Camosasxmeli CamCa. mopovebuli masala adasturebs kolxeTSi metalurgiis dar-

gis arsebobas~1. Tu amas davumatebT samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saydrisis

oqros sabados 5000 wlis winandel maRaros, maSin dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom liTonSemoqmedeba protoqarTvelur tomTa zogaderovnuli interesis sagani

iyo, agreTve, erovnuli TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTgamoxatvis erT-erTi forma.

protoqarTvel meliToneTa mier aziis, afrikisa da evropis tomTa Soris war-

moebulma `kulturaTa dialogma~ maTi monapovari msoflios sakuTrebad aqcia.

es dialogi gamowveuli iyo im didi pasionaruli biZgis Sedegad, ramac Zv.w. III aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi dasavleTisa da Crdilo-dasavleTisaken daZra proto-

qarTveluri tomebi. maTi moZraobis Taobaze Cven evropaSi liTonis warmoebis

gavrcelebiTac SeiZleba vimsjeloT.

mivubrundeT giorgi kvirkvelias wigns. iq amoikiTxavT: `Cveni saukunis (me-20.

p.i.) 40-ani da 60-ani wlebis ucxoel mkvlevarTa umravlesobas ukve aRar epareba

eWvi centralur evropaSi metalurgiis Zveli aRmosavleTidan Semosvlis Sesaxeb.

`amJamad ukve aRiarebulia, _ wers r. forbsi, _ rom metalurgia Canasxobriv mdgo-

mareobaSi aRmosavleTidan evropaSi SemoiWra Zv.w. 2500 wels, dunais velisa da

troas gavliT. am droidan, erTdroulad, centralur evropasa da ungreTSi dai-

wyo bunebrivi da gamodnobili spilenZis aTviseba. Zv.w. 2200-2000 wels spilenZs

uxvad amuSavebdnen karpatebSi, slovakiaSi, aRmosavleT alpebSi, balkaneTSi, bo-

hemiasa da saqsoniaSi. Zv.w. 2100 wels spilenZis warmoeba daiwyo poloneTSi, 2000

wels ki _ CrdiloeT italiaSi da Semdeg TandaTan gavrcelda CrdiloeTiTa da

dasavleTiT. metalurgiam espaneTSi SeaRwia zRviT ara ugvianes Zv.w. 2500 wlisa,

ris Semdeg, Zv.w. 2400-2000 wels oqros, vercxlsa da spilenZs didi masStabiT

amuSavebdnen almeriasa da andaluziaSi~2. da bolos, pirineis naxevarkunZulidan

mosulma xalxma Seitana britaneTis kunZulebze brinjaos kultura da amis wyalo-

biT britanelebi, spilenZis epoqis gauvlelad, qvis xanidan pirdapir brinjaos

xanaSi aRmoCndnen.

Zneli ar aris mixvde, Tu vin arian es aRmosavleTidan mosuli xalxebi,

1 ix.: marine cincabaZe, `qarTveli tomebi Zv.w. VII-Zv.w. I aTaswleulebSi~, wigni I,, 2009 w., gv. 20-21.

2 ix.: giorgi kvirkvelia, `ucxoeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis meliToneobis Sesaxeb, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1976 w., gv. 9-10.

romelTa moZraobasac mohyva metalurgiis ganviTareba evropaSi. eseni didi pa-

sionaruli biZgis Sedegad daZruli protoqarTveluri tomebia, romelTa erTi

marSruti centralur evropaze gadioda.

protoqarTvelur tomTa erTma nawilma pirineis naxevarkunZulidan britane-

Tis kunZulebamde miaRwia da maTi wyalobiT ganxorcielda zemoxsenebuli naxtomi

brinjaos metalurgiaze gadasvlisas.

ase rom, protoqarTvelurma tomebma metalurgiis gavrcelebiT civilizato-

ruli roli Seasrules evropis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, ramac am kontinentis winsv-

las mtkice safuZveli Cauyara.

protoqarTveluri tomebis migraciis daTariRebisas, enobrivi paraleleb-

isa da rigi artefaqtebis garda, ama Tu im mxareSi liTonis gavrcelebis droc

azustebs eTnosis migraciis periodebs. miT umetes, rom isini emTxveva pasion-

arul biZgebs da maT simZlavres.

qarTvelTa migraciis droisa da arealis Taobaze sayuradRebo klasifikacias

iZleva marine cincabaZe dasaxelebuli naSromis II wignSi: `Zv.w. IV aTaswleuli _

SuamdinareTSi (Sumerebi),

Zv.w. III aTaswleuli _ asureTi, centraluri evropa, aRmosavleTi evropa, Cr-

diloeTi kavkasia,

Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijna _ balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, kviprosi~1.

ra informacias gvawvdis es CamonaTvali? _ uaRresad sayuradRebos! irkveva,

rom pirveli didi pasionaruli biZgi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi momxdara, ris Sedega-

dac protoqarTveluri tomebis nawili daiZra SuamdinareTisaken da iq Camoay-

aliba Sumerul-qarTuli erToba. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi moxda

meore da kidev ufro Zlieri pasionaruli biZgi, romlis Sedegadac protoqarT-

veluri tomebi miemarTebian erTi mxriv asureTisaken, meore mxriv ki _ Crdilo-

eTi kavkasiis, aRmosavleTi da centraluri evropisaken da bolos, Zv.w. III aTas-

wleulis meore naxevris udidesi pasionaruli biZgis Sedegad protoqarTvelurma

tomebma daikaves kunZulovani da kontinenturi saberZneTi da Seiqmna didi pe-

lasguri kultura kretis saxiT; berZenTa mier devnili pelasgebis etruriaSi

gadasvlis Semdeg _ mistikurobiT gajerebuli etruskuli kultura, romauli

civilizaciis safuZveli rom gaxda da, bolos, pelasgebma SeaRwies pirineis nax-

evarkunZulze da iq Seqmnes baskuri kultura. pirineis naxevarkunZulidan da,

ufro adre, centraluri evropidan, protoqarTveluri tomebi gadavidnen bri-

taneTis kunZulebze.

garda metalurgiisa, kolonizebul teritoriebze protoqarTvelurma tomebma

im droisaTvis mowinave sasoflo-sameurneo kulturac Seitanes. saqme isaa, rom im

miwa-wyalze, sadac Cveni Soreuli winaprebi cxovrobdnen, uSoreules warsulSi

intensiur sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas eweodnen. `xalxuri seleqciis Sedegad

gamoyvanili marcvleuli Cvensave miwa-wyalze kulturuli xorblis saxeobaTa

warmoqmnis uwyveti procesis maCvenebelia. maT Soris anaseul I-Si aRmoCenili

1 ix.: marine cincabaZe, ̀ aRmoaCine aTaswleulis saqarTvelo~, gamomcemloba ̀ universali~, Tbilisi, 2013 w., gv. 133.

182 183

faqtobrivi masala daTariRebulia Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulebiT~1.

miaqcieT yuradReba: Zv.w. VII aTaswleuli dasawyisia protoqarTvelur tomTa

socialuri gaaqtiurebisa, amave dros, es maTi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis

gamovlenis droc aris: isini TiTqmis erTdroulad avlenen rogorc liTonSemo-

qmedebis, aseve sasoflo saqmianobis unars da iwyeben mravalgvari marcvleuli

kulturebis moyvanas: ̀ magaliTad, aR. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili, uZvelesi adresa-

miwaTmoqmedo dasaxlebis _ aruxlos teritoriaze (bolnisis r., Zv.w. VI-V aTas-

wleulebi) napovnia xorblis Semdegi saxeobebi: veluri erTmarcvla kulturebi

_ erTmarcvla, ormarcvla, spelta, maxa, Zvelkolxuri asli, rbili, qondara da

magari xorblebi; iqve damowmebuli egilofsis, qeris (kiliani da SiSvelmarcv-

liani, or da mravalmwkriva), fetvis, Romis, Svriis, ospis da bardas naSTebi~2.

xorbleulis moSenebis aseTi mravalferovneba metyvelebs procesis intensi-

urobaze, rac am saqmeSi protoqarTvelur tomebs udavod pirvelobas aniWebda

maSindel msoflioSi da qmnida pirobas, rom zemoxsenebuli xalxuri seleqciis

monapovari mTel danarCen samyaroSi gavrcelebuliyo: `v. dorofeevisave azriT,

dasavleT saqarTvelos pirvel reliqtur speltas SeeZlo SeeRwia iransa da aziis

sxva qveynebSi~3. diax, SeeZlo SeeRwia, magram sakiTxavia, rogor? vfiqrob, imave

gziT, rogoriTac qarTvelTa liTonSemoqmedeba gavrcelda, anu migraciis meS-

veobiT: yvela im teritoriaze, romelsac ikavebdnen protoqarTveluri tomebi

emigraciis dros, gadaadgilebisas, isini Tesdnen da imkidnen mosavals, _ ase xde-

boda adamianTa didi masebis xorbliT uzrunvelyofa mgzavrobisas. Sesabamisad,

sadac Cveni Soreuli winaprebi damkvidrdebodnen, iq vrceldeboda qarTuli xor-

blis jiSebi da ara mxolod is, aramed qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebic,

sameurneo nagebobebica da sacxovrebeli saxlebic. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT es-

paneTSi mogzaurobis dros sayuradRebo dakvirvebebis Taobaze wers akademikosi

n. vavilovi: `asturiaSi Cven mogviyvana msoflio miwaTmoqmedebis istoriis Seswav-

lam, cdam, aRgvedgina evropuli samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis ganviTarebis istori-

uli procesis rgolebi. asturia evropis TiTqmis xeluxlebeli kuTxea: adamianebi,

nagebobebi, kultura _ aq yvelaferi gansakuTrebulia, SenobaTa gabatonebuli

tipia egreT wodebuli `palafiti~ _ nageboba xis an qvis ximinjebze, aucileblad

gamoyofili qvis qolgiT uSualod Senobisagan. es keTdeba nestisa da Tagvebi-

sagan dasacavad. pelafituri tipi damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod marcvleulis

sacavebisaTvis, aramed sacxovrebeli saxlebisTvisac. palafituri nageboba Zveli

kulturis bevr qeyanaSi gvxvdeba; maTi naxva SeiZleba amierkavkasiaSi, lenqoranSi,

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTSi, taivanze da malais kunZulebze~4.

ximinjebze Semdgar saxlebsa da sameurneo nagebobebs, magaliTad, simindis

Sesanax nalias, axlac vxvdebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romlis nawilic aris afx-

1 ix.: n. bregaZe, `saqarTvelo _ miwaTmoqmedebis damoukidebeli kera~, Tbilisi, 2004 w., gv. 14.

2 ix.: iqve, gv. 12.3 ix.: iqve, gv. 33.4 ix.: Н.И. Вавилов, «Пять нонтинентов», Государственное издательство географической литературы, Москва, 1962 г., gv. 213-214.

azeTi (n. vavilovs is ratomRac calke aqvs dasaxelebuli). amas garda, ximinjebze

Semdgar saxlebs SexvdebiT TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, anu im teritoriebze, sadac

lazebi mosaxleoben. amasTan, iq klimatic daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi. rogorc Cans, is, rac asturiasa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi

optimaluri formaa sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobisaTvis, xangrZlivi Zie-

bis, geografiuli garemosa da klimatis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa Seqm-

nili; magram mivyveT n. vavilovis monaTxrobs: `mTel espaneTSi mxolod asturiaSi

SemorCa namdvili aslis kultura _ gansakuTrebuli, furCovani xorblisa, rom-

lis warmomavlobac aqamde rCeba amouxsnel gamocanad. maSin, roca rbili xorblis

msoflio kera akravs amierkavkasiasa da wina azias; bavariis, tirolisa da asturiis

farglebSi ukve mravali aswleulia da albaT aTasi welia, gankerZoebulia gansa-

kuTrebuli Sto, rbil xorbalTan genetikurad metad axlobeli, magram sruliad

originaluri, mTis raionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Znelad gasalewi. amasTan, as-

turiuli asli gansxvavebulia, vidre tirolisa da bavariisa, araa saSemodgomo

naTesi, rogorc iq, aramed martooden sagazafxulo naTesia. asturiaSi ZiriTadad

Tavmoyrilia fxianTavTaviani aslis formebi~1.

genetikos n. vavilovisaTvis, marTlac gamocana iyo, saidan gaCnda aslis ji-

Sis xorbali asturiaSi; Cven xom viciT protoqarTvelur tomTa dasavleTisaken

migraciis Sesaxeb. n. vavilovisaTvis, bunebrivia, es yvelaferi ucnobi iyo, magram

sainteresoa, rom is Tavisi dargis farglebSi xedavs asturiis xorblis jiSebisa

Tu sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da sameurneo nagebobebis misTvis auxsnel kavSirs

dasavleT qarTulTan...

`Cven aRmovCndiT asturiaSi swored aslis aRebisas. Cvenda gasakvirad, aRmoC-

nda, rom am kulturas namgliT da celiT ki ar iReben, aramed xis joxebis daxmare-

biT, romliTac TavTavebs wyveten da kalaTSi yrian. 60 qveyanaSi yvela Cveni mra-

valricxovani mogzaurobisas arasdros gvinaxavs xorblis aRebis aseTi saSualeba,

da mxolod mogvianebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, leCxumis dasaxlebaSi

vnaxeT amdagvari xerxi. iq, sadac axlaxan aRmoCenil iqna xorblis SesaniSnavi en-

demuri jgufi, maT Soris gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, genetikurad metad axlobeli

namdvili aslisa.

amrigad, agronomiulad da botanikurad SesaZlebeli gaxda CrdiloeTi espan-

eTis gasaocari kavSiris dadgena saqarTvelosTan. amasTan, Tavad obieqti da Ta-

vad agroteqnika imdenad specifikuria, rom SeuZlebelia eWvis Setana am kavSiris

did mniSvnelobaSi~2.

aseTia akademikos nikoloz vavilovis dakvirvebis xasiaTi. man mravalmxrivi

kavSiri aRmoaCina asturiasa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris: sacxovrebeli sax-

lebi, sameurneo nagebobebi, xorblis jiSebi da bolos agroteqnika _ mosavlis

asaRebi joxebi, romelsac `Snakvi~ ewodeba. msgavseba imdenad didia, ar SeiZleba,

ar ifiqro, rom erT dros CrdiloeTi espaneTi da kolxeTi erTi didi samiwaTmo-

qmedo kulturis ori Semadgeneli nawili iyo. aseTi masStabis samiwaTmoqmedo kul-

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 214.2 ix.: iqve, gv. 214.

184 185

tura, romelic, savaraudod, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebs srulad moicavda,

am arealze gansaxlebuli protoqarTveluri tomebis mier iyo Seqmnili da es iyo

liTonSemoqmedebis Semdeg meore didi Senatani maSindeli msofliosa da, kerZod,

evropis samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

aSkaraa, rom protoqarTveluri tomebis grandiozuli masStabis emigraciuli

aqtiurobis gareSe orive zemoxsenebuli novacia _ meliToneoba da miwaTmoqmedeba

_ swrafad da efeqtianad im drois samyaros mozrdil nawilSi ver gavrcelde-

boda.

protoqarTvelTa kidev erTi Senatani msoflio civilizaciis Camoyalibebis

saqmeSi mevenaxeoba da meRvineobaa.

didi xania, mecnierebma yuradReba miaqcies qarTul meRvineobis kulturas,

didsa da metad arqauls, romlis Rvinis dayenebis teqnologiis procesi arsebi-

Tad warmoadgens uZveles religiur rituals, ris Catarebis Sedegadac iqmneba

RvTaebrivi sasmeli...

arsebobs mkvlevarTa araerTi mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom Rvinis kultura

saqarTveloSi Caisaxa da aqedan gavrcelda msoflios did nawilSi. isini eyrdno-

bodnen an istoriul wyaroebs, an sakuTar kvleva-Ziebas. ase, magaliTad: qarT-

vel mecniers, revaz ramiSvils, Tavis monografiaSi mohyavs asuruli wyaroebidan

momdinare faqti, romlis mixedviTac xuTi aTasi wlis win, sargon dids, SumerTa

aqaduri dinastiis fuZemdebels, romelic Zv.w. 2369-2314 wlebSi mefobda, kapa-

dokiaSi ulaSqria da iqidan Tavis qveyanaSi wauRia leRvis ori jiSi, vardi da, sxva

mcenareebTan erTad, vazi. r. ramiSvili wers kapadokiis amierkavkasiasTan siax-

loveze, magram Cven xom viciT, rom iq protoqarTveluri tomebi cxovrobdenen...

Semdeg wignis avtori gvacnobs kidev erT ucxour wyaros, romelic mogviTxrobs

vazis saqarTvelodan gavrcelebis Taobaze:

àm faqtTan dakavSirebiT interesmoklebuli ar aris cnobili germaneli

mkvlevris, v. henis lingvistur-floristuli analizi: `vazis WeSmariti sam-

Soblo kaspiis zRvis maxloblad mdebareobs, uRran tyeSi mklavis simsxo vazebi

uzarmazar xeebzea gadaxlarTuli da mSvenieri mtevnebiT xiblavs adamians. iq da

mis maxloblad: kaxeTSi, samegreloSi, somxiTSi, sadac dResac SemorCa uZvelesi

wes-Cveulebebi da rac berZnebis da romaelebis Txzulebebidan aris cnobili,

mohyavT narinjisferi, balzamuri sitkbos metad aromatuli vazis jiSebi, xolo

ukeTilSobilesi kaxuri saferavi iseT muqwiTlad Seferil wvens iZleva, rom am

wveniT mandilosnebi erTmaneTs mokiTxvis baraTebsac ki uweren~. Semdeg mkvl-

evari ganagrZobs: `...aqedan, semituri tomebis saSualebiT, vazi qvemo evfratis da

samxreT-dasavleT mimarTulebiT e.w. mcire aziaSi lidielebTan, frigielebTan,

midielebTan da sxva iranelebTan, xolo Semdgom, rogorc CrdiloeTiT da aseve

zRviT, saberZneTis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelda~1.

uaRresad sayuradReboa wignis avtoris mier moZiebuli faqtebi. Tu asuruli

wyaro imas gvamcnobs, rom sargon didma protoqarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli kapa-

dokiidan vazi wamoiRo, maSasadame, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi protoqarTvelur sam-

1 ix.: revaz ramiSvili, `qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis istoria~, Tbilisi, 1998 w., gv. 26-27.

yaroSi mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba sakmaod maRal doneze idga da dampyrobelze am

saqmianobis sargeblianobas iseTi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, rom Tavad ucdia Tavis

qveyanaSi am Sedegis miReba...

v. heni, rogorc Cans, mevenaxeobis warmoSobis sakiTxebis kvlevisas, saqarT-

veloSi gadaawyda did xeebze asul velurad gaxarebul vazs da aman miaxvedra, rom

vazis samSobloSi, mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis upirveles keraSi imyofeboda. cx-

adia, es aris swori daskvna, romlis gamotanasac mis mier nanaxma qarTulma Rvinis

kulturamac Seuwyo xeli.

v. henis msjelobaSi sadavo mxolod isaa, rom lidielebi da frigielebi

iranelebad miiCnia (es Seusabamoba Tavis wignSi r. ramiSvilsac aqvs aRniSnuli).

citirebuli faqtebi gvidasturebs, rom mecnierebi karga xania varaudo-

ben, saqarTvelo kulturuli vazis samSobloa da am Sexedulebas yvela Tavise-

burad, misTvis xelmisawvdomi faqtebis gamoyenebiT asabuTebs. ase, magaliTad:

`saqarTvelos ampelografiaSi~ amoikiTxavT: à. negruli samarTlianad midis im

daskvnamde, rom mevenaxeoba damoukidebliv ganviTarda dasavleT da aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi da azerbaijanis zogierT raionSi. saqarTvelodan mevenaxeoba

gavrcelda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze (saberZneTSi), aqedan ki romSi, siciliasa

da sxvagan.

is faqti, rom amJamad gavrcelebulia 20.000-ze meti jiSi vazisa, erT-erTi

damadasturebeli sabuTia imisac, rom iyo mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis ramdenime

damoukidebeli centri: Sua aziisa, CineTisa, dasavleT aziisa da sxva. amaTgan,

kulturuli vazis warmoSobisa da meRvineobis ganviTarebis mxriv erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani centri iyo da aris saqarTvelo, sadac Camoyalibda 500-ze meti jiSi,

anu msoflios mTeli asortimentis 2,5%~1.

rogorc xedavT, am citataSic laparakia imaze, rom saqarTvelo aris mevenaxe-

obisa da meRvineobis damoukidebeli kera, dedamiwaze arsebul danarCen ramdenime

kerasTan erTad. aqve aRiarebulia qarTuli centris mniSvneloba da amis argu-

mentad moxmobilia Cvens teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli vazis jiSebis raodenoba

da maTi procenti vazis jiSTa saerTo raodenobaSi, rac, dameTanxmebiT, sakmaod

STambeWdavia da bolos: sayuradReboa im teritoriebisa da qveynebis CamonaTvali,

sadac saqarTvelodan gavrcelebula mevenxeoba.

zemoT moyvanili citata rom WeSmaritebis mRaRadebelia, amis dadasturebaa

sxva avtoris mosazreba, uaxles samecniero kvlevaze dafuZnebuli: àrqeolo-

giuri monacemebis mixedviT vazis kulturas saqarTvelos teritoriaze farTo

gavrceleba hqonia. igi moicavs periodebs: neoliTi-brinjao, antikur da Sua sau-

kuneebs, rac gvafiqrebinebs am kulturis uwyvetobaze. xolo eneoliTis (Zv.w.

VI-IV aTaswleulebi) xanaSi kulturuli vazis am keris pirveladobaze metyvelebs,

vinaidan dRemde arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, igi yvelaze adreulia~2.

1 ix.: n. kecxoveli, m. ramiSvili, d. tabiZe, `saqarTvelos ampelografia~, Tbilisi, 1960 w., gv. 14-15.

2 ix.: nana rusiSvili, ̀ vazis kultura saqarTveloSi _ paleoenobotanikuri monacemebis safuZvelze~, asociacia `mTeni~, 2010 w., gv. 36.

186 187

ase rom, meliToneobisa da xorblis kulturebis gavrceleis garda, mevenaxeo-

ba-meRvineobac protoqarTveluri tomebis mier gavrcelebuli unda iyos.

qarTvelma tomebma msoflio kulturas SesZines sxvac bevri ram, romelTa

dawvrilebiT aRwera Sors wagviyvanda, magram Tqveni yuradReba unda SevaCero

ramdenime maTganze: Zv.w. III saukunis berZen poetsa da mecniers, apolonios ro-

dosels Tavisi àrgonavtikis~ IV wignSi aseTi ram uweria:

`xolo aia, dResac urRvevi, dgas da cxovroben im did qalaqSi

im mamac gmirTa STamomavalni, didma molaSqrem aq rom datova.

Senaxuli aqvT mamapapuri Zveli kirbebi, werilsvetebi,

da im kirbebze naCvenebia gzebi yovelTa zRvaTa da xmelTa~1.

rom araferi vTqvaT apolonios rodoselis mier fazisis mkvidrTa egvipturi

warmoSobis herodoteseuli versiis gameorebaze, risi usafuZvlobis Sesaxebac

ukve mogaxseneT, rodoseli udavod sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis imis Taobaze,

rom kolxebi, romelTa kirbebzec asaxuli iyo sazRvao da saxmeleTo gzebi, yofi-

lan kartografiis Semqmnelni da gamavrcelebelni antikur samyaroSi.

axla ganvixiloT, ras warmoadgenda Tavad es kirbebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT

antikuri kulturis cnobili qarTveli mkvlevari akaki uruSaZe werda: `kirbis

sityvis etimologia aq damowmebul cnobebSi nairgvaradaa mocemuli. berZen av-

torebs, Cans, mTlad naTeli warmodgena kirbebze ar hqondaT. amis mizezi, unda

vivaraudoT (da es varaudi TviTon berZenTa gadmocemebs emyareba), is iyo, rom

kirbebi berZnuli samyarosTvis ucxo warmomavlobis, winaelinuri mosaxleobis _

pelasgebis wiaRSi warmoSobil ZvelisZvel Zeglebs warmoadgendnen. droTa ganmav-

lobaSi ucxo warmomavlobis kirbebi berZnul àqsonebs~, svetebze waweril kanon-

ebs gauTanabres~2.

amrigad, kirbebs berZnebi svetebze waweril kanonebs uwodebdnen da weris

es forma maT pelasgebisgan, anu protoqarTveluri tomisagan SeiTvises. kirbebi

maTi damwerlobis forma iyo da mas, pirvel rigSi, pelasgi qurumebi, koribantebi

gamoiyenebdnen. amasve adasturebs akaki uruSaZe: àntikur wyaroTa CvenebiT ko-

ribantebi mcire aziis avtoxTonuri tomebisa da winaelinur periodSi kretaze

mosaxle pelasgebis matriarqaluri RvTaebis, kibeles qurumebi iyvnen~3.

saintereso faqtia _ atlantiselTa yofis aRwerisas platoni miuTiTebs, rom

maT kanonebi stelaze hqondaT dawerili, anu es iyo kirbi. sayuradReboa, rom

platoni imasac wers, atlantiseli mefeebi sasamarTlos gamarTvis Semdeg ganaCens

oqros ficarze werdneno. maSasadame, kirbebi ara mxolod svetebi iyo, aramed

ficari an dafa, romelzec, garda kanonebis werisa, rukis daxatvac SeiZleboda,

magaliTad, saxmeleTo da sazRvao gzebis amsaxveli rukisa, es ki imas niSnavs, rom

protoqarTvelur tomTa kidev erTi Senatani msoflio civilizaciis ganviTarebis

1 ix.: apolonios rodoseli, àrgonavtika~, gamomcemloba mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 163.

2 ix.: akaki uruSaZe, `Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi~, Tbilisi, 1964 w., gv. 158.

3 ix.: iqve, gv. 160.

saqmeSi kartografiaa...

kidev erTi aseTi mniSvnelovani SenaZeni medicina gaxlavT. qarTul Tqmule-

baSi amiranis Sesaxeb aris erTi arqauli plastic, iseTive Zveli, rogoric cecx-

lis mopovebis ambavia, oRond masSi wamlis damzadebazea laparaki. erTgan amiranis

mier zecidan motacebuli qalRmerTi yamari Tagvisagan gaigebs samkurnalo bal-

axis Sesaxeb: Tagvma xom Tavisi mkvdari Svili balaxiT gaacocxla.

meoregan, devebma amirans Svidi kvirisa da Svidi dRis bangi Seapares da

daaZines.

àmrigad, àmiranianSi~ saZile saSualebaa gamoyenebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq

miniSnebulia am wamlis damzadebis erTi garkveuli momenti, rom es saZile saSu-

aleba, romeliRac samkurnalo mcenare, Svid kvirasa da Svid dRes unda yofiliyo

sxva minarevebTan erTad garkveuli reaqciebis dsasruleblad~1.

sxvaTa Soris, amiranis TqmulebaSi sakeisro kveTazec aris laparaki, Tavad

amirani am gziT aris dabadebuli; iqve miTiTebulia dRenakluli axalSobilis

gamozrdis meTodi, _ sami Tve dekeulis faSvSi unda hyolodaT da kidev sami Tve,

_ kurosaSi.

Tqmulebis arqaul plastebSi aSkarad ikiTxeba qarTvelTa uSoreulesi winapre-

bis dawinaureba medicinis saqmeebSi da ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu ukve brinjaos

xanaSi kolx qalebs farmakologiisa da kosmetologiis gasaocari niWi hqondaT.

iman, rasac àrgonavtikasa~ da am nawarmoebis komentatorTa SromebSi vkiTxu-

lobT, ar SeiZleba ar dagvarwmunos medicinis im maRali donis arsebobaSi, rac

xsenebuli periodis kolxeTSi iyo.

dionisos skitobraqioni medeas dedis, hekates, Sesaxeb aseT cnobas gvawvdis:

àmboben, rom [hekate] mamaci iyo samonadireo saqmeebSi da rom man pirvelma aR-

moaCina momakvdinebeli fesvebi da SxamebiT moakvdina sakuTari mama; kolxeTSi

gagzavnili colad gahyva biZas _ aiets; misgan warmoiSvnen kirke da medea. kirkem,

romelic medeaze ufrosi iyo, bevrad ajoba Tavis dedas; zogi ram misgan SeiTvisa,

zogi ram ki _ mravali da sazareli _ TviTon aRmoaCina. hesiode ki ambobs, kirke

heliosis asuli iyoo~2.

aietis ufrosi qaliSvilisa da Semdeg, rogorc vnaxavT, umcrosis _ medeas

warmateba wamlebisa da Sxamebis momzadebis saqmeSi mxolod maTi niWierebis Sedegi

ar aris. es kolxeTSi am mimarTulebiT mimdinare eqsperimentebis gagrZelebad

unda gavigoT. saukunovani gamocdileba medeas xelSi adamianebze zemoqmedebis

Zlier iaraRad iqca. ase, magaliTad: mefe peliasze gavlena rom moepovebina, ai-

etis asulma Semdegi ram moimoqmeda: `medeam artemides amoRaruli qandakeba gaa-

keTa da Sig yvelanairi Tvisebis wamali Camala, mere sakuTari Tmebi raRac saSu-

alebiT gaiWaRarava, xolo saxe da sxeuli ise Zlier dainaoWa, rom mis damnaxvelT

egonebodaT, mTlad bebrucuna vinmeao~3.

1 ix. mixeil Sengelia, ̀ uZvelesi kolxur-iberiuli medicina~, gamomcemloba ̀ sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970 w., gv. 23-24.

2 ix.: akaki uruSaZe, `Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi~, Tbilisi, 1964 w., gv. 374.

3 ix.: iqve, gv. 399.

188 189

`amboben, [medea] erT momcro oTaxSi Caiketa, mTel sxeulze wyali gadaisxa

da wamlebis Zala Camoirecxa. amgvarad Zveli Sesaxedaoba daibruna da roca mefes

gamoecxada, yvela mnaxveli gaaoca~1.

aq, rogorc xedavT, laparakia kosmetologiaSi warmatebebze, ufro sworad

ki grimisa da makiaJis xelovnebis virtuozul flobaze, rac, bunebrivia, Semdeg

gavrcelda saberZneTsa da danarCen evropaSi.

medea uSvilobasac mkurnalobda: `korinTodan ltolvili medea egeosTan cx-

ovrobda. igi mas uSvilobisagan jadosnuri wamliT gankurnebas dahpirda~2.

medeam dapireba Seusrula egeoss da is ara marto gankurna uSvilobisagan,

aramed mas gauCina vaJi, saxelad medosi...

medeas warmatebebi farmakologiis, kosmetologiis, grimisa da makiaJis xe-

lovnebaSi efuZneboda Zveli kolxeTis miRwevebs am dargebSi da nasazrdoebi iyo

samkurnalo mcenareebis TvisebaTa gamovlenis, maTi Segrovebisa da movlis kolx-

uri tradiciiT. imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras flobdnen medea da hekate fazisis piras, ga-

lavanSemovlebul samkurnalo mcenareTa baRSi, wers xalxuri medicinis mkvlevari

mixeil Sengelia:

`orfikuli argonavtikis axal qarTul TargmanSi es samkurnalo mcenareebi

Semdegi TanmimdevrobiTaa dasaxelebuli, ZiriTadad berZnuli transkrifciiT: 1.

dafna, 2. Sindi, 3. Wadari, 4. asfodelosi, 5. klimenosi, 6. surnelovani adintosi,

7. Trioni, 8. kipironi, 9. aristerioni, 10. anemoni, 11. horminoni, 12. irisimoni,

13. iisferi kiklamosi, 14. steqasi, 15. peonia, 16. mravaltota katernesi, 17. man-

dragora, 18. polioni, 19. mtvriani diktamnoni, 20. keTilsurnelovani kirokosi,

21. kardamoni, 22. kemosi, 23. smilaqsi, 24. qamemeloni, 25. Savi mekoni, 26. alkia, 27,

panakesi, 28. karpasoni, 29. akonitoni, aqvea mravali Sxamiani balaxi, 30. muxa.

naxsenebia kidev Semdegi mcenareebi, romlebic aqve, `SemoRobili Walakis~ ga-

reT, ̀ wminda samyofelSi~ Sesvlamde gamoiyenes argonavtebma medeasTan erTad wam-

lis SesarTavad Tu `msxverplSewirvis~ magiuri ritualisaTvis: 31. Rvia, 32. xmeli

kedari, 33. ekliani kvrinCxi, 34. mtirala tirifi, 35. qalkanTosi, 36. struTioni,

37. knekosi, 38. sqisti, 39. ugemuri fsilioni, 40. wiTeli anqusa, 41. qalkimoni, 42.

fiWvi xmeli~3.

mcenareTa es CamonaTvali naTlad gviCvenebs bunebis mravalferovnebis Rrma

codnas kolxTa mier da maT unars, daemzadebinaT mravali wamali Tu sawamlavi.

farmakologiaSi maTi warmatebebis evropelTaTvis gacnoba, rogorc Cans, perma-

nentulad mimdinareobda, xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan, rac argo-

navtebis laSqrobas emTxveva, am procesma intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. Cans, medeas-

gan bevri ram gaxda cnobili egeidis mcxovrebTaTvis da kolxuri medicinisa da

kosmetologiis mier moxdenili efeqti imdenad didi iyo, rom medeas raRac ze-

bunebrivi Tvisebebi mianiWes.

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 400.2 ix.: plutarqe, `rCeuli biografiaebi~, `Tezevsi~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 31.

3 ix. mixeil Sengelia, ̀ uZvelesi kolxur-iberiuli medicina~, gamomcemloba ̀ sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1970 w., gv. 128.

farmakologiaSi kolxTa miRwevebi mniSvnelovani iyo Semdgomac. magaliTad,

Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis Sesayarze mcire aziis Crdilo-aRosavleT teritoriebze, _

sadac qarTveluri tomebi cxovrobdnen da dResac cxovroben, _ arsebul ber-

Znul-qarTvelur pontos samefos ganagebda miTridate VI evpatori, romelsac

sami didi omi hqonda romis respublikasTan. pontos es mmarTveli, romelic amave

dros kolxeTsac flobda, garemo pirobebma aiZula, Sxamebis sawinaaRmdego wam-

lebi eZia, radgan mowamvlisa eSinoda; mis saxels ukavSirdeba antiSxami miTrida-

tumi. am gamogonebis Sesaxeb qarTuli medicinis warsulisadmi miZRvnil da Cvens

mier ukve citirebul wignSi amoikiTxavT: `miTridatumi antikuri msoflios sam-

kurnalo saSulebaTa Soris yvelaze popularuli iyo da igi TiTqmis XIX saukunis

bolomde gavrcelebuli iyo evropisa da aRmosavleTis yvela kulturul qveyanaSi

da miCneuli iyo universalur saSualebad mowamvlisa da Sxamebis sawinaaRmdegod

da mTel rig daavadebaTa samkurnalod~1.

im teritoriaze, sadac pontos samefo mdebareobda, cxovrobdnen qarTveli

tomebi: xalibebi, tiberianelebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, drilebi da

taoxebi; agreTve, da es me ukve mogaxseneT, pontos samefos gavlenis sferoSi

moqceuli iyo kolxeTi Tavisi samkurnalo resursebiTa da uZvelesi samedicino

tradiciiT. amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom miTridatumis Semadgenlobis TiTqmis

yvela komponenti moipoveboda qarTvel tomTa gansaxlebis, mdidari bunebis mqone,

geografiul arealSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda. mixeil Sengelias zemoxsenebul

monografiaSi moyvanilia miTridatumis recepti, romelic Camoayaliba ingliselma

mecnierma j. vatsonma romaeli swavlulis, `De Medicina~-s avtoris, avlus korne-

lius celsusis mixedviT:

1. asfurcela 1,66 gr 19. wiwaka, pilpili, wiTeli pilpili

20,66 gr

2. korxuji 20 gr 20. Styrax 21 gr

3. Malabothrum leaves 24 gr 21. Taxvis yveri 24 gr

4. krazana 8 gr 22. Frankincense 24 gr

5. fisi 8 gr 23. Hypocistis juice 24 gr

6. Saxapenum 8 gr 24. Myrth 24 gr

7. akacia (akaciis wveni) 8 gr 25. Opoponax 24 gr

8. zambaxi 8 gr 26. Wili 24,26 gr

9. kakuli (ili, hili) 8 gr 27. ukadrisa, tyis ina, Relis ina

24,66 gr

10. anisuli 12 gr 28. qalbana 24,66 gr

11. nardi 16 gr 29. feriscvala 24,66 gr

12. naRvela, Sxama, asisTava

16 gr 30. nardi 24 gr

1 ix.: iqve, gv. 154.

190 191

13. vardi (vardis mSrali foTlebi)

16 gr 31. Onobalsam 25 gr

14. yayaCo 17 gr 32. wiwmatura 25 gr

15. oxraxuSi 17 gr 33. revandi 28 gr

16. sinamaqis xe 20,66 gr 34. zafrana 29 gr

17. qvatexia fxiWa 20,66 gr 35. koWa, jinjafila, zanjafila

29 gr

18. RviZla 20,66 gr 36. dariCinis xe 29 gr3

miTridatumis receptis moxmobas is azri aqvs, rom, rogorc medeas SemTx-

vevaSi iyo, niWier, gansakuTrebuli unarebiT dajildoebul adamianTa saqmiano-

bis miRma davinaxoT qarTveli tomebis mier bunebis SesaZleblobebis imdagvari

gaazreba-gamoyeneba, ramac bevri ram SesZina medicinas zogadad da konkretulad

farmakologiasa da toqsikologias kosmetologiisa da, bolos, grimis, agreTve

makiaJis xelovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom Ta-

vad medicinis saxelwodebac medeas saxels ukavSirdeba.

dasasruls, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, minda aRvniSno, rom evropuli da,

zogadad, sakacobrio civilizaciis samedicino TvalsazrisiT winsvlasa da gam-

didrebaSi protoqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomebs soliduri wvlili aqvT Seta-

nili.

aris kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic yuradRebas iqcevs: sayovelTod cnobilia

qarTuli musikaluri da masTan ganuyrelad dakavSirebuli qoreografiuli xe-

lovneba. mravalxmianoba da ritmul-temperamentuli cekvebi qarTvelTa erovnuli

TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes formas warmoadgenda aTaswleulebis

manZilze da axlac igive daniSnuleba aqvs. aman erT, Cemi azriT, metad saintereso

hipoTezis Seqmnas misca dasabami; oRond es ambavi maSin iRebs saTaves, rodesac cno-

bili aTiaTaseulis samSobloSi dabrunebisas berZenma meomrebma qarTvel tomTa

teritoriaze gaiares, xolo qsenofontem ànabazisSi~ aRwera is, rac iq berZnebma

naxes da ramac maTze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, radgan qarTveli tomebi, ker-

Zod ki mosinikebi, simRerasa da cekvas mimarTavdnen yofisa Tu brZolis yovel

Sesaferis Tu, berZenTa TvalsazrisiT, Seuferebel situaciaSi. movitan ramdenime

citatas ànabazisidan~: `roca [dairazmnen], erT-erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo,

danarCenebma [simReris] ritms fexi auwyes da gaemarTnen...

maSin isini Setrialdnen da wavidnen; [gzadagza] Tavebs Wridnen moklulebs

da [mokveTil Tavebs] uCvenebdnen elinebs da Tavis mtrebs da Tanac raRac hangze

rokavdnen da mRerodnen~.

berZnebi gauocebia mosinikebis mier nayofierebis kultTan dakavSirebuli re-

ligiuri misteriis naxvas, romlis Semadgeneli nawili iyo koitusis inscenireba,

ra drosac isini `TavisTavs elaparakebodnen, TavisTvis icinodnen, da mohyvebod-

nen rokvas, sadac mouxdebodaT, TiTqos amiT sxvebTan Tavs iCendnen~1.

1 ix.: Teimuraz miqelaZe, `qsenofontes ànabazisi~, Tbilisi, 1967 w., gv. 100-106.

rogorc xedavT, mosinikebi mRerodnen laSqrobisas, mRerodnen brZolisas da

maSinac, roca ritualur cekvas asrulebdnen; nayofierebis kultTan dakavSire-

buli misteriis warmodgenisas, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sagangebod

rokavdnen. berZnebs qsenofontemdec bevrad adre hqondaT Sexeba mosinikebTan da

maTi es gansakuTrebuli musikaluroba SeuniSnavT da araerTxel aRuniSnavT. nu

dagvaviwydeba, rom am qarTveluri tomis saxeli daerqva maT mierve Seqmnil TeTr

liTons _ TiTbers. am faqtma ubiZga istorikos marine cincabaZes, gamoeTqva sain-

tereso hipoTeza: ̀ qarTuli musikis uZvelesobaze laparakobs berZeni qsenofonte

(Zv.w. VI s.) ànabazisSi~, qarTveli tomis _ `mosinikebis~ uCvulo simRera-galobisa

da magiuri rokvis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini asrulebdnen Sromisa da brZolis win.

aRniSnuli faqtobrivi masala laparakobs Zvel kolxeTSi sawesCveulebo simRere-

bis arsebobaze da musikis tradiciis didi xnis istoriis Sesaxeb, rac TviTmyo-

fadobis kidev erTi niSania. am mxriv davukvirdeT termin `musikis~ da qarTveli

tomis `mosinikebis~ saxelwodebaTa Soris msgavsebas, romelic amdagvarad Sei-

Zleba davinaxoT: mosi-ni-ka da saxelwodeba `mu-si-ka~. qarTul samyaroSi uZveles

warmarTul simRera-galobis tradiciaze laparakobs aseve Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi

aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala, romelic migviTiTebs musikis sakmaod didi

xnis Camoyalibebuli tradiciis arsebobaze, kerZod, ufliscixis ganaTxarSi aR-

moCenil iqna musikos-damkvrelis qandakeba, romelsac xelSi uWiravs xuTZaliani

qnari; aseve arebobs sofel xaiSis ganaTxarSi aRmoCenili, oqrosagan damzadebuli,

rTuli kompoziciisagan Sedgenili, musikosis miniaturuli qandakeba. rogorc

Cans, kolx-pelasgebma saberZneTSi Caitanes simRera-galobis tradicia. Zvelber-

Znul wyaroebSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. IX saukunisaTvis, laparakia kolx-pelasgTa mier

pelasgiaSi (peloponesSi), anu kontinentur saberZneTSi maTi saxelobis mgosan

kolxi limnosis jgufis wevrebis mier SeTxzuli simRerebisa da maT mier simRere-

bis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb~1.

diax, Tu TiTbers ewodeba mosinikebis saxeli, maSin, ratom ar SeiZleba, maTi

satomo saxelisgan iyos warmoSobili saxelwodeba `musika~. miT umetes, rom,

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, mosinikebi meliToneobaze aranakleb niWierebas avlend-

nen simRerasa da cekvaSi. garda amisa, udavoa, rom maTi urTierToba berZnebTan

gacilebiT adre daiwyo da, Sesabamisad, mosinikTa musikalurobac bevrad adre

gaxda berZnebisaTvis cnobili, vidre qsenofonte amis mxilvel-msmeneli gaxde-

boda. ase rom, am hipoTezas aqvs araTu arebobis ufleba, aramed, mgoni, erTad-

erTi gonivruli axsnac aris sityva `musikis~ warmoSobisa.

imisaTvis, rom zustad warmovidginoT protoqarTvelur tomTa eqspansiis

Sedegad evropis xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi Seqmnili kulturuli garemos xasiaTi,

unda gaviazroT profesor simon yauxCiSvilis kiedv erTi mosazreba, romelic

argonavtebis Tqmulebis pelasgur warmoSobas exeba: `ZiriTadi Tema argonavtebis

Tqmulebisa xom Semdegia: Tesaliis qalaq iolkosSi iyo mefe peliasi. mis karze

cxovrobda misi Zmiswuli, im Zmis vaJi, romelsac peliasma samefo waarTva. raTa

1 ix.: marine cincabaZe, àRmoaCine aTaswleulis saqarTvelo~, II t., gamomcemloba ùniversali~, Tbilisi, 2013 w., gv. 244.

192 193

Tavidan aecdina momavali SurisZieba, man Tavisi Zmiswuli iazoni Soreul qveya-

naSi gadakarga. rodesac iazoni daWabukda da saTanado miTiTebani miiRo misan-

Tagan, igi gaemgzavra iolkosSi Tavisi mamis samefos dasabruneblad. rodesac is

mivida iq da misi pretenziebi samarTliani aRmoCnda da peliass aRar hqonda ukan-

dasaxevi gza, amave dros ki samefos gadabareba iazonisaTvis ar surda, man Znelad

Sesasrulebeli davaleba misca iazons: _ Cvens gvars valad awevs aqedan waRebuli

oqros sawmisis dabruneba, romelic amJamad kolxeTSi aris daculio, da, radganac

me ukve xanSi Sesuli var, Sen gmarTebs am saqmis Sesrulebao. iazonic gaemgzavra

kolxeTSi oqros sawmisis mosatanad. es Tqmuleba erTi im TqmulebaTagni iyo,

romelTac berZnebSi udidesi popularoba hqonda moxveWili. am TqmulebiT ber-

Znebi igonebdnen im Tavis diad warsuls, rodesac isini oqros mflobelni iyvnen,

e.i. rom isini uaRresad dawinaurebulni iyvnen da Tavisi momavlis agebas isini

apirebdnen am Tavisi òqros~ ukan dabrunebiT, xelaxla dapyrobiT. es Tqmulebac

Tesaliuri Tqmulebaa, e.i. im teritorias ukavSirdeba, romelic odesRac pelas-

gebis samkvidrebeli iyo~1.

Cven axla ukve viciT, rom pelasgebi protoqarTveluri tomebi iyvnen, es ki

imas niSnavs, rom maT wiaRSi Seqmnili Tqmuleba berZenTa da kolxTa urTirTobas

ki ar asaxavs, aramed protoqarTvelur saxelmwifoTa Soris arsebul winaaRmde-

gobebs, brZolas im RirebulebebisaTvis, maSin rom iyo mniSvnelovani. amas erTi

eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, erT enaze molaparake da erTi kulturis mqone xalxis

miTebis saSualebiT gadmocemuli istoria SeiZleba ewodos; es istoria aRsavsea

SemoqmedebiTi da sabrZolo SemarTebis faqtebiT, radgan is xalxi, vis istori-

azec aris saubari, gamoirCeoda gasocari sicocxlisunarianobiT: erTi qveyni-

dan, sadac didi civilizacia Seqmnes, damarcxebulni da devnilni, miaSurebdnen

meore qveyanas da axla iq qmnidnen didebul civilizacias. maTi aseTi unaris Tao-

baze mogviTxroben rogorc maTi Semoqmedebis naSTebi, aseve werilobiTi cnobebi:

`logografosi helenike lesboseli anu mitileneli (V sauk. Zv.w.); TxzulebaSi

`foronidi~, romelSic argosis istoriaa gadmocemuli, saberZneTis mkvidr mosax-

leobad Tvlida pelasgebs, romlebic elinebma aqedan gaaZeves, pelasgTa nawili

tirseniaSi (resp. italiaSi) gadaixvewa da tirenebis saxeli miiRo;

helenike lesboseli ambobs, rom uwin pelasgebad

wodebulma tirenebma is saxeli, romelic axla aqvT,

miiRes mas Semdeg, rac italiaSi dasaxldnen. ...[nanas]

mefobis dros elinebis mier pelasgebi gandevnil

iqnen: maSin mdinare spinetTan, ioniis ubeSi, maT da-

toves xomaldebi da aiRes qveynis SuagulSi qalaqi

krotoni; mere aqedan daiZrnen da daasaxles axla

egreT wodebuli tirsenia~2.

1 ix.: s. yauxCiSvili, `berZnuli literaturis istoria~, t. I, Tbilisi, 1950 w., gv. 35-36.

2 ix.: akaki uruSaZe, `Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebebSi~, Tbilisi, 1964 w., gv. 109.

ase daikaves pelasgebma centraluri italia, oRond es, rogorc viciT, dasav-

leTSi maTi eqspansiis erTaderTi obieqti ar yofila, is erTi mravalTagani iyo.

sxva aseTi teritoria kunZuli sardinia gaxlavT, sadac arsebul mravalxmian sim-

Rerasa da qarTul polifonias Soris musikaTmcodneebi siaxlovis mraval niSans

naxuloben; magram aris kidev ori sakiTxi, romlebic yuradRebas iTxovs: pirvelia

gasaocari msgavseba qarTul da sardiniul megaliTur nagebobaTa Soris, ris gamoc

bunebrivad Cndeba azri, rom es nagebobani erTi da imave kulturis mqone xalxis

qviTSemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos; meorea safeiqro saqme da isic mniSvnelovnad war-

moaCens protoqarTveluri tomebis mier warmoebul `kulturaTa dialogs~. ìs-

toriis mama~ werda: `kolxur sels elinebi sardonuls uwodeben, egviptidan Se-

mosuls ki _ egvipturs~1.

amis wakiTxvisas, bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom uwodeben elinebi kolxur

sels sardonuls. pasuxi aseTi SeiZleba iyos: didi pasionaruli biZgis Semdeg

amoZravebuli protoqarTveluri tomebis erTi nawili kunZul sardiniaze moxvda.

maT iq selis warmoebis teqnologia daamkvidres, xolo saberZneTis teritoriaze

gvian gamoCenili elinebi, romelTac aSkarad agresiuli damokidebuleba hqondaT

pelasgebTan da egeidis aRmosavleTiT mcxovreb maT monaTesave tomebTan (ga-

vixsenoT ìliadaSi~ aRwerili berZnebi da maTi mokavSireni, troelebi da amaTi

mokavSireebi), selis produqts pirvelad sardinielebisagan ufro adre gaecno-

bodnen, vidre kolxTagan, selis warmoebis teqnologia ki, savaraudod, kolxebsa

da sardinielebs erTnairi hqondaT; amitom iyo, rom, rodesac elinebi kolxebs

dauaxlovdnen da iq iseTive selis nawarmi ixiles, sardinielebisa rom iyo, uwodes

kidec mas sardonuli da amis Semdeg kolxur sels sardonulad moixseniebdnen,

rogorc amis Sesaxeb herodote ityobineba.

dasasruls, Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, miviRebT aseT Sedegs: kre-

tis minosuri saxelmwifos brwyinvale kultura atarebda bevr im Rirebulebas,

rac mogvianebiT egeidaSi SemoWrilma berZnulma tomebma gaiTavises da rac maTi

kulturis safuZveli gaxda. es Seexeba miTebs, religias, sportsa da Teatrsac;

iseTi wminda adgilis Seqmnasac, rogoric aris aTenis akropolisi, romlis sa-

fuZvelSic pelasgebis mier Cawyobili lodebi Zevs... amas kidev unda davumatoT

pelasguri damwerloba, ieroglifurica da A-xazovanic, romelic, mecnierTa

azriT, savaraudod, finikiuri damwerlobis prototips warmoadgens. Tu davuk-

virdebiT egeideli pelasgebis kulturasa da maT mier xmelTaSua zRvis auzis

farglebSi warmoebul kulturaTa dialogs, davinaxavT, rom maT sxva xalxebTan

intensiuri urTierTobisa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri gamovlenis

gziT SeZles SeeqmnaT sruliad originaluri kultura, romelic Seicavda mraval

im niSan-Tvisebas, rac mogvianebiT evropuli kulturis safuZveli gaxda.

1 ix.: herodote, ìstoria~, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., t. I, gv. 156.

194 195

d a s k v n a

`dgeba dReebi, roca mravali saukunis

Semdeg okeane gadagviSlis Tavis saidumlos

da uzarmazari miwa gamoecxadeba mzeras Cven-

sas, da axali tifisi aRmoaCens zRvebs, da

Tule aRar iqneba kide miwisa~.

seneka

didi romaeli moazrovnis tragedia `medeadan~ moxmobili es mistikuri winas-

warmetyveleba arafers ise organulad ar miesadageba, rogorc atlantisis said-

umlos amoxsnas.

Tule aRr aris miwis kide da aRarc atlantis okeanea is adgili, sadac atlan-

tisia saZebni. mecnierTa ZalisxmeviT legenda realobad iqca!..

platonis dialogebSi, `timeossa~ da `kritiaSi~, moxseniebuli kunZuli at-

lantisi da atlantiselebi 2400 wlis ganmavlobaSi amouxsnel gamocanad rCeboda.

avtoris mier miTiTebul adgilze, anu atlantis okeaneSi, veravin naxa raime miniS-

neba `sididiT libiaze da aziaze aRmatebuli kunZulis~ arsebobisa da verc im

xalxis raime kvali, visac daupyria `libia, TviT egviptemde, da evropa, vidre

tireniamde~. naTqvamis damadasturebeli geografiuli argumentisa da adamianis

Semoqmedebis raime artefaqtis ararsebobis gamo Cndeboda uamravi kiTxva. saqmes

ver uSvela kunZulis savaraudo mdebareobis maxloblad Catarebulma kvleva-Zie-

bam. verc kanaris kunZulebis mcxovrebi guanCebisa da Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi

dResac momTabare berberebis atlantiselTa STamomavlebad gamocxadebam da maTi

kulturis intensiurad Seswavlam gamoiRo Sedegi. WeSmaritebasTan axlos iyvnen

mxolod is atlantologebi, romelnic baskebsa da etruskebs atlantiselTa mem-

kvidreebad miiCnevdnen, magram, rogorc vnaxeT, simarTlis dadgenaSi maT xels

uSlida Tavad platoni, kerZod, misi cnoba atlantisis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb,

radgan mtkiceba baskebisa da etruskebis evropaSi dasavleTidan mosvlis Taobaze

saR azrs ewinaaRmdegeboda da sakiTxic gadauWreli rCeboda. imis garkvevam, rom

bevri adgili, romelic miTologiur gmirTa samoqmedo ares warmoadgenda, Tavda-

pirvelad egeidaSi mdebareobda. magaliTad, herakles svetebad Zvelad pelopone-

sis samxreTiT mdebare koncxebi tenaresi da meleiasi iwodeboda. drois gasvlis

Semdeg berZnebma xmelTaSua zRvis ukidures dasavleT kides rom miaRwies, gafar-

Tovda maTi geografiuli Tvalsawieri, iq, peloponesidan Sors gadaitanes to-

ponimi `herakles svetebi~ da dRevandeli hibraltaris srutis orive mxares mde-

bare kldeebs daarqves; gasakviri amaSi araferia, antikur samyaroSi es miRebuli

praqtika iyo: ase aRmoCnda kavkasia indoeTSi. mizezi am geografiuli `fenomenisa~

iyo maamebelTa mcdeloba, aleqsandre makedonelis saarako gmirobisaTvis `Rir-

seuli~ finali Soreul indoeTSi `moewyoT~ da ara axlos mdebare kavkasiaSi...

Semdeg mkvlevrebma gaacnobieres, rom ramdenic ar unda eZebnaT, atlantis

okeaneSi atlantisis kvals ver miagnebdnen, amitom atlantologTa nawilma pla-

tonis mier aRwerili kunZulis Zebna XIX saukunidan xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT

naxevarSi, kerZod, egeidaSi daiwyo.

SexedulebaTa aseT Semotrialebas xeli Suwyo egeidaSi mimdinare arqeolo-

giurma gaTxrebma da masTan dakavSirebulma aRmoCenebma. maT Soris yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani iyo artur evansis mier kunZul kretaze warmoebuli gaTxrebi, rasac

minosuri civilizaciis aRmoCena mohyva. sabolood, ukve XX saukunis Sua wlebSi,

gamoiTqva mecnierulad dasabuTebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom atlantisi

kretis minosuri saxelmwifos nawili iyo, mdebareobda kunZul santorinze da

daiRupa amave kunZulze mdebare vulkanis amofrqvevis Sedegad. es Sexeduleba

1938 wels gamoTqva arqeologma spiridon marinatosma. mogvianebiT mkvlevrebma

angelos galanopulosma da edvard bekonma es naazrevi sabolood daasabuTes da

daamkvidres atlantologiaSi. oRond gadauWreli rCeboda meore da aranakleb

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: vin iyvnen da ra enaze metyvelebdnen atlantiselebi.

jer kidev Zveli berZeni avtorebi miuTiTebdnen imis Sesaxeb, rom egeidaSi

mcxovreb berZnebamdel mosaxleobas pelasgebi warmoadgendnen, es ki imas niSnavs,

rom kretis minosuri saxelmwifo berZnuli qveyana ar yofila! am mosazrebas iz-

iarebdnen ara mxolod saberZneTis istoriis mkvlevrebi, aramed atlantologTa

garkveuli jgufic. oRond, aseTi daskvnis Semdeg Cndeboda sxva kiTxva: vin iyo

winareberZnuli mosaxleoba?!

mecnierTa sakmaod avtoritetulma jgufma am kiTxvas berZnebamdeli mosax-

leobis enisa da kavkasiur enaTa naTesaobis hipoTeziT upasuxa. es mecnierebi

arian: vilhelm humboldti, paul kreCmeri, anton meie, eduard Sviceri, fric

Saxermaieri, edvard furnie. msgavsi azri gamoTqves qarTvelma mecnierebma: simon

yauxCiSvilma, arnold Ciqobavam, akaki uruSaZem, Tamaz gamyreliZem, rismag gorde-

zianma. ufro Sors wavida herbert ZebiSi da gamoacxada, rom winareberZnuli ena,

anu `pelasguri qarTvelur enaTa dedaa~ da rom `festos diskos~ ena protoqarT-

veluri _ kolxuria~.

am mxriv warmarTuli kvleva-Zieba maSin gascda hipoTezis farglebs, rodesac

axalgazrda qarTvelma mecnierma gia kvaSilavam jer 2006 wels SeZlo `festos

diskos~ ieroglifuri warweris gaSifvra, 2011 wels ki A-xazovani damwerloba

waikiTxa da hipoTeza mecnierul faqtad aqcia. dRes orive es damwerloba ukve

wakiTxulia da dadasturda, rom maTi ena winareqarTveluria. kontinenturi da

kunZulovani saberZneTis berZnebamdeli mosaxleoba, pelasgebi, protoqarTve-

luri tomebi iyvnen da maT Seqmnes kretis minosuri saxelmwifo, romelic pla-

toniseuli atlantisis prototipia...

atlantologebi atlantiss msoflio civilizaciis kerad miiCnevdnen. realu-

rad, pelasgTa kretis minosuri saxelmwifo SeiZlba evropuli civilizaciis da-

sawyisad miviCnioT, radgan im RirebulebaTa didi nawili, evropuls rom daedo

safuZvlad, kretidan iRebs saTaves. Tu sakiTxs ufro masStaburad SevxedavT,

davinaxavT, rom evropuli kulturis formirebis procesis sawyis etapze didi

roli udavod Seasrules protoqarTvelurma tomebma, romlebmac Seqmnes kidevac

kretis minosuri saxelmwifo anu atlantisi.

196 197

wignSi moxseniebul filosofosTa, miTologiur personaJTa, mecnierTa da atlantologTa Cvens mier mopovebuli

gamosaxulebebi

platoni

aTenis skola (rafaeli); platons uWiravs Tavisi dialogi `timeosi~

soloni sokrate aristotele

homerosi hesiode plutarqe

devkalioni da pira promeTe

198 199

heliosi faetoni

aTena zevsi neiTi

gea

hefesto erixToniusi

herakle tropaionis aRmarTva

kekropi kronosi da rea

200 201

poseidoni atlantisis wriuli arxebi

perikle odisevsi fsametiqosi

lev gumiliovi zodiaqo

kiknosi hermesi

ogige revaz gaCeCilaZe prokle

marcelinusi klavdius elianusi diodore sicilieli

202 203

kentavri qironi faraoni nexo atlanti

persevsi da meduzas Tavi al. wereTeli brandanis mogzauroba

martin behaimis globusi qristefore kolumbi erik wiTuri

marko polo barTolomeo daiSi amerigo vespuCi

kartografi orteliusi frensis bekoni aTanase kirxeri

aTanase kirxeris ruka atlantisis gamosaxulebiT de turnefori

204 205

leo frobeniusi ignatius doneli

kecalkoatli jorj vaiiani ernando kortesi

kornelius tacitusi tur heierdali francisko pisaro

alfred vegeneri pangeas daSlis nikoloz Jirovi

procesis dasawyisi

iurgen Spanuti abram norovi artur evansi

k. kerami spiridon marinatosi angelos galanopulosi

206 207

straboni simon yauxCiSvili oto mukis ruka

gilgameSi kunZuli santorini mose

frenk jozefi jeims Cedviki aqilevsi

kariatidebi rismag gordeziani oTar jafariZe

zurab dvali gordon hiustoni gia kvaSilava

208 209

enciklopedia `atlantopediaSi~ Sesuli informacia gia kvaSilavaze, rogorc festos diskosa da A-xazovani damwerlobis amomkiTxvelze

marine cincabaZe medea

kirke

The Phaistos Disk

Mark Newbrook, who has studied linguistics, gave a good overview of the various attempts to decipher the disk to the 2008 Phaistos Disk Conference. An even more extensive site (currently suspended) was offered by the Georgian mathematician Gia Kvashilava that includes a very comprehensive bibliography. Kvashilava offers his own interpretation based on the Colchian (Proto-Kartvelian) language printed in the unique Colchian syllabo-logogramic Goldscript. His paper is quite technical and more suited to advanced students of the subject.

Published May 30, 2010

210 211

niko mari artur mortoni

b. bogaevski minosi

ariadne Zafis gorgals aZlevs Tezevss

dedalosi da ikarosi minotavri Tezevsi klavs minotavrs

knososis sasaxlis gegma

212 213

TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi

akrobati xarze mefe-qurumi qalRmerTi gvelebiT

sataxto darbazi

`parizeli qali~ `cisferi qalbatonebi~

delfinebiani oTaxi batebi

kamarisSi napovni kretuli vazebi

214

sarCevi

S e s a v a l i ...........................................................................................................................3

Tavi I .........................................................................................................................................4

ras wers platoni atlantisis Sesaxeb .......................................................................4

Tavi II ..................................................................................................................................... 22

ra faruli azri Zevs dialogebSi `timeosi~ da `kritia~ ..................................... 22

Tavi III .................................................................................................................................... 46

sad mdebareobda kunZuli atlantisi ...................................................................... 46

Tavi IV .................................................................................................................................... 88

rodis da ris Sedegad daiRupa atlantisi .............................................................. 88

Tavi V ................................................................................................................................... 111

vin iyo is xalxi, visac atlantiselebs uwodebdnen da ...................................... 111

ra enaze metyvelebdnen isini .................................................................................. 111

Tavi VI .................................................................................................................................. 148

rogori iyo atlantiselTa kultura da maT mier warmoebuli

`kulturaTa dalogi~ ............................................................................................... 148

d a s k v n a .......................................................................................................................... 194

atlantisis -...

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