RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING FACILITY

Submitted by

R.SHANMUGA VADIVU

OCTOBER 2013

Department of Electronics

Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College (Autonomous)

Affiliated to Bharathidasan University

(Re-accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade)

Tiruchirappalli-620002

Department of Electronics

Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College (Autonomous)

Affiliated to Bharathidasan University

(Re-accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade)

Tiruchirappalli-620002

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work entitled “RAIN ALARM

WITH CLOSING FACITIES” is the bonafide work done by

Miss.R.Shanmuga vadivu, of the first year M.Sc., Electronics

during the year 2013 under my guidance

Internal Guide External Examiner

Head of the Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I whole heartedly thank the Lord almighty for

blessing us and guiding as throughout the project work

I render my heartful thanks to our secretary

Mr.R. Panchapakesan B.Sc., BL., for giving us opportunity to do

this project. I also thank our Principal Dr.Mrs. Kanagabhashyam,

and our Vice-Principal Dr. Mrs. Usha Chandrasekar for giving her

kind consent to carry out the project.

I render my sincere thanks to our Head, Mrs.V. Anuradha,

M.Sc.,M.Phil, for her complete guidance and support during my project.

I also thank our staff members for helping us throughout this project.

I also express my heartful thanks to my parents, friends one

and all who helped us to carry our project in a successful manner.

R.Shanmuga vadivu

ABSTRACT

This project is entitled as “RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING FACILITY”

used in home and cottage industries. The main purpose of this project is to

prevent the materials from rain. Using this project we can avoid the mental stress.

These are special types of wipers that turn on automatically when it begins

to rain and turn off when the rain stops. This is based on the versatile,

multipurpose timer chip 555. The timer 555 is used in the monostable mode in the

project. The sensor is connected between the trigger pin ground. The closing plates

are connected with the relay when the rain starts the sensor will ON and plate

closed. This project is usefull in home and cottage industries.

INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

3. BLOCK DESCRIPTION

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

6. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The name of this project is “RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING

FACILITY”. Basically it contains water sensor, IC 555 timer and relay

with closing facility. The major advantages of this project is, the special

type of wiper that turn on automatically when it begins to rain and turn

off when the rain stops.

The 555 timer is used widely in different type of alarm circuit.

The monostable multivibrator mode is used for pulse width modulation.

The monostable multivibrator is with the stable mode. The stable mode is

given to LED and it passes to the NPN transistor . The transistor get the

data and amplifying the data , then passes to relay . The closing plates are

connected with the relay when the rain starts the sensor will ON and

the plate closed. This project is used for fertilizers.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM

MONOSTABLE

MODE

AMPLIFIER SHUTTERSENSOR

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

The block diagram of “RAIN ALARM WITH CLOSING

FACILITY” consists of water sensor. When the rain starts the

Sensor switch ON and turn automatically when rain stops the

Switch OFF. The following blocks such as:

Sensor Monostable mode Amplifier Shutter

SENSOR:

The water sensor rain alarm circuit is designed using 555

timer circuit. The water sensor of it is made by two metal

electrodes arranged very close that a drop of water. When

thesensor is wetted by water the switch 1 is ON and the output

is given to IC 555 timer.

MONOSTABLE MODE:

In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-

Shot”Pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a

Singal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage Supply.

The pulse width modulation is the input of 555 timer. The stable pulse

is the output of IC 555 timer.

AMPLIFIER:

A  transistor  is a  semiconductor device  used to amplify and

Switch electronics signals and electronic signals electrical

power.It is composed of semiconductor material with at least

threeTerminals for connection to an external circuit. The

transistor BC 148B is used in the project for amplifying the

pulse. The stable Pulse is the input of transistor and output

is given to relay.

SHUTTER:

The shutter is used as a closing plates in this project

for closing Purpose . When the output of the relay is given to the

input of closing Plates. Then the closing plates are activated.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The rain alarm with closing facility the project basically

Contains a water sensor , IC 555 timer ,amplifier and closing plates.

The water sensor is activated when the rain drops touch the

Sensor . The resistor limits voltage and given to variable resistor and then

the Output is given to timer. IC 555 timer is used in monostable mode. In the

monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-Shot” Pulse generator. The

pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a Singal at the trigger input that

falls below a third of the voltage Supply. The input given through the

trigger pulse from pin 2 and the output given as pulse width Modulation

from pin 3. Then pin 4 and 8 are inter connected and pin 7and 6 are inter

connected, pin 5 with the capacitor that store the data of 555 timer, pin 1 is

connected in the ground and pin 8 is connected with+Vcc.

Then the output of 555 timer is given to transistor as the

input of the NPN transistor. The transistor that has the three terminals base,

emitter and collector.

The resistor is connected in parallel that drops the voltage and

given to Base connection, the emitter is given to ground connection and

collector is connected to relay. Then transistor amplifies the singal and

the output is given to relay and LED.

The Light emitting diode that emits light through input

value which get from transistor .The LED passes the value to resistor and to

connected to ground. From the collector a diode IN4001 is connected and

that rectifier the current and given to relay. That is input of the relay is

automatically activated and through input value it can access the high or

low value. If the relay gets the value is the output of relay . The output of

relay is the input of shutter and then LED will display and the shutter

is also closed when the rain arrives is the output of shutter. From this

project we can prevent our materials and its essential for fertilizers. for

details of the every component used in the circuit is referred forms the

appendix column.

ADVANTAGES:

Conserve water

Save money on fertilizer

Increase the Life span of year irrigation system.

Prevent disease damage and nutrient loss.

Easy to construct.

APPLICATIONS:

The sensor automatically sense the rain arrives.

Automatically closing plates are closed.

There is no necessary to reset the operation.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

The entitle of is project “RAIN ALARM

WITH CLOSING FACILITY” project is essential for fertilizer and

cottage industries. The main purpose the project is to avoid mental

stress and to the prevent material from rain. This is project can

construct easily using simple electronics component. The advantage,

applications of this project is given below.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS REFERRED:

Ramkant A.Gayakward, “ OP AMPS AND LINEAR

INTERGRATED CIRCUITS” Fouth edition,2002.

V.K.Metha, “PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS”

S.Chand and company, seventh edition,2001.

WEBSITES REFERRED:

www.electronicsforyou.com

www.datasheetforyou.com

www.wikipedia.com

APPENDIX

IC 555 TIMER:

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse

generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays,

as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing

circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1971 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its ease of

use, low price, and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the

original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated

that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.

In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator.

The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls

below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by

the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a

resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of

the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the

need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.

PIN NAME PURPOSE:

GND: Ground, low level(0V)

TRIGGER: OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below

1/3 Vcc.

OUTPUT: This output is driven to +Vcc or GND.

RESET: A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input

to GND.

CTRL: Control access to the internal voltage divider (by default,2/3

Vcc).

THRESHOLD: The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater

than at CTRL.

DISCHARGE: Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor

between intervals.

V+ ,Vcc: Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15V.

TRANSISTOR: (BC 148B)

A  transistor  is a  semiconductor device  used

to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed

of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an

external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals

changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled

(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor

can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many

more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and

is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in the early

1950s, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for

smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.

LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are

used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general

lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs

emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across

the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine

with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is

called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy

of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An

LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components

may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs have many advantages over

incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,

improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.

RESISTANCE:

A resistor is a passive  two-terminal  electrical component  that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.

The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the

resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the

potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the

resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.

The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity

of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a

constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their

ratings.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.

CAPACITANCE:

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-

terminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically in an electric

field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least

two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one

common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating

film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common

electrical devices.

When there is a potential difference across the conductors, an electric

field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate

and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance. This is

the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference

between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad, which is equal to

one coulomb per volt.

DIODE:

These diodes are used to convert AC and DC these are used

as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in

mind while using any type diode.

Maximum forward current capacity

Maximum reverse voltage capacity

Maximum forward voltage capacity

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes

available in the market are as follows:

Diodes of number IN 4001, IN 4002, IN 4003, IN 4004, IN 4004, IN 4005

IN 4006 and IN 4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of

50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 amp.

Diodes of same capacities can be used in place of one another.

Besides this diodes of more capacity can be used in place of diode

Low capacity can not be used in place of diode of high capacity.

For example, in place of IN4002, IN4001 or IN 4007 can be used but

IN 4001 or IN4002 can not be placed in IN 4007. The diode BY 126

Made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN 4001 to

IN 4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN 4004 to IN 4006 and

BY126 is equivalent to diode IN 4007

WATER SENSOR:

This be Water Sensor Alarm Circuit for warn the water level , by when sensor point touch the water or the rain. The circuit have a voice loud warn hear immediately. By this circuit uses the integrated circuit LM380 , usual use be power amplifier IC the small-sized , seek buy easy , be usable not difficult. For friends loudspeaker choose use 8 ohm small-sized all right. For power supply source 9V sizes arrive at 12V all right. The detail is other , see in the circuit better yes.

The first circuit described is of a rain sensor which will produce an audible tone the moment it comes in contact with water. Thus it may be used to detect the commencement rain, so that one may bring the valuable assets like a vehicle or clothes under cover before they are drenched in heavy showers.

The adjoining circuit diagram shows the standard configuration of the IC as a monostable multivibrator. Water in its pure form is a bad conductor of electricity but practically offers a pretty low resistance to an electric current due to the mixed impurities in it. When a stream of water is allowed to flow over the sensor, the bridges become electrically connected. A positive supply is thus able to pass through the water, bypassing the sensor tracks and providing the required base bias to T1. T1 instantly conducts to send a positive trigger to pin 2 of the IC 555. The IC toggles to activate the load at its output. The time for which the monostable remains activated will depend on the value of C1 and the setting of P1.

RELAY:

This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor

or any other load. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay

ON and OFF is controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The

relay is connected in the Q2 transistor collector terminal. A Relay is nothing

but electromagnetic switching device which consists of three pins. They are

Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).

The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open

(NO) pin connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the

Q1 transistors, the transistor is conducting and shorts the collector and

emitter terminal and zero signals is given to base of the Q2 transistor. So the

relay is turned OFF state.

When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the

transistor is turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the

transistor is conducting and relay is turned ON. Hence the common terminal

and NO terminal of relay are shorted. Now load gets the supply voltage

through relay.

Voltage Signal from Transistor Q1 Transistor Q2 Relay

Microcontroller or PC

1 on off off

0 off on on

A The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a

12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from

lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is

usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the

relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so

these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

9V BATTERY:

A nine-volt battery, also called a pp3 battery,is shaped as a

Rounded. Rectangular prism and has normal output of nine volts.its nominal

dimensions.

USES:

9v batteries are commonly used in pocket transistor radios, smoke

Detectors, carbon monoxide alarm, guitar effect units, and radio-controlled vehicle

Controller. They are also used as backup power to keep the time in digital clocks

and alarm clocks.