Greek physician HIPPOCRATES

KNOWN AS FATHER OF MEDICINES

SAID

“LET FOOD BE THY MEDICINES”

An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away.

The term “Nutraceutical” was coined from “Nutrition” & “Pharmaceutical” in 1989 by Stephen De Felice,

MD, Founder and Chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM).

There is a fine line between functional food, Nutraceuticals and Diet Supplement.

NUTRACEUTICAL

NUTRACEUTICALS

Nutrient and non-nutrient compounds in food that have health promoting, disease prevents or medicinal proporties are called Nutraceuticals.

FUNCTIONAL FOOD

The food, which is used for the benefit of the human being without knowing the exact effect of food , what and how? is called functional food.

NUTRACEUTICALS- When functional food is used for the treatment or prevention of disease(s) other than anemia it is called Nutraceuticals.

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

A product (other than tobacco) that is intended to supplement the diet and bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb, or other botanical (or a metabolite or concentrate of any of the listed materials); is intended for ingestion in the form of a capsule, powder, softgel, or gelcap; and is not represented as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or diet.

Functional foods, as defined by the American Dietetic Association, are products whose nutritional value is enhanced by the addition of natural ingredients. Functional foods may provide specific health benefits beyond basic nutrition when consumed as part of a varied diet.According to the American Nutraceutical Association, are functional foods with potentially disease-preventing and health-promoting properties. They also include naturally occurring dietary substances in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Thus, they include "dietary supplements" as defined by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA).

Diet related chronic diseases such as Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, Diabetes can be decreased significantly through the proper use of Nutraceuticals.

Why nutraceuticals……………?

The regular consumption of synthetic drug may cause organ failure and so many other after effects. Now again medical science realizing the importance of food in treatment and prevention of diseases.

SOME FACTS…

Diet-related chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and arteriosclerosis result in an estimated annual loss to the U.S. economy of more than $70 billion in medical and productivity costs, not counting premature deaths associated with these illnesses (Frazao 1999).

Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that the risks for many chronic diseases are diet related and could be decreased significantly through the change of dietary habits.

The White House’s 1969 Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health often is acknowledged as the first official recognition by the U.S. government that diet, and specifically food components, Can affect health.

By the mid-1980s, food processors (most notably Kellogg, with its bran cereal campaign)and the National Cancer Institute, which had begun promoting a diet of high-fiber foods for the prevention of colorectal cancer, began marketing jointly certain foods on the basis of health benefits .

General’s Report on Nutrition and Health, whichstated that five of the ten leading causes of deathin the United States are diet-related diseases, including certain types of cancer, coronary heart disease , stroke, other atherosclerotic diseases, anddiabetes mellitus (U.S. Surgeon General 1988).These five diseases, responsible for approximatelytwo-thirds of the more than two million deathsannually in the United States, also cause diminishedproductivity, economic hardship, and suffering.

Classification of Nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals is a term used to describe any product derived from food sources that provides extra health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods. Products typically claim to prevent chronic diseases, improve health, delay the aging process, and increase life expectancy.

Nutraceuticals can be classified in to two groups-

1.Potential nutraceuticals.

2.Established nutraceuticals.

Established nutraceuticals-

.Probiotic

.Prebiotic

.Dietary fibre

.Omega 3 fatty acids.

.anti oxidants.

Examples of Functional Food Components ofNUTRCEUTICALCarotenoids

Functional components Source Potential benefits

Source: International Food Information Council

Alpha-carotene/Beta-carotene

Carrots, Fruits, Vegetables

Neutralize free radicals, which may cause damage to cells

LuteinGreen vegetables

Reduce the risk of mascular degeneration

Lycopene

Tomato products (ketchup, sauces)

Reduce the risk of prostate cancer

Lycopene is a phytochemical (phyto - plant) that gives tomatoes their red color and appears to offer potential health benefits. Lycopene is the most potent free radical scavenger of all the caretonoids. It is four times powerful than Alpha-carotene regarding its anti carcinogenic effect on endometrial cells.

•Supports cardiovascular health•Supports prostate health•Helps prevent DNA and cell damage•Supports healthy and radiant skin

Prebiotics/Probiotics

1.Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)

1.Jerusalem artichokes, shallots, onion powder

Improve quality of intestinal microflora; gastrointestinal health

1.Lactobacillus1.Yogurt, Other

dairy

Improve quality of intestinal microflora; gastrointestinal health

LACTOBACILLUS SPECIESL-CASEIL-RHAMNOSUSL-ACIDOPHILUSL-PLANTARUML-HELVETICUSLACTOBACILLUS

Probiotics

1.Isoflavones: Daidzein Genistein

1.Soybeans and soy-based foods

Menopause symptoms, such as hot flashes Protect against heart disease and some cancers; lower LDL and total cholesterol

SOY PHYTOESTROGENS

SOY FOODS………..

Phenols

Anthocyanidins Fruits

Neutralize free radicals; reduce risk of cancer

Catechins Tea

Neutralize free radicals; reduce risk of cancer

Flavones Citrus

Neutralize free radicals; reduce risk of cancer

Green tea has been associated with a number of health benefits.

Astaxanthin is a red colored carotenoid pigment that naturally occur, Salmon has been associated with numerous health benefits; in turn some of these have been traced to astaxanthin. Astaxanthin has been studied to have very powerful anti-inflammatory properties, hence enhancing its function in eye, heart and joint health.

A subset of flavonoids termed anthocyanins has been found to have significant research associated with benefits in brain health, and to hippocampal function in particular. Anthocyanins, found in brightly colored fruits such as berries and other foods, provide antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mediated benefits and support neurogenesis in hippocampal tissue.

Insoluble Fibre

DIETARY FIBER

Wheat BranReduce risk of breast or colon cancer

Beta-Glucan

Oats, barley

Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Protect against heart disease and some cancers; lower LDL and total cholesterol

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •Contains 19 amino acids, the building blocks of protein, including all eight that are essential for life. •Contains 21 trace minerals, including germanium, an anti-cancer trace mineral rarely found in foods. Contains more protein than whole wheat (13 percent).•Contains a complete spectrum of antioxidant carotenoids, including beta-carotene (a better source than even carrots!) and zeaxanthin (protects the eyes). Goji berries are the richest source of carotenoids of all known foods. Contains Vitamin C at higher levels than even those found in oranges. contains B-complex vitamins, necessary for converting food into energy.

Blueberry Polyphenols Protect the Brain from the Degenerative Processes Associated with Brain Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

The study of plant and fruit poly phenols, a rich source of dietary antioxidants, represents one of the most promising areas of research in the field of anti-aging, and the prevention of degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Recent and ongoing research indicates that poly phenols present in berries and other fruits and vegetables provide protective and supportive nourishment to critical structures (i.e. hippocampus) in the brain responsible for learning, and memory formation and retention.

Polyphenols / Flavonoids / Anthocyanins

Polyphenols are a class of phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables. The most extensively researched polyphenols are flavonoids. Flavonoids constitute a large sub-class of polyphenols with considerable research demonstrating their brain protective and optimizing benefits. Flavonoid-rich foods such as red wine, tea, blueberries and chocolate, are gathering increasing interest and study for their neuroprotective benefits, including neutralizing the effects of neurotoxins on the brain, suppressing inflammation, and boosting memory and cognition.

Long chain omega-3 Fatty Acids-DHA/EPA

Fatty Acids

Salmon and other fish oils

Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Improve mental, visual functions

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

Cheese, meat products

Improve body composition. Decrease risk of certain cancers

Tomatoes and salmon are two types of food that researchers have found to contain benefits beyond basic nutrition — in this case, lycopene and omega-3 fatty acids, respectively.

Safety and Efficacy

Nutraceutical hold great potential as evidencelBy products such as benecol , an alternative to margerine that contains plant stanol esters,which have been shown to reduce cholesterol. They also may hold The potential for harm ,as was the case with ephedrine Widely used botanicals ingredients in wt. loss.The danger is many of these product do not provideConsumer with solid information about their safety andEffectiveness .Hence the policy is required in this matter

Policy• Legally define the term nutraceuticals to provide guidance to the industry and to decrease consumer confusion.• Clarify the process for documenting the health benefits of nutraceuticals.• Increase research funding for both basic and applied studies related to nutraceuticals.• Establish new funding categories and expand existing ones for nutraceuticals within USDA and NIH competitive grant programs.• Improve communication of nutraceutical benefitsand risks to consumers.

Regulation of NutraceuticalsMany countries are struggling with how to regulate nutraceuticals, or at least how to regulate what can be said about nutraceuticals on product labels or in advertising. Japan is the only country with a formal regulatory system allowing approved health benefit claims to be made for functional foods. Known as Foods for Specified Health Use (FOSHU), such products are eligible to bear a special logo, accompanied by a statement that they have the endorsement of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Arai 1996). Currently, more than 300 FOSHU products are on the market in Japan.In Canada, the term nutraceuticals has been included in a new legislative category called natural health products.

Nutraceuticals may offer a benefit to one group of individuals, but in other populations any benefit or risk will depend on lifestyle and genetic risk for disease. For example,soy nutraceuticals may protect adult women from certain cancers and undesirable effects of menopause and may protect older men from prostate disorders. Both genders may have decreased risks for cardiovascular disease when adequate amounts of soy are consumed .

RESEARCH NEEDSThe topic of nutraceuticals is multidisciplinary, and additional information is needed in the pursuit of both basic science and applied technology. How this information void is to be filled is unclear. Industry-funded research may be focused so narrowly on proprietary information that extrapolation to whole foods or extracts is impossible, as in the instance of European testing for botanical preparations. The USDA focuses research funding toward disease prevention, rather than treatment.

Research Criteria

• Examine interactions, both beneficial and adverse , with other nutraceuticals, nutrients, and drugs.• Identify benefits of nutraceuticals for specifichuman populations.• Devise appropriate standardization protocolsfor evaluating nutraceuticals and health protectant chemicals.• Identify appropriate human biomarkers to evaluatethe effectiveness of dietary nutraceuticals.• Gain more understanding of factors affectingthe bioavailability of nutraceuticals.

SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR EFFICACYTypes of ResearchTechnological advances in testing methods , such as immunoassays and gene arrays, permit rapid and relatively inexpensive screening of chemicals and food/botanical extracts for bioactivity within the narrow scope of each assay. The relevance of these new methods to in vivo issues

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