Review for the keystone exam
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Transcript of Review for the keystone exam
REVIEW FOR THE KEYSTONE EXAM
You will need to understand all of the concepts presented.
Why should you pass this the first time around? Because remediation is worse than
this…
2 types of cells…
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes -no nucleus - have a
nucleus No membrane -have
membrane Bound organelles organellesBACTERIA ONLY Everything
other than bacteria
What do they have in common? Plasma membrane (cell membrane) Cytoplasm DNA – genetic material Ribosomes- make protein
What do alveoli do for the lungs?
States of matter for water Most dense – liquid (water) Middle density – ice (solid) Least dense- water vapor (gas)
In a Lake….
Carbon
Hydrolysis- adding water to split
Dehydration Synthesis- removing water to connect
Enzymes! They are proteins They speed up (catalyze) chemical
reactions They are not consumed or affected in
the reaction They have an active site where the
substrate bonds
What affects the rate of enzyme activity? Temperature
Higher temps speed up reactions
Lower temps slow down reactions
pH Each enzyme has a specific pH
at which is operates best.
pH- Scale
Chloroplast A green organelle found within plant
cells Site of photosynthesis – converting
light energy into chemical energy
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy - ATP!!
Transport- passive Movement of molecules through a
cell membrane. Without using energy- they will move
from high concentration to low Thus they are moving WITH the concentration gradient .
Transport- Active Movement across a membrane from
low concentration to high concentration.
Requires ATP (energy)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Organelle within eukaryotic cells. Has ribosomes attached that make
proteins for the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle in eukaryotic cells Packages and processes cellular
products
What is homeostasis?
Processes an organism uses to regulate its internal environment.
Example- when you are hot you sweat, when you are cold you shiver.
Mitosis Division of the nucleus of a body
(somatic) cell Cloning of the cell- NO change to the
DNA One division
Meiosis
Division of the nucleus of sex cells Creates sperm and egg Genetic variation arises through this
process There are 2 divisions in meiosis You start with one cell and end up
with 4
Draw a punnet square
21. Punnet Squares
Deletion: genes are completely deleted
Insertion: Genes are added Inversion: Flipping of genes Translocation: Genes move from one
chromosome to the next
22. Chromosome Variation
23. Pro vs. Eu
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes no nucleus - have a nucleus
No membrane -have membrane Bound organelles organellesBACTERIA ONLY Everything other
than bacteria
The rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and secretory proteins
Go through and cross off incorrect answers.
24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
25. DNA and Phenotypes
Cross out incorrect answers Genetic variation and diversity good Unplanned ecosystem interactions is
the answer
26. Genetics
Natural Selection Mechanism of Evolution Organisms with “bad” genes won’t make
it to reproduction age while organisms with “good” genes will reproduce more
Cross off incorrect answers
27. Natural Selection
DNA