Research at the Ian Wark Research Institute

ContentsResearch at The Wark™ 3Jonas Addai-Mensah 4Mats Andersson 4David Beattie 5Chia-Chi Chien 5Lorena Del Castillo 6Naba Dutta 6Sait Elmas 7Bart Follink 7Ivan Kempson 8Marta Krasowska 8Erik Kriel 9Mikael Larsson 9Xiaokong Liu 10Thomas Nann 10Ataollah Nosrati 11Magnus Nydén 11Clive Prestidge 12Craig Priest 12Shasha Rao 13Namita Roy Choudhury 13Rossen Sedev 14Bill Skinner 15Benjamin Thierry 15Nicky Thomas 16Dayang Wang 16Catherine Whitby 17Haolan Xu 18Massimiliano (Max) Zanin 18Jingfang Zhou 19

Research at The Wark™

The Ian Wark Research Institute (The Wark™), at the University of South Australia, holds a prominent place in the Australian research landscape, with high-end research facilities, instrumentation and, most importantly, scientists with a genuine interest for collaboration with society and other research organisations, both in Australia and around the world.

This brochure gives a brief overview of the research at The Wark and outlines the research strengths and interests of the individual scientists. Our major themes are Energy, Biomaterials and Minerals and with the presentation of our researcher’s skills, we hope to provide a flavour of our activities.

The Wark is diversified in terms of applications: pharmaceutical formulations, minerals processing, biofouling prevention, energy capture and conversion, cancer diagnosis and therapeutics etc, but unified by physical chemistry at interfaces with an emphasis on surface and colloid chemistry and material science.

We look forward to engaging with our fellow scientists to identify the best possible research outcomes. We hope that together we can define the best research questions, whose answers will fill the knowledge gaps that give us the opportunity to respond to some of the great challenges facing our society.

Magnus NydénDirector, andProfessor of Applied Surface Chemistry

3

Jonas Addai-MensahAssociate Director: MineralsResearch Professor

BEng(Hons) University of Science and Technology, Ghana MSc Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelPhD University of Queensland, Australia

Tel: +61 (0)8 8302 3673Email: [email protected]

Aqueous Processing of Minerals and MaterialsA number of global industries in sectors such as mining/minerals, pigments/paints, ceramics and chemicals rely on aqueous processing to manufacture products which have striking impact on our quality of life. Aqueous processing presents a range of scientific and technological challenges and intractable issues that test our mettle and aptitude, warranting strategic basic and applied research.

My aqueous processing research focuses on issues of minerals/materials processing technologies of relevance to industry. Current research-active areas of interest include: (i) physical separation/beneficiation of ores; (ii) hydrometallurgy: dispersion, leaching, precipitation/crystallization (including plant fouling), solvent extraction and electrowinning; and (iii) particle technology: flocculation and dewatering tailings, ore agglomeration and pulp rheology. The research approach is based on

our core strength and expertise in colloid and interfacial science and chemical engineering brought to bear on key issues underpinning mineral ore ‘processability’ and process enhancement. Using a multi-/cross-disciplinary approach, we engage and collaborate in research with uranium, copper, gold, nickel, alumina, rare earths and nuclear waste industries.

Selected Publications1. Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 3083-3093 (2009). 2. Chemical Eng. Journal, 152, 406-414 (2009). 3. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50 (19), 11087-11096 (2011). 4. Hydrometallurgy, 125-126, 90-99 (2012). 5. Hydrometallurgy, 125-126, 100-108 (2012).

4

Mats AnderssonSouth Australian Chair in EnergyResearch Professor

BSc, MSc, PhD Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden


Polymer ElectronicsThe access to cheap and environmental friendly energy is a challenging and important task. Our natural resources must be preserved while economic growth and development continue. The main focus of my research is on designing and synthesizing polymers for solar cell that can be manufactured using environmentally friendly printing techniques. This research will hopefully result in flexible, low cost, roll to roll printed solar cells. The interdisciplinary nature of this research makes co-operations with other research groups very important and my group co-operates with several research groups within and outside Australia.

The aim with the research is to design and synthesize conjugated polymers for efficient and stable electronics such as solar cells, photo diodes, light-emitting diodes, thin film field effect transistors, electrochemical devices, sensors… and to relate the chemical structure of the

polymer to the device performance. An important part is also the preparation and characterisation of a desired morphology of the active conjugated materials.

The energy must be distributed and my other research focus is insulation for high voltage cables. This part of the research involves development of new voltage stabilizers in cooperation with relevant companies, as well as studies of new ways of crosslinking the cable insulation.

Selected Publications1. Adv. Mater., 26(12), 1801–1826 (2014). 2. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136(4), 1190–1193 (2014). 3. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 14244–14247 (2011). 4. Adv. Mater., 22, 5240–5244 (2010). 5. Nature, 395, 257-260 (1998).

5

Chia-Chi ChienResearch Associate

MSc National Yang-Ming University, TaiwanPhD National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan


In-vivo / In-vitro Nanoparticle Delivery and ImagingMy research has focused on the development of high resolution synchrotron x-ray imaging for studying tumor angiogenesis in situ with metastatic and xenograft tumor models. The main applications have been for analysing quantitative metrics of tumour vasculature, and observing nanoparticle fate and behaviour in-vivo as a function of nanoparticle attributes and delivery method.

My current research interest is to make connection between in-vitro studies and the in-vivo tumor environment to study new drug and delivery technologies within the laboratory; and streamline the process of screening these developments to reach clinical relevance more efficiently. I focus on 3D culture lab-on-chip technologies with nano/micro fluidic and biomedical systems to more accurately study biocompatibility and therapeutic efficiency of

functionalized nanoparticles. These advanced platforms enable utilization of a greater range of optical methods. Correlating these methods provides greater overview of physico-chemical properties coupled with biomolecular and physiological information. This provides novel insights into the biology of tumor microenvironment as well as enables development of novel functionalized nanoparticles.

Selected Publications1. Biotechnol. Adv., 31, 375-386 (2013). 2. Biotechnol. Adv., 31, 396-401 (2013). 3. Scientific Reports, 2, 610 (2012). 4. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 404, 1287-1296 (2012). 5. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 10, 10 (2012).

David BeattieAssociate Research Professor, and ARC Future Fellow

BSc(Hons), PhD University of Edinburgh, UK

Tel: +61 (0)8 8302 3676Email: [email protected]: www.davidbeattie.net/Group_page/

Surface Interactions and Soft MatterOur research is focused on the properties of interfaces (metals, minerals, droplets, and bubbles), and how polymers, surfactants, and particles can be used to change those interfacial properties. Whether it be in artificial joints, mineral processing, food products, or mechanical devices, polymers, surfactants, and particles can be used to alter interfacial properties for a desired outcome. Friction, wettability, and deformability are all dependent on surface interactions with polymers, surfactants, and particles.

The key feature of our research is that we attempt to study the interaction of polymers, surfactants, and particles with an interface as it is happening - in situ. This allows us to get the most complete picture of the polymer-interfacial or particle-interfacial system, and to connect these characteristics with the macroscopic

properties. In addition, we attempt to measure the interfacial properties under conditions relevant for target applications, thus making the research relevant for industry.

Selected Publications1. Atomic Force Microscopy for Determining Surface Interactions of Relevance for Food Foams and Emulsions in ‘Food Texture Design and Optimization’, Wiley-Blackwell (accepted for publication, 11.02.2013). 2. Langmuir, 28, 1683-1688 (2012). 3. Langmuir, 28, 4233-4240 (2012). 4. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 18, 649-657 (2011). 5. Langmuir, 26, 15865-15874 (2010).

Lorena Del CastilloResearch Associate

BSc, MSc University of the PhilippinesPhD University of South Australia


Interfacial Science and Mineral ProcessingMy research interests are in the fields of interfacial science (surface forces, bubble interactions, thin film drainage), mineral processing, magnetic ceramic materials, nuclear and radiation science.

Currently my research is focused on conducting fundamental study on the mechanism of mineral leaching with the aim of helping to improve the efficiency of the heap leach process in mineral processing. The work includes designing well-defined model systems (such as narrow channels with minerals; and synthetic mineral ores) and using these models to study the flow of lixiviants into cracks and pores and the transport of dissolution products through these structures.

My 4 years of postgraduate research was on colloid/interfacial science studying the effects of hydrodynamics and surface forces in the air-liquid interface or in the thin

film drainage or the behaviour of bubbles interacting with other surfaces in liquid.

Prior to coming to Australia, I have extensive teaching and research experiences in the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute in employing nuclear and radioactive materials for peaceful applications. My particular research area was in the preparation, characterization and development of high technology functional magnetic ceramic materials. I also conducted analysis of samples for the Institute using x-ray and nuclear-based analytical techniques.

Selected Publications1. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 168, 85-92R (2011). 2. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 356, 316-324 (2011). 3. J. Colloid Interface Science, 364 (2), 505-511 (2011). 4. ASIATRIB 2010, ISBN 978-1-74052-212-0 1163 (2010). 5. Philippine Nuclear Journal, 14, 48-53 (2004).

Polymer Interfaces and Nanomaterials ScienceThe ability to control the interfaces of multicomponent systems and directing the self-assembling is a powerful tool for the synthesis and fabrication of smart nanomaterials and devices. Such molecularly designed materials offer exciting possibilities in virtually all sectors of materials science and technology including nanotechnology, biotechnology, catalysis, membrane technology, protective coatings, electrodes and electrochemical devices, sensors and drug delivery systems. However, directing the organisation of nanostructured complex materials at the atomic/molecular level to tailor their properties, responsiveness and functionality is a major scientific challenge and is the main focus of my research.

A specific focus of my recent research team has been to address the need for the development of advanced materials for sustainable energy technology through development of key new material eg ion-selective

membranes for fuel cells and batteries, highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts, graphene as novel cabon materials for electrodes and morphology controlled donor/acceptor system for heterojunction organic solar cells. A particular emphasis is on biomimetic polymer and block copolymer directed synthesis of noble-metal nano-particles (1-100nm) and nanoclustures (<1nm comparable to or smaller than the Fermi wavelength) of control composition, morphology and size with complex interfaces and intriguing properties including fascinating electrochemical characteristics and appealing photophysical properties.

Selected Publications1. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 4428-4431 (2011). 2. Biomaterials, 32, 2786-2796 (2011). 3. Journal of Membrane Science, 351, 168-177 (2010). 4. Langmuir, 25, 9240-9251 (2009). 5. Advanced Materials, 20, 1819 (2008).

Naba DuttaResearch Professor

BSc(Hons), BTech University of Calcutta, India PhD Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India


6

77

Sait ElmasResearch Associate

DipChem, PhD University of Cologne, Germany


Molecular CatalysisPhotoelectrocatalytic water splitting is one of the most promising approaches to renewable energy storage, because it is clean and sustainable. Furthermore, the combustion and/or conversion of hydrogen to electricity produces only water, which is another environmental benefit. My work focusses on the fabrication of new photocathodes for the solar hydrogen production. The primary research goal involves the synthesis of electro-conducting polymers and their application as photocathode materials. Further long-term research targets are focused on the development of molecular catalysts for hydrogen production and the reduction of carbon dioxide. Here, research into non-noble transition metal catalysts, as alternative for the expensive and less abundant platinum-group metals (PGM) is the primary target.

My scientific background is in the area of molecular catalysis, metal organic chemistry and the synthesis of polymers based on CO2. During my scientific career I have developed a strong interest in green and sustainable chemistry, such as organic photovoltaic, catalysis and the conversion of carbon dioxide into chemical fuels for their use as energy vectors.

Selected Publications1. Green Chem., 15(5), 1356-1360 (2103). 2. J. Organomet. Chem., 695(15-16), 1898-1905 (2010). 3. Organometallics, 28(13), 3906-3915 (2009). 4. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 15, 2271-2281 (2009). 5. Polyhedron, 31(1), 649-656 (2012).

Physical Chemistry of Mineral ProcessingThroughout my career, my overarching research interest has been to use carefully studied, well-understood physico-chemical phenomena to generate an impact for industry or society, initially in the realm of microelectronics and more recently in the area of mineral processing. At The Wark, our program focuses on improvement of existing mineral processes and the development of entirely new ones, based on insights from interfacial chemistry, such as wetting and capillarity, and interfacial electrochemistry. Using model structures, such as capillary assemblies and narrow slits, we are studying the dissolution of metals in confined spaces (pores and cracks) such as is relevant in leaching of ores. Based on this work we hope to be able to identify ways to significantly improve the overall rate and efficiency of practical (heap) leach processes.

We have developed the view that insights from the field of pharmaceutics (controlled drug delivery) hold enormous potential for the next generation of minerals processes. We are investigating how chemically-functionalised reagent droplets can be used to “sniff out” valuable components in flotation and leaching processes. Part of our work is aimed at developing well-characterised synthetic model ores to study the fundamental foundations of liberation and its effect on downstream processing (flotation, leaching).

Selected Publications1. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 127, 116-131 (1989). 2. Colloids Surf., 36, 69-76 (1989). 3. Colloids Surf., 44, 299-304 (1990). 4. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 5497-5505 (1997). 5. Langmuir, 14, 1535-1538 (1998).

Bart FollinkSA State Chair: Mineral Processing

MSc, PhD Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands


Ivan KempsonSenior Research Fellow

BAppSc(Hons), PhD University of South Australia


Nano- to Micro-Scale Bio-Inorganic CharacterizationPhysico-chemical behaviour of bio-inorganic interactions dictates many aspects of biomonitoring, drug delivery, nanoparticle fate and function. At the trace level, or nano- to micro-scales characterization of these parameters often becomes a question of heterogeneity. With the increasing intrigue at these scales comes increasing complexity in their analysis. Quantification of these properties involves implementation of new and advanced characterization approaches to fundamentally understand larger scale effects. Imaging techniques are critical in this field. We implement techniques such as high resolution imaging mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence mapping, X-ray radiography and other trace characterization approaches to understand phenomena at cellular and sub-cellular scales applied to biological samples or materials intended for bio-applications (eg pharmaceutics and therapeutic delivery).

Selected Publications1. Chem. Comm., 49, 2670-2672 (2013). 2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 49, 4237-4240 (2010). 3. Adv. Healthcare Mat. 1, 736-741 (2012). 4. Biotech. Adv., 31, 396-401 (2013). 5. Langmuir, 26, 12075-12080 (2010).

8

Soft Surface InteractionsMy research focuses on the interactions between soft and rigid interfaces as well as physicochemical properties of such interfaces. To understand how two bodies interact with each other is not only an exciting scientific challenge, this knowledge also has great potential to transform research in the fields of colloid stability, food and cosmetic formulations, cell adhesion and in mineral processing.

In recent years I successfully incorporated monochromatic light interferometry into a commercial AFM. For the first time, this novel hybrid interferometry-AFM technique enabled an independent measurement of the thin liquid film thickness (so-called separation) between interacting surfaces when one or two of them are soft (eg bubbles). I have also been studying how the molecules of simple and complex liquids move at

the interfaces (eg hydrodynamic slip or stick) and how their movement is affected by the proximity of other interfaces. Another challenging question my research tries to answer is that of surface charge quantification at soft interfaces.

Selected Publications1. Atomic Force Microscopy for Determining Surface Interactions of Relevance for Food Foams and Emulsions in ‘Food Texture Design and Optimization’, Wiley-Blackwell (accepted for publication, 11.02.2013). 2. Chem. Sci., 4, 248-256 (2013). 3. Soft Matter, 9, 4516-4523 (2013). 4. J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 3071-3078 (2012). 5. J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 11065-11076 (2011).

Marta Krasowska Research Fellow

MSc Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Poland PhD Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland


9

Erik KrielResearch Associate

BSc BSc(Hons) MSc Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit, South AfricaPhD University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa


Inorganic Chemistry and MicrofluidicsThroughout my career the use of inorganic compounds has been an overarching theme, whether for the application of catalysis or metal-bases drug discovery. Previously, I have been heavily involved with the use of molecular modelling, chemical synthesis and biological screening to develop medicinal drug candidates comprising of both organic compounds and metal complexes.

My current interest is the use of microfluidics for the extraction of precious metals. The use of microfluidics in the mining sector for the extraction of metals might hold the key to extraction in a closed system leading to less handling of often hazardous extraction solvents. There are also further advantages to the use microfluidics, for example, the precise handling of extraction fluids as well as tightly regulating contact times between them. I will

also be looking at other systems where microfluidics might pose a distinct advantage over currently employed methods.

Selected Publications1. S. Afr. J. Chem., 65, 271 (2012). 2. Drug Discovery in Africa, Springer (2012). 3. J. Inorg. Biochem., 117, 298 (2012). 4. Acta Cryst., E67, m1426 (2011). 5. J. Med. Chem., 53 (1), 155 (2010).

Mikael LarssonResearch Associate

BSc, MSc, PhD Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden


Soft Matter Material DesignSoft matter systems such as gels, colloids and thin films are utilized in many applications such as antifouling, drug delivery, food, wound care, cell scaffolds etc, and importantly there is currently much research and promising results on expanding the use of such systems towards new and more advanced applications.

With a background in materials science, chemistry and bioscience, I developed an interest for the combination of these disciplines towards soft matter materials design, in particular wet systems for bio-related applications. This interest spans from theoretical understanding of material properties to the utilization of those in fields such as antifouling and biomedicine.

In my research I work mainly with polymer based materials, due to their often appealing physiochemical properties. The actual design is performed both on a

molecular level, and by structuring materials so that they present controlled variations in properties distributed within them. Through such design it is possible to improve control over release rates, mechanical properties, interactions and nano-micro structure.

Selected Publications1. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88 (2), 763-771 (2012). 2. Soft Materials, 8 (3), 207-225 (2010). 3. Soft Matter, 7 (12), 5816-5825 (2011). 4. Journal of Controlled Release, 161, 942-948 (2012). 5. Acta Biomaterialia, 8 (2), 579-588 (2012).

Xiaokong LiuResearch Associate

BSc, PhD Jilin University, PR China


Surface Wetting and Functional Surface Coatings Wetting phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and technology. Super-wetting and super-anti-wetting surfaces have attracted great attention because of their promising application in numerous aspects, such as self-cleaning, anti-fogging, chemical shielding, and so forth. My research focuses on the study of the super-wetting and super-anti-wetting phenomena and development of facial, low-cost, substrate-independent strategies to fabricate super-wetting and super-anti-wetting surfaces.

I am also interested in making other kinds of functional surface coatings (such as anti-reflection coatings, anti-fouling coatings, scratch-resistant coatings, and so on) on different kinds of substrates by physical adsorption of polymers, layer-by-layer assembly and surface-initiated polymerization.

Selected Publications1. Langmuir, 28, 13720-13726 (2012). 2. J. Mater. Chem., 20, 7721-7727 (2010). 3. Cryst. Growth Des., 9, 3703-3713 (2009). 4. J. Mater. Chem., 19, 497-504 (2009). 5. Langmuir, 24, 12986-12989 (2008).

NanomaterialsNanomaterials are materials with size features in the lower nanometre size range and properties that cannot be found in the corresponding macroscopic materials (so called mesoscopic properties). These mesoscopic properties show great promise for new applications of these substances in areas spanning from medical diagnostics and therapy to energy conversion and storage. The main research focus of the Nann group is to synthesise new nanomaterials and exploit their properties for various applications. Artificial photosynthesis – the generation of ‘solar’ fuels by following the blueprint of nature – is one of the main areas of interest of the group. Hybrid nanomaterials and nanocomposites are being developed that form the basis of new photoanodes and cathodes. In addition, the group works on novel bio-inspired catalysts for hydrogen and carbon dioxide reduction. Research activities in this

area also include photo-electrochemical characterisation of devices and density functional theory modelling of catalysts. Nanomaterials for nanomedicine is another area of interest of the research group. In collaboration with clinicians and pharmacists, new drug delivery vehicles and functional nanoparticles for medical diagnostics and therapy are being developed. In this research area, the main focus of the activities lies on the surface chemistry of the nanomaterials.

Selected Publications1. ACS Nano, 5, 5291-5295 (2011). 2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 10384-10387 (2011). 3. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 49, 1574-1577 (2010). 4. Nat. Meth., 5, 763-775 (2008). 5. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 1054-1055 (2006).

Thomas NannAssociate Director: Physical Chemistry of Colloids & NanostructuresResearch Professor, and ARC Future Fellow

MSc, PhD Albert-Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany


10

11

Magnus Nydén DirectorResearch Professor

BSc Umeå University, Sweden MSc, PhD Lund University, Sweden


Diffusion and Flow in Heterogeneous MaterialsA major theme is to increase our understanding of kinetics and thermodynamics of molecules and particles interacting with material interfaces and how those parameters can be incorporated to explain diffusion and flow. The major research question is how the magnetic field susceptibility difference between phases affects the outcome in so-called PGSE NMR diffusion experiments. With the knowledge we are seeking to develop better NMR methods for enhanced oil and gas recovery techniques and cancer diagnosis among others.

We also use the knowledge to develop materials for various coating and membrane applications. For instance, by investigating new concepts for optimizing the release rate of biocides in coatings through microencapsulation techniques or to spatially control flow through a functional membrane. The fundamental research question relates to better understanding the

most important release mechanisms from coatings given different external parameters.

We have a significant interest in developing new technologies with unmet capability and environmental opportunity for biological growth prevention. The goal is to contribute to a completely new technology for biofouling prevention by utilizing the potential of the full coating volume, instead of just the interface properties, for eg catalytic, electrochemical or other chemical and/or physical principles to obtain biofouling prevention.

Selected Publications1. Soft Matter, 7, 5711 (2011). 2. Physical Review Letters, 99, 240602 (2007). 3. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 201, 205-211 (2009). 4. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 150, 5-15 (2009). 5. Magnetic Resonance, 222, 105-111 (2012).

Ataollah NosratiResearch Fellow

BSc Petroleum University of Technology, Iran MSc Tarbiat Modares University, Iran PhD University of South Australia


Rheology and Chemistry of Aqueous Mineral Slurries Aqueous processing (eg wet grinding, flotation, leaching, dewatering) is in the heart of most hydrometallurgical methods used in the minerals industry to recover valuable metals (eg gold, copper, nickel, zinc, uranium) from ore deposits. In such operations, usually finely ground ore particles are processed or handled in the form of aqueous slurries under a range of pH, temperature, solid/liquid ratio, fluid dynamics, reagent type/dosage and time conditions. One of the keys for successful aqueous processing operations is the control of flow or rheological properties (eg viscosity, shear yield stress, viscoelasticity) of slurry which not only impacts on its processability, ie state of mixing, pumpability and filterability, but also affects the value minerals’ recovery yield. My research is within the area of mineral particles’ bulk/surface/interfacial chemistry, particle interactions and physicochemical reactions in aqueous media.

My key research interests and expertise are: (i) interfacial chemistry and particle interactions (rheology) nexus of concentrated aqueous mineral dispersions; (ii) complex mineral ores agglomeration behaviour and agglomerate structure characterization/optimization for enhanced column/heap leach processing; (iii) atmospheric agitated tank leaching of mineral ores; (iv) hydrometallurgical processing and enhanced yield of complex, value metal mineral ores (eg acid/alkaline leaching/dissolution, thermo-precipitation); and (v) limestone/lime neutralization of acidic process water.

Selected Publications1. Chemical Engineering Journal, 152, 406-414 (2009). 2. Chemical Engineering Science, 66 (2), 119-127 (2011). 3. Powder Technology, 223, 98-104 (2012). 4. Hydrometallurgy, 125-126, 90-99 (2012). 5. Hydrometallurgy, 134-135, 66-73 (2013).

12

Smart Colloids and Nanostructured Materials for Improved Drug Delivery Our capabilities in colloid and interface science are directed at pharmaceutical delivery. In particular, investigations of biointerfacial phenomena are increasing understanding of drug delivery mechanisms. We focus on the role of nanostructure and hybrid materials for controlling drug release and absorption. Through collaborations with pharmaceutical and biomedical researchers we are exploring in vivo performance of nanomedicines, with the aim of optimising pharmacokinetics, maximising efficacy and minimising toxicity. Current application areas include oral and injectable chemotherapy, bacterial infections of the sinuses and bone growth promotion. One focus is hybrid inorganic-lipid nanomaterials which control the action of gastro-intestinal enzymes, ie mimicking the pharmaceutical food effect for improving both oral pharmaceuticals and functional foods. We have also

established the company Ceridia to commercialise these technologies. Collaborations with other pharmaceutical/biotech companies aim to improve physicochemical understanding of their technologies, eg dendrimers, porous drug carriers and therapeutic proteins. Advancing the Characterisation of Pharmaceutical and Biotech Materials We are exploiting colloidal, interfacial and surface methods to gain better understanding of biomolecules and pharmaceutical solids, eg ToF-SIMS to probe the structure of adsorbed proteins and pharmaceutical crystals/amorphous phases.

Selected Publications1. Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed., 51, 5475-5479 (2012). 2. Biomacromolecules, 11, 382-389 (2010). 3. Langmuir, 26 (14), 12075-12080 (2010). 4. Journal of Controlled Release, 134, 62-70 (2009). 5. Pharmaceutical Research, 26, 1764-1775 (2009).

Clive PrestidgeAssociate Director: NanomedicineResearch Professor

BSc(Hons) Loughborough University, UKPhD Bristol University, UK


Craig PriestSenior Research Fellow

BAppSc(Hons), PhD University of South Australia


Multiphase and Industrial Micro/NanofluidicsMy focus is the interplay between functional and structured interfaces and fluid behaviour in micro and nanodevices. Miniaturisation of chemical and biological systems in a micro or nanofluidic device requires precise design and control of the interfaces involved. For multiphase microfluidic systems, where fluid streams, droplets, or films are confined to small channels, a detailed knowledge of wettability that extends beyond ‘ideal’ surfaces is essential and is my goal. Structured and chemically modified interfaces have a major role to play, affecting both static and dynamic wetting, yet are rarely considered in the design and function of microfluidic systems. Flow stability, hydrodynamic resistance, phase separation, autonomous (capillary-driven) flow, and sample isolation or incubation are all highly dependent on the wetting interactions involved. Our aim is to study and exploit the wettability of structured and functionalised solid surfaces to impact

the performance of industrial processes and micro-scale technologies, including mineral solvent extraction, fuel cell technologies, small particle separation, and control of fluids in agricultural applications.

Selected Publications1. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 35 (7), 1312-1319 (2012). 2. Analytical Chemistry, 84 (24), 10812-10816 (2012). 3. Lab on a Chip, 8 (12), 2182-2187 (2008). 4. Physical Review Letters, 99 (2), 026103 (2007). 5. Applied Physics Letters, 89 (13), 134101 (2006).

13

Shasha RaoResearch Associate

BAdmin China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing, PR China PhD University of South Australia


Smart Colloids and Nanostructured Materials for Improved Drug Delivery Poorly water-soluble drugs account for 40-70% of newly discovered chemical entities. Our research group aims to investigate nanostructure and hybrid materials for controlling the action of gastro-intestinal enzymes, which mimick the food effect, to improve the solubilisation of poorly water-soluble drugs in the gastrointestinal tract and the oral bioavailability of a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients. A particular focus is the use of hybrid inorganic-lipid nanomaterials, and the understanding of internal structure to better control the in vivo performance. Current application areas of the nanomaterials include treatment of bacterial infections, cardiovascular diseases, and chemotherapy.

Selected Publications1. Life Sciences, 90 (1-2), 30-38 (2012). 2. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6, 1245-1251 (2011). 3. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 63 (6), 794-799 (2011). 4. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 17 (16), 1618-1634 (2010). 5. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44 (3), 1240-1249 (2009).

Nanostructured Hybrids and GelsMy team focuses on the research work of colloid and nanostructure growth in macromolecular systems leading to hybrid formation - a trick worth mimicking from nature. Our strong interest in hybridisation stems from two standpoints: ability to control the interface and generate defined nano-architecture. However, controlling the nanostructures hierarchically to initiate organized morphology that spans in many length scales and creates multi-functional materials of new phenomena and functions is even more challenging. Hybrids and composite materials are at the heart of many self-cleaning, self-healing coatings, biomedical devices, tribological surfaces and microfluidic systems.

We have revealed formation of controlled interfaces and hierarchical architecture employing a unique bottom-up approach in organic/organic, organic/inorganic and protein polymer based multicomponent systems and hydrogels. A new family of functional hybrids

with very high glass transition temperature suitable for two (2D) or three dimensional (3D) applications using organic polymers bonded to structurally well-defined oxometallate framework/cluster has recently been demonstrated by us. Our key challenge for the future is to develop more effective strategies to create hierarchically structured hybrids through control of surface chemical composition, topology, wetting/dewetting and responsiveness to open pathways for engineering autonomous control hybrids that exhibit advantageous biological, electrochemical, optical, or mechanical properties.

Selected Publications1. Langmuir, 26, 19073-19083 (2010). 2. Biomaterials, 30, 4868-4876 (2009). 3. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 1 (6), 1173-1182 (2009). 4. Macromolecules, 38 (15), 6392-6401 (2005). 5. Chemistry of Materials, 14 (11), 4522 (2002).

Namita Roy ChoudhuryResearch ProfessorDean: Research Education

BSc(Hons), BTech, MTech PhD Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India


Rossen SedevAssociate Research Professor

MSc University of Sofia, BulgariaPhD Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria


Interfaces, Films and InteractionsI am a physical chemist with an interest in interfaces and their properties. Surface energetics depends on the chemistry of the coating but also on the random or structured surface roughness. Tailored roughness produces superhydrophobic behaviour (Cassie or Wenzel wetting states). Wetting dynamics is about the speed and dynamic contact angle during spreading or dewetting. We have focussed on the molecular-kinetic approach in interpreting our results. In electrowetting, an external voltage source is used to manipulate the wettability at a fixed chemistry under both static and dynamic conditions. Ionic liquids are a novel class of solvents with peculiar interfacial and electrochemical properties as they behave like organic liquids and/or molten salts. Surface forces play a central role in our understanding of disperse systems. The effects of confinement and electric field offer new opportunities to probe thin liquid films. The wettability of porous media is of paramount

importance in oil recovery, powder technology and soil management. Improved measurement techniques are needed to correctly assess the wettability of powders and small particles. Reactive wetting is rather common but often neglected because of its complexity. The correct application of wetting concepts clarified the secondary spreading observed in atmospheric corrosion.

Selected Publications1. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 8301 (2010). 2. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 16, 310 (2011). 3. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., 197, 307-19 (2011). 4. J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 10934 (2012). 5. Soft Matter, 8, 11336 (2012).

14

Interface Analysis and Synchrotron Science I am an applied physicist by training. After two years with the Australian Antarctic Division working as a Field Glaciologist with the Ice Core Drilling Program I moved to The Wark in 1992, working on the study of physical and chemical processes at surfaces and interfaces. In particular, mineral and material surface chemistry together with forensics, environmental science and biomaterials. To this end, I employ advanced spectroscopies, including wide application of synchrotron science, for surface and near surface analysis. For over 20 years a major focus of my research has been in the fundamental properties of mineral surfaces and the impact of bulk structure on surface reaction (oxidation, dissolution metal ion activation and molecular adsorption), in parallel with applied research in mineral processing strategies across all aspects of the industry. For example, advanced mineralogy, grinding/attritioning chemistry, conditioning, pulp and surface chemistry in

flotation and physical separation, leaching/dissolution, water chemistry, flocculation/settling, agglomeration, etc. I currently lead the long-running AMIRA P260 Flotation project which, in 2014, will celebrate its 25th year of continuous industry funding.

Selected Publications1. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 157, 10-14 (1998). 2. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65 (5), 715-727 (2001). 3. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68 (10), 2259-2263 (2004). 4. Surface Science, 601, 5794-5799 (2007). 5. Langmuir, 26 (11), 8122-8130 (2010).

Bill SkinnerResearch Professor

BSc University of Melbourne, AustraliaBAppSc, PhD RMIT University, Australia


15

Benjamin ThierryAssociate Research Professor

BEng INP Grenoble, France MSc Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Canada PhD McGill University, Canada


BioNanoEngineeringThe research activities in the BioNanoEngineering group (www.bionanoengineering.com) centre on cross-disciplinary biodiagnostic applications integrating the most recent advances in nanotechnology and materials sciences with a strong translational focus. Our research involves the synthesis and surface engineering of nanoparticles towards obtaining a better understanding of their behaviour in biological systems. The latter includes biodistribution through the vascular and lymphatic systems, diffusion/binding in cancerous tissues (using in vitro and in vivo models) and their specific/non-specific interactions with cells and proteins.

Another major research activity of the group is focussed on the development of novel biosensing methodologies and their integration within microfluidic biosystems. We are in particular interested in achieving a fundamental understanding of long-range surface plasmon resonance

(SPR) and to explore the benefit of this approach for the detection of large biological entities such as cancer cells. A recent interest is the development of silicon nanowire based biosensing approaches towards the detection of cancer prognostic biomarkers such as microRNA level.

Finally, in close collaboration with clinicians, we are actively developing novel microfluidic systems for the capture and analyses of rare cells (eg circulating/disseminated tumour cells and fetal cells) from biological samples (eg blood, aspiration biopsy, resected tissues).

Selected Publications1. Cancer Letters, 328 (2), 271-7 (2013). 2. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 8810-8819 (2012). 3. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 8841-8848 (2011). 4. Advanced Materials, 21, 541-545 (2009).

Dayang WangResearch Professor

BEng, PhD Jilin University, PR China


Interface Science and Surface EngineeringOur fundamental research interest is to study the interactions of solid surfaces with surrounding solvents, gas molecules, and ions in order to rationalize and, most importantly, predict and engineer the surface properties of macroscopic planar surfaces, such as wetting, and the nucleation and growth of colloidal particles and their dispersion and agglomeration behaviour in bulk media. We have developed a number of techniques for surface modifications based on both physical adsorption and chemical coupling with the aid of newly developed living polymerization techniques.

A major research activity of our group is to correlate the molecular picture of the interfaces between two immiscible fluids with the physical and chemical properties of the interfaces, such as peculiar interfacial basicity, and the interfacial adsorption, adhesion, motion, and translocation of molecules and particles. This expertise is currently applied to

develop unprecedented interfacial catalytic systems for sustainable energy production and smart delivery carriers for diagnostics and therapeutic intervention across biological barriers in the skin, lung, brain, and alimentary canal. We are interested in the interaction of hydrogel with solvents, ions and gas molecules. We have recently succeeded in harnessing hydrogel for phase transfer and encapsulation of drugs, enzymes, and inorganic nanoparticles without chemical treatments.

Selected Publications1. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52, 3726-3730 (2013). 2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 51, 9647-9651 (2012). 3. Nano Lett., 11, 2152-2156 (2011). 4. Adv. Mater., 23, 5694-5699 (2011). 5. Adv. Mater., 22, 3247-3250 (2010).

16

Nicky ThomasResearch Associate

BPharm, Albert-Ludwigs, Germany PGCertPharm, PhD, University of Otago, New Zealand


Nanoparticulate drug delivery systemsMy research interest is concerned with the utilisation of biocompatible nanomaterial as drug delivery systems for the oral and topical route of administration.

Oral drug delivery of poorly water-soluble drugsModern drugs are often associated with poor physicochemical properties causing erratic drug absorption in the intestinal tract. Although promising as novel drug delivery systems the use of lipid-based formulations such as self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) has been hampered by their limited drug load. In my research we have developed and characterised SNEDDS with a high drug load (termed super-SNEDDS) with improved bioavailability. Characterisation methods include in vitro digestion, solid state analysis and in vivo models (dogs and pigs).

Topical drug delivery to bacterial biofilmsMy recent research has focussed on the fabrication of nanoparticulate delivery systems for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The design of biocompatible nanocarriers (either polymer- or lipid-based) with various surface modifications can stimulate the interaction of the nanocarrier with the bacterial biofilm, triggering the release of the incorporated drug at the site of infection. In collaboration with the Queen Elisabeth Hospital the developed formulations are characterised in vitro and in vivo prior to their clinical application.

Selected Publications1. AAPS Journal, 15, 219-227 (2013). 2. Journal of Controlled Release, 160, 25-32 (2012). 3. AAPS Journal, 14, 860-871 (2012). 4. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 101, 1721-1731 (2012). 5. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 437, 253-263 (2012).

Colloid and Surface ChemistrySoft materials, like skin creams, sauces and coating emulsions, consist of drops of one liquid dispersed in another. Attaching particles to the drop surfaces can transform their performance. My research focus is on investigating how particles affect material stability, structure and flow.

Recent advances include emulsions designed to destabilise ‘on demand’. Little is known, however, about how nanoparticle-stabilised (Pickering) emulsions separate. I use novel microscopy techniques to track emulsion destruction. Mapping the structural changes occurring as they break means we should be able to control emulsion shelf-life.

Concentrated emulsions consist of drops jammed together. They are used in applications requiring materials that spread over a surface, but keep their

shape after the applied force is removed. I am applying rheology techniques to probe how emulsions flow in narrow spaces, so we can control structure formation and destruction in food products.

Particle wetting at liquid surfaces is also important in powder and soil technologies. Waxy compounds in Australian sandy soils prevent water infiltration and have dramatically reduced the productivity of 5 million hectares of land. I am collaborating with CSIRO scientists to address the interactions between porous architecture, clay particles, soil organic matter and microbial processes that contribute to soil hydrophobicity.

Selected Publications1. Soft Matter, 8, 11336 (2012). 2. Soft Matter, 8, 3784 (2012). 3. Journal of Colloids and Interface Science, 361, 170 (2011). 4. Langmuir, 20, 4345 (2004). 5. Eur. Phys. J. E., 11, 273 (2003).

Catherine WhitbySenior Research Fellow

BSc(Hons) University of New South Wales, AustraliaPhD University of Melbourne, Australia


17

Massimiliano (Max) ZaninSenior Research Fellow

BEng University of Trieste, Italy PhD University of Cagliari, Italy


Mineral ProcessingMy expertise is in mineral processing, ranging from flotation chemistry to physical separation processes, simulation and modelling. Research interests include: froth flotation and physical separation of minerals, metallurgical data analysis, plant surveying and flotation circuits optimisation. My research is oriented to both the fundamental processes involved in minerals processing and to applications and technology transfer to the industry. I am also interested in the application of mineral processing technologies for the separation and recovery of solid waste fractions (plastics, glass, paper, metals), and in the sustainable use of resources in general.

Selected Publications1. Miner. Eng., 24, 50-57 (2011). 2. Int. J. Miner. Process., 93, 256-266 (2009). 3. Int. J. Miner. Process., 91, 19-27 (2009). 4. Int. J. Miner. Process., 59 (3), 225-236 (2000). 5. Int. J. Miner. Process., 52, 137-160 (1997).

Haolan XuResearch FellowARC DECRA

BSc Nanjing University of Technology, PR China PhD Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, PR China


Interfaces and Materials SurfacesOur group is focusing on the study of liquid-liquid interfaces and the material surfaces. At oil-water interfaces, water molecules are highly oriented. They straddle the interfaces with one OH bond pointing into the aqueous phase and another OH bond pointing to the water phase, inducing a dipole lies in the plane near the interfaces. Oil-water interfaces are negatively charged. Since the absence of counterions in oil phase, there will be an oriented electrostatic filed at the interfaces. These two factors generate a net anisotropic force at interfaces. We study the interactions between the dipole of crystal particles and the anisotropic forces at interfaces. We aim to utilize the anisotropic interactions to realize mutual orientation of the crystal particles at interfaces, which could facilitate the highly oriented assembly or attachment of crystal particles to form the mesocrystalline or single crystalline films.

The surfaces of the materials is pivotal to their application because most of the chemical processes take place at the surfaces, for instance, catalytic reaction, surface modification, surface growth etc. Our group is focusing on tuning the surfaces activity via mass adsorption and exchanging. The adsorbed inorganic, organic molecules, gas and droplets are investigated.

Selected Publications1. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 13829-13834 (2006). 2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 1489-1492 (2007). 3. Advanced Functional Materials, 20, 1053-1074 (2010). 4. Chem. Mater., 23, 5105-5110 (2011). 5. Langmuir, 28, 13060-13065 (2012).

18

Functional NanomaterialsMy research interests are within the areas of synthesis, surface modification and colloidal stability of functional nanomaterials. Their applications have been focused on the following areas:

Nano lubrication oil additives - Nanoparticles are suspended in lubrication oil and used as novel lubrication oil additives. The tribological properties, transport and attachment of nanoparticles at friction surface and their lubrication mechanism have been revealed. Shape-dependent sorting of nanoparticles at interfaces - The physicochemical properties of NPs are highly size- and shape- dependent. My aim is to study shape effect of nanoparticles on their adsorption behaviour at ionic liquids/water interfaces and develop a novel method for shape sorting of nanoparticles using interfaces in both

bulk and microfluidic channels. Graphene and graphene oxide used as adsorbents and supercapacitors - Graphene is a new class of two-dimensional carbon nanostructure and has excellent electronic transport properties, extremely high mechanical stiffness, and exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity. My focus is on the synthesis of graphene and graphene oxide-based nanocomposites of different structures and to study their applications used as adsorbents and supercapacitors.

Selected Publications1. Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed., 52 (16), 4361-4365 (2013). 2. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 331, 251-262 (2009). 3. Langmuir, 24, 4506-4511 (2008). 4. Langmuir, 22 (7), 3332-3336 (2006). 5. Tribology Letters, 8 (4), 213-218 (2000).

Jingfang ZhouResearch FellowARC DECRA

BSc(Hons) Xiamen University, PR China MSc Henan University, PR China PhD University of South Australia


19

Mawson Lakes CampusUniversity of South AustraliaMawson Lakes SA 5095

www.unisa.edu.au/iwri

Telephone +61 8 8302 3694Facsimile +61 8 8302 3683

Information correct at time of printing (May 2014)CRICOS provider number 00121B

Research at the Ian Wark Research Institute · Research at The Wark™ The Ian Wark Research...

Documents

Transcript of Research at the Ian Wark Research Institute · Research at The Wark™ The Ian Wark Research...