Research and Statistics AP PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS.
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Transcript of Research and Statistics AP PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS.
![Page 1: Research and Statistics AP PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649eac5503460f94bb20ba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Research and Statistics
AP PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS
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Often times, though we think we know, we don’t really know everything we think we know……
Hindsight bias- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
Judgmental Overconfidence- over tendency to believe we know more than we actually do
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Setting up good SURVEYS
• Population- all the cases in a group being studied
• Random sample- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
• We must be careful to avoid bias when conducting research, especially in surveying. Bias can be found in the samples chosen or the questions being asked
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Setting up good research
• Operational definition- a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
• Replication- repeating the essence of a research study to see whether or not a study’s basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances
Dr. Scientist
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In Experimental Psychology….How do researchers attempt to prevent bias or inadvertent manipulation of data?
Random assignment- assigning participants to experimental & control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between assignees.
• Experimental group• Control group
Double-blind procedure- an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or the placebo
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Don’t forget those variables!• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Confounding variable- a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Wilhelm Wundt agrees!
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Stats is all Thatz!• Correlation- a measure of the extent to
which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other.
• Correlation Coefficient- a statistical index of the relationship between 2 things.
(Measured from -1.0 to 1.0)
Yep, Stats is where it’s At’s!
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Fun with Scatter plots!
Scatter plot with a positive correlation Scatter plot with a negative correlation
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Measures of Central Tendency• Mode- the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Mean- the average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Mode =3
Mean =5.1
• Median- the middle score in a distribution 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Median =5
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Standard Deviation• A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
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In a normal distribution…….• Usually 68% of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean
• 95% of data generally fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean
• Few scores or pieces of data fall near the extremes
Einstein’s IQ was 160, 4 standard deviations from the mean!