REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
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Transcript of REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
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REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
Definition = making an exact genetic copy of an organism.
Occurs naturally with identical twins
Lab methods - artificial twinning- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Artificial Twinning
• Similar to how identical twins form
• Early stage embryo (blastocyst) is pulled apart
artificial twinning process
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
• Somatic cell = any body cell (not sex cells)
• Oocyte = egg
• Enucleated = nucleus is removed; click link and select “Enucleation Video” on right-hand side
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer cont.
• In SCNT, any somatic cell is fused with an enucleated donor oocyte.
• “Fertilized egg” is given a shock and transferred into a surrogate female.
• Result is genetically identical to the somatic cell donor. (Animation)
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Why Clone?
• Preserving endangered or recreating extinct animals.
• Restoring the life of a lost pet.
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Why Clone?
• Making exact copies of livestock or crops that have prized traits.
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What animals have been cloned?ANIMALS THAT HAVE CLONED BY SCNT• Tadpole• Carp• Sheep• Pig (xenotransplantation = using animal organs in humans)• Gaur• Cattle• Cat• Mule• Deer• Horse (Champion the Wonder Clone)• Rat• Fruit Flies• Dog
ANIMALS THAT HAVE BEEN CLONED BY ARTIFICIAL TWINNING• Rhesus Monkey
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What animals have been cloned?ANIMALS THAT HAVE BEEN CLONED BY ARTIFICIAL TWINNING• Rhesus Monkey
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Any Problems With Cloning?• Video
1. High Failure Rate
- Success rate ranges from 0.1 – 3%
- Dolly was result of 277 attempts!
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Any Problems With Cloning?
2. Large Organ Syndrome • Kidney, brain, immune system malformation
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Any Problems With Cloning?3. Abnormal gene
expression
• Same genes, but body isn’t using them the same as the original.
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Any Problems With Cloning?4. Telomere is too short
• Shorten as we age
• Dolly started with shorter than normal telomeres
• Developed arthritis at an early age
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Cloning Misconceptions
• Myth #1 – Instant Clone
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Cloning Misconceptions• Myth #2 – Carbon Copies
• Nature vs Nurture
• In females, X-inactivation- each cell can’t have multiple copies of the X chromosome
- each cell randomly chooses which X chromosome to inactivate
- female clones are not phenotypic clones
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Should we clone humans?