Imagine Having A Copy Of Yourself Identical Twin

AN EXACT REPLICA

CLONING

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What Is Cloning ?

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Replication of certain type of cells or certain part of the

cell/ DNA from a "parent" cell To PROPAGATE

a certain DESIRABLE genetic trait.

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To Understand CLONING we have to Differentiate between its

different types

DNA cloning Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning

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DNA CLONINGTransferring  a fragment of DNA from one

organism to a self-replicating genetic element (bacterial plasmid )

DNA of interest can then be PROPAGATED in foreign host cells.

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THERAPEUTIC CLONING (Embryo Cloning ) -Production of human embryos for use in research, for example,

extracting stem cells from these embryos for study & for producing tissues to treat diseases.

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Reproductive cloning

A technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another animal, so that every single gene is

exactly the same between the two in a process called "Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer", or (SCNT), and this type of

cloning is our subject to discuss.

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HISTORICAL VIEW

1952 – Trial On a tadpole. 1997 - Dolly The Sheep by a Scottish scientist at Rosaline Institute ( first cloning of a live mammal)

Dolly The Sheep

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How does one go about making an exact genetic

copy of an organism? It can be done by different ways:

somatic cell nuclear transfer and artificial embryo twinning. What is the

difference between these processes?

How Is Cloning Done?

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Artificial embryo twinning (natural process of creating identical twins)

Occurs in a Petri dish Manual separation of a early embryo into separate cells Allowing each cell to divide on its own Placement of Embryo into a surrogate mother Term Completion and delivery of Baby

SAME ZYGOTE = IDENTICAL GENETICS

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) - an exact clone of an individual Dolly the sheep was created by this method.

Isolation of a somatic cell from an adultNucleus( somatic cell) implantation to an egg cell after removing the egg nucleusFertilization & zygote formation by chemical reactions and interventionsEmbryo implantation into a surrogate mother to complete the term.

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The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female

sheep who donated the somatic cell nucleus to the enucleated egg,

resulting in the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell

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Difference between Natural Fertilization and SCNT

Origin Of 2 Set Chromosome In Embryo

Sperm 1 Set

Egg 1 set

Both Set From Somatic Cell

Natural Way SCNT

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Reproductive cloning is expensivenot highly efficient90% failure rate (one viable clone needs more than 100 nuclear transfer). Compromised immune functionHigher rates of infection, tumor growth, Death at Young ageClones have been known to die without identifiable cause.

What are the risks of cloning?

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Potentially Dangerous And Ethically Irresponsible

InefficiencyLack of understanding

Large offspring syndromeLow survival rateMany Unknowns

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Gamete nucleus and a haploidized somatic cell nucleusReplace either the male or the female gameteTreatment of both male and female infertilityAlleviate some of the ethical concerns against conventional cloning in human assisted-reproduction

Reproductive Semi-Cloning Respecting Biparental Embryo Origin

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Learn More To Get World Class Infertility IVF Gynecology and ObstetricsFacilities

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Dr Najeeb LayyousAmman, Jordan

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