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Repowering a Nation: Establishing Standards for the U.S. Smart Grid George W. Arnold, Eng.Sc.D. National Coordinator for Smart Grid Interoperability National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Commerce

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NIST Today: Mission To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life 2

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NIST At A Glance Major Assets ~ 2,900 employees ~ 2600 associates and facilities users ~ 1,600 field staff in partner organizations ~ 400 NIST staff serving on 1,000 national and international standards committees Major Programs NIST Laboratories Baldrige National Quality Program Manufacturing Extension Partnership Technology Innovation Program

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NIST main campuses Boulder, CO Gaithersburg, MD

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NIST Budget ($ in Millions) 5 Additionally, 2009 Recovery Act provided $612 M ($350 M for construction, $262 M for research)

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U.S. Electric Grid 3100 electric utility companies 10,000 power plants 157,000 miles of high- voltage lines 140 million meters $800 billion in assets $247 billion annual revenues 6

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Todays Electric Grid Markets and Operations Generation Transmission Distribution Customer Use One-way flow of electricity Centralized, bulk generation Heavy reliance on coal, natural gas Limited automation Limited situational awareness Consumers lack data to manage energy usage

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Why Do We Need Smart Grids? Fundamental Drivers Climate change Energy security Lifestyle dependent on electricity Jobs Smart Grid goals Reduce energy use overall and increase grid efficiency Increase use of renewables (wind and solar dont produce carbon) Support shift from oil to electric transportation Enhance reliability and security of the electric system 8

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9 20% of capacity is needed to serve 5% of highest usage hours PJM Real Time Load Duration Current Grid is Inherently Inefficient Source: PJM

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Integration of Renewables Presents New Challenges due to Variability 10 Source: PJM

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Why Electric Vehicles? Electrification of transportation could Displace half of US oil imports Reduce CO 2 20% Reduce urban air pollutants 40%-90% Idle capacity of the power grid could supply 70% of energy needs of todays cars and light trucks 11

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Southern California Edison Forecasted EV Charging Load *Based on predicted 1.6 million Evs on the SCE grid Copyright 2009 Southern California Edison 12

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What Will the Smart Grid Look Like? High use of renewables 20% 35% by 2020 Distributed generation and microgrids Net metering selling local power into the grid Distributed storage Smart meters that provide near-real time usage data Time of use and dynamic pricing Ubiquitous smart appliances communicating with the grid Energy management systems in homes as well as commercial and industrial facilities linked to the grid Growing use of plug-in electric vehicles Networked sensors and automated controls throughout the grid

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Smart Grid = Green Jobs KEMA Study for GridWise Alliance estimates: 280,000 new jobs in early deployment years 140,000 new jobs in steady state Utilities, their contractors and supply chain

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Smart Grid: The Enernet Graphics courtesy of EPRI 2-way flow of electricity and information

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Energy Independence and Security Act Defines ten national policies for the Smart Grid: 1.Use digital technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid 2.Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber- security 3.Integration of distributed renewable resources 4.Demand response and demand-side energy-efficiency resources 5.Automate metering, grid operations and status, and distribution grid management 6.Integrate `smart' appliances and consumer devices 7.Integrate electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies, including plug-in electric vehicles 8.Provide consumers timely information and control 9.Interoperability standards for the grid and connected appliances and equipment 10.Lower barriers to adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and services.

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Government Roles in Smart Grid 17 Public Utility Commissions Federal State Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Smart Grid Task Force Other Federal Agencies Other Federal Agencies

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SGIG Topic Areas Smart Grid Investment Grants Category$ Million Integrated/Crosscutting2,150 AMI818 Distribution254 Transmission148 Customer Systems32 Manufacturing26 Total3,429 Geographic Coverage of Selected Projects 18 million smart meters 1.2 million in-home display units 206,000 smart transformers 177,000 load control devices 170,000 smart thermostats 877 networked phasor measurement units 671 automated substations 100 PEV charging stations

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Smart Grid Stakeholders 19 1 Appliance and consumer electronics providers 2 Commercial and industrial equipment manufacturers and automation vendors 3 Consumers Residential, commercial, and industrial 4 Electric transportation industry Stakeholders 5 Electric utility companies Investor Owned Utilities (IOU) 6 Electric utility companies - Municipal (MUNI) 7 Electric utility companies - Rural Electric Association (REA) 8 Electricity and financial market traders (includes aggregators) 9Independent power producers 10 Information and communication technologies (ICT) Infrastructure and Service Providers 11 Information technology (IT) application developers and integrators 12 Power equipment manufacturers and vendors 13 Professional societies, users groups, and industry consortia 14R&D organizations and academia 15 Relevant Federal Government Agencies 16Renewable Power Producers 17Retail Service Providers 18 Standard and specification development organizations (SDOs) 19State and local regulators 20Testing and Certification Vendors 21 Transmission Operators and Independent System Operators 22Venture Capital

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Why Do We Need Standards? 20 Whirlpool Corporation To Produce One Million Smart Grid-Compatible Clothes Dryers by the End of 2011 Standards for data communication, price information, schedules, demand response signals

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Standards Come From Many Sources International Regional and National Global Consortia

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Electric Vehicles Require Many Standards 22 1547 (Distributed energy interconnection) Smart Energy 2.0 J2293 (Communication) J1772 (Connector) 61850 and 61970/61968 Information models Demand response & price signaling C12 (Meter) National Electric Code (Enclosures) National Electric Safety Code (Battery)

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The Need for Standards is Urgent Example: Smart Meters Key element of smart grids 40 million to be deployed in the next several years in US Rapid technology evolution Absence of firm standards 23

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White House Meeting May 2009 Chaired by Secretaries of Energy and Commerce 66 CEOs and senior executives, federal and state regulators 24 Commitment to accelerate development of a roadmap

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NIST Three Phase Plan PHASE 1 Identify an initial set of existing consensus standards and develop a roadmap to fill gaps PHASE 1 Identify an initial set of existing consensus standards and develop a roadmap to fill gaps PHASE 2 Establish public/private Standards Panel to provide ongoing recommendations for new/revised standards PHASE 2 Establish public/private Standards Panel to provide ongoing recommendations for new/revised standards PHASE 3 Testing and Certification Framework PHASE 3 Testing and Certification Framework March September 20092010

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Priorities for Standardization Demand Response and Consumer Energy Efficiency Wide Area Situational Awareness Electric Storage Electric Transportation Advanced Metering Infrastructure Distribution Grid Management Cyber Security Network Communications

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Open, Public Process Three public workshops More than 1500 participants Hundreds of companies, organizations, agencies Online collaboration wiki White House-sponsored blog Federal Register Notices Web conferences All information publicly available on-line 27

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Release 1.0 Framework Published January 2010 Smart Grid Vision Reference Model 75 standards identified 15 priority action plans to fill gaps Cyber security strategy Next steps

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Smart Grid Domains

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NIST Smart Grid Reference Model 30

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Communications for the SG Many different applications Home energy automation, smart meters, distribution automation, SCADA, enterprise, Diverse geographic environments Urban, suburban, rural Many technologies Wireless and wired WANs, MANs, LANs, PLC Multiple ownership models Utility-owned and operated facilities as well as carrier- provided services Will be predominantly Internet Protocol-based Resiliency, reliability, and security are critical requirements 31

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Smart Grid Will Use International Standards 32 ISO/IEC/ITU IETF IEEE/SAE/ISA Global consortia

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Ensuring Security and Privacy 33

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34 Smart Grid Cyber Security Strategy

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Smart Grid Measurement Research Needs Transmission and Distribution Phasor Measurement Unit testing and calibration Smart meter testing/calibration Voltage and current transformer calibration Embedded small, inexpensive sensors in T&D networks Storage Battery performance measurement and characterization Buildings Building automation sensor integration Characterization as a thermal storage resource Information and communications Network performance evaluation Cyber security testing and evaluation 35

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Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Public-private partnership formed November 2009 Permanent body Supports NIST in setting standards for U.S. smart grid Coordinates, does not develop standards Over 550 member organizations, 1700 representatives 22 stakeholder categories utilities, renewable power suppliers, electric equipment suppliers, ICT, appliance makers, automation suppliers, standards developers, regulators, venture capital, Open, transparent process International participation 36

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Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (contd) SGIP Governing Board Approves and prioritizes the work of the SGIP Coordinates necessary resources (in dialog with SDOs, user groups, and others) to carry out finalized action plans in efficient and effective manner. Standing Committees SG Architecture Committee (SGAC) SG Testing and Certification (SGTC) Additional Committees will be created as needed Working Groups Cyber Security Coordination Task Group Domain Expert Working Groups (DEWGs) NIST Federal Advisory Committee also in formation 37

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Further Information Web portal: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid Contact: George Arnold, National Coordinator Email: george.arnold@nist.gov Telephone: +1.301.975.2232 38