report on optical fiber communication

8/10/2019 report on optical fiber communication

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AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHA.IA#AD

27 Km Stone,Delhi-Ha!" #$a%% Roa&,A&h$atmi' Na(a",Gha)ia*a&-2+++

Training Certificate

It is certified that Mait"ee Ra%to(i/ , student of A0a$ K!ma" Ga"( En(inee"in(

Colle(e, Gha)ia*a& of B.tech Final Year ,Electronics and Communication

Engineering branch ,has undergone Industrial Training in Reliance Communication

Ltd, from 1st une,!"1# to 1$th ul%, !"1#.

G Cat1 Ret&134 K Cho"a 5SM G Cat1 Ret&134 K Cho"a 5SM

4"o61 HOD ECE3 4"o61 HOD 843


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ACKNO9LEDGEMEN8

&ith the com'letion of the training m% e('erience at the firm )as e(cellent.

The tas* of underta*ing the training tra+elled through a d%namic e('erience.

&ith the constant guidance, +aluable suggestions, timel% hel' and heart

)arming encouragement rendered to me b% r. -ureet /ingh along )ith all

other members of the Installation and Commissioning 0IC2 team the firm

ser+ed as an e(cellent learning 'latform.

3uring the course of the training I came through the )or*ing 'attern of the

office along )ith 'rofessionalism. 4lso the basic 'ractical e('erience at the site

hel'ed a lot. Theoretical discussions, off5site situation handling and on5site

e('erience are to name a fe) of the en+ironments to )hich I )as e('osed.

4long )ith it I )as gi+en enough o''ortunities and encouragement to thin*

inde'endentl% in +arious 'roblem sol+ing situations.

I )ould li*e to e('ress m% than*s to all those 'eo'le )ho directl% or indirectl%

su''orted me throughout m% term for the training.

4bo+e all I )ant to than* 6rof. 6.7. Cho'ra, Head of Training & Placement

Department,AKGEC, for recommending me to the 'ractical training.

8han'in( $o! %in:e"el$,

Mait"ee Ra%to(i


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Relian:e Comm!ni:ation% Limite&

Company Profle

Reliance 8 4nil 3hirubhai 4mbani -rou', an offshoot of the Reliance -rou'

founded b% /hri 3hirubhai 9 4mbani 01:;!5!""!2, ran*s among India

million subscribers. It has been listed on the ?ational /toc* E(change and the

Bomba% /toc* E(change. It has established a 'an5India, high5ca'acit%, integrated

0)ireless and )ireline2, con+ergent 0+oice, data and +ideo2 digital net)or*, to offer

ser+ices s'anning the entire infocomm +alue chain.

@ther maor grou' com'anies A Reliance Ca'ital and Reliance Infrastructure A

are )idel% ac*no)ledged as the mar*et leaders in their res'ecti+e areas of

o'eration.

The Late 3hirubhai 4mbani dreamt of a digital India 5 an India )here the common

man )ould ha+e access to affordable means of information and communication.

3hirubhai, )ho single5handedl% built India


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infrastructure. 9e )anted Reliance to s'earhead a communications re+olution that

)ould

dramaticall% cut do)n the cost of connecti+it%, and 'ro'el India into the digital

age. 9is ultimate

ambition To ma*e the cost of a 'hone call chea'er than that of a 'ost card. It )as

therefore

entirel% logical for Reliance to enter the telecommunications s'ace )hen the sector

)as o'ened

u' for 'ri+ate 'artici'ation in the 1::"s.The rest, as the% sa%, is histor%.

Toda%, Reliance Communications is India


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Toda%, Reliance Communications is re+olutioniing the )a% India communicates

and net)or*s, trul% bringing about a ne) )a% of life.


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Hisory o! Tele"omm#ni"aions

Radio has been around onl% for the last 1"" %ears 0out of GD""" %ears of )ritten

human histor%2.

1D"


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1;> /amuel orse 'atented his telegra'h

1## First commercial telegra'h s%stems o'erational

1$> First trans5atlantic cable 'ut in ser+ice

8elehon$;

In 1>D, 4le(ander -raham Bell 'atented his tele'hone, a de+ice for carr%ing

actual +oices o+er )ires. Initial tele'hone demonstrations s'ar*ed intense 'ublic

interest and b% the late 1:"D, ust four hours before Elisha -re% a''lied

for the same 'atent. But for that timing, )e might ha+e had the -re% Tele'hone

/%stem instead of the Bell Tele'hone /%stem. Through legal maneu+ering Bell>,


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Sr#"#re o! a Typi"al $ireless Sysem

9i"ele%% #a%e Station%;

It 'ro+ides the radio connection bet)een mobile users and the s)itch.

@ne )ireless s%stem in a large metro'olitan area ma% reuire hundreds of base stations to

deli+er unbro*en co+erage and 'ro+ide sufficient ca'acit% to handle all 'otential users.


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8he S>it:h;

Each call in+ol+es oining a circuit leading to one customer 0usuall% on the radio side of

the s%stem2 and a circuit leading to another 'erson 0usuall% out in the 6ublic /)itched

Tele'hone ?et)or* 06/T?2

The de+ice that ma*es the actual 'h%sical connection is called the s)itch The s)itch is also res'onsible for storing billing records, inter'reting dialed 'hone

numbers, routing calls, and im'lementing all calling features

8he #a%e Station Cont"olle" #SC3;

The Base /tation Controller 0B/C2 interfaces the /)itch and the base stations

Com'resses s'eech signals for more efficient transmission o+er the scarce radio s'ectrum Controls the base stations and im'lements the handoff of calls from one base station to

another as users dri+e across the s%stem


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Home Lo:ation Re(i%te" HLR3;

The 9LR 09ome Location Register2 is the official database of all customers on a )ireless

s%stem

It can be 'art of the s)itch, or held in a ser+er at a central location )here multi'les)itches can interrogate it

In6o"mation hel& in the HLR;

K current account status+alidit%

K 'hone


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Deli?e"in( an In:omin( 9i"ele%% Call;

/omeone dials a mobile subscriber


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Each )ireless technolog% uses its o)n methods to im'lement the handoffs. C34 can

e+en simulcast to the mobile from multi'le base stations to reduce fading effects 0thisis called soft handoff2


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$%a is M#liple A""ess&

ulti'le 4ccess is the simultaneous use of a communications s%stem b%

more than one user

Each user


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TDMA' Time Di(ision M#liple A""ess

Each user has a s'ecific freuenc% but onl% during an assigned time slot. The freuenc%is used b% other users during other time slots, li*e a condominium at a beach resort

UNI8ED S8A8ES 5ERSIONS;

I/5$# The original T34 format, intended for use )ithin e(isting 46/ s%stems

I/51;D Enhanced T34 )ith s'ecial control channels to allo) short message ser+ice,

batter% life e(tension, other features

D timeslots, three users occu'% in rotation

IN8ERNA8IONAL 5ERSION

-/ -rou'e /'ecial obile

3e+elo'ed in Euro'e, used in roughl% $"M of all )ireless s%stems )orld)ide

timeslots, > or users occu'% in rotation

CDMA' Co)e Di(ision M#liple A""ess

Each user


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T%ir) Generaion $ireless Sysems

*G o +G Mi,raion Pa%s'

A Game o! A(oi)in, E-remes


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The traffic engineer must )al* a fine line bet)een t)o 'roblems

@+erdimensioning

too much cost

insufficient resources to construct traffic re+enue is too lo) to su''ort costs

+er% 'oor economic efficienc%N

Hnderdimensioning

Bloc*ing

6oor technical 'erformance0interference2

Ca'acit% for billable re+enue is lo)

+er% 'oor economic efficienc%N

re+enue is lo) due to 'oor ualit%

users unha''%, cancel ser+ice

+er% 'oor economic efficienc%

Prin"iples o! Tra." En,ineerin,'

#lo:'in( 4"o*a*ilit$ @ G"a&e o6 Se"?i:e

Bloc*ing is inabilit% to get a circuit )hen one is needed

6robabilit% of Bloc*ing is the li*elihood that bloc*ing )ill ha''en

In 'rinci'le, bloc*ing can occur an%)here in a )ireless s%stem

K not enough radios, the cell is full K not enough 'aths bet)een cell site and s)itch

K not enough 'aths through the s)itching com'le( K not enough trun*s from s)itch to 6/T?

Bloc*ing 'robabilit% is usuall% e('ressed as a 'ercentage using a shorthand notation

K 6."! is !M 'robabilit%, etc. K Bloc*ing 'robabilit% sometimes is called -rade @f /er+ice

ost bloc*ing in cellular s%stems occurs at the radio le+el.

K 6."! is a common goal at the radio le+el in a s%stem


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9i"ele%% S$%tem 4e"6o"man:e Otimi)ation

7e% 6erformance Indicators and @becti+es

K 3ro''ed Calls, 4ccess Failures, s%stem BER, FER

K 9andoff 4cti+it% Le+els K Ca'acit% and Bloc*ing

/uccess comes from managing resources K 9andoff

K Thresholds 'ro'erl% set

K ?eighbor lists )ell5o'timied K RF Co+erage holes +s. e(cessi+e o+erla'

K 6? or Freuenc% 6lanning

K 9ard)are defects )atch statistics for clues


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ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

ANALOG ;

9istoricall%, tele'hone s%stems )ere entirel% analog circuits. &hen +oice is con+erted to an

electrical signal through the micro'hone in a tele'hone, it 'ro+ides a continuousl% +ar%ingelectrical )a+e. The )a+e matches the 'ressure 'attern of the sound that created it and con+e%s

loudness )hich is measured as am'litude, and 'itch )hich is measured as freuenc%. Because the

tone 0'itch2 and loudness 0am'litude2 of +oice is un'redictable, the analog signal is also

un'redictable.

The basic sha'e of an electrical )a+e used to transmit telecommunications signals is re'resented

b% the sine )a+e. The rate at )hich the electrical current alternates is measured in hert, )hich

means c%cles 'er second. 4 +oice tele'hone circuit is designed to handle freuencies from ;"" to#,""" hert 0# 7h2.

4s an analog signal tra+els through a )ire, the signal loses strength o+er distance 0attenuation2and has to be am'lified. Hnfortunatel%, )hen the +oice signal is am'lified, an% noise on the line

is also am'lified. 4fter much am'lification the line noise com'onent ma% be larger than theactual +oice signal. Circuit noise can ma*e the con+ersion unintelligible.

DIGI8AL ;

Hnli*e the analog signal, a digital signal is 'redictable. 4 digital signal is a series of discrete,

discontinuous +oltage 'ulses. The analog +oice signal is sam'led at the rate of ,""" sam'les 'ersecond, and each sam'le is transmitted as a binar% code. The binar% states of " and 1 are

re'resented as discrete le+els of +oltage.

3igital transmission has higher ualit% than analog. Li*e analog signals, digital signals lose

strength o+er distance. 9o)e+er, )ith digital transmission, regenerators detect the incoming bitstream of "s and 1s and create a ne) signal that is identical to the original signal.


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O48ICAL


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Co"e;

The core of an o'tical fiber is a glass rod 5 denotes the central 'art of the fiber )here the maorit%

of the light 'ro'agates.

Cla&&in(;

The cladding of an o'tical fiber surrounds the core and has a Refracti+e Inde( lo)er than that of

core. This difference in refracti+e inde( allo)s total internal reflection to occur )ithin the fibercore and a+oids the entr% into the Cladding. Total internal reflection is the 'henomenon b% )hich

light 'ro'agates in o'tical fiber.

Coating is made u' of 6JC material5a+ailable in different colours as 'er ITH code.


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If )e get an o'tical tunnel )here once a light 'ulse enters at one end can onl% come out at theother end, )ould ser+e our 'ur'ose. 4n @FC is ust that. Transmission through an @FC is li*e a

light ball tra+eling do)n a tunnel. It reflects se+eral times on the )all before reaching the end

of the tunnel.

Snell% la> i% &e6ine& a%;n1sinA1= n2sinA2,

&hereK n is the refracti+e inde( and 4 the corres'onding angles as sho)n.

K The refracti+e inde( is the ratio of the s'eed of light in a +acuum to the s'eed of light in a

gi+en medium.K n1 P C J

K C P Jelocit% of light in Jacuum i.e. ; ( 1"metres 'er second.

K J P Jelocit% of light in a gi+en medium/o, if the to' 'art of the diagram is C@RE n1 is Refracti+e Inde( of the Core material and if

the bottom 'art is Cladding, n! is Refracti+e Inde( of the Cladding material. &hen light 'asses

from one medium to another, the angles refracti+e inde(es of the media determined the 'ath

that light too*. The relationshi' is a function of the sine of the angles, also *no)n as the La) of/ines 0b% 3escartes2.

The 'henomenon of total internal reflection )as disco+ered b% ohn Tendel in 1$#, )hen he

filled a can )ith )ater, )hich had a hole at the lo)est le+el. @b+iousl% )ater started flo)ing outof the hole forming a cur+ed 'roectile 'ath. 4s Tendell lit a torch at the to' of the Can, a 'ortion

of that light )ould come out of the hole at the bottom. These light ra%s then e('erience totalinternal reflection because Refracti+e Inde( 0n2 of )ater is greater than air. Thus these ra%s

)ould bend along )ith the )ater% 'roectile 'ath gi+ing rise to the idea that light could tra+el in

a cur+ed 'ath if the 'henomenon of TIR is re'eated man% times.


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Opi"al Fi1re Spe"if"aions

Opi"al Spe"r#m


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The @'tical /'ectrum can be di+ided into three regions

Ult"a 5iolet;

That 'ortion of the electromagnetic s'ectrum in )hich the longest )a+elength is ust belo) the

+isible s'ectrum, e(tending from a''ro(imatel% # nm to #"" nm.

5i%i*le Li(ht;

Electromagnetic radiation +isible to the human e%e )a+elengths of #""5>"" nm.

In6"a"e& IR3;

The region of the electromagnetic s'ectrum bounded b% the long )a+elength, e(treme of the+isible s'ectrum 0about ".> m2 and the shortest micro)a+es 0about ".1 m2.

?o)ada%s to generate different )a+elengths 'luggable lasers of different Freuenc% are

a+ailable. In the old da%s different cards )ere a+ailable for different freuenc%.

Aen#aion

4ttenuation is the measure of the reduction in signal magnitude, or loss, along a length of

fiber.

4ttenuation is one factor )hich determines the 'o)er loss. 4ttenuation in fiber o'tic cabling is usuall% e('ressed in decibels 'er unit length of cable

0i.e. dB*m2 at a s'ecified )a+elength. 4ttenuation describes ho) energ% is lost or dissi'ated.

Loss is the cost of mo+ing something, li*e charges or 'articles or light 'ulses.

4ttenuation in fiber o'tic cabling is usuall% e('ressed in decibels 'er unit length of cable 0i.e.

dB*m2 at a s'ecified )a+elength.

4ttenuation P 1" log1" 0Iout Iin2

&here,Iout P outgoing intensit% 0intensit% is measured in &attm

5!2

Iin P incoming intensit% 0&attm5!2


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So#r"es o! Aen#aion in Fi1ers

A*%o"tion "oo"tional to @ B3

Caused b% im'urities in the glass, and an% atomic defects in the glass increases dramaticall%

abo+e 1>"" nm. The 'ea* absor'tion occurs at a''ro(imatel% 1#""nmU.

S:atte"in( "oo"tional to @ B3

/cattering is caused b% small +ariations in the densit% of glass. Loss of o'tical energ% due toim'erfections in homogeneities 0localied densit% +ariations2. 4nd therefore act as scattering

obects.

Geomet"i: E66e:t% "oo"tional to B3

Bending losses increases )ith increase in )a+elength. Effects of ! cm radius bend at three

)a+elengths.


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/cattering and 4bsor'tion decides suitabilit% of o'tical fiber for transmission at s'ecificfreuencies onl%. If a gra'h of Loss in dB*m is 'lotted against the )a+elength then )e obser+ethat, O4ttenuation +aries )ith the )a+e length of light.< The fiber e(hibits minimum attenuation

at )a+elength slots, 1;1"nm, and 1$$"nm. These are called, second )indo) and third )indo).

The second and the third )indo)s are in 'ractical use toda%, i.e. )e don=t use the $" nm an%

more e(ce't for some restricted a''lications. The $" nm )as in use in the 'ast )hen the Laser

3iodes a+ailable )ere of $" nm onl%.

Ben)in, Losses


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$a(elen,% M#liple-in,

Large increase in Band)idth can be achie+ed b% using a techniue called 3ense &a+e 3i+ision

ulti'le(ing 03&32. /u''ose )e had a one lane 9&, onl% one +ehicle can run at a time. If)e needed more +ehicles to run simultaneousl% )e )ill ha+e to add more lanes, sa% # or D lane

or )e can construct multistor% 9igh)a%.

In the abo+e s*etch, each lane is euated )ith different colour of light 0+iolet, blue, green,%ello), orange, red, etc.2 .&hen se+en colours are 'assed through a triangular 'rism ,it becomes

one 0ulti'le(er theor%2 and )hen it )ill come out it becomes > colours again. 3&3 uses the

abo+e 'henomenon, but uses Laser and IR light instead of +isible light. The result is the same,

onl% that )e can multi'le( man% more )a+elengths and demulti'le( them at the recei+ing end.?ormall% )e can achie+e B& 1" -B's )ith one )a+elength, 4s 'er 3&3 technolog%, )e can

go u' to "" -B's b% using " &a+e length, that too in a single fiber of @FC. 4nd )e ha+e #cores in one cable and D such cables that can be laid in our ?BB.

3&3 5 1$;"U to 1$D; U P C band P Con+entional

1$>" U to 1D!" U P L band P Long


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This is our Reliance India Roadma'. It L3C4, $D$ /3C4, co+ering 1 telecom circles, e(tending )ireline

connecti+it% to 1; cities and )ireless connecti+it% in $> cities. Business conducted in thesecities constitutes "M of India


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S/i"%in,

/)itch not onl% reduces transmission cost but also reduces the com'le(it% of connecting

subscribers. 9ere subscribers ha+e com'lete control on information flo) to a subscriber. /imilarconce't is further e(tended to route subscribers traffic to long distance e(changes b% ta*ing calls

through e(changes arranged in tandem. R!FC 8 Registered Registered ulti Freuenc%

Channel.

/T6 5 /ignal Transferring 'oint 5 4ll s)itches are connected to /T6

/C6 5 /)itch Control 6anel 5 a+ailable at /T6 for 3atabase5'asses data information 0details of

caller Recei+er 'art%2 as )hen reuired b% /T6.

CC/> 8 Common Channel /ignaling +ersion5>

In 3( connections are made for longer time.

In s)itches connections change from call to call.

/)itches are intra5net)or* de+ices designed to increase 'erformance in clientser+er net)or*s

b% facilitating L4? segmentation. Because s)itches can be im'lemented )ithout changing

ada'ters, cabling, hubs, etc., net)or* in+estments are 'reser+ed. In addition, s)itches facilitate

the creation and management of +irtual L4?s, a logical grou'ing of users, inde'endent of their'h%sical location. &ith s)itches, ad hoc )or*grou's can be created, managed, and changed b%

soft)are rather than hard)iring. Essentiall%, a L4? s)itch is a lo)5latenc%, multi'ort bridge that

creates se'arate segments. /)itches are used to 'ro+ide dedicated band)idth to s'ecific users or


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ser+er5based grou's of users in Ethernet and To*en Ring andor to transition to higher5s'eed

technologies, such as F33I, Fast Ethernet, -igabit Ethernet, andor 4T.

/)itches can be used to

K Interconnect elements of a distributed com'uting s%stem

K 6ro+ide high5s'eed connections to cam'us bac*bones and ser+ers andK /cale net)or* band)idth b% adding more s)itched 'orts.

/)itching technolog% has three 'rinci'al ad+antages scalable band)idth, fle(ibilit%, and high'erformance. For all these reasons, s)itches ha+e emerged as the industr%


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