Renewable and nondepletable energies Topic 18 part 4.
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Transcript of Renewable and nondepletable energies Topic 18 part 4.
Renewable energy from biomass
Biomass– Wood– Charcoal– Peat– Manure
Biodiesel Ethanol Methane from livestock
Is biomass really renewable?-If harvested sustainably
-Wood is often converted into charcoal and sold in urban areas
(Haiti deforestation and resulting problems)
-Solution research
Wood: Advantages and Disadvantages
-there’s a large potential supply, if it’s used sustainably
-doesn’t cost too much-no net carbon dioxide
released if it is harvested sustainably
-plantations can restore degraded land
-can put agricultural and urban waste to good use
-easily becomes nonrenewable when not harvested carefully
-if not harvested renewably, it releases a lot of carbon dioxide
-burning causes pollution of air and water
-plantations & cutting down trees cause habitat and biodiversity loss
-plantations could compete with land that should be used to grow crops
Biodiesel• diesel fuel made
vegetable oil extracted from renewable resources
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8omdRWbRaIs
Biodiesel from microalgae
Benefits:Less land useLess soil disturbanceDecreased fossil fuel useMay be grown in waste water
Ethanol•Made of corn alcohol in its purest form
•Can be mixed with unleaded gasoline
•Comes in forms of E10, E85 and midrange•E10: 10% ethanol, 90% gasoline can be used by all cars•E85: 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline requires flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on ethanol •Midrange fuels: can be used on traditional car with some modifications
Advantages• Would help reduce foreign oil dependence • Producing 7.5 billion gal of ethanol would
reduce oil consumption by 80,000 gal per day
• Domestic production = boost for economy• Cleaner burning
• Reduces smog forming emissions and carbon monoxide emissions
• Flexible fuel vehicles can also run on gasoline
Disadvantages: Currently produced mainly from corn; there are still greenhouse gas emissions.
Methane biogas Anaerobic digestion of organic material Methane capture Burn in an internal combustion engine to turn a
turbine
Benefits?
Environmental Effects
• Once constructed, no direct energy waste • Fundamentally alters ecosystem, stress to aquatic
and streamside life on either side of dam• Disables fish migration and access to spawning
grounds• Lower amounts of dissolved oxygen in water• Prevents flooding• Build of of nutrients
Cost/Efficiency
• Large initial investment to build plant• Low maintenance costs • Long lifetime for plants - around 50 years
(compared to 25 years for a typical fossil fuel plant)
• Very high efficiency– 90% of available energy converted to electricity
compared to ~50% in fossil fuel plants
Itaipú Dam• Paraná River on border of
Brazil and Paraguay• In 2000, generated 93,428
GWh of electricity • In 2000, provided 20% of
energy supply for Brazil and 94% in Paraguay
http://www.worldtourismplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/beautiful-itaipu-dam.jpg
Tidal energy
BARRAGE: dam built across bay, opens and lets in high tide, closes, then reopens at low tide
Solar energy from your readings…
1. What is the difference between passive and and active solar energy?
2. How do solar water heating systems work?3. How do photovoltaic systems work?4. What is concentrating solar thermal electricity
generation?5. What are the advantages of active solar
systems?6. What are the drawbacks of active solar
systems?
Geothermal energy from your readings…
1. What is geothermal energy?
2. In what way can this be unsustainable?
3. How can geothermal energy be converted into electricity?
4. What are ground source heat pumps and how do they work? Are these true geothermal?
Wind energy from your readings…
1. How could you make an argument that wind energy is actually solar energy?
2. How can wind energy be converted into electricity?
3. What are the advantages to using wind energy?
4. What are the drawbacks to wind energy?
Wind energy and the environment
• Benefits • Impacts
Reduce sulfur dioxide emissionsReduce carbon dioxide emissions
Reduce mercury emissions
Reduce particulate emissions
Reduce need for mining & drilling
Negative aesthetic effect
Harmful to birds
Changes in land use
Habitat fragmentation