Referencing and Citing Business Resources January 2013

Kim Stymest, Business Librarian Bronfman Business Library stymest@yorku.ca 416.736.2100 x22747

Common Forms of Plagiarism

• Downloading or buying research papers (Downloading a free paper from a web site or paying to download a paper and submitting it as your own work)

• Copying and Pasting (Copying and pasting portions of text from online journal articles or websites without proper citation)

• Copying or submitting someone’s work

(Copying a paper/lab report/formula/design/computer code/music/choreography/assignment etc. and submitting it as your own work)

Why Document your Sources? [1]

• Citing is a service to the reader

• Serious consequences if you do not document your sources

[1] Harris, R. A. (2002). The plagiarism handbook: Strategies for preventing, detecting, and dealing with plagiarism. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing, p. 35.

• Strengthens your work/writing • Documenting sources shows respect for

intellectual property

When to Cite…

2. Give a complete reference if you use someone else’s:

• Idea, theory or opinion • Music, drawings, designs, dance, photography and other artistic or technical work • Tables, graphs or any other graphic element • Facts and information that are not generally known • Unusual or distinctive phrases, specialized terms, computer codes, quantitative

data • Spoken or written words

1. If you directly use someone else’s words, etc., use quotation marks and give a complete reference.

Sources that Do Not have to be Referenced: • Your own ideas. **The exception to this is work that you have

previously submitted in any course in the past.

• Common knowledge. – It is not controversial. This means the information is generally

considered as fact. (i.e. The earth orbits around the Sun) – It appears in several sources without reference

• If your idea is similar to another author’s, make it clear in your writing that you thought of this idea on your own, but you later discovered it in another source (example: “Similar conclusions are found in…”)

**If you have any doubts as to whether the information constitutes common

knowledge, cite the source or consult your professor.

When to Cite…

Parenthetical References

Parenthetical documentation allows you to acknowledge a source within your text by providing a reference to exactly where in that source you found the information. • In most cases providing the author’s last name and a page number are

sufficient:

Whatever the circumstances, when leaders breathe life into peoples’ dreams and aspirations, those people are much more willing to enlist in the movement (Kouzes & Posner, 2009).

Direct Quotation: When incorporating another person’s

exact words into your work use a direct quotation. Be sure to place an opening quotation (“) when beginning the quote and a closing quotation (“) when ending the quote.

If the author is mentioned in the text, only the page reference should be inserted. Compare the two examples below:

Broadcast news influences the decision-making process (Postman 51-63).

OR

According to Postman, broadcast news influences the decision-making process (51-63).

Parenthetical References

Parenthetical documentation allows you to acknowledge a source within your text by providing a reference to exactly where in that source you found the information. The reader can then follow up on the complete reference listed on the references or works cited page at the end of your paper.

Parenthetical Reference (appears in the text of your paper) Whatever the circumstances, when leaders breathe life into peoples’ dreams and aspirations, those people are much more willing to enlist in the movement (Kouzes & Posner, 2009).

Works Cited

Kouzes, James M. & Posner, Barry Z.. (2009). The leadership challenge, fourth edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

This appears at the end of your paper and allows the reader to

get the full reference

Parenthetical References

What is paraphrasing/summarizing? A paraphrase or summary uses your own words and sentence structure to explain someone else's idea or information obtained from another source. Example [2]: The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they

overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Source: Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

Paraphrase: As Lester (1976) explains, in research papers students often quote excessively, failing to

keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (p.46-47).

[2] The Owl at Purdue. Paraphrase: Write it in your own words. Retrieved March 30, 2009 from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/

Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses[1]

:

Example: Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

[1] The Owl at Purdue. APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved

March 30, 2009 from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/

Works Cited/Reference List/Bibliography

Most style manuals require you to assemble a list of the works that you have cited in your paper. This list, included at the end of your paper, may be termed "Works Cited," a "Reference List," or a "Bibliography."

Common Bibliographic Styles in Business

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Style (APA) Guide to citing Business Resources (APA Style), McGill Library

• Modern Language Association Style Manual (MLA) Guide to citing Business Resources (MLA Style), Bronfman Business Library

**More information available @ Footnotes and

Bibliographies web page of York University Libraries

Zotero & Refworks

Library offers a detailed online Zotero guide and webinar

For more Information

• For more information about Academic Integrity go to: http://www.schulich.yorku.ca/academichonesty

• Librarians can help you with bibliographies, sources, and citations! See us at the reference desk or use online chat services on our homepage www.library.yorku.ca/cms/bbl email: bronfref@yorku.ca

• Questions? Comments?