Polylactic Acid Cups versus Paper Cups: A Composting Efficiency ...
Recent Developments on Polylactic acid
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Recent Developments on Polylactic acid
Recent Developments on Polylactic acid
Yvon DurantAdvanced Polymer LaboratoryUniversity of New Hampshire
May 31st, 2006
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May 31st, 2006 Research in renewable polymers 2
Leading the way toward greener chemistry
Poly Lactic Acid
what can it be used for ?
what is it ?
What’s the bid deal
Research involving PLA @ UNH
Degradable ties for fishing gear
Education software for the commercialization of PLA
PLA emulsions
Poly Lactic Acid
what can it be used for ?
what is it ?
What’s the bid deal
Research involving PLA @ UNH
Degradable ties for fishing gear
Education software for the commercialization of PLA
PLA emulsions
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May 31st, 2006 Research in renewable polymers 3
PLA end user products
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What can it be used for….
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May 31st, 2006 Research in renewable polymers 5
Corn to PLA
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PLA to Lactide
L-Lactic Acid
D-Lactic Acid
C
CHO
O
H OH
CH3
C
CHO
O
H OH
CH3
C
C
O
C
C
O
O
O
H
H
CH3
CH3
C
C
O
C
C
O
O
O
H
H
CH3
CH3
C
C
O
C
C
O
O
O
H
H
CH3
CH3
LL-Lactide
(mp 97 C)
LD-Lactide
(mp 52 C)
DD-Lactide
(mp 97C)
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Cargill Dow PLA plant Nov 2001
The Blair projectNebraska
140 KT/Year
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Inventory Analysis
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Complete energy analysis
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May 31st, 2006 Research in renewable polymers 10
PLA versus other plastics
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Process improvements
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Potential reduction of greenhouse gasses associated with PLA
production
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PLA research @ the University of New Hampshire ?
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Figure 1: Concept of float for net release after 15 days water exposure
After 15 days, green composite tie, break down and releases float
Sealine Reducing right whale entanglement
Or “how can corn save whales”…
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Develop a composite tie made from a polylactic acid (PLA) polymer matrix that will degrade after a controlled reaction with water.
Ties are being engineered to degrade after 15 days of exposure to seawater at 12C.
Ties will maintain optimal strength until 15 days of exposure has been reached.
Mechanical degradation is activated by a chemical amplification process that release protons, which catalyze the depolymerization of the polyester backbone.
How ?
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Composite structure
Glass fibersPLA-co-GLA matrix Overlapping fibers
Microparticle – acid generator
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Cascade degradation of PLA
Poly ester can break down through hydrolysis of the ester group
HO
O
O
O
O
OH
O
H O
H
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
OH
O Cl O Me
OH2
O OH O Me
ClH
+ +
WATER
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Variables Affecting Degradation Time
•Strain
• Tg
•Molecular weight
•Micro-capsule concentration
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•Ties broke linearly with time according to strain
•Max strain extrapolated to be 5kg before exposure to sea water
After Exposure
Before Exposure
SAD065
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (days)
str
ain
(kg
)
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Degradation PLA-ECL 90/10 with X-MACl at 12C in sea water
-10%
-9%
-8%
-7%
-6%
-5%
-4%
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (days)
We
igh
t lo
ss
(%
)
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
Mo
lec
ula
r w
eig
ht
(Mn
g/m
ole
)
Degradation results
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iComet
• iComet is a simulation software that is designed to be used as a training tool for technology managers.
• Two or more users or teams create virtual start-up companies to compete in the marketing and development of a new technology.
• Users must take the technology from the early stages of development to a level of high volume production over the course of twenty or more business quarters.
• Users must make strategic managerial decisions in the areas of finance, R&D, marketing, production, and HR in order to compete with the other teams and make their business successful.
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Key technology : reduction of
energy usage
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Multi domain decisions
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Finances….
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Results… earning some greens….
-20000000
-15000000
-10000000
-5000000
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
0 5 10 15 20 25
quarter
$
cash
earnings
commulative earnings
Return on Investment
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
Quarter
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PLA dispersionsPLA is a polyester and easily hydrolyzable. It cannot be
synthesized in water directly.2 classic approaches1. Bulk polymerization, dissolution in solvent,
emulsification, solvent evaporation2. Bulk polymerization, dissolution in solvent,
precipitation3 new approaches1. Bulk polymerization, dissolution in vinyl monomer,
mini-emulsification, polymerization2. Macromonomer, mini-emulsification, polymerization1. Polymerization in non-protique solvent, phase
transfer
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Bulk recipesIngredients Recipe Distribution
DL-lactide 89% total monomer weightEpsilon caprolactone (ECL) 11% total monomer weightEthylene glycol (EG) 1% by mole of monomersStannous octoate 2% by mole of monomers
Ingredients Recipe DistributionDL-lactide 89% total monomer weightEpsilon caprolactone (ECL) 11% total monomer weightHydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) 0.2% by mass of monomersStannous octoate 1% by mass of monomers
High Molecular Weight PLA Polymer
Low Molecular Weight HEMA-PLA Macromer
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1001,00010,000100,000
Mn g/mole - PS calibration
rid
1A/M
MD
macromer (HEMA-PLA)
low MW polyester (PLA)
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• Dissolve PLA in solvent
• Miniemulsion in water stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
• Evaporate solvent via steam distillation
• GC/MS to quantify residual solvent
Steam distillation apparatus
Classic Approach 1: Solvent Evaporation
Solvents:
CH2Cl2
t-butyl methyl ether
isobutyl methyl ether
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Classic Approach 2: precipitation
Dissolve PLA in THF –0.1 to 0.5 wt.%
Add to water/SDS dropwise through thin gauge needle under mechanical stirring
Results:
PLA dispersions (100-250nm)
Very low productivity
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PLA magnetite
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New approaches
Ingredients 1st Approach 2nd Approach 3rd ApproachHigh MW PLA 33wt% - -Low MW HEMA-PLA - 66wt% 95wt% methyl methacrylate (MMA) 33wt% - -butyl acrylate (BA) 33wt% - -styrene - 33wt% -Low MW PS - - 5wt%potassium persulfate (KPS) 3g/L total vol. 3g/L total vol. -azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) - - 1wt% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 4pph monomer 4pph monomer 2pph monomerdeionized water 30% solids 20% soilds 20% solids
Recipe Distribution
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High MW PLA synthesis (70Kg/mole)
DL-lactide
Initiator: hexanol, Catalyst: SnOct2
Reacted in oven heated to 150oC for 2hrs
Miniemulsion Polymerization
Dissolve PLA in MMA and BA in 1:1:1 ratio
Magnetic stirring macro-emulsion
4pphm SDS
Ultrasonicated miniemulsion
Reacted in 3 neck jacketed reactor at 70oC for 3hrs with magnetic stirring and N2 feed
Initiator: 0.3 g/L KPS
New Approach 1: PLA/MMA/BA composite
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Results for compositesRESULTS:
•47% conversion
•solids clumped around magnetic stirrer
•likely to be PLA
•NMR results showed less PLA, more acrylates in dry latex than in recipe
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Low MW HEMA-PLA macro-monomer synthesis (5k)
DL-lactide
Initiator: HEMA, Catalyst: SnOct2
Reacted in oven heated to 150oC for 2hrs
Miniemulsion Polymerization
HEMA-PLA in minimal styrene
Magnetic stirring macro-emulsion
Aqueous phosphate buffer solution
4pphm SDS
Ultrasonicated miniemulsion
Reacted in 3 neck jacketed reactor at 80oC for 3hrs with mechanical stirring and N2 feed
Initiator: 1 wt% KPS
O
OO
OO
O
n
OH
HEMA PLA
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O O O
O OO O
O
OH
O
OH
O
OH
O
OH
New approach 2: HEMA-PLA/PS branch
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New approach 2: HEMA-PLA/PS branch
RESULTS:
• 22.4% conversion, 11% solids
• Tg 34oC dried latex
• NMR showed 1:4 ratio of PS to PLA, recipe gives 1:1 ratio
• Solid chunks in bottom of reactor
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Low MW HEMA-PLA macro-monomer synthesis
DL-lactide
Initiator: HEMA, Catalyst: SnOct2
Reacted in oven heated to 150oC for 2hrs
Miniemulsion Polymerization
Heat HEMA-PLA until flows, add water
Magnetic stirring macro-emulsion
Aqueous phosphate buffer solution
4pphm SDS
Ultrasonicated miniemulsion
Reacted in 3 neck jacketed reactor at 80oC for 3hrs with mechanical stirring and N2
Initiator: 1 wt% KPS
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O O O
O O O O
OO O O
OHOH OH OH
New approach 3: HEMA-PLA homopolymer
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2nd Tgt = 20 min
1st Tgt = 0 min
-34.67°C(I)0.5342J/(g·°C)
-10.12°C(I)0.5642J/(g·°C)
3rd Tgt = 40 min
4th Tgt = 60 min
21.82°C(I)0.4118J/(g·°C)
23.56°C(I)0.4178J/(g·°C)
7th Tgt = 120 min
8th Tgt = 140 min
25.00°C(I)0.3292J/(g·°C)
9th Tgt = 160 min
9.58°C(I)0.4850J/(g·°C)
17.94°C(I)0.4520J/(g·°C)
5th Tgt = 80 min
6th Tgt = 100 min
-0.14
-0.12
-0.10
-0.08
-0.06H
eat F
low
(W/g
)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Temperature (°C)Exo Up Universal V4.0C TA Instruments
Polymerization monitoring by DSC• Polymerization of HEMA-PLA with BPO• Alternating 80C isothermals – Temperature scans
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Challenges
• Stability
• Viscosity of HEMA-PLA
• Low Tg of PLA
• Cross esterification of HEMA-PLA branches
• Degredation of HEMA-PLA while ultrasonicating with added heat
New approach 3: HEMA-PLA homopolymer
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New approach 3: Dispersion Polymerization and Phase Transfer
Polymerization:
Heat lactide dispersion to 150oC in dispersion media- 3 neck RBF- submerged in oil bath, covered with tinfoil- Ultra turrax: 19.0 min-1
Add initiator (SnOct2 or mPEG), react 2hrs
Ultra turrax until cool: < 100oC
Phase Transfer:
Add water, 1:1 with organic phase
Stop ultra turrax, wait for phase separation
Separatory funnel to remove organic phase
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Approach 3: Dispersion Polymerization and Phase Transfer
• Dodecane: = 0.4
Trial 1: stablilzed with PEG diasterate, transferred to EG, phase separated
Trial 2: stablilzed with PVOH, transferred to water, did not phase separate
• Silicone Oil: Stabilized with PEG diasterate
Poly phenyl methyl siloxane = 0 - most of lactide recrystallized, not able to centrifuge into water
Poly-3,3,3-trifluoro propyl methyl siloxane = (0.2) - appeared to be stable, congealed when cooled
• PEG dimethyl ether: Stabilized with mPEG, very stable, 20nm nanoparticles, try increasing solids, increasing initiator percentage to vary size
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Acknowledgements
• Shelley Dougherty• Romuald Couronne
• Funding :– University of New Hampshire (iComet)– National Ocean and Atmosphere Agency (whale
entanglement)– New England Green Chemistry Consortium (novel
PLA dispersions)