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B GIO DC V O TO B K HOCH V U T
VIN NGHIN CU QUN L KINH T TRUNG NG
NGUYN QUC TUN
QUN L NH NC I VI DCH V LOGISTICS
CNG HI PHNG
LUN N TIN S KINH T
Chuyn ngnh : Qun l kinh t
M s : 62 34 04 10
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC
1. TS. ng c m
2. TS. Nguyn Mnh Hi
H NI 2015
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LI CM N
Tc gi Lun n xin trn trng cm n Lnh o Vin Nghin cu qun l
kinh t Trung ng (CIEM); Lnh o v cn b Trung tm T vn qun l v
o to. Tc gi c bit chn thnh cm n cc Thy hng dn lun tm
huyt, nhit tnh, quan tm tc gi hon thnh Lun n.
Tc gi xin by t li cm n su sc ti UBND thnh ph Hi Phng;
Chnh quyn cc qun, huyn ca thnh ph; cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin
Cng Hi Phng cng nh cc doanh nghip giao nhn kho vn, kinh doanh vn
ti, cng bin chia s nhiu thng tin chn thc.
Tc gi xin cm n S K hoch v u t, S Giao thng Vn ti, S
Khoa hc v Cng ngh, S Thng tin v Truyn thng, Cc Thng k thnh
ph Hi Phng; Cc Hng hi Vit Nam, Cng v Hng hi Hi Phng; cc
Chuyn gia trong lnh vc lin quan ng gp nhng kin xc ng, h tr
nhit tnh ti nghin cu ny.
Tc gi cng xin trn trng cm n n v cng tc Trng cao ng
Cng ng Hi Phng Khoa Qun tr v Du lch to mi iu kin thun
li; ng nghip, bn hu v ngi thn trong gia nh lun ng h, chia s kh
khn, ng vin tc gi trong sut thi gian hc tp, nghin cu hon thnh
Lun n ny.
Xin trn trng cm n bng tt c lng bit n!
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LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu c lp ca ti, cc thng
tin, s liu c s dng trong lun n l trung thc v c ngun gc r rng.
Nhng kt qu nghin cu ca lun n ny cha c cng b trong bt c
cng trnh khoa hc no ca tc gi khc.
Tc gi lun n
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MC LC
LI CM N .............................................................................................................. ii
LI CAM OAN........................................................................................................ iii
MC LC ................................................................................................................... iv
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT ......................................................................... vi
DANH MC CC BNG ........................................................................................ viii
DANH MC CC HNH- S ............................................................................. ix
PHN M U .......................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1- C S L LUN V KINH NGHIM QUC T V QUN
L NH NC I VI DCH V LOGISTICS CNG BIN .......................... 16
1.1 C s l lun v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin. ................................. 16
1.1.1 Khi qut v dch v logistics cng bin ........................................................... 16
1.1.2 Qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng bin ...................................... 22
1.2 Mt s kinh nghim quc t v QLNN i vi dch v logistics ti cng bin .. 37
1.2.1 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v logistics cng bin trong khu vc ........................ 37
1.2.2 Kinh nghim QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin ti Singapore ........... 41
1.2.3 Kinh nghim QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin ca Trung Quc ...... 45
1.2.4 Kinh nghim QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin ca Nht Bn ........... 49
1.2.5 Mt s bi hc kinh nghim v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin ..... 51
CHNG 2 - THC TRNG QUN L NH NC I VI DCH V
LOGISTICS CNG HI PHNG ........................................................................ 55
2.1 nh gi thc trng v tim nng v dch v logistics cng Hi Phng ......... 55
2.1.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng Hi Phng ................................... 55
2.1.2 H thng hot ng dch v logistics cng Hi phng .............................. 60
2.1.3 Tim nng pht trin dch v logistics cng Hi Phng ................................ 77
2.2 nh gi thc trng v qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng
Hi Phng .................................................................................................................. 83
2.2.1 Cc c quan QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin................................... 83
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2.2.2 Thc trng v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng ............... 87
2.2.5 nh gi v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng ................ 112
CHNG 3 - PHNG HNG V GII PHP I MI QUN L NH
NC I VI DCH V LOGISTICS CNG HI PHNG ........................ 125
3.1 Phng hng i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng .... 125
3.1.1 Quan im i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng ........ 125
3.1.2 Mc tiu v nh hng v QLNN cho pht trin dch v logistics cng
Hi Phng ................................................................................................................. 127
3.2 Cc gii php v kin ngh v i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng Hi Phng ................................................................................................................ 130
3.2.1 Cc gii php i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng .... 130
3.2.2 Mt s kin ngh v i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi
Phng. ....................................................................................................................... 144
KT LUN .............................................................................................................. 149
DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B CA TC GI ......................... x
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................... xi
PH LC .................................................................................................................. xix
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DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
T vit tt Cm t ting Vit
Cng c STCW Cng c quc t v tiu chun hun luyn, cp chng ch v trc ca
cho thuyn vin 1978 sa i 2010
CHP cng Hi Phng
CVHHHP Cng v hng hi Hi Phng
DN Doanh nghip
DV Dch v
HND Hi ng nhn dn
KCN Khu cng nghip
NXB Nh xut bn
QLNN Qun l nh nc
TP Hi Phng Thnh ph Hi Phng
XHCN X hi ch ngha
XNK Xut nhp khu
XNXD X nghip xp d
T vit tt Cm t ting Anh Cm t ting Vit
1PL First Party Logistics Logistics bn th nht (logistics t
cung cp)
2PL Second-party logisticsprovider Logistics bn th hai (logistics qua
i tc)
3PL A third-party logistics provider Logistics bn th ba (logistics theo hp ng)
4PL A fourth-party logisticsprovider Logistics bn th t (logistics chui
phn phi)
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation T chc hp tc kinh t Chu -
Thi Bnh Dng
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian
Nations
Hip hi cc nc ng Nam
CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight Gi thnh, Bo him v Cc
CSCMP The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals
Hi ng Qun tr chui cung ng
Chuyn gia
DWT Deadweight tonnage L n v o nng lc vn ti an
ton ca tu tnh bng tn.
FDI Foreign Direct Investment u t trc tip nc ngoi
FIATA International Federation of Freight Hip hi Giao nhn kho vn Quc t
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Forwarders Associations
FOB Free On Board Min trch nhim Trn Boong tu
ni i cn gi l " Giao ln tu
GDP Gross domestic product Tng sn phm quc ni
GVC Global Value Chain Chui gi tr ton cu
ICD Inland Container Depot im tp kt hng cng-ten-n
IIP Index-Industry Products Ch s sn xut cng nghip
IMO International Maritime Organization T chc hng hi quc t
LPI Logistics performance index Ch s nng lc quc gia v
logistics
MTO Multimodal Transport Operator Vn ti a phng thc
ODA Official Development Assistance H tr pht trin chnh thc
PPP Public Private Partnerships M hnh hp tc cng t
SLA Singapore Logistics Association Hip hi Logistics Singapore
TEU Twenty-foot equivalent units n v tng ng 20 foot
TIR Transport International Routier Cng c vn ti ng b quc t
UNCTAD/
ICC
UNCTAD/ICCRulesfor Multimodal
Transport Documents
Chng t vn ti a phng thc
UNESCO United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization
T chc Gio dc, Khoa hc v Vn
ho ca Lin Hp Quc
VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and
Industry
Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip
Vit Nam
VIFFAS Vietnam Freight Forwarders
Association
Hip hi Giao nhn Kho vn Vit
Nam
VLA Vietnam Logistics Business
Association
Hip hi Doanh nghip Dch v
Logistics Vit Nam
VNPT Vietnam Posts and
Telecommunications Group
Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng
Vit Nam.
VPA Vietnam seaports association Hip hi cng bin Vit Nam
VSIP Vietnam Singapore industrial park Khu Cng Nghip Vit Nam
Singapore
WB World bank Ngn hng th gii
WTO World Trade Organization T chc Thng mi Th gii
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DANH MC CC BNG
Danh mc Trang
Bng 1.1.Ch s hiu qu logistics ca cc quc gia ASEAN 39
Bng 1.2.T l chi ph logistics trn GDP mt s nc nm 2012 40
Bng 1.3. Bng t l cc hot ng logistics Singapore 43
Bng 1.4.Cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh thu dch v logistics 44
Bng 1.5.Th hng cc cng container hng u th gii nm 2012 48
Bng 2.1. Khi lng hng ha vn chuyn ca cng Hi Phng 59
Bng 2.2. Nhng im yu ca h thng c s h tng logistics Hi Phng 62
Bng 2.3. Phng tin thit b hai cng Si Gn v Hi Phng 70
Bng 2.4. Gi cc dch v ca mt s cng ty giao nhn cng Hi
Phng 77
Bng 2.5. Kt qu tng trng GDP Hi Phng giai on 2007-2013 80
Bng 2.6. Cc quy nh php lut lin quan n QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng Hi Phng 89
Bng 2.7. Tnh hnh o to chuyn mn logistics ti Hi Phng 104
Bng 2.8. Mt s vn bn ca TP Hi Phng lin quan n cng tc
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng 105
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DANH MC CC HNH- S
Danh mc Trang
S 1.1. Chui logistics t sn xut n tiu dng 17
Hnh 1.1. Lin kt gia cc h thng th cp trong h thng logistics
cng 20
Hnh 1.2. C cu th trng logistics Chu - Thi Bnh Dng 38
Hnh 2.1. V tr cc cng ca cng Hi Phng 56
Hnh 2.2. Thng k hng ha qua cng Hi Phng 58
S 2.1. S QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng 84
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PHN M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca nghin cu ti lun n
Theo nh ngha ca Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 ti Mc 4, iu
233. Dch v logistics l hot ng thng mi, theo thng nhn t chc
thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng vic bao gm nhn hng, vn chuyn, lu kho,
lu bi, lm th tc hi quan, cc th tc giy t khc, t vn khch hng, ng
gi bao b, ghi k m hiu, giao hng hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan n
hng ho theo tho thun vi khch hng hng th lao. [19]
Dch v logistics l mt hot ng dch v tng hp mang tnh dy chuyn,
hiu qu ca qu trnh ny c tm quan trng quyt nh n tnh cnh tranh ca
ngnh cng nghip v thng mi mi quc gia. Nhng nc pht trin nh
Nht v M dch v logistics ng gp khong 10% GDP. i vi nhng nc
km pht trin th t l ny c th hn 30%. S pht trin dch v logistics c
ngha m bo cho vic vn hnh sn xut, kinh doanh cc dch v khc c
m bo v thi gian v cht lng. Dch v logistics pht trin tt s mang li
kh nng tit gim chi ph, nng cao cht lng sn phm dch v. Dch v
logistics Vit Nam chim khong t 15-20% GDP. Theo cng b s liu ca
Tng cc Thng k (GSO) ngy 23/12 cho thy tng sn phm quc ni (GDP)
ca Vit Nam nm 2013 tnh theo gi hin hnh t 3.584.261 t ng, tng
ng 170,4 t USD, Nh vy, chi ph cho dch v logistics chim khong 26 -
34 t USD. y l mt khon tin rt ln. Nu ch tnh ring khu quan trng
nht trong dch v logistics l vn ti, chim t 40-60% chi ph th cng l
mt th trng dch v khng l. Trong khi kim ngch xut nhp khu nm 2013
t 132,2 t USD th t l kim ngch xut nhp khu so vi GDP ca nc ta
ngy cng tng, nm 2009 l 135,8% n nm 2013 vt qua mc 177,5%
Ngh quyt i hi ng ln th XI a ra chin lc pht v trin kinh
t - x hi 2011-2020. Vi mc tiu tng qut l phn u n nm 2020 nc ta
c bn tr thnh nc cng nghip theo hng hin i; chnh tr - x hi n nh,
dn ch, k cng, ng thun; i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn c
http://www.saga.vn/view.aspx?id=1540
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nng ln r rt; c lp, ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th c gi vng;
v th ca Vit Nam trn trng quc t tip tc c nng ln; to tin vng
chc pht trin cao hn trong giai on sau. [8] V kinh t, phn u t tc
tng trng tng sn phm trong nc (GDP) bnh qun 7 8%/nm. GDP nm
2020 theo gi so snh khong 2,2 ln so vi nm 2010; GDP bnh qun u
ngi theo gi thc t t khong 3.000 USD.
Trong i vi vic pht trin ngnh dch v Ngh quyt ch r: Pht trin
mnh cc ngnh dch v, nht l cc dch v c gi tr cao, tim nng ln v c
sc cnh tranh. Tp trung pht trin mt s ngnh dch v c li th, c hm
lng tri thc v cng ngh cao nh du lch, hng hi, hng khng, vin thng,
cng ngh thng tin, y t. Hin i ha v m rng cc dch v c gi tr gia tng
cao nh ti chnh, ngn hng, bo him, chng khon, logistics v cc dch v h
tr kinh doanh khc.
Quyt nh 2190/2009/Q-TTg ca Th Tng Chnh ph ban hnh ngy
24/12/2009 ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n
nm 2020, nh hng n 2030 l tn dng ti a li th v a l v iu kin
t nhin pht trin ton din h thng cng bin, t ph i thng vo hin
i, nhanh chng hi nhp vi cc nc tin tin trong khu vc v lnh vc cng
bin nhm gp phn thc hin mc tiu ca Chin lc bin Vit Nam n nm
2020, tng bc a kinh t hng hi tr thnh mi nhn hng u trong 5 lnh
vc kinh t bin, ng thi gp phn cng c an ninh, quc phng ca t nc.
Mt trong nhng gii php t ra l huy ng ti a mi ngun lc trong v
ngoi nc pht trin cng bin. Tng cng xc tin u t, khuyn khch v
to iu kin thun li cho t chc, doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t
tham gia u t pht trin cng bin bng cc hnh thc theo quy nh ca php
lut; ch trng p dng hnh thc nh nc - t nhn (PPP) i vi cc cng, khu
bn pht trin mi c quy m ln. p dng c ch cho thu c s h tng i vi
cc bn cng c u t xy dng bng ngun vn ngn sch. Tip tc y
mnh ci cch th tc hnh chnh, to mi trng thng thong trong thu ht u
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t pht trin v kinh doanh khai thc cng bin ph hp vi qu trnh hi nhp
v thng l quc t.[24]
Ngh quyt s 32/NQ-TW ngy 05 thng 8 nm 2003 ca B chnh tr v
xy dng v pht trin Thnh ph Hi Phng trong thi k cng nghip ho,
hin i ho t nc khng nh: Hi Phng l Thnh ph Cng lu i,
nm v tr trung tm vng Duyn Hi Bc B, l u mi giao thng quan
trng v ca chnh ra bin ca cc tnh pha Bc, giao lu thun li vi cc a
phng trong nc v quc t.
Xc nh r vai tr ca cng bin i vi s nghip pht trin kinh t x hi
ca thnh ph trong nhng nm qua c s quan tm ca ng, Nh nc v
thnh ph Hi Phng - h thng cng bin trn a bn TP Hi Phng khng
ngng pht trin c v s lng v cht lng, phc v c lc cho s nghip
pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc v thnh ph. S doanh nghip khai thc
cng khng ngng pht trin (trn 40 doanh nghip). Tuy nhin cng Hi Phng
mi ch ch trng ti vic u t vo hai dch v chnh l dch v xp d
container v kho bi cn cc dch v khc cha c quan tm lm cho hot
ng cng Hi Phng vn cn b nh tr. Nhng nh tc ny khng ch b cn
tr bi dch v xp d v kho bi m cn chu nh hng rt ln bi cc dch v
thng quan, dch v i l vn ti hng ho v cc dch v thc hin thay mt
ch hng (bao gm cc hot ng: Kim tra vn n; Dch v mi gii vn ti
hng ho; Gim nh hng ho; Dch v ly mu v xc nh trng lng; Dch
v nhn hng; Dch v chun b chng t vn ti). Tt c cc dch v ny u
nm trong cam kt WTO v dch v logistics v chnh thc m ca hon ton
vo ngy 1/1/2009. Trong QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng tuy
c rt nhiu chnh sch nhm pht trin dch v logistics song mi ch mang
tnh chung nht ch cha c nh hng c th, cha u t mt cch ng b,
Vic no vt duy tu lung lch cha c c k hoch tng th lm nh hng
ln n hiu qu ca dch v logistics cng. Cng tc kim tra gim st cn lng
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lo n n s b ca mt s doanh nghip ln nh hng khng nh n s
pht trin dch v logistics cng Hi Phng.
Thi gian qua chng ta c nhiu thnh cng ng ghi nhn v QLNN
i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng. Tuy bn cnh cng cn tn ti
nhiu hn ch cn tr phn no s pht trin hot ng sn xut kinh doanh
dch v logistics cng Hi Phng. Chng ta rt cn nhn din r nhng tn ti
ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng, tm ra nhng nguyn
nhn chnh ca tn ti pht huy hiu qu hn QLNN i vi s pht trin
loi hnh dch v ny. t c kt qu nh mong mun i hi phi c s
i mi v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi phng, m thc t vn
cha c quan tm v nghin cu. thay i cn bn v QLNN i vi dch
v logistics cng Hi phng cn phi c s u t, nghin cu mt cch y
v khoa hc. Xut pht t nhng phn tch trn tc gi quyt nh chn nghin
cu ti Qun l nh nc i vi dch v logicstics cng Hi Phng.
2. Tng quan nghin cu ti lun n
2.1 Mc ch nghin cu ti lun n
Mc ch nghin cu ca ti lun n l xut cc gii php nhm i
mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi phng. Thng qua vic h thng
ha, su sc ha c s l lun v tham kho kinh nghim quc t trong QLNN
i vi dch v logistics cng bin, phn tch thc trng v nh gi kt qu
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi phng, lm ni bt cc kt qu t
c, cc hn ch cn khc phc trong qu trnh QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng Hi phng, lun n xut cc gii php v a ra cc kin ngh vi
Chnh ph, UBND thnh ph Hi Phng, Cng v Hng hi Hi Phng nhm i
mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi phng.
2.1 ngha nghin cu ti lun n
T vic nghin cu cc vn l lun v thc tin, nh gi mt cch c
h thng v khoa hc v logistics cng bin, v QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng bin, nghin cu v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi phng
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ti lun n c ngha sau:
Mt l, h thng ha cc vn l lun lin quan n QLNN i vi dch
v logistics cng bin.
Hai l, nh gi thc trng QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi
Phng. Xc nh cc nguyn nhn, cc vn yu km trong QLNN i vi dch
v logistics cng Hi Phng, xc nh cc yu t tc ng n kt qu QLNN
i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng.
Ba l, kin ngh vi cc cp QLNN v a ra cc gii php i mi
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng.
3. Tng quan cc nghin cu lin quan n ti lun n
3.1 Cc cng trnh nghin cu trong nc
* Cc cng trnh nghin cu v logistics:
- Cc sch chuyn kho chnh:
C th ni, cun sch u tin chuyn su v logistics c cng b Vit
Nam l (1) Logistics - Nhng vn c bn, do GS. TS. on Th Hng Vn
ch bin, xut bn nm 2003 (Nh xut bn Lao ng - x hi) [30], trong cun
sch ny, cc tc gi tp trung vo gii thiu nhng vn l lun c bn v
logistics nh khi nim, lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca logistics, phn loi
logistics, kinh nghim pht trin logistics ca mt s quc gia trn th gii... sau
3 nm, tc gi gii thiu tip cun (2) Qun tr logistics (Nh xut bn
Thng k, 2006) [32], cun sch tp trung vo nhng ni dung ca qun tr
logistics nh khi nim qun tr logistics, cc ni dung ca qun tr logistics nh
dch v khch hng, h thng thng tin, qun tr d tr, qun tr vt t, vn ti,
kho bi. C 2 cun sch ch yu tp trung vo cc vn l lun v logistics v
qun tr logistics, cc ni dung thc tin ca logistics l rt hn ch, ch yu
dng mc gii thiu ni dung thc tin tng ng (dch v khch hng, h
thng thng tin, kho bi.) ca mt s doanh nghip Vit Nam.
p ng nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca i ng ging vin, hc sinh,
sinh vin v cc nh nghin cu trong v ngoi trng, i hc Thng mi
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bin son v gii thiu gio trnh (3) Qun tr logistics kinh doanh do TS.
Nguyn Thng Thi v PGS. TS. An Th Thanh Nhn ch bin (Nh xut bn
Thng k, 2011) [22]. Gio trnh ny dnh chng u tin gii thiu tng
quan v qun tr logistics kinh doanh nh khi nim v phn loi logistics, khi
nim v mc tiu ca qun tr logistics, m hnh qun tr logistics, cc qu trnh
v chc nng logistics c bn. 5 chng cn li i su vo ni dung qun tr
logistics c th nh dch v khch hng, qun tr d tr, qun tr vn chuyn,
qun tr cc hot ng logistics h tr, thc thi v kim sot logistics.
Cc ti liu trn gii thiu nhiu quan im, khi nim v ni dung v
logistics, nhng u la chn gic tip cn nghin cu l gic vi m.
Lin quan n gic tip cn ny cn c cc lun n tin s, lun vn thc s
vit v hot ng logistics ni chung v cc kha cnh ni dung ca logistics ni
ring trong khun kh mt doanh nghip c th.
- Cc ti, d n trng im:
Trong nhng nm va qua c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc
cng nghin cu v dch v logistics, in hnh l cc cng trnh sau:
ti nghin cu khoa hc cp b ca B Thng mi (4) Logistics v
kh nng p dng, pht trin logistics trong cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch
v vn ti giao nhn Vit Nam, do PGS. TS. Nguyn Nh Tin (i hc
Ngoi thng) lm ch nhim v cc cng s thc hin (2004) [23], tp trung
nghin cu kha cnh dch v vn ti, giao nhn hng ho. Cng trnh ny cho
chng ta mt cch nhn tng quan v dch v logistics ni chung v kh nng
pht trin dch vi, giao nhn hng ha Vit nam;
ti NCKH c lp cp Nh nc (5) Pht trin cc dch v logistics
nc ta trong iu kin hi nhp quc t do GS. TS ng nh o (Vin
Nghin cu Kinh t v Pht trin, Trng i hc Kinh t quc dn) ch nhim
c thc hin trong 2 nm (2010, 2011) vi s tham gia ca nhiu nh khoa
hc v tin hnh thu thp s liu thng qua iu tra, phng vn 10 tnh, thnh
ph trong c nc [10], y l mt cng trnh NCKH quy m nht cho n nay
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lin quan n logistics Vit Nam. Ch yu tp trung phn tch cc dch v
logistics ch yu ca cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh trn a bn H
Ni... Trong khun kh ti ny, 2 cun sch chuyn kho c xut bn,
cun sch chuyn kho th nht (6)Logistics - Nhng vn l lun v thc
tin Vit Nam [9], tp hp 26 bo co khoa hc ti hi tho ca ti do
ng o cc nh khoa hc, nh nghin cu v nhng ngi hot ng logistics
thc tin Vit Nam tham lun ti hi tho. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti c
gii thiu mt cch y v chi tit trong cun sch chuyn kho th 2 (7):
cun Dch v logistics Vit Nam trong tin trnh hi nhp quc t GS, TS,
NGT. ng nh o TS. Nguyn Minh Sn (ng ch bin) Nh xut bn
Chnh tr Quc Gia [11],
* Cc cng trnh nghin cu v dch v logistics cng bin:
Bi vit (8) Khi nim v m hnh logistics cng bin ca TSKH.
Nguyn Thanh Thy Khoa Kinh t vn ti bin, Trng HHH, ng trn Tp
ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 17 4/2009,[27] cho thy: Cng bin l
cc u mi quan trng trong chui logistics, do vy c vai tr quyt nh trong
vic nng cao hiu qu ca c quy trnh logistics, t thut ng logistics
cng c a vo nghin cu. Mc tiu ca logistics cng l tp trung xy
dng cc khu dch v cng nhm ti u ha quy trnh logistics thng qua vic
nng cao tnh tng thch ca cng trong chui logistics. Bi vit a ra nh
ngha thut ng logistics cng v gii thiu m hnh logistics cng thng qua
vic cp n cc h thng dch v ca cng bin xem xt tc ng ca cc
h thng dch v ny n quy trnh logistics cng.
Cng trnh nghin cu (9)Pht trin dch v cng bin ti Thnh ph
Nng, Lun vn Thc s, chuyn ngnh Kinh t pht trin, i hc Nng
(2012) ca L Nguyn Cao Ti, Lun vn H thng ha c cc vn l
lun lin quan n vic pht trin dch v cng bin; nh gi, phn tch thc
trng pht trin dch v cng bin ti Nng v xut nhng gii php ch
yu nhm pht trin dch v cng bin trong thi gian ti.[21]
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8
* Cc cng trnh nghin cu v dch v logistics cng Hi Phng:
Bi vit (10) xut xy dng trung tm dch v hu cn cng bin ti
khu vc cng bin Hi Phng ca TS. ng Cng Xng Khoa Kinh t vn
ti bin, Trng HHH, ng trn Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 28
11/2011, [33] bi vit cho bit vic xy dng trung tm dch v hu cn cng
bin (TTDVHCCB) c vai tr ln trong chui vn ti. N ng vai tr thu gom,
phn loi v lm cc th tc cn thit cho hng ho xut nhp khu. V vy, gp
phn lm gim thi gian ng hng v gim ti a cc chi ph lin quan. Nu
ra c vai tr, tc dng v cc chc nng chnh ca Trung tm dch v hu cn
cng bin, cng kinh nghim ca cc quc gia trn th gii. Thng qua vic nh
gi thc trng hot ng ca dch v hu cn cng ti khu vc cng bin c
Hi Phng, bi vit a ra nhng l do cn thit phi xy dng Trung tm
dch v hu cn cng bin ti khu vc cng bin mi ca Hi Phng. Trn c s
khu vc a l, bi vit xut cc phng n xy dng Trung tm dch v hu
cn cng bin, gp phn nng cao nng lc ca khu vc cng bin Hi Phng.
Bi vit (11) Xy dng Hi Phng tr thnh trung tm kinh t mnh lm
u tu li ko kinh t vng pht trin ca PGS.TS an c Hip - PCT
UBND TP Hi Phng, ng trn Cng thng tin in t Thnh ph Hi Phng
23/11/2011, khng nh Hi Phng l thnh ph cng bin, ca chnh ra bin ca
cc tnh pha Bc, cc tng trng vng kinh t trng im Bc B, u mi
giao thng quan trng v ng b, ng st, ng hng khng v ng bin
quan trng ca c nc v quc t, gn kt Hi Phng vi cc tnh, thnh ph
trong c nc v quc t. Li th so snh to cho Hi Phng pht trin kinh t
bin.[70]
Ti Hi ngh chuyn v quy hoch, qun l khai thc cng bin v
logistics do B GTVT t chc ngy 29/9/2012 ti H Ni (12). Cc i biu i
din cho Hi Phng, B Ra - Vng Tu u cho rng pht trin cng bin gn
lin vi logistics l hng i tt yu, nhng cn c s qun l thng nht, ng
b t trung ng n a phng, s phi hp ca nhiu c quan b ngnh, ng
-
9
thi phi to ra c c ch chnh sch c th hn th mi t hiu qu cao.
ti Nghin cu xut phng hng v gii php xy dng, pht
trin h thng dch v logistics cng bin phc v cng ca ng quc t Hi
Phng khu Lch Huyn (2013) (13) Ch nhim ti: PGS.TS Nguyn Thanh
Thy a ra c s l lun, thc trng v gii php pht trin h thng
logistics cng Hi Phng khu Lch Huyn
Tm li c rt nhiu cc cng trnh nghin cu v dch v logistics v qun
tr dch v logistics nh cc ti liu (1)(2)(3) lm r c khi nim dch v
logistics v qun tr dch v logistics, ng thi a ra cc phng php nhm
qun tr lnh vc dch v ny mt cch c hiu qu. Cc cng trnh nghin cu t
(4) n (9) tp trung nghin cu v khng nh gi tr ca dch v logistics i
vi s pht trin kinh t Vit Nam, l thuyt ha v phng php, cch thc
qun l dch v logistics, nh gi tng th v hot ng dch v logistics Vit
Nam v a ra mc tiu, chin lc cho dch v logistics Vit Nam. Cc ti liu
t (10) n (13) tp trung nghin cu v dch v logistics cng bin v qun l
dch v logistics cng bin, cc cng trnh ny h thng ha v dch v
logistics cng bin, khng nh vai tr ca dch v logistics cng bin trong nn
kinh t quc dn, ng thi ra phng hng nhm pht trin c hiu qu i
vi dch v logistics cng bin Hi Phng. Song QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng Hi Phng vn cha c cng trnh no nghin cu.
3.2 Cc nghin cu ngoi nc v dch v logistics cng bin
Cc cng trnh nghin cu ngoi nc lin quan n dch v logistics tp
trung nghin cu dch v logistics 3 gic ch yu: (i) gic vi m (mirco
logistics - ti cc c s kinh doanh), (ii) gic trung m (meso logistics -
logistics ca ngnh/vng) v (iii) gic v m (macro logistics - logistics trong
nn kinh t ca mt quc gia v trong nn kinh t ton cu - logistics quc
gia).Cc cng trnh nghin cu v qun l dch v logistics cng bin c
nghin cu ch yu di gic trung m (meso logistics - logistics ca
ngnh/vng).
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10
Cch tip cn ny thng c nghin cu v gii quyt cc kha cnh:
Cc nghin cu v trung tm dch v logistics, l mt khu vc bao gm mi
hot ng lin quan n vn ti, dch v logistics v phn phi hng ha ni a
cng nh quc t, thc hin bi nhiu ch th khc nhau. Cc ch th ny c th
l ngi ch s hu hoc ngi thu s dng cc c s vt cht v trang thit b
ca trung tm dch v logistics nh kho bi, vn phng, khu vc xp/d hng.
Trung tm dch v logistics cn phi c v c trang b cc trang thit b phc
v cho cc hot ng ca trung tm, cn c kt ni vi cc phng thc vn
ti khc nhau nh ng t, ng st, ng bin, ng sng, ng hng
khng. Trung tm dch v logistics thng c t gn cc u mi giao
thng vn ti ln, kt ni nhiu dng hnh phng thc vn ti hng ho khc
nhau cng nh gn cc trung tm kinh t - thng mi ln [16].
Dch v logistics th, thnh ph, vng ,ngnh l mt khi nim mi c
pht trin trong thi gian gn y cp n vic tch hp nhng ngun lc hu
hn hin ti gii quyt nhng kh khn gy ra do vic gia tng dn s v
phng tin i li cc th, dn n ch tc giao thng, hiu qu vn ti thp,
mi trng b xm hi...v do khin nng lc cnh tranh trong kinh doanh
gim. [52] Mt h thng dch v logistics th, vng ngnh c cu thnh bi
4 nhm li ch: (1) cc doanh nghip/ch hng, (2) cc nh vn ti, (3) dn c v
(4) chnh quyn a phng.
Nh vy, t cch tip cn trong mi tng quan vi chui cung ng, nh
ngha ca CSCMP c s dng rt rng ri: Dch v logistics cng bin c th
c hiu l mt phn ca ton b qu trnh qun tr chui cung ng lin quan
n vic lp k hoch, thc hin v kim sot mt cch c hiu qu dng chu
chuyn, lu kho hng ho, dch v v cc thng tin lin quan mt cch hiu qu
t im xut pht n ni tiu dng p ng yu cu ca khch hng thng
qua cng bin.Vic nghin cu dch v logistics i vi cng bin c nghin
cu di gic trung m l ph hp nht.
Vi khi nim trn, logistics trong hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip
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11
gi l dch v logistics bao gm nhiu hot ng khc nhau. Ballou (2004) phn
chia nhng b phn cu thnh ca mt h thng dch v logistics in hnh trong
doanh nghip ra thnh 2 nhm hot ng c bn: nhm cc hot ng chnh v
nhm cc hot ng h tr.
Nhm cc hot ng chnh l cc hot ng c tin hnh tt c cc
knh dch v logistics ca mi doanh nghip. Cc hot ng ny bao gm: dch
v khch hng, vn chuyn hng ha, qun tr d tr, x l n hng v cc
dng thng tin n v i.
Nhm cc hot ng h tr bao gm: kho bi v bo qun, mua hng, bao
gi, phi hp vi b phn sn xut xc nh khi lng sn phm cn sn
xut, thi gian sn xut, kt qu sn xut; xc nh lch trnh cung cp cc yu t
u vo cho sn xut v hot ng ca doanh nghip, thu thp, lu tr v x l
cc thng tin, phn tch cc s liu.
Cho n thi im hin nay, c rt t cng trnh nghin cu ca cc tc gi
nc ngoi v dch v logistics Vit Nam. Mt trong nhng nghin cu c
bit n rng ri l Vietnam logistics development, trade facilitation and the
impact on poverty reduction (Pht trin logistics Vit Nam, to thun li cho
thng mi v tc ng n gim ngho) ca Vin Nghin cu Nomura (Nht
Bn) cng b nm 2002 [56], cng trnh nghin cu ny phn tch thc trng
pht trin dch v logistics ca Vit Nam, ch yu tp trung vo kha cnh dch
v logistics v chi ph cho dch v logistics ca sn xut v xut khu mt s mt
hng xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam.
Nghin cu ca Sullivan (2006) Vietnam transportation and logistics:
opportunities and challenges (Giao thng vn ti v logistics Vit Nam: c hi
v thch thc) [68], nh gi khi qut v thc trng, c hi v thch thc i
vi lnh vc vn ti v dch v logistics Vit Nam. Nghin cu tp trung vo
phn tch cc c hi v thch thc ca Vit Nam i vi cc phng thc vn ti
hng ha nh ng b, ng st, ng khng, ng bin.
Cc nghin cu ca ADB (2007) v hnh lang kinh t Bc Nam ( cp
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12
trn) v Ruth Banomyong (2007, 2008 v 2010) v dch v logistics cc
quc gia tiu vng sng Mkng m rng v khu vc ASEAN a ra nhng
nhn xt v nh gi v thc trng pht trin dch v logistics ca cc nc lin
quan trong khu vc nghin cu, trong c Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, cc nh gi
ny ch mang tnh cht khi qut v c t trong mi tng quan vi cc quc
gia trong khu vc. [38][39][40]
Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh nghin cu v bi vit ca cc tc gi nu trn
ch cp n nhng vn chung nht c tnh l lun v vai tr ca QLNN, v
QLNN i vi dch v logistics trong nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng
XHCN. Hoc ch dng li mc nghin cu QLNN i vi dch v logistics
chung nht. Cc cng trnh nghin cu trn lin quan n dch v logistics cng
bin Vit Nam ch yu l cc cng trnh nghin cu gic vi m v trung
m, mang tnh cht khi qut, ch tp trung vo mt kha cnh ni dung ca dch
v logistics, gii thiu nhiu quan im, khi nim v ni dung v dch v
logistics. Cha c cng trnh hay ti no i su vo vic nghin cu mt cch
ton din v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin, t xy dng c s
l lun, a ra nhng gii php c bn nhm nng cao nng lc v hiu qu
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin nhm nng cao hiu qu lnh vc kinh
doanh dch v c nhiu c tnh u vit ny. Hn na, vic lun gii mt cch c
h thng yu t QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin c ngha quan trng
trong vic xy dng v hon thin cc thit ch qun l kinh t dn ch ca Nh
nc trong nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn. y l mt vn kh mi m nc
ta trong iu kin ng v Nh nc ta ch trng pht trin nn kinh t th
trng nh hng XHCN.
4. Mc tiu nghin cu ca ti lun n
*Mc tiu tng qut ca ti lun n
Nhm a ra cc gii php, kin ngh da trn c s khoa hc v thc tin
nhm i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng thc hin
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13
hiu qu mc tiu pht trin kinh t ca thnh ph Hi Phng theo quan im
ca ng v Nh nc t ra n nm 2020.
* Mc tiu c th ca nghin cu ti lun n
(i) Lm r c s l lun v kinh nghim quc t v QLNN i vi dch v
logistics ti cng bin.
(ii) Phn tch, nh gi thc trng QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi
Phng.
(iii) Tng hp nh hng v mc tiu pht trin dch v logistics i vi cng
Hi Phng. a ra cc gii php, ng thi tham gia mt s kin nhm i
mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng
*Cu hi nghin cu
thc hin mc tiu, hon thnh nhng nhim v v em li nhng
ngha thit thc, ti lun n s tr li cc cu hi trng tm nh sau: Th nht,
logistics cng bin l g? M hnh logistics cng bin bao gm cc hot ng
no? Th hai, QLNN i vi dch v logistics ti cng bin gm c nhng ni
dung g? Th ba, nhng tiu ch no nh gi kt qu QLNN i vi dch v
logistics ti cng bin v cc nhn t no tc ng lm nh hng n kt qu
QLNN i vi dch v logistics ti cng bin? Th t, Dch v logistics cng
Hi Phng hin nay ang hot ng nh th no? Hi phng c nhng tim nng
nh th no i vi vic pht trin dch v logistics cng bin? Th nm, cng
tc QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng t c thnh tu g,
c nhng hn ch g v nguyn nhn ca nhng hn ch ? Th su, cc gii
php i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng? u l nhng
iu kin thc hin thnh cng cc gii php ?
5. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ca lun n
- i tng nghin cu: L dch v logistics ti cng bin v QLNN i vi
dch v logistics ti h thng cng bin trn a bn thnh ph Hi Phng (trong
lun n ny h thng cng bin trn a bn thnh ph Hi Phng c gi tt l
cng Hi Phng).
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14
- Phm vi nghin cu: Gii hn trong QLNN i vi dch v logistics ti h
thng cng bin trn a bn thnh ph Hi Phng (cng Hi Phng). Thi gian
nghin cu thc trng trong khong 2000 - 2013. C b sung d liu n nm
2014, phng hng v gii php QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi
Phng c xut khung thi gian n nm 2020.
6. Phng php nghin cu
+ Cch tip cn i tng nghin cu ti lun n
- Phng php thu thp s liu th cp: Thu thp nhng ti liu, bo co
ca cc c quan qun l c lin quan nh: Cc Vn kin i hi ng t Kha
VII n Kha XI; nhng ti liu, bo co ca cc c quan qun l nh Chnh
ph, B Giao thng vn ti, B Cng Thng, B Ti Chnh, Cc Hng Hi Vit
Nam, Cng v Hng hi Hi Phng, Cc Thng k thnh ph Hi Phng, Vn
phng UBND thnh ph Hi Phng, cc s liu kho st do World Bank t
2007-2012, cc bo co, cc nghin cu cng b, cc tp ch v s dng cc
ti liu iu tra, kho st, thu thp s liu thng k v phn tch... ca cc ti,
d n, cc cng trnh nghin cu c cng b v vn lin quan, s
dng phn tch, nh gi v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng
- Phng php iu tra, phng vn doanh nghip; T nhng s liu thng
qua iu tra thc t ti mt s doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc dch v
logistics cng Hi Phng (Thng qua phiu iu tra ti 50 doanh nghip), vi
vic tp hp, phn tch h thng cc vn bn v QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng bin ni chung v dch v logistics cng Hi Phng ni ring, rt ra c
nhng tn ti cn i mi QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng.
+ Cc phng php nghin cu ch yu c s dng trong lun n
- Phng php phn tch, so snh, tng hp. Lun n vn dng phng
php lun duy vt bin chng v duy vt lch s, kt hp vic kho st, la chn,
so snh, i chiu, phn tch, nh gi, x l khoa hc v d bo tnh hung.
- Phng php thng k kinh t, kt hp nghin cu nh lng vi nghin
cu nh tnh; Bng phng php l thuyt tp hp cc nghin cu khoa hc nhm
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15
l thuyt ha v l lun qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng bin. Tp
hp mt s bin php QLNN i vi dch v logistics hiu qu mt s cng bin
trn th gii, rt ra kinh nghim v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin.
Cn c quan im, mc tiu v nh hng ca cc cp QLNN xut
nhng gii php, kin ngh c tnh cht khoa hc v i mi QLNN i vi dch
v logistics cng Hi Phng.
7. B cc ca ti lun n
Chng 1: C s l lun v kinh nghim quc t v QLNN i vi dch v
logistics ti cng bin. Chng ny nghin cu v logistics cng bin. M hnh
logistics cng bin. QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin (khi nim, chc
nng, ni dung, cng c, phng php, vai tr, cc nhn t tc ng v tiu ch
nh gi). Nghin cu tnh hnh pht trin dch v logistics trong khu vc, kinh
nghim QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin cc nc Singapore, Trung
Quc, Nht Bn t rt ra bi hc kinh nghin cho QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng Hi Phng.
Chng 2: Thc trng v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi
Phng. Chng ny nghin cu v thc trng v tim nng v pht trin dch v
logistics cng Hi Phng. nh gi thc trng, a ra cc nguyn nhn dn n
s yu km trong QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi Phng
Chng 3: Phng hng v gii php i mi QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng Hi Phng. Chng cui ca lun n a ra Quan im, mc
tiu, nh hng v cc gii php QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng Hi
Phng. Cng vi cc kin ngh ti cc cp QLNN nhm i mi QLNN i vi
dch v logistics cng Hi Phng.
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16
CHNG 1- C S L LUN V KINH NGHIM QUC T V
QUN L NH NC I VI DCH V LOGISTICS CNG BIN
1.1 C s l lun v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin.
1.1.1 Khi qut v dch v logistics cng bin
Xu th ca kinh t th gii l ton cu ha vi u im tuyt i lm cho
nn pht trin nng ng v vng chc hn. Ton cu ha khin giao thng ca
cc quc gia, cc khu vc trn th gii pht trin mnh m v ng nhin ko
theo nhng nhu cu mi v vn ti, kho bi, dch v h tr khc. Xu th mi ny
dn n s ny sinh v pht trin tt yu ca dch v logistics, c ghi nhn
nh mt chc nng kinh t ch yu v l mt cng c mang li thnh cng cho
cc doanh nghip c trong khu vc sn xut ln cng nh khu vc dch v, v
hin nay l dch v logistics ton cu trong c dch v logistics cng. Do ,
nghin cu v dch v logistics cng bin l mt vic lm cn thit quan trng
nhm nng cao tnh cnh tranh v hiu qu kinh doanh ca cc cng bin Vit
Nam ni chung v cng Hi Phng ni ring.
1.1.1.1 Khi nim v logistics
Theo Hi ng qun tr logistics ca M (Council of Logistics
Management-CLM) th logistics l quy trnh chui cung ng c nhim v lp
k hoch, t chc thc hin v kim sot qu trnh lu chuyn, d tr hng ho,
dch v v nhng thng tin lin quan t im xut pht u tin n ni tiu th
cui cng sao cho hiu qu v ph hp vi yu cu ca khch hng.[10].
Di gc qun tr chui cung ng th Logistics l qu trnh ti u ha
v v tr, lu tr v chu chuyn cc ti nguyn/ yu t u vo t im xut pht
u tin l nh cung cp, qua nh sn xut, bn bun, bn l n tay ngi tiu
dung cui cng thng qua hang lot cc hot ng kinh t[45]
Theo quan nim ca Lin hp quc: Logistics l hot ng qun l qu
trnh lu chuyn nguyn vt liu qua cc khu lu kho, sn xut ra sn phm
cho ti tay ngi tiu dng theo yu cu ca khch hng.[45]
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17
Theo quan im 7 ng (seven rights), Logistics l qu trnh cung cp
ng sn phm n ng khch hng, mt cch ng s lng, ng iu kin,
ng a im, ng thi gian vi chi ph ph hp cho khch hng tiu dng sn
phm.
PGS.TS on Th Hng Vn nh ngha trong ti liu Logistics -
Nhng vn c bn (NXB Thng k nm 2003): Logistics l qu trnh ti u
ho cc hot ng vn chuyn v d tr hng ho t ni sn xut n ni tiu
th cui cng thng qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t. Logistics c m t
l cc hot ng (dch v) lin quan n hu cn v vn chuyn, bao gm cc
cng vic lin quan n cung ng, vn ti, theo di sn xut, kho bi, th tc
phn phi, hi quan... Logistics l tp hp cc hot ng ca nhiu ngnh ngh,
cng on trong mt quy trnh hon chnh.[31]
Hoc Logistics l ngh thut v khoa hc gip qun tr v kim sot dng
chy ca hng ha, nng lng, thng tin v nhng ngun lc khc [49]
Ngun: http://www.vlr.vn/vn/ (Cng thng tin logistics Vit Nam)
C ngha l: Logistics l mt chui cc hot ng lin tc, c quan h
mt thit vi nhau, tc ng qua li ln nhau c thc hin mt cch khoa hc
v c h thng qua cc bc nghin cu, hoch nh, t chc, qun l, thc
hin, kim tra, kim sot v hon thin cc hot ng bao gm cc cng vic
lin quan n cung ng, vn ti, theo di sn xut, kho bi, th tc phn phi,
hi quan.... Do , logistics l qu trnh lin quan ti nhiu hot ng khc nhau
S 1.1. Chui logistics t sn xut n tiu dng
Lu
kho Vn ti
Nh
my
Kho
hng
Qun l cung ng vt t k thut
(inbound logistics)
Phn phi sn phm
(outbound logistics)
Ngun
cung ng
Vn ti Vn ti Vn ti Tiu
th
http://www.vlr.vn/vn/
-
18
trong cng mt t chc, t xy dng chin lc cho n cc hot ng chi tit,
c th thc hin chin lc.
1.1.1.2 Khi nim v phn loi v dch v logistics cng bin
a. Khi nim v dch v logistics cng bin.
Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 ti Mc 4, iu 233. Dch v
logistics l hot ng thng mi, theo thng nhn t chc thc hin mt
hoc nhiu cng vic bao gm nhn hng, vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm th
tc hi quan, cc th tc giy t khc, t vn khch hng, ng gi bao b, ghi
k m hiu, giao hng hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan n hng ho theo
tho thun vi khch hng hng th lao. [19] C ngha l dch v logistics
l hot ng kinh doanh thng mi m ch th kinh doanh thc hin mt chui
cc hot ng lin tc, c quan h mt thit vi nhau, tc ng qua li ln nhau
c thc hin mt cch khoa hc v c h thng qua cc bc nghin cu,
hoch nh, t chc, qun l, thc hin, kim tra, kim sot v hon thin, l qu
trnh lin quan ti nhiu hot ng khc nhau trong cng mt t chc, t xy
dng chin lc cho n cc hot ng chi tit, c th nhm t c mc tiu
tha mn nhu cu ca th trng.
Dch v logistics trong ngnh vn ti xut nhp khu, bao gm mi hot
ng ca thng nhn nhm lp k hoch, t chc thc hin cc dch v kinh
doanh lin quan n vn ti (ng bin, ng b, ng hng khng, ng
thy ni a,), lu kho bi, sp xp, ng gi, bao b hng ha sn sng cho
qu trnh vn ti v phn phi hng i cc ni theo yu cu ca ngi y thc.
Nh vy, khng nn hiu dch v logistics mt cch th s nh l mt khu vn
chuyn v lu tr hoc ch l mt dch v hu cn n thun.
Cng l u mi quan trng trong chui logistics xut nhp khu, cng thc
hin cc hot ng nhm h tr cho chu trnh lun chuyn hng ha xut nhp
khu bao 7 h thng hot ng (c trnh by c th phn 1.1.1.3) n c vai
tr quyt nh trong vic nng cao hiu qu ca c quy trnh dch v logistics, t
thut ng dch v logistics cng c a vo nghin cu. Mc tiu ca
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19
dch v logistics cng l tp trung xy dng cc h thng dch v cng nhm ti
u ha quy trnh logistics thng qua vic nng cao tnh tng thch ca cng
trong chui logistics. Bng vic s dng cc gii hn dch v logistics u ra
trn v di, s tham gia ca cc dch v trong cng c th to nn th phn
ng k trong tng chui gi tr gia tng thu c ca chui dch v logistics.
Nu mt cng thnh cng trong vic pht trin h thng dch v logistics, cng
chc chn c c u th cnh tranh so vi cc cng i th khc.[27]
Nh vy, dch v logistics cng l chui cc hot ng thng mi cc
h thng bao gm bc xp, vn chuyn, h tr hnh trnh tu, phc v tu vo
cng, lu kho bi v phc v hng qu cnh trong chui logistics cng bin
nhm p ng i hi ca nhu cu xut nhp khu.
b. Phn loi v dch v logistics cng bin.
Phn loi theo cc nhm doanh nghip vi cc lnh vc nh sau:
+ Cc dch v logistics cng trong lnh vc vn ti: Cc cng ty cung cp
dch v vn ti n phng thc (Cng ty cung cp dch v vn ti ng b,
ng st, hng khng, ng bin). Cc cng ty cung cp dch v vn ti a
phng thc. Cc cng ty cung cp dch v khai thc cng. Cc cng ty mi gii
vn ti
+ Cc dch v logistics cng trong lnh vc phn phi: Cng ty cung cp
dch v kho bi. Cc cng ty cung cp dch v phn phi
+ Cc dch v logistics cng trong lnh vc dch v hng ho: Cc cng ty
mi gii khai thu hi quan. Cc cng ty giao nhn, gom hng l. Cc cng ty
chuyn ngnh hng nguy him. Cc cng ty dch v ng gi vn chuyn
+ Cc dch v logistics cng trong lnh vc cung cp dch v logistics
chuyn ngnh: Cc cng ty cng ngh thng tin. Cc cng ty vin thng. Cc
cng ty cung cp gii php ti chnh, bo him. Cc cng ty cung cp dch v
gio dc v o to
1.1.1.3 M hnh logistics cng bin [27]
c th hiu c r hn v h thng dch v logistics cng bin iu
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trc tin chng ta phi nm c m hnh logistics cng. Hnh 1.1 m t mi
lin kt gia cc h thng th cp trong quy trnh logistics cng.
Hnh 1.1. Lin kt cc h thng th cp trong h thng logistics cng
Ngun: Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 17 4/2009
C nhiu cch khc nhau khi phn chia h thng logistics cng, nhng
thng thng i vi mt cng bin hin i, h thng logistics cng c chia
thnh 6 h thng th cp vi vai tr, nhim v nh sau: (Xem ph lc 2)
+ H thng h tr hnh trnh tu
Nhim v l cung cp lng thc, thc phm v cc dch v h tr cho tu.
Cc cng ty lin quan n hot ng ca h thng phn ln nhn lnh trc tip
t cng ty vn ti bin hoc qua i l hng hi, trong khi cc cng ty lin quan
gin tip n cng li nhn lnh trc tip t ngi gi hng hoc t i l ca
ngi gi hng. Bao gm cc nhm: (1) Dch v khch hng: Ngi gi hng,
i l hng hi. (2) Dch v cho hot ng ca tu: cng ty vn ti bin, cung
cp thuyn vin, sa cha, dch v y t, cung cp thit b.(3) Cc c quan qun
l: Qun l tu, cnh st bin, ng kim. (4) Dch v h tr: Bo him, kim
dch, cu h
+ H thng phc v tu vo cng
Vai tr ch yu ca h thng phc v tu vo cng l bo m an ton v
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thun tin cho tu khi tu cp cng. Cc cng ty/t chc cng v, dch v lin
quan n cng tc phc v tu vo cng bao gm dch v thng quan, dch v
hoa tiu, dch v bo m an ton cho tu vo lung, i l tu
+ H thng xp d
Nhim v ca h thng xp d l h tr hot ng xp hng v d hng ca
tu ti cng sao cho nhanh chng v an ton. Cc bn lin quan n hot ng
ca h thng xp d... Phn ln cc bn c lin quan trc tip n cng nhn
lnh trc tip t n v khai thc cng. i khi n v thc hin cng tc xp d
hng nhn lnh t ngi gi hng hoc i l ca ngi gi hng. i cng
nhn xp d li nhn lnh t n v thc hin cng tc xp d.
+ H thng phc v hng qu cnh
Cng vic ca h thng phc v hng qu cnh l bo m lin kt gia
bn xp d v bn kho bi (hoc bn vn ti ni a). Cc bn lin quan n h
thng phc v hng qu cnh... Lung hng s dch chuyn t h thng xp d
n lin kt vn ti b hoc lu kho bi. rt nhiu cng, qu trnh qu cnh
ny khng c tch bit r rng m c th c gp vo h thng xp d hoc
h thng lu kho bi. Nhng i vi cc cng c bi hng nm xa khu vc trung
tm cng, vic xy dng h thng phc v hng qu cnh l cn thit.
+ H thng lu kho bi
Nhim v ca h thng lu kho bi l h tr cho qu trnh lu kho bi. Vi
mi loi hng ha khc nhau, cn c cc qu trnh phc v khc nhau t cc bn
chuyn mn nh phc v kho lu hng nguy him, kho lu hng thc phm, khu
cha bn cho hng lng v khu kho bi a chc nng (bao gm c bi
container). Hng ha sau khi d t tu hoc mang n t ch hng s c
chuyn n b phn kim m kim tra hng ngay ti kho bi. Nu l hng
gom th s c chuyn n kho CFS tho/ng hng vo container. Lung
hng i t h thng phc v hng qu cnh n h thng lin kt vn ti ni a.
+ H thng lin kt vn ti ni a
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Vai tr ca h thng lin kt vn ti b l h tr cho lin kt gia h thng
kho bi (hoc h thng phc v hng qu cnh) vi h thng vn ti ni a. Cc
bn lin quan n h thng lin kt vn ti ni a. Dng hng dch chuyn t h
thng phc v hng qu cnh hoc h thng xp d n khu vn ti ni a bao
gm: vn ti ng st, vn ti ven bin, vn ti ng thy ni a, vn ti
ng hng khng v ch yu l vn ti ng b. Trong trng hp vn ti
ng ng, sau khi d hng t tu, hng c chuyn trc tip ti ng ng
nn khng cn phi s dng n h thng lin kt vn ti ni a.
Nh vy, thng qua m hnh logistics cng bin ta thy l c mt h
thng s rt nhiu cc hot ng, cng l thch thc v c hi cho dch v
logistics cng bin, vi khi cng vic cc k ln nh vy cc doanh nghip
phi u t nh th no, vo lnh vc g t c hiu qu cao. Cng tc
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng cng l vn quan trng hn trong iu
kin hi nhp v pht trin hin nay.
1.1.2 Qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng bin
1.1.2.1 Khi nim QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
+ Qun l nh nc v kinh t: QLNN v kinh t l s tc ng c t chc v
bng php quyn ca Nh nc ln nn kinh t quc dn nhm s dng c hiu
qu nht cc ngun lc kinh t trong v ngoi nc, cc c hi c th c, t
c cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t t nc t ra trong iu kin hi nhp v
m rng giao lu quc t.[28 tr 19]
Theo ngha rng, QLNN v kinh t dc thc hin thng qua c ba loi c
quan lp php, hnh php v t php ca Nh nc.
Theo ngha hp, QLNN v kinh t c hiu nh hot ng qun l c tnh
cht Nh nc nhm iu hnh nn kinh t, c thc hin bi c quan hnh
php (Chnh ph).
+ Qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng bin:
Xut pht t khi nim QLNN v kinh t v khi nim dch v logistics
cng bin trn c th xc lp khi nim: QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng
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bin l s tc ng c t chc v bng php quyn ca Nh nc ln cc hot
ng ca cc t chc trong h thng dch v logistics cng bin nhm s dng
c hiu qu nht cc ngun lc kinh t trong v ngoi nc, cc c hi c th
c, t c cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t ti khu vc cng bin nht nh
nm trong tng th nn kinh t quc gia, trong iu kin hi nhp v m rng
giao lu quc t.
1.1.2.2 Chc nng ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
Qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng bin nhm thc hin cc
chc nng qun l ca nh nc bao gm:
+ nh hng cho s pht trin h thng dch v logistics cng nhm t n
mc ch (mc tiu) nht nh. Cn c vo iu kin kinh t - x hi ca t
nc trong tng thi k. Nh nc nh hng pht trin i vi cc hot ng
ca h thng dch v logistics trong lnh vc cng bin v hng dn cc nh
kinh doanh trong lnh vc ny hot ng theo mc tiu chung ca t nc.
+ Nh nc to lp mi trng cho s pht trin ca dch v logistics trong
lnh vc cng bin l tp hp tt c cc yu t, iu kin to nn khung cnh tn
ti v pht trin ca lnh vc ny. Bao gm cc loi mi trng: Mi trng
kinh t, Mi trng php l, Mi trng chnh tr, Mi trng vn ha x hi,
Mi trng k thut, mi trng dn s, mi trng quc t m bo cho dch
v logistics cng bin pht trin thun li nht.
+ Nh nc s dng quyn nng chi phi ca nh nc ln cc hnh vi ca cc
ch th kinh doanh trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin, ngn chn cc tc
ng tiu cc n qu trnh hot ng ca lnh vc ny, rng buc chng phi
tun th cc quy nh c sn, nhm bo m s pht trin bnh thng ca
nn kinh t theo nh hng ca nh nc.
+ Nh nc xy dng h thng chnh sch php lut trong lnh vc dch v
logistics cng bin ng thi da vo n kim tra, gim st vic thc hin
ng li ch trng, chnh sch v cc k hoch, php lut trong lnh vc ny
bao gm: Cung ng, xp d, vn chuyn, theo di, iu phi lung tu ra vo
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24
cng, kho bi, th tc hi quan, phn phi v cc nh cung cp dch v logistics
nhm m bo hiu qu kinh t ln nht, trnh n tc, qu ti, cnh tranh khng
lnh mnh v ph v quy hoch tng th ca mi trng cng.
thc hin cng tc QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin c giao
cho hai cp bao gm: Cp B (B Giao thng Vn ti, B Cng Thng, B Ti
chnh) v cp a phng (cc tnh, thnh ph)
1.1.2.3 Ni dung ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin l qun l v nh hng cc
hot ng dch v logistics trong h thng cng bin thng qua h thng cc vn
bn php lut nhm thc hin cc ni dung qun l ca nh nc bao gm:
Th nht, ban hnh lut php, v hng dn cc c quan QLNN trin khai
cng tc QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin. Trn c s cc lut c
Quc hi thng qua, Chnh ph ban hnh cc ngh nh, quyt nh hng dn
thi hnh lut; B Giao thng Vn ti, B Ti chnh ban hnh cc thng t hng
dn thc hin ngh nh, quyt nh ban hnh cc quy ch trin khai thc hin
tng hnh thc QLNN, quy nh cc iu kin cc doanh nghip dch v
logistics c php m rng thm cc hnh thc kinh doanh; cc cp B, ngnh
ban hnh cc thng t, quyt nh v UBND tnh, thnh ph ban hnh cc quyt
nh nhm phi hp cng cc B hng dn, iu tit hot ng ca cc doanh
nghip trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin ph hp vi c th ca ngnh,
ph hp vi c th kinh t - x hi ca tng a phng; Cng v Hng hi ban
hnh cc vn bn ch o, hng dn cc cc doanh nghip trong lnh vc dch
v logistics cng bin trn a bn c phn cp qun l tng bc m rng
cc hnh thc, loi hnh v phng thc hot ng. Qua ban hnh lut php, v
hng dn thc hin, to khung php l v hng dn chi tit cho cc doanh
nghip trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin hot ng v pht trin.
Th hai, nh hng v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin qua xy
dng v trin khai thc hin chin lc, k hoch: H thng chin lc, quy
hoch, k hoch, chng trnh, d n, n c xy dng v ph duyt, Chnh
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ph ph duyt quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t-x hi cho tng vng,
ngnh, tng khu vc. Cc B ch qun v cc tnh, thnh ph, UBND tnh, thnh
ph ph duyt n v k hoch pht trin i vi dch v logistics cng bin.
Vic trin khai thc hin cc quy hoch, n v cc chng trnh pht trin
kinh t-x hi l nhng cng c QLNN quan trng, nh hng cc mc tiu, cc
ch tiu, bin php t chc thc hin p ng yu cu pht trin kinh t-x hi; l
c s khoa hc v l c s thc tin nh hng mc tiu, ch tiu ca QLNN
i vi dch v logistics cng bin ph hp yu cu pht trin kinh t-x hi.
Th ba, ch o thc hin v QLNN i vi s pht trin dch v logistics
cng bin ph hp quc tin trnh hi nhp t: Thc hin m ca th trng dch
v logistics cng bin theo l trnh cam kt, tham gia cc iu c quc t, cc
din n khu vc v quc t v dch v logistics cng bin. B Giao thng Vn
ti ch ng pht trin quan h hp tc a phng v song phng trong lnh
vc dch v logistics cng bin, m rng thm cc hnh thc, loi hnh, phng
thc dch v logistics cng bin theo ng l trnh cam kt v m ca nn kinh
t. ng thi, cc tnh, thnh ph ch o cc c quan QLNN thc hin cng tc
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin ph hp tin trnh hi nhp quc t
trong lnh vc logistics cng bin.
Th t, kim tra, thanh tra, gim st qu trnh QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng bin: C quan thanh tra, gim st ca cc cp QLNN thc hin
hot ng kim tra, thanh tra, gim st qu trnh pht trin cc hnh thc, loi
hnh, phng thc dch v logistics cng bin theo phng php thanh tra, gim
st tun th trn c s ri ro i vi tng hnh thc, loi hnh, phng thc dch
v logistics cng bin. Ni dung thanh tra, gim st bao gm: Thanh tra vic
chp hnh cc iu kin c cp php hot ng, tun th cc quy ch ca cc
doanh nghip dch v logistics cng bin; Thu thp, tng hp v x l ti liu,
thng tin, d liu theo yu cu thanh tra, gim st; xem xt, nh gi mc
pht trin dch v logistics cng bin; Kin ngh c quan nh nc c thm
quyn sa i, b sung, hu b hoc ban hnh vn bn quy phm php lut p
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26
ng yu cu QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin; Kin ngh, yu cu cc
B, ngnh c bin php hn ch, gim thiu v x l ri ro; Pht hin, ngn chn
v x l theo thm quyn; Kin ngh c quan nh nc c thm quyn x l vi
phm php lut trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin.
Th nm, cung cp thng tin p ng yu cu QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng bin: Cc cp QLNN t chc thng k, d bo v hot ng dch
v logistics cng bin, cng khai thng tin v tnh hnh hot ng, pht trin v
dch v logistics cng bin cng nh hot ng ca cc doanh nghip dch v
logistics cng bin. Cc c quan QLNN t chc h thng thng tin v cung ng
dch v thng tin, chia s thng tin v tnh hnh hot ng, pht trin v dch v
logistics cng bin nhm ngn nga v hn ch ri ro trong lnh vc dch v
logistics cng bin; t chc, gim st vic cung cp thng tin ca cc khch hng
c quan h vi hot ng, pht trin dch v logistics cng bin.
Th su, t chc cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v o to nhn lc: B
Giao thng vn ti t chc, qun l cng tc nghin cu khoa hc thng qua cc
trng, vin,...nh i hc Hng hi Vit Nam, i hc Ngoi thng, i hc
Thng Mi, cc trng i hc, cao ng khc t chc o to hun luyn nng
cao trnh i ng cn b qun l trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin,
o to cc b qun l v nghip v cho lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin.
1.1.2.4 Cng c v phng php ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin.
a. Cng c
Cng c ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin l tng th nhng
phng tin hu hnh v v hnh m Nh nc s dng tc ng ln mi ch
th kinh doanh trong chui hot ng logistics cng bin nhm mc tiu qun l.
Cng c QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin bao gm:
- Php lut, l h thng cc quy tc x s c tnh cht bt buc chung do
Nh nc t ra, thc thi v bo v, nhm mc tiu bo ton v pht trin x hi
theo cc c trng nh.
- K hoch, l phng n hnh ng, l qu trnh xy dng, qun trit, chp
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27
hnh v gim st, kim tra vic thc hin phng n QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng bin.
- Chnh sch, l mt tp hp cc gii php nht nh nhm thc hin t
c cc mc tiu xc nh trong QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
b. Phng php
Phng php QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin l tng th nhng
cch thc tc ng c ch ch v c th c thc hin cc mc tiu qun l.
Phng php QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin bao gm: Phng php
hnh chnh, phng php kinh t v phng php gio dc.
1.1.2.5 Vai tr ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin l mt tt yu trong nn kinh t
th trng hin i, n l kt qu ca ng li i mi kinh t ca nh nc,
ca qu trnh chuyn mn ha v phn cng lao ng su sc. Cng vi s pht
trin mnh m ca nn kinh t th gii theo hng ton cu ha, khu vc ha,
dch v logistics ngy cng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng, cng bin li l u
mi quan trng trong chui cc hot ng dch v logistics nn cng cn phi
quan tm. Vai tr ca QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin c th hin
cc ni dung sau.
Th nht, QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin l th hin r vai tr
ca nh nc trong vic to mi trng v hnh lang cho dch v logistics cng
bin pht trin trong nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng XHCN, h tr cho
lung chu chuyn cc giao dch kinh t trong cc h thng ca cng; m bo s
pht trin n nh, ng hng; nng cao hiu qu hot ng dch v logistics,
gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca khu vc v t nc. i vi
nn kinh t quc dn, dch v logistics ng mt vai tr quan trng khng th
thiu trong sn xut, lu thng, phn phi. Nu xem xt gc tng th th
dch v logistics l mi lin kt kinh t xuyn sut gn nh ton b qu trnh sn
xut, lu thng v phn phi hng ho. i vi cng bin cng nh vy mi hot
ng ny u c tc ng rt ln v chim mt khon chi ph nht nh bi l
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28
cng bin l ca ng ca chui cc dch v.
Th hai, QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin gip cho vic nh hng
cho s pht trin kinh t x hi i vi khu vc cng bin, l cng c lin kt cc
hot ng trong chui gi tr ton b h thng ca cng bin bao gm cung cp,
dch v, lu thng phn phi, m rng th trng cho cng. QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng tt nhm nh hng ng s pht trin kinh t ca khu vc cng
bin nm trong tng th kinh t x hi ca khu vc. Bng cc cng c, phng tin
lin kt ton b h thng dch v logistics cng v cc lnh vc khc nhau trong
chin lc kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. To ra s hu dng v thi gian v a
im chun mc cho cc hot ng ca doanh nghip, tng cng sc thu ht v
cnh tranh cho khu vc cng bin.
Th ba, QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin tt s to iu kin y
mnh lu thng hng ha, gim chi ph trong kinh doanh quc t, m bo dn
ch, cng bng x hi. Dch v logistics cng c tc dng nh chic cu ni
trong xut nhp khu hng ha gia cc nc trn th trng ng yu cu v
thi gian v tin t ra. QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng tt c tc dng
rt ln trong vic qun l v trin khai, m rng th trng kinh doanh cho cc
doanh nghip, loi b cc chi ph khng cn thit, m bo s cnh tranh lnh
mnh, dn ch v cng bng x hi.
Th t, QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng nhm trc tip qun l, iu
hnh cc doanh nghip kinh doanh trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng, gp phn
gim thiu chi ph trong qu trnh xut nhp khu, tng cng sc cnh tranh cho
cc doanh nghip, to tin thc y cc doanh nghip khc cng pht trin. Dch
v logistics cng l mt chui cc hot ng lin tc, c lin h mt thit vi nhau,
tc ng qua li ln nhau. Chi ph cho dch v logistics cng gm c chi ph vn ti,
xp d, ng gi, h tr v phc v tu, lu kho, d tr, kim k, hnh chnh v
qun l. Vic kim sot tt c cc chi ph ny trong chui dch v logistics cng i
hi phi c s can thip m nh nc gi vai tr rt quan trng, v gim chi ph ny
ngha l: gim chi ph u vo ca cc hng ha, dch v v gim nhng ri ro trong
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29
hot ng kinh t gia cc quc gia; gip cc cng ty ginh c u th, m bo
cng bng trong cnh tranh, dn n tng trng thng mi quc gia; thc y
tnh hiu qu trong sn xut, phn phi; gim s cch bit gia gi tiu dng v sn
xut; khuyn khch s phn phi lao ng hiu qu, thc hin c cc mc tiu
ny i hi phi c nhng chnh sch thch hp, c nhng nh hng r rng, to
mi trng thun li v s kim tra gim st cht ch ca cc c quan QLNN.
1.1.2.6 Cc nhn t tc ng n QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
Tc ng n qun l nh nc i vi dch v logistics cng bin l nhng
yu t nh hng n nh hng pht trin, m bo dn ch, cng bng x hi
trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng, trong c cc nhn t ch yu sau
+ Mc m ca ca nn kinh t trong hi nhp
Mc m ca ca nn kinh t thng c o bng ch s gia tng gi
tr ngoi thng (bao gm gi tr xut khu v gi tr nhp khu) so vi tng
GDP c nc. Mc m ca ca nn kinh t l mt trong nhng tiu ch hng
u nh gi nng lc cnh tranh ca mt quc gia. Mc m ca ca nn
kinh t c th hin chnh sch thu quan, cc hng ro phi thu quan, chnh
sch t giMt quc gia c mc m ca nn kinh t cao c ngha l nc
c gi tr hng ha v dch v xut nhp khu ln, c chnh sch i ngoi m
ca, thng thong, chnh sch thu xut nhp khu hp l, hn ch cc bin php
phi thu bo h sn xut trong nc. Mt khc, cc nc c mc m ca
kinh t ln s dn n kh nng thu ht u t nhiu hn. Vi mc m ca nn
kinh t ln, ngoi vic tng nhanh kim ngch xut nhp khu, nhng nm qua,
Vit Nam cn c mc gia tng FDI ln trong khu vc ng Nam v trn th
gii. i hi cc c quan QLNN phi c cc chnh sch ng, mc u t
FDI tng lm tng kim ngch xut nhp khu, tng khi lng hng ha thng
qua cc cng bin to iu kin thun li pht trin dch v logistics cng.
Dch v logistics cng bin l mt hot ng kinh t quan trng. Do
hot ng ny chu nh hng trc tip ca cc chnh sch xut nhp khu.
Nhng thay i trong hot ng xut nhp khu lm thay i cn bn dch v
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30
logistics, n lt mnh, nhng thnh cng ca dich v logistics thc y hot
ng xut nhp khu pht trin. Chnh v th nh hng khng nh n QLNN
i vi dch v logistics cng bin
+ Th ch, chnh sch v mi trng kinh doanh
Th ch, chnh sch l nhng quy nh php l ca cc quc gia nhm iu
chnh hot ng ca mt ngnh, mt lnh vc no ca nn kinh t. y l yu
t cu thnh mi trng kinh doanh v l iu kin ht sc quan trng cho s pht
trin ca ngnh, lnh vc . Cc chnh sch ca Nh nc i vi tng lnh vc
kinh t ni chung v dch v logistics cng bin ni ring l cng c qun l ca
Nh nc cn c quy nh r rng, minh bch, d hiu, d p dng nhm to
cho cc doanh nghip tham gia vo h thng dch v logistics cng bin c
thun li, bnh ng. QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin cng c quan
tm u t hon chnh s gip cho h thng dch v logistics cng bin c c s
pht trin v hon thin.
Trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t quc t, mt quc gia p dng chnh sch
m ca kinh t, khi lng v tr gi hng ha xut nhp khu tng ln, cc yu
cu v dch v logistics cng bin phc v cho vic lu chuyn hng ha u gia
tng c v s lng v cht lng i hi cc c quan QLNN phi xy dng mt
h thng th ch, chnh sch hon chnh v tin tin.
+ S pht trin ca kt cu h tng, cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng
Kt cu h tng bao gm h thng ng x, bn bi, sn bay, bn cng,
mng trc vin thng, h thng cp in, nc... phc v cho vic lu chuyn
hng ha t ni sn xut n ngi tiu th cui cng. Kt cu h tng l iu
kin quan trng cho s pht trin dch v logistics cng, c bit l c s h tng
giao thng. Tuy khng trc tip tc ng ln hng ha, nhng h thng kt cu
h tng ny l khng th thiu c trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ha.
Vi vai tr nh l cu ni, h thng ng x, bn bi, h thng trc vin
thng... ng gp ht sc quan trng v nh hng khng nh n s pht trin
ca dch v logistics cng. Nu khi c nhu cu v mt loi hng ha no cn
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31
xut nhp khu, mc d c hng ha sn sng nhng vi c s h tng yu
km, thiu phng tin vn chuyn, h thng ng x cht lng km, khng
c cc phng tin thng tin hin i trao i, giao dch th vic xut nhp
khu vn khng t c hiu qu cao. Nh nc quan tm n u t pht trin
mng li giao thng s lm cho qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha thng sut rt
ngn thi gian vn chuyn, gii phng nhanh hng ha xut nhp khu tng hiu
qu, to iu kin thun li cho cng tc QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng.
+ Ngun nhn lc cho QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin
Cng nh cc ngnh kinh t, trong iu kin hi nhp, yu t ngun nhn
lc ng vai tr ht sc quan trng cho s pht trin ca h thng dch v
logistics cng, nht l ngun nhn lc cho QLNN. V dch v logistics cng
trong hi nhp kinh t quc t khng ch gii hn trong phm vi mt hoc mt s
quc gia nht nh m phm vi hot ng ca n mang tnh ton cu, cng bin
l ca ng giao lu vi cc nc trn th gii nn cho d cc hng kinh doanh
dch v logistics cng c nng lc ti chnh mnh, c trang thit b hin i, c
h thng thng tin hin i m c h tr bi ngun nhn lc QLNN tt s
nm bt c i hi ca cc doanh nghip, tham mu kp thi vi cc cp qun
l a ra h thng chnh sch, php lut thun li gip doanh nghip pht
trin, to cho cc doanh nghip c th t hiu qu kinh doanh cao.
Yu cu i vi i ng cn b trong b my QLNN i vi lnh vc kinh
doanh dch v logistics cng phi tinh thng nghip v, gii ngoi ng, c kh
nng v kinh nghim ng x vi nhng bin ng ca kinh t th trng, c
o to cc kin thc qun l nh nc v kinh t, v chuyn ngnh, v tin hc
h c th lp cc bo co theo yu cu, cp nht thng tin v cc hot ng
dch v logistics cng tham mu ng hng cho cc cp qun l, vch ra
chin lc c th v xc nh ng, kp thi mc tiu cho tng lai nhm to
iu kin tt nht cho pht trin dch v logistics cng. V vy cc c quan
QLNN qun l tt qu trnh o to, s dng v pht trin ngun nhn lc cho
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng s gp phn tng cng nng lc cng tc
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32
QLNN, to tin tng hiu qu hot ng ca dch v logistics cng theo kp
tin pht trin ca th gii trong thi i mi.
Kinh t th trng pht trin, khi lng v gi tr hng ha trao i trn th
trng gia cc quc gia, cc nn kinh t tng nhanh chng. Cc dch v logistics
cng phc v cho qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha xut nhp khu cng ngy cng
pht trin. Cc cng ty, doanh nghip, tp on kinh t... kinh doanh dch v
logistics trong lnh vc cng bin xut hin ngy cng nhiu, t ch ch chuyn
kinh doanh mt loi dch v (dch v vn chuyn hay dch v giao nhn, kho
bi...) nay pht trin thnh cc cng ty, tp on ln kinh doanh tt c cc dch
v phc v cho qu trnh lu chuyn hng ha trong chui dch v cng cng i
hi cng tc QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng phi hon thin.
+ Cc loi hnh dch v logistics ngy cng a dng
Ngy nay s pht trin ca cc loi hnh dch v logistics cng bin ngy
cng a dng, pht trin c tc dng gim thiu cc loi chi ph giy t, chng
t trong xut nhp khu quc t (mt giao dch thng mi quc t thng tiu
tn cc loi giy t, chng t m theo nh gi ca Lin hp quc, chi ph v
giy t phc v mi mt giao dch thng mi quc t hng nm vt qu
420 t USD;[28]. S ra i ca dch v vn ti a phng thc do nh kinh
doanh logistics cng m nhn loi b rt nhiu chi ph ny cng nh gim
khi lng cng vic vn phng trong lu thng hng ha, t nng cao hiu
qu xut nhp khu quc t. Thm na, cng vi s pht trin E-Logistics s to
ra cuc cch mng trong dch v vn ti v giao nhn, cht lng dch v
logistics cng ngy cng c nng cao, thu hp hn na mi cn tr v khng
gian v thi gian trong dng lu chuyn hng ha v dch v, lm cho cng tc
QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng ngy cng tr nn bc thit v quan trng.
+ Quy m cng bin v cc doanh nghip kinh doanh trong lnh vc dch v
logistics cng ngy cng ln.
i vi bt k khu vc cng bin no u c rt nhiu tim nng pht trin,
nu QLNN ng hng chc chn cng bin s pht trin lm cho quy m
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33
ngy cng tng ln c v s v cht lng ko theo h thng dch v logistics v
cc doanh nghip pht trin n nh hng trc tip ti cng tc QLNN
Nh vy, QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng tt s to cho h thng dch
v logistics cng pht trin ng hng, mang li kh nng cnh tranh, gim chi
ph, nng cao cht lng xut nhp khu. H thng chnh sch, php lut to iu
kin thun li cho hot ng dch v logistics cng thnh cng, m bo dn
ch, cng bng x hi. Nhng cng s gy ra khng t kh khn, thm ch tht
bi nu c nhng quyt nh sai lm nh: sai lm trong nh hng pht trin
kinh t x hi, chn sai v tr, sai tim nng, d tr khng ph hp, quy hoch
khng chnh xc, nht qun.
1.1.2.7 Cc tiu ch nh gi v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin.
Cc tiu ch nh gi v QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin cho n
nay vn cha c cng trnh chuyn kho no nghin cu mt cch h thng, ton
din. Tuy nhin, xut pht t cc c s l lun v thc tin xy dng php lut
nc ta v vn dng cc tiu ch nh gi QLNN ca Ngn hng pht trin Chu
[35] l cc tiu ch v hiu lc, hiu qu, s cng bng, s bn vng v ph
hp, bc u tc gi c th a ra cc tiu ch nh sau: Tiu ch hiu lc, tiu
ch hiu qu, tiu ch ph hp, tiu ch cng bng v tiu ch bn vng
Th nht, tiu ch hiu lc: Hiu lc QLNN l mt phm tr x hi ch
mc php lut c tun th v mc hin thc quyn lc ch huy v phc
tng trong mi quan h gia ch th qun l vi i tng qun l trong nhng
iu kin lch s nht nh. Do vy, Hiu lc QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng bin ch mc tun th php lut, chp hnh mi ch o t cc c quan
QLNN ca cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin;
ng thi, biu hin mc hin thc quyn lc Nh nc ca cc c quan
QLNN v uy tn ca cc c quan QLNN i vi cc t chc hot ng trong lnh
vc dch v logistics cng bin. Vic nh gi mc hiu lc qua 2 mc :
- nh gi hiu lc QLNN qua mc tun th cc quy nh php lut:
Xem xt mc tun th v i tng i vi quyn v ngha v ca cc doanh
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34
nghip dch v logistics v ca cc doanh nghip trong h thng cng bin, cc
quy nh php lut c lin quan n qu trnh pht trin dch v logistics cng
bin. ng thi nh gi vic tun th cc mc quy nh theo cc tiu ch, ch
tiu chnh yu i vi qu trnh iu tit, kim tra, gim st hot ng i vi
dch v logistics cng bin.
- nh gi hiu lc QLNN qua mc hin thc quyn lc Nh nc:
nh gi mc thc hin vic t chc xy dng v trin khai nh hng pht
trin logistics cng bin; mc ban hnh php lut y , ng b, kp thi
to iu kin php l cho pht trin a dng cc loi hnh, t chc hot ng
trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin, cc loi v phng thc cung cp dch
v logistics; mc iu tit, can thip ca Nh nc trong qu trnh pht trin
dch v logistics cng bin; mc thc hin kim tra, thanh tra, gim st qu
trnh hot ng ca cc t chc trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin.
Th hai, tiu ch hiu qu: Hiu qu l ch tiu phn nh trnh khai thc
cc yu t u vo to ra kt qu hot ng ti a vi chi ph hot ng ti
thiu, hoc l ch tiu phn nh nng sut hot ng, hiu sut s dng cc chi
ph u vo. Do vy, c th hiu hiu qu QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng
bin phn nh kt qu hot ng QLNN vi mc ti a v chi ph QLNN mc
ti thiu. Hiu qu QLNN c nh gi bng mc t c ca ni dung
QLNN so vi cc mc tiu QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin t ra.
Kt qu ca hot ng nh hng, ban hnh php lut, iu tit v kim
tra, thanh tra, gim st ca Nh nc so vi cc mc tiu QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng bin. Hot ng nh hng c hiu qu khi ra cc gii php
i vi dch v logistics cng bin m bo an ton, hiu qu kinh doanh ca cc
t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin v to c hi cho
mi t chc, c nhn tip cn vi tt c cc dch v logistics cng bin. Trong
cng tc xy dng, ban hnh cc quy nh php lut, to khung php l n nh
lu di, t iu chnh, b sung, m bo cng khai, minh bch thng tin php lut
i vi dch v logistics cng bin, thc hin tt cc quy nh trong qu trnh
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35
trin khai cc hot ng i vi dch v logistics cng bin, gp phn gia tng
hiu qu QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin. Hot ng iu hnh ca
Nh nc to thun li cho cc t chc trong h thng dch v logistics cng
bin pht trin lu di.
Th ba, tiu ch ph hp: Tiu ch ph hp trong QLNN i vi dch v
logistics cng bin bao gm: S ph hp ca cc mc tiu nh hng; cc quy
nh ca php lut c ni dung bn trong ph hp nhau, ph hp trong quy nh
php lut gia cc mi quan h ca cc t chc QLNN vi cc t chc hot ng
trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin, s ph hp gia lut vi cc vn bn
hng dn thc hin ca cc t chc QLNN vi cc doanh nghip dch v
logistics cng bin, s ph hp gia quy nh i vi tng t chc hot ng
trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin vi cc quy nh php lut khc, s
ph hp gi quy nh vi thc t; ph hp ni dung, phng php iu hnh; s
ph hp v ni dung, phng thc, hnh thc, kim tra, thanh tra, gim st qu
trnh hot ng ca cc t chc trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin.
Th t, tiu ch cng bng: Tiu ch cng bng trong QLNN i vi cc t
chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin i hi s cn i v
quyn v ngha v gia c t chc trong tip cn v pht trin cc hnh thc, loi
v phng thc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin. Mi hot
ng ca cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin phi
bo m cng bng, cn xng. Vic m bo cng bng, li ch cho cc t chc
hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin v li ch chung ca nn
kinh t l yu t quan trng thc y cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch
v logistics cng bin pht trin, th hin qua vic ban hnh cc vn bn php
lut hng dn cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin
khai thc c nhng li, quyn hn v ngha v ca cc t chc, gip cho cc
t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin hn ch ri ro, phn
tn c ri ro,.. Bn cnh, hng dn cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch
v logistics cng bin phc v cho mc tiu pht trin kinh t-x hi bn vng,
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36
phc v cho cc ngnh, lnh vc kinh t, phc v cho nhu cu nng cao cht
lng cuc sng v n nh x hi.
Th nm, tiu ch bn vng: Tiu ch bn vng trong QLNN i vi dch
v logistics cng bin c biu hin qua s n nh v nh hng, n nh v
php l v m bo hi ha li ch cho cc cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc
dch v logistics cng bin v li ch chung cho pht trin kinh t-x hi. Nh
nc ban hnh php lut lin quan n trin khai tng hnh thc, tng loi hnh
v phng thc hot ng cho cc tt chc phi c c th, r rng, t iu
chnh, b sung, y ni dung cn thit m bo cho cc t chc hot ng
trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin trin khai c d dng, m bo cho
quy trnh thc hin tng hnh thc, tng loi hnh, phng thc hot ng c
n nh lu di, m bo cho vic thc thi php lut ca cc t chc hot ng
trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin.
Cc tiu ch nh gi kt qu QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin l
hiu lc, hiu qu, hp l, cng bng v bn vng u c mi lin h mt thit
v tc ng qua li nhau. C th, khi quy nh php lut v hot ng cho cc t
chc trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin ch c hiu lc thi hnh khi ban
hnh phi ph hp vi ni dung v mc ch ca cc lut ban hnh, nhm a
quy nh php lut i vo thc tin i sng x hi; mc tun th cc quy
nh php lut ca cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng
bin v mc hin thc quyn lc Nh nc, trn c s m bo tiu ch ph
hp trong QLNN vi cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng
bin, gip t c ca ni dung QLNN so vi cc mc tiu QLNN i vi dch
v logistics cng bin t ra theo tiu ch hiu qu v qua p ng c
cc yu cu s n nh v nh hng, v php l v m bo s cng bng, hi
ha li ch cho cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin
v li ch chung cho pht trin kinh t-x hi theo tiu ch bn vng...Tuy vy,
do tc ng bi nhiu yu t, lm cho kt qu QLNN i vi dch v logistics
cng bin t c mc nht nh.
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37
1.2 Mt s kinh nghim quc t v QLNN i vi dch v logistics ti cng bin
Vic tm hiu, rt kinh nghim t thc t pht trin dch v logistics ti
mt s quc gia s cho thy quy lut, xu hng v nh hng i mi qun l
ca ngnh kinh t ny, t c th c c mt s bi hc kinh nghim hu ch
p dng vo iu kin c th ca nc ta v Hi Phng trong qu trnh pht trin
v hi nhp kinh t quc t.
1.2.1 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v logistics cng bin trong khu vc
Dch v logistics c ngha quan trng trong vic to nn li th cnh
tranh cho cc quc gia m trong dch v logistics cng bin ng vai tr ch
yu trong tng thu nhp ca dch v ny. Theo c tnh, th trng dch v
logistics 3PL ton cu t gi tr khong trn 5.000 t USD/nm. Trong , chi
ph logistics cng thp, th hiu qu tng th ca nn kinh t cng cao. 3 khu vc
c th trng dch v logistics ln nht th gii l Chu u, Bc M v ng .
Khu vc ng ang ni ln l mt trung tm dch v logistics ca th gii vi
logistics cng bin chim 8/10 cng container ln nht th gii tp trung khu
vc ny, trong chim trn top 5 cng hng u. Th phn dch v logistics ca
khu vc ng chim 75% ca ton b th trng dch v logistics Chu -
Thi Bnh Dng (gm c Australia). Bnh qun tng trng th trng dch v
logistics Chu - Thi Bnh Dng khong 10 - 15%/nm. [75]
Ti cc quc gia pht trin, chi ph cho dch v logistics ch chim t 10 -
15% GDP/nm, v cc nc ang pht trin, chi ph cho dch v logistics
chim t 25 - 27% GDP/nm. Hin, chi ph dch v logistics ca M khong
7,7% GDP/nm, cc nc khi EU khong 10% GDP. Ti chu , chi ph dch
v logistics ca Singapore vo khong 8% GDP, Nht Bn khong 11% GDP,
Trung Quc khong 18% GDP.
Ti Vit Nam, sau 25 nm xut hin, chi ph dch v logistics hin chim
khong 25% GDP. Nm 2013, tng GDP ca Vit Nam c tnh khong 176 t
USD, th chi ph cho dch v logistics l 44 t USD.
Theo kt qu kho st ca t chc t vn quc t Frost Sullivan, th phn
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38
dch v logistics (3PL) ca khu vc ASEAN chim khong 10% ton b th
trng dch v logistics Chu - Thi Bnh Dng.[75]
Cc nn kinh t ASEAN ang c mc tng trng kinh t nhanh (khong
5%-7%/nm) v nng ng. Gi tr giao dch thng mi ca ASEAN t
khong 1.500 t USD/nm. Hi nhp kinh t gia cc quc gia trong khu vc
ASEAN vi nhau v vi th gii cng su th nhu cu giao thng cng ln.
iu to iu kin cho dch v logistics cng bin pht trin, ng thi s i
mi qun l dch v logistics cng bin li c ngha gim thiu chi ph, nng
cao hiu qu kinh doanh, thc y tng trng thng mi, u t v qu trnh
hi nhp.
Hnh 1.2: C cu th trng dch v logistics Chu - Thi Bnh Dng
Ngun: ti Pht trin cc dch v logistics nc ta trong iu kin hi nhp quc t
Trng i hc Kinh t Quc Dn.Trang 68 [10]
Thc y s i mi QLNN dch v logistics trong ni khi ASEAN ang
c cc quc gia trong khu vc cng quan tm. Theo l trnh hi nhp hin ti
phn ln cc nc ASEAN cho php cc doanh nghip trong khi c t do
u t trong cc phn ngnh dch v vn ti hng ha. ASEAN k kt Hip
nh a bin v t do ha hon ton vn ti hng ha hng khng, to c s thit
lp th trng hng khng ASEAN thng nht vo nm 2015. [39]
ASEAN ang khn trng thc thi k hoch chin lc pht trin hi quan
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39
v C ch mt ca ASEAN nhm hi ha quy tc qun l thng mi v th
tc hi quan gia cc nc. Theo k hoch, cc nc ASEAN-6 (Brunei,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thi Lan) hon thnh xy dng
c ch hi quan mt ca nm 2010, Vit Nam hon thnh vo nm 2012, 3
nc cn li, gm: Lo, Campuchia, Myanmar c gng hon thin trong thi
gian sm nht. iu ny gip gim thi gian ca cc hot ng trong cc h
thng xp d, phc v hng qu cnh v h tr tu vo cng nng cao hiu qu
hot ng ca cc h thng dch v logistics cng bin.
Bng 1.1: Ch s hiu qu dch v logistics ca cc quc gia ASEAN
Quc gia Th hng trn
th gii
im
(im ti a l 5.0)
Singapore 1 4,13
Malaysia 29 3,49
Thi Lan 38 3,18
Philippines 52 3,02
Vit Nam 53 3,00
Indonesia 59 2,94
Campuchia 101 2,56
Lo 109 2,50
Myanmar 129 2,37
ng Timo 149 1,71
Ngun: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy - World Bank 2012
L giao im ca cc tuyn hng hi quc t, khu vc ASEAN c li th rt
ln trong pht trin dch v logistics cng bin. Ngoi tr Lo, cc quc gia
ASEAN u tip gip vi bin v cha ng tim nng pht trin dch v
logistics cng ln. Tuy vy, trnh pht trin dch v logistics cng bin gia
cc quc gia ASEAN hin khng ng u do s chnh lch v trnh pht
trin ca cc nc ASEAN, s khc bit v tiu chun, cng ngh, nng lc
chuyn mn trong lnh vc dch v logistics cng bin.
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40
C th chia ASEAN thnh 3 nhm nc xt theo ch s hiu qu dch v
logistics(LPI)gm: nhm 1 (Singapore) c trnh pht trin dch v logistics
cao nht (ng u th gii); nhm 2 (Malaysia, Thi Lan, Indonesia, Vit
Nam, Philippines) c trnh pht trin dch v logistics mc trung bnh;
nhm 3 (Campuchia, Lo, Myanmar, ng Timo) c trnh pht trin dch v
logistics thp nht. Vit Nam chng ta ng khong gn cui ca nhm 2,
ngha l c trnh pht trin dch v logistics mc trung bnh thp ca khu
vc ASEAN theo dch v logistics cng bin cng c nh gi l tng t.
Cc quc gia c ch s nng lc quc gia v dch v logistics (LPI) ng
u th gii nh Singapore, H Lan, Nht Bn, Thy S, M u l cc trung
tm dch v logistics vn chuyn ton cu, c h thng dch v logistics v cng
pht trin v hiu qu. Singapore th vn ln tr thnh trung tm hin i
ca thng mi quc t, c ch s LPI ng u th gii m dch v logistics
cng bin ng vai tr quyt nh.
Bng 1.2: T l chi ph dch v logistics trn GDP mt s nc nm 2012
Quc gia T l chi ph Logistics trn GDP (%)
M 7,7
Singapore 8,0
Nht Bn 11,0
Indonesia 13,0
Malaysia 13,0
Trung Quc 18,0
Vit Nam 20-25
Ngun: www.vla.info.vn (Hip hi giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam - VIFFAS)
Trnh qun l hiu qu ca h thng dch v logistics mi quc gia th
hin chi ph dch v logistics thp, gip gim gi thnh sn phm, nng cao
kh nng cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip. Theo cc chuyn gia quc t, nu
gim 10% chi ph vn chuyn c th lm tng 20% lu lng thng mi v lm
tng 0,5% tng GDP i vi mi quc gia.
http://www.vla.info.vn/
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cc nc pht trin, chi ph dch v logistics chim 8-12% GDP; trong
khi , cc nc ang pht trin chi ph dch v logistics chim khong 15-
20% GDP, c nc trn 20%, thm ch c nc n 30% GDP.(Bng 1.2)
1.2.2 Kinh nghim QLNN i vi dch v logistics cng bin ti Singapore
Singapore l mt trong nhng nc i u v qun l v pht trin dch v
logistics trong khu vc ng Nam v trn th gii. Vi li th nm v tr
chin lc trn tuyn ng hng hi quc t ni n Dng vi Thi Bnh
Dng, Singapore pht trin thnh cng trung chuyn ln nht trong khu vc.
Nh , Singapore tr thnh u mi quan trng trong hot ng dch v
logistics trn phm vi ton th gii. Tt c cc vn phng, tr s ca cc cng ty
dch v logistics hng u th gii nh Schenker, Keppel Logistics, APL
Logistics, Mearsk Logistics, Excel Logistics, UPS Logistics u c mt y.
c trng v QLNN dch v logistics ca Singapore chnh l chnh sch cng
m v u t xy dng cc trung tm phn phi vng (logistics centre). [53]
TS. Aloysius - Chuyn gia t vn cao cp v dch v logistics ca
Singapore cho bit, thc hin chin lc pht trin dch v logistics v cng
bin phi hi 3 yu t: Cam kt t Chnh ph v khu vc t nhn; nng lc h
tng phi c cc trung tm v cng bin, ha du, cung ng v cc kho lnh;
ngun nhn lc phi c s kt hp gia Chnh ph v doanh nghip.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng mang n s thnh cng cho lnh
vc dch v logistics ca Singapore l vai tr Chnh ph. Chnh ph Singapore
nhn thc rt r vai tr ca dch v logistics vi s pht trin ca quc o ny,
cng nh nhn thc y th mnh, im yu, c hi v e da i vi h
thng dch v logistics quc gia. T nhn thc , Chnh ph Singapore t mc
tiu pht trin Singapore tr thnh trung tm dch v logistics tch hp hng u
th gii vi nng lc vn ti hng hi, hng khng v ng b vt tri. Trong
ch trng 3 gii php: To mi trng kinh doanh thun li cho vn ti, dch
v logistics nh u i thu cho cc cng ty tu bin quc t; h tr o to
ngun nhn lc cho dch v logistics v pht trin kinh doanh cho cc cng ty
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Singapore thng qua Qu Hng hi; khuyn khch cc cng ty trong nc lin
doanh vi cc hng nc ngoi thit lp h thng dch v logistics ton cu,
khuyn khch cc cng ty a quc gia, cc nh dch v logistics quc t t tr
s ti nc mnh bn cnh vic u t vo cc cng trnh kt cu h tngcho
dch v logistics quan trng, c quy m ln, hin i Chnh v vy, hin nay
dch v logistics ng gp khong 8% GDP Singapore.
Singapore c trn 30.000 DN trong v ngoi nc hot ng trong lnh vc
dch v logistics, m ch yu h ng vai tr nh l cung cp bn th 3, th 4.
Ngnh dch v logistics cng ng gp hng nm vo GDP khong 8%, s dng
khong 92.000 lao ng. Theo Bng xp hng hiu qu hot ng dch v
logistics nm 2012 (Logistics Performance Index - LPI), Singapore ng v tr
th nht trong s 150 quc gia c kho st, tr thnh trung tm dch v
logistics s mt th gii. (Xem mc lc 5)
im mnh ca Singapore l chui cung ng ng tin cy v hiu qu cao
kt hp vi chi ph rt cnh tranh. Cng bin v cng hng khng ca nc ny
c kt ni hiu qu vi cc cm cng trn th gii.
Chnh ph Singapore sm a ra quyt sch l ng dng cng ngh
thng tin vo trong hu ht cc khu ca dch v logistics nht l dch v
logistics cng bin. Nm 2001, Singapore u t 11,6 t USD cho khun kh
k hoch hnh ng cng ngh thng tin. Vic y mnh ng dng thng tin vo
trong hot ng dch v logistics v pht trin kinh doanh E-Logistics l bc
ngot quan trng i vi nn kinh t ca Singapore, gip cho cc cng ty c th
giao sn phm theo yu cu ca khch hng v cung cp cc dch v gia tng.
Ngoi ra, vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin cn gip tit kim c thi gian,
gim thiu chi ph kim k s sch, giy t, gim thiu tn tht trong qu trnh
lu kho v thi gian lu kho. Hin nay, thi gian khai bo hi quan ca
Singapore l ngn nht trong khu vc Chu , gip gim thiu thi gian hng
ho phi nm ti Singapore ch xp ln tu chuyn ti. iu ny li cng c
ngha i vi hng l. Do , thi gian chuyn ti ca hng l qua Singapore
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c rt ngn, tin ti gn bng thi gian chuyn ti ca hng nguyn container.
Bng 1.3: Bng t l cc hot ng dch v logistics Singapore
Xp hng Cc hot ng dch v logistics T l (%)
1 Hot ng gom hang 55,6
2 p ng n hng 40,8
3 Chn hng vn chuyn 40,8
4 Thanh ton cc 39,5
5 m phn cc vn chuyn 26,3
6 Qun l phng tin vn chuyn 22,4
7 Qun l sn phm tr li 19,7
8 H thng thng tin logistics 14,5
9 Qun l linh kin 11,8
10 Cung cp hng tn kho 10,5
11 X l n hng 9,2
12 Lp rp trong sn xut 6,6
Ngun: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy - World Bank 2012
Nm 2004, Singapore i mi QLNN dch v logistics bng cch ra
chnh sch mt ca nhm n gin ho trong vic tin hnh cc th tc hnh
chnh lin quan ti hot ng xut nhp khu, thng quan v trung chuyn.
Chnh sch ny gip cho hot ng logistics cng bin tit kim c thi gian
v chi ph trong khi hng nm ti cng ch thng quan, nng cao nng lc cnh
tranh vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Thm vo , vic ng dng
Portnet - mng li cng - gip ngnh dch v logistics ca Singapore qun l
thng tin tt hn, m bo thng tin thng sut hn t cc hng tu, cc nh vn
ti n cc nh giao nhn hng ho v cc c quan chnh ph. Portnet s dng
cng ngh thng tin n gin, ng b ho v thc hin tng tc gia cc
quy trnh phc tp nh vn chuyn v theo di hng. Portnet cng khin cho vic
chuyn giao thng tin hiu qu hn. Theo , cc i tc nc ngoi c th ln
k hoch cho hng Singapore v thng tin sau s lp tc c chuyn ti tt
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c cc bn lin quan. Chnh ng dng ny gp phn khin cho Singapore tr
thnh cng nhn nhp nht th gii.
S d cc cng ty mong mun thu dch v logistics v h cho rng cc
cng ty cung cp dch v logistics c th gip h gim c chi ph ng thi
nng cao c s hi lng ca khch hng. Bng 1.4 cho thy cc yu t nh
hng n quyt nh thu dch v ca cc cng ty Singapore.
Bng 1.4: Cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh thu dch v logistics
Xp hng Cc yu t T l (%)
1 Gim chi ph 52,6
2 Nng cao s hi lng ca khch hng 43,3
3 Tp trung vo lnh vc kinh doanh chnh 36,5
4 Linh hot 34,2
5 Ci tin nng sut 31,6
6 Tinh thn lm vic ca nhn vin 17,1
7 Tip cn c cng ngh mi v chuyn gia 14,7
Ngun: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy - World Bank 2012
c c thnh cng ngy hm nay, Singapore c nhng i mi hot
ng qun l nh nc rt tch cc, trong , phi k n nhng quyt sch
nhm thu ht cc cng ty logistics cng nh cc nh
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