qimia giuli andronikaSvili

dali gulaia

mzia mamiaSvili

10

q i m i a

X klasi

2012

giuli andronikaSvili,

dali gulaia, mzia mamiaSvili

m o s w a v l i s w i g n i

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

giuli andronikaSvili,

dali gulaia, mzia mamiaSvili

q i m i aX klasi

moswavlis wigni

gamomcemloba `klio~

aRmaSeneblis gamz. 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTYvelo

tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 04 30

E-mail: book@klio.ge www.klio.ge

© giuli andronikaSvili, dali gulaia, mzia mamiaSvili, 2012

© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012

Giuli Andronikashvili, Dali Gulaia, Mzia Mamiashvili

Chemistry

10th grade textbook

ISBN 978-9941-415-66-1

redaqtori – SAoTa sidamoniZe, profesori, saqarTvelos qimiuri sazogadoebis Tavjdomare, saqarTvelos sabunebis­metyvelo mecnierebaTa akademiis afxazeTis regi­onaluri mecnierebaTa akademiis da saqarTvelos ekologiur mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa nana baRdavaZe

ydis dizaini elene varamaSvili

3

Sinaarsi

I Tavi. atomis aRnagoba ........................................................................................... 7

§1. zogadi cnobebi atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb ................................................................ 7§2. atomis birTvi ................................................................................................................. 10§3. izotopebi ........................................................................................................................ 12§4. eleqtronuli garsis aRnagoba .................................................................................. 14§5. eleqtronebis ganawileba energetikul doneebze da qvedoneebze ................ 18§6. atomTa eleqtronuli garsis aRnagobis gamosaxvis xerxebi ............................ 20

II Tavi. periodulobis kanoni da atomis aRnagoba .................................... 24

§7. periodulobis kanoni ................................................................................................... 24§8. periodulobis kanoni da perioduli sistema atomis aRnagobis

TvalTaxedviT ................................................................................................................. 26

III Tavi. qimiuri bma ................................................................................................ 32

§9. ionuri bma ......................................................................................................................... 32§10. eleqtrouaryofiToba ............................................................................................... 35§11. kovalenturi bma .......................................................................................................... 37 kovalenturi bmis warmoqmnis donorul­aqceptoruli meqanizmi ............... 40§12. σ­ da π­bmebi ................................................................................................................. 42§13. kovalenturi bmis Tvisebebi ..................................................................................... 43§14. wyalbaduri bma ............................................................................................................. 45§15. metaluri bma ................................................................................................................. 47§16. valentoba da qimiuri bma .......................................................................................... 49§17. Jangvis ricxvi ............................................................................................................... 51

IV Tavi. Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqciebi ................................................................ 55

§18. Jangva­aRdgeniTi reaqciebis zogadi daxasiaTeba............................................. 55§19. Jangva­aRdgeniTi reaqciebis tolobebis Sedgena ............................................ 58§20. Jangva­aRdgeniTi reaqciebis klasifikacia ....................................................... 60

V Tavi. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare. qimiuri wonasworoba......................... 63

§21. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare ........................................................................................... 63§22. reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi ................................................................ 65§23. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi. qimiuri wonasworoba ........................... 71§24. wonasworobis gadaxris pirobebi ........................................................................... 74

4

VOI Tavi. xsnarebi. eleqtrolituri disociacia. eleqtrolizi .......... 79

§25. xsnarebi .......................................................................................................................... 79 xsnadobis koeficienti .............................................................................................. 80§26. xsnarTa Sedgenilobis gamosaxva ............................................................................ 82 gaxsnili nivTierebis masuri wili .......................................................................... 82 moluri koncentracia ............................................................................................... 83§27. eleqtrolitebi da araeleqtrolitebi .............................................................. 87§28. eleqtrolituri disociaciis Teoria ................................................................ 90 eleqtrolituri disociaciis meqanizmi ............................................................. 90§29. disociaciis xarisxi .................................................................................................. 94 Zlieri da susti eleqtrolitebi ......................................................................... 95§30. mJavebi, tuteebi da marilebi eleqtrolituri disociaciis TvalsazrisiT .............................................................................................................. 97§31. ionuri mimocvlis reaqciebi .................................................................................... 99§32. eleqtrolizi ............................................................................................................. 102 raodenobiTi Tanafardobani eleqtrolizis dros ....................................... 107 eleqtrolizis gamoyeneba ...................................................................................... 108

VII Tavi. wyalbadi. wyali .................................................................................... 111

§33. wyalbadi ...................................................................................................................... 111§34. wyali ............................................................................................................................ 116

VIII Tavi. halogenebi ............................................................................................ 120

VII A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba .......................................................... 120§35. halogenebi ................................................................................................................. 122 halogenebis wyalbadnaerTebi ............................................................................. 126 halogenebis mniSvneloba yofa­cxovrebaSi ..................................................... 128

IX Tavi. Jangbadi. gogirdi ................................................................................. 131

VI A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba ........................................................... 131§36. Jangbadi ....................................................................................................................... 133§37. gogirdi ........................................................................................................................ 136 gogirdwyalbadi ........................................................................................................ 140 gogirdis oqsidebi .................................................................................................... 142 gogirdmJava ................................................................................................................ 145 gogirdmJavas marilebi ............................................................................................ 147

5

X Tavi. azoti. fosfori ...................................................................................... 151

V A jgufis zogadi daxasiaTeba .................................................................................... 151§38. azoti ........................................................................................................................... 152 amiaki ........................................................................................................................... 155 amoniumis marilebi ................................................................................................. 158 azotis oqsidebi ....................................................................................................... 159 azotmJava ................................................................................................................... 161 azotmJavas marilebi .............................................................................................. 164§39. fosfori .................................................................................................................... 166 fosforis oqsidebi da fosforis mJavebi ...................................................... 169 fosformJava da misi marilebi ........................................................................... 170

XI Tavi. naxSirbadi. siliciumi ....................................................................... 173

IV A jgufis zogadi daxasiaTeba .................................................................................... 173§40. naxSirbadi .................................................................................................................. 175 naxSirbadis oqsidebi.............................................................................................. 179 naxSirmJava da misi marilebi ................................................................................ 181§41. siliciumi................................................................................................................... 183 silicium(IV) oqsidi da siliciummJava .............................................................. 185

XII Tavi. metalebi ................................................................................................. 189

I A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba. tute metalebi ............................... 189§42. natriumi, kaliumi ..................................................................................................... 190 natriumis da kaliumis tuteebi ........................................................................... 192II A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba............................................................. 195§43. magniumi. kalciumi .................................................................................................... 196 magniumis da kalciumis naerTebi ......................................................................... 199III A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba ........................................................... 202§44. alumini ......................................................................................................................... 203d­elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba ............................................................................... 207§45. rkina ............................................................................................................................... 207§46. manganumi ....................................................................................................................... 213

63

§21. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare

qimiis swavlebis procesSi mravali qimiuri reaqcia ganvixileT, zogi­erTi – praqtikuladac CavatareT. sxvadasxva reaqciaze dakvirvebisas vamCnevT, rom maTi dasrulebisaTvis sxvadasxva droa saWiro. magaliTad, Cveulebriv pirobebSi tutiT mJavis neitralizaciis reaqcia myisierad mimdinareobs, tenian haerze rkinis nakeTobebze oqsiduri fenis war­moqmnas ramdenime dRe­Rame sWirdeba, xolo yvelasaTvis cnobili yur Z nis wvenis daRvinebis bunebrivi procesi ramdenime Tve grZeldeba.

SeiZleba Tu ara vmarToT qimiuri reaqcia – CvenTYvis saintereso qimiuri procesebisaTvis SevarCioT iseTi pirobebi, rom garkveul droSi davagrovoT rac SeiZleba meti raodenobiT miz­nobrivi produqti?

amisaTvis aucilebelia SeviswavloT qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da masze sxvadasxva faqtore­bis gavlena.

davuSvaT, reaqcia mimdinareobs airebs Soris to lobiT: A + B → C + D

reaqcia tardeba V litri moculobis WurWel­Si mudmiv temperaturaze. radgan reaqcia mim­dinareobs molTa ricxvis cvlilebis gareSe, sareaqcio WurWelSi wnevac ucvlelia. vTqvaT, t1 – momentisaTvis WurWelSi iyo A nivTierebis n1 moli, xolo t2 – momentSi gaxda n2-is toli. maSin maTi Se­sabamisi moluri koncentraciebi iqneba:

C1 = n1

V , C2 = n2

V (moli/l)

xolo ∆t=t2-t1 drois SualedSi koncentraciis cvli lebis saSualo siCqare:

υsaS

= C1-C2

t2-t1 anu υ

saS =

∆C∆t

moli/l.wT (moli/l.sT)

V Taviqimiuri reaqciis siCqare. qimiuri wonasworoba

amrigad: qimiuri reaqciis siCqare ganisazRvreba erT­erTi moreagi­ re nivTierebis an reaqciis pro duqtis moluri koncentra­ciis cvlilebiT dro is erTeulSi (sistemis ucvleli mo­culo bis pi robebSi).

nivTierebis raode­nobis fardobas xsnaris saerTo moculobasTan moluri koncentracia ewodeba.

ganzomilebaa mol/l.

C2

C1

t1 t2

∆t

∆c

dro (t)

C (mol/l)

64

1. reaqciis siCqaris Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT reaqciis produqtis koncentraciis cvlilebis mixedviTac. aageT grafiki, romelic asax­avs reaqciis produqtis koncentraciis cvlilebas droSi.

2. rogor fiqrobT, reaqciis mimdinareobisas siCqare icvleba (izr­de ba, mcirdeba), Tu ucvleli rCeba? imsjeleYT, gaakeTeT saTanado daskvna.

3. imsjeleT, sareaqcio WurWlis moculobis Secvla gamoiwvevs Tu ara reaqciis siCqaris Secvlas?

4. gansazRvreT A+B=C+D reaqciis saSualo siCqare, Tu cnobilia, rom A nivTierebis sawyisi koncentracia iyo 0,05 mol/l, xolo 0,3 wm­is Semdeg Semcirda orjer.

1. ras udris siCqare A+B→C+D reaqciisa, Tu B nivTierebis sawyisi kon­centracia iyo 5 mol/l, 10 wamis Semdeg ki gaxda 2 mol/l.

2. reaqcia mimdinareobs airad fazaSi tolobiT: A+3B=2C+D. reagente­bis sawyisi koncentraciebia: C(A) = 5 mol/l, C(B) = 8 mol/l. gamoian­gariSeT reaqciis produqtebis koncentraciebi im momentisaTvis, rodesac A nivTierebis koncentracia gaxda 3 mol/l­s toli.

am dros mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu reaqciaSi monawile romel nivTiere­bazea saubari, radgan nivTierebebi erTmaneTTan raodenobiTad dakavA­Sirebulia qimiuri tolobiT da erT­erTi nivTierebis koncentraciis cvlilebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT danarCenebis koncentraciis Sesabamis cvlilebaze.

Tu reaqciaSi monawileobs myari nivTiereba (magaliTad, reaqciebi myar­sa da airad an Txevad nivTierebebs Soris, or myar nivTierebas Soris), reaqcia mimdinareobs moreagire nivTierebaTa Sexebis zedapirze. amitom aseTi reaqciebis siCqare gaizrdeba Sexebis zedapiris farTobis gazrdiT. Sexebis zedapiris gazrdis mizniT mimarTaven myari nivTierebis dawila­debis (daqucmacebis) meTods.

magaliTad, Tu TuTiisa da gogirdis mtvers SevurevT da narevs gavar­varebul minis wkirs SevaxebT, reaqcia warimarTeba myisierad. didi zomis TuTiis granulebsa da gogirdis fxvnils Soris reaqcia igive pirobebSi ar xdeba.

marmarilos wvrili natexebi gacilebiT ufro didi siCqariT reagirebs marilmJavasTan, vidre igive masis msxvili natexebi.

imave mizeziT qimiur reagentebs, rogorc wesi, iyeneben fxvnilebis da ara natexebis saxiT.

saSinao davaleba

220