qimia

gamomcemloba inteleqti

IXklasis

saxelmZRvanelo

qimiaIX klasis saxelmZRvanelo

gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi 2012

manana vardiaSvili

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier

© manana vardiaSvili, 2012

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012ISBN 978-9941-439-27-8

Manana Vardiashvili

cheMistry iX

INTELEKTI PUBLISHERStbilisi 2012

gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54faqsi: 225-05-22elfosta: inteleqti@caucasus.net vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge

manana vardiaSvili

qimia IX

inteleqtiTbilisi 2012

redaqtori qristine giorgaZe

iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

Editor: Kristine Giorgadze, Professor of TSU

3

sarCevi

I Tavi

1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli ................................................................... 71.2 moluri masa ................................................................................................ 101.3 airad nivTierebebs Soris mimdinare reaqciebi ...................................... 121.4 airis moluri moculoba ........................................................................... 141.5 romeli airia ufro mZime .......................................................................... 161.6 ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi .......... 191.7 rogor amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli amocana qimiaSi ............................... 23SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ....................................................................................... 29

II Tavi

2.1 sad mdebareobs metalebi periodul sistemaSi ....................................... 332.2 metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi ................................................................ 362.3 sufTa metali Tu Senadnobi ..................................................................... 402.4 romeli metalia ufro aqtiuri ................................................................ 452.5 Cven vadgenT metalis mJavasTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili wyalbadis moculobas ......................................................... 492.6 rogor urTierTqmedebs metalebi wyalTan ............................................. 512.7 metalebis korozia ..................................................................................... 552.8 ganicdis Tu ara korozias yvela metali ................................................ 582.9 arametalebis Sesaxeb .................................................................................. 62SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 65

III Tavi

3.1 oqsidis formula da perioduli sistema _ rogor miiReba oqsidi ..... 693.2 oqsidebis Tvisebebi ................................................................................... 723.3 ra Tvisebebi aqvs mJavebs ........................................................................... 753.4 ra Tvisebebi aqvs fuZeebs .......................................................................... 773.5 rogor miiReba mJava da fuZe .................................................................... 803.6 rogor miiReba marili ............................................................................... 853.7 ra Tvisebebi aqvs marilebs ....................................................................... 883.8 marilebi praqtikaSi ................................................................................... 933.9 ra kavSiria martivsa da rTul nivTierebebs Soris ............................... 973.10 gaangariSebebi qimiuri formulis mixedviT ........................................... 1003.11 qimiuri formulis dadgena elementTa masuri wilis mixedviT ........... 103SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 105

IV Tavi

4.1 siTbo da qimiuri reaqcia .......................................................................... 1084.2 rodis aris reaqciis toloba Termoqimiuri .......................................... 1114.3 naxSirwyalbadi da siTbo ........................................................................... 114

4

4.4 ra aris navTobi ... ...................................................................................... 1174.5 ra aris Tbounarianoba .............................................................................. 1234.6 rogor SevafasoT sawvavi .......................................................................... 1274.7 navTobi da bunebrivi airi rogorc nedleuli ........................................ 1314.8 wyalbadi da energetika ............................................................................... 1344.9 energia da qimiuri reaqcia ......................................................................... 1374.10 galvanuri elementis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi ............................................ 1404.11 ra aris polimeri ........................................................................................ 1434.12 qimiuri teqnologia .................................................................................... 146SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 148

V Tavi

5.1 ra abinZurebs haers ..................................................................................... 1525.2 saTburis efeqti .......................................................................................... 1555.3 ras niSnavs haeris xarisxis kontroli ...................................................... 1605.4 mJava wvimebi ................................................................................................. 1645.5 rogor SevamciroT niadagis mJavianoba .................................................... 1675.6 ras niSnavs wylis sisufTavis kontroli .................................................. 1715.7 wylis xarisxis gansazRvra qimiuri analizis meTodebiT ....................... 1755.8 rogor aviciloT wylis dabinZureba ........................................................ 179SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 182

5

rogor vixelmZRvaneloT wigniT

paragrafis nomeri

paragrafis saxelwodeba

Tavis saxelwodeba

teqstis momdevno davalebebi

Sidateqsturi davalebebi

praqtikuli mecadineoba

saSinao davaleba

Semajamebeli samuSao

paragrafis Sejameba mocemulia teqstis bolos muqi sriftiT

proeqti

saSinao cda

eqsperimentuli samuSao

jgufuri samuSao

wyvilebad samuSao

I Tavi

raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiaSi

1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli

agregatuli mdgomareoba niv-Tierebis arsebobis formaa.

daasaxeleT erTi qimiuri Tviseba, romliTac mJava da tute erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.

saSinao cda.

hidroqsilis jgufis valentoba erTis tolia, radgan is wyalbadis erT atoms uerTdeba.

sxvadasxva feris plastilinisagan daamza deT Na-isa da Cl-is ionebis Tanabari raode noba (magaliTad, TxuTmet-TxuTmeti).

1 qvemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebebidan amo-

iwereT iseTi, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTnoT spi lenZs.

saSinao davaleba

1 suraTze asa xulia airebis Semcv-eloba sxvadasxva planetis atmosferoSi.

praqtikulimecadineoba

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

proeqti:

rkinis Jangvis pirobebis gamokvleva

eqsperimentuli samuSao

6

I Tavi

raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiaSi

gaigebT: • ra aris nivTierebis raodenoba• ra kavSiria masasa da nivTierebis raodenobas Soris• rogor viangariSoT airis moculoba avogadros kanonis gamoyenebiT• rogor davaxasiaToT qimiuri reaqcia raodenobrivad

SeZlebT:• cdis Catarebas da monacemebis safuZvelze reaqciis tolobis Sedgenas • nivTierebis raodenobis gaangariSebas• qimiuri reaqciis raodenobriv daxasiaTebas• ucnobi nivTierebis formulis dadgenas.

7

1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli

mzesumziras marcval-marcval miirTmevT, magram Tu giyidiaT odesme mzesumzira saTiTaod _ marcvlebad?

an asanTi Tu SegiZeniaT Rerebad, ko lofis gareSe? ratom?rac Seexeba atoms, magaliTad, wyalbadis

atoms, imdenad mcirea, rom mzesumziris marcvlis zomisa daaxloebiT 200 milioni atomis grova iqneboda. asanTis Rerze ki SeiZleba erTmaneTis miyolebiT daaxloebiT 400 milioni atomi moTavsdes.

qimiuri reaqcia ki swored nivTi erebis Semad geneli nawilakebis _ atomebisa da molekulebis urTierTqmedebaa.

magaliTad, reaqciaSi C + O2 = CO2 yoveli erTi atomi naxSirbadi urTi-erTqme debs erT molekula JangbadTan.

am reaq ciaSi ki, 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O ori mo le kula wyalbadi urTier T-qme debs erT molekula JangbadTan.

SesaZlebelia qimiuri reaqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis atomebisa da molekulebis daTvla? awona?

dagveTanxmebiT, rom Zalian mcire zomis nawilakebs Zalian mcire masa aqvs. amitom, calkeuli nawilakebis daT vla an awona praqtikulad SeuZlebe lia. magram, SesaZlebelia nawilakTa awonadi raodenobis SerCeva. aseT raodenobad qimi kosebma 12 g nax SirbadSi arsebuli atomTa ricxvi SearCies da mas moli uwodes.

ramdeni atomia erT mol, anu 12 g naxSirbadSi? gaangariSebiT dadgenilia, rom 1 mol na x Sir badSi

atomia. mas avogadros mudmiva ewodeba da aRi niSneba NA-Ti.

NA = 6 . 1023 moli-1

rodesac nivTierebis raodenoba 6 . 1023 na wilakiT ganisazRvreba, ambo-ben, rom gvaqvs erTi moli nivTiereba.

sidides, romelic nivTierebis Se ma dgeneli nawilakebis (atomebis, mole­kulebis/ionebis) raodenobas aRricxavs (zomavs) molis saSualebiT, nivTi­erebis raodenoba ewodeba.

moli nivTierebis iseTi raodenobaa, romelic Seicavs avogadros ricxvis tol struqturul nawilakTa erTobliobas.

moli nivTierebis raodenobis erTeulia, is aRiniSneba berZnuli asoTi ν(niu).

Tu nulebis rao denobas dav T v liT da xarisxis maCveneblad davwerT, miviRebT 6.10231/moli

600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

iangariSeT, ramdeni molia 18.1023 atomi naxSirbadi?

8

gaiazreT: • nivTierebis ra raode nobaa 1 moli?

• ras gviC venebs avogadros mudmiva?

amrigad, 12 g naxSirbadi erTi molia.

avogadros mudmivas ricxviTi mniS ­vneloba Zalian didia. amis warmosadgenad xSirad mimarTaven sxvadasxva Seda rebas. maga­liTad, amboben, rom 6.1023 raodenobis Cog­burTis burTebis grova dedamiwis sferos zomisa gax deboda.

SeavseT cxrili sauSao rveulSi

nivTierebisformula

nivTierebisraodenoba

molekulebisricxvi

H2

O3

P2O5

2 moli 12 . 1023

18 . 1023

1 dawereT: wyalbadis molekulis ori moli; wyalbadis atomis ori moli; aluminis ato-mis erTi moli; aluminis atomis xuTi moli; wylis molekulis aTi moli.

2 ramdeni molekulaa 1,5 mol naxSirorJangSi?

3 ramden mols Seadgens 24 . 1023 wylis molekula?

4 gamoiyeneT cnebebi `moli~, `avogadros ricxvi~ da mi-uwereT komentari naxats. gaacaniT maswavlebelsa da Tanaklaselebs.

qimiaSi koeficienti mo lebis raodenobasac gviC venebs. magaliTad, 2O2 _ Jangbadis mole kulebis 2 moli.

saSinao davaleba

iangariSeT, ramdeni molekulaa 2 mol niv TierebaSi?

marTlac, am amocanis gadasaWrelad naxSirbadis atomTa moce muli ricxvi unda gavyoT avogadros mudmivaze, anu nawilakTa ricxvze erT mol nivTierebaSi.

Tu nawilakTa ricxvs nivTierebis garkveul rao denobaSi N-iT aRvniS-navT, SegviZlia davweroT

9

gaangariSeba molis cnebis ga mo yenebiTgazomeT, ramdeni sufris kovzi

wyali asxia Cais WiqaSi._ ramdeni moli wyalia Cais

WiqaSi?_ wylis ramdeni mole kulaa daaxloebiT Cais WiqaSi?

gaangariSebiT dad ge nilia, rom erT su fris kovz wya lSi da axloebiT 6.1023 wylis mo le kulaa

saSinao cda

molis dRe

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yoveli wlis 23 oqtombers dilis 6,02 wuTidan saRamos 6,02 wuTamde aRiniSneba molis dRe.

ris mixedviTaa SerCeuli es dro da TariRi?daakvirdiT: saaTis, dRis da Tvis aRmniSvneli

ricxvebis erToblioba Seadgens avogadros ricxvs.

saaTi Tve ricxvi

6,02 10 23 ≡ 6,02 . 1023↓ ↓ ↓

23

oqtomberi

molis dRe

6,02 . 1023

imsjeleT klasSi mniSv-nelovani qimiuri cnebebis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmdiT da daawe-seT romelime (an ramdenime) maTganis dRe. aRniSneT es dRe mTeli skolis masStabiT. am mizniT CaatareT sxvadasxva saxis Tematuri RonisZiebebi: viqtorina, gamofena, konfer-encia da sxva.

cdisaTvis saWiroa:Cais Wiqa, sufris kovzi, wyali.

bunebismetyvelebiskabineti

10

amrigad, Tu nivTierebis masa cno-bilia, yovelTvis SeiZleba misi ra-odenobis gaangariSeba. es ki Zalian mniSvnelovania _ nivTierebebi xom Semadgeneli nawilakebiT urTierT-q me debs.

1 moli naxSirbadis masa 12 g-ia. Tu 12 g naxSirbads avwoniT, darwmunebuli viqnebiT, rom masSi 6.1023 atomi naxSirbadia. ramdeni Jangbadi urTierTqmedebs erT mol naxSirbadTan?

erTi moli, anu 6.1023 molekula Jangbadis daTvla marTlac SeuZlebelia.samagierod, SesaZlebelia 1 moli Jangbadis masis gaangariSeba.

avogadros ricxvi Sem TxveviT ar aris SerCeuli. gaangariSebiT da das-turebulia, rom yvela nivTie rebisaTvis avo ga dros ricxvis toli nawilakTa rao denobis, anu erTi molis masa ricxobrivad udris am nivTierebis fardobiT atomur an molekulur masas.

amrigad, m(1 moli O2)=32 g, m(1 moli H2)=2 g

radgan erT mol ni vTierebaSi nawilakTa ricxvi mudmivia, mu d mivia erTi moli niv Tierebis masac.

nivTierebis raodenoba mis masas Tan dakavSirebulia gansakuTrebuli sididiT, romelsac moluri masa ewodeba.

sidides, romelic ganisaz Rvreba nivTierebis m masis SefardebiT Sesabamis ν raode no basTan, moluri masa ewodeba. is aRiniSneba M-iT.

nebismieri nivTierebisaTvis

1 moli

wyali

H2O

18 g

gogirdmJava

H2SO4

98 g

sufris

marili

NaCl58 g

1.2 moluri masa

moifiqreT, rogor iangariSebT erTi moli Jangbadis masas?_ ra monacemi dagWirdebaT saamisod?_ ramdenad mosaxrexebelia aseTi gaangariSebis Catareba?

iangariSeT a) ori moli martivi nivTiereba wyalbadis masaa) ori moli martivi nivTiereba Jangbadis masa

iangariSeT, ramdeni molia 4,8 g wyali

11

gaiazreT: • ras ewodeba moluri masa?

• rogor gamoisaxeba?

• ra aqvT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli fardo biT

molekulur (atomur) da molur masebs?

1 daakvirdiT suraTs a) ra nivTierebiTaa burTi

savse?b) ra masis sawonebi dagvWir deba Tu burTi avsebulia

JangbadiT? naxSi ror JangiT?

2 suraTze mocemul TiToeul SeTxvevaSi ra masas

uCvenebs saswo ri?axseniT, rogor moifiqreT pasuxi.

ν(S)=1,5 mol

ν(CaCO3)=0,5 molν(Fe)=2 mol

meti >

naklebi <

tolia =

1 daadgine, sad meti atomia. Cawere saTanado niSani samuSao rveulSi

a) 1 mol rkinaSi , Tu 1 mol natriumSi, radgan ....

b) 5,6 g rkinaSi Tu 5,6 g natriumSi, radgan...

g) 2 mol gogirdSi Tu 1 mol O2-Si, radgan ...

d) 64 g spilenZSi Tu 0,2 mol azotSi, radgan ...

gaecaniT erTmaneTis namuSevars da SeafaseT.

2 ra raodenobis MgO unda movaTavsoT meore pinaze, rom saswori ga wo-naswordes.

saSinao davaleba

aq ki...

moli MgO

aq 0,3 moli

CuO-a

1 moli

12

1.2 suraTze erTi da igive sahaero burTia gamosaxuli. mag-ram misi moculoba (b) SemTxvevaSi

ufro metia, vidre (a) SemTxvevaSi. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?

nivTierebis airadi mdgomareoba principulad gansxvavdeba Txevadi da myari mdgomareobisagan. kerZod, airad nivTierebaSi molekulaTa Soris man Zili gacilebiT didia, vidre myari da Txevadi nivTierebis Semadgenel na wilakebs Soris. (sur. 1.1) amasTan, airad mdgo mareobaSi molekulaTa So ris manZili bevrad aRemateba molekulaTa zomebs. amitom airis mier dakavebuli mocu loba umTavre sad damoki debu lia ara mole ku la Ta zome-bze, aramed maT Soris manZilze. magram raze SeiZ leba iyos damokide buli

Tavad es manZili?

airis Sekum Svisas mis mole-kulebs Soris man Zili mcirdeba, e.i. mcirdeba airis moculobac. airis SekumSvas iwvevs wnevis gazrda. ramdenjerac iz rdeba wneva, imdenjerve mcirdeba mo culoba.

(a)

(b)

sur.1.1 molekulaTa Soris manZilebia) airad, b) Txevad, g) myar nivTierebebSi

(g)

gabereT rezinis buSti ise, rom misi kedlebi Zalian daWimuli ar iyos. ras moimoq-medebT am buStis moculobis Sesamcireblad?

sur. 1.2

a b

1.3 airad nivTierebebs Soris

mimdinare reaqciebi

meore faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens airis moculobis cvli lebaze, aris temperatura. tempe ratu ris gazr diT izrdeba airis mo leku laTa Soris manZili, Sesaba misad izr deba airis mier dakave buli mo culoba.

temperaturasa da wnevaze airis mocu lobis damokidebulebas XIX saukunis dasaw yisSi yuradReba mi-aqcia italielma mecni erma amedeo avogad rom. man gamoTqva Tamami

hi poTeza, ro melic mogvianebiT da dasturda mrava li cdiT da Camo-yalibda kanonis saxiT.

13

gaiazreT: • ra gansxvavebaa airadi, Txevadi da myari nivTierebebis

nawilakebs Soris maT Soris manZilisa da urTierTqmedebis

TvalsazrisiT?

• ratom aris marTebuli avogados kanoni mxolod

airebisaTvis?

erTna ir fizikur pirobebSi, sxva dasxva airis toli mocu lobebi molekulaTa tol ricxvs Seicavs.

cxadia, marTebulia sapi ris piro mtki-cebac:

erTna ir fizi kur pirobebSi, sxvada sxva airis molekulaTa toli ricxvi tol moculobas ikavebs.

avogadros kanonis saSualebiT SesaZ-lebelia reaqciaSi monawile airad nivTierebaTa moculobiTi Tanafar-dobis dadgena.

magaliTad, qloris wyalba dTan urTi er Tqmedebisas, qlo ris yoveli erTi mole kula urTierTqmedebs wyal ba dis erT mole kulasTan:

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl.Sesabamisad, ramdeni qloris molekulac Seva reaq ciaSi, imdenive

iqneba reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis moleku laTa ricxvic. molekulaTa toli ricxvi ki, tol mo cu lobas daikavebs erTnair fizi kur pirobebSi.

amrigad, airadi nivTierebis molekulebs Soris manZili imdenad didia, rom masTan SedarebiT molekulaTa zomebi SesaZloa ugulebelvyoT da miviCnioT, rom avogadros kanonis Tanaxmad, erTnair fizikur pirobebSi sxvadasxva airis toli moculobebi molekulaTa tol ricxvs Seicavs.

avogadros kanoni

N1 = N2

V1 = V2

marTebulia Tu ara gamonaTqvami:erTi litri qlori urTierTqmedebs erT litr wyalbadTan da

miiReba ori litri qlorwyalbadi.daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

1 SeafaseT raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT qimiuri reaqciis Semdegi toloba:

N2+3H2 → 2NH3.

ramdeni molekula wyalbadi Seva reaqciaSi: a) 10 molekula azotTan; b) 10000 molekula azotTan; g) 6.1023 molekula azotTan; d) aT mol azotTan?

myari, airadi da Txevadi nivTierebebis moculobis cvli­lebis gamokvleva wnevis gavleniT aiReT Cveulebrivi samedicino Sprici. gaavseT haeriT (amoswieT dguSi bolomde). Spricis meore, wvetian bolos magrad miaWireT saCvenebeli TiTi, ceriT ki dguSs miawe-

qiT. ramdeni mililitriT Semcirda haeris moculoba? axla Sprici wyliT gaavseT da cda gaimeoreT. ramdeni mililitriT Semcirda wylis moculoba? Sprici qviSiTac gaavseT da cda kidev erTxel gaimeoreT. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna.

saSinao cda

cdisaTvis saWiroa:samedicino Sprici, wyali da qviSa.

14

1.4 airis moluri moculoba

vinaidan, airadi niv Ti ere bis moculoba damo k idebulia wnevasa da te mperaturaze, moluri mo culoba mniSvnelovnad da moki debulia im fizikur pirobebze, ro melSic is izomeba. airis sim kvrive gazomilia no rmalur fizikur pi robebSi _ 101,3 kpa wne vasa da 00C-ze. amitom moluri moculobac 22,4 l-is to lia normalur fizikur pirobebSi.

normaluri fizikuri pirobebi ase aRiniSneba _ n.p.

daikavebs Tu ara tol moculobas erTnair fizikur pirobebSi sxvadasxva airis:

a) aTi molekula; b) milioni molekula; g) 6.1023 molekula?SesaZlebelia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom erTi moli sxvadasxva

airis moculoba tolia? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

iangariSeT erTi moli Semdegi airebis moculoba:a) N2 b) He g) O2 d) H2.Tu cnobilia, rom:

ρ(N2)=1,25 g/l ρ(He)=0,1784 g/l ρ(O2)=1,429 g/l ρ(H2)=0,08988 g/l.emTxveva Tqven mier miRebuli pasuxebi erT maneTs?gveTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom TiTo moli wyalbadis, Jangbadis, azo-

tis da heliumis mier dakavebuli moculobebi erTmaneTis tolia?

axla varaudi gaangariSebiT SeamowmeT.

yvela airis erTi moli, erTsa da imave pirobebSi, ikavebs erTsa da imave moculobas.

eqsperimentulad dadginda, rom nebismieri airis erTi moli, norma lur fizikur pirobebSi ikavebs daax loebiT 22,4 l mocu lobas. maSasadame,

V(erTi moli airis)=22,4 l.

radgan erTi moli airis mo cu lobaze vsaubrobT, SesaZle belia dav-weroT:

VM=22,4 l/moli.VM-iT airadi nivTierebis moluri moculoba aRiniSneba.dagveTanxmebiT, gaangariSebi saTvis xSi rad ufro mosaxerxe belia ara

niv Tierebis moculo biT an masiT, aramed misi raodenobiT sargebloba.rogor viangariSoT magaliTad, ramdeni molia 112 l Jangbadi? Zalian

advilad _ Jangbadis es moculoba unda gavyoT molur moculobaze.

15

gaiazreT: • ratom aris moluri moculobis mniSvneloba

damokidebuli pirobebze?

νMr

VM

M

V

m

nebismieri airis SemTxvevaSi

amave formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom

airadi nivTierebis V moculobis fardobas ν raodenobasTan, moluri moculoba ewodeba. moluri moculobis erTeulia

amrigad, nebismieri airis erTi moli normalur pirobebSi ikavebs 22,4l moculobas, romelsac moluri moculoba ewodeba.

1 normalur pirobebSi H2 da O2 airadi nivTierebebia. gaixseneT, kidev romel airebs icnobT da SeavseT cxrili.

rTuli airadinivTierebebi

martivi airadinivTierebebi

2 normalur pirobebSi ra moculobas daikavebs: a) er Ti moli naxSiror-Jangi?

b) 2 moli azoti? g) 5 moli argoni? d)10 moli meTani?

3 davuSvaT, rom pirobebi normaluria. iangariSeT Jangbadis ramdeni molekulaa: a) 1 l JangbadSi? b) 1 l haerSi? g) Tqvens qimiis kabinetSi (yvelam iangariSeT damo ukideblad da Sedegebi SeadareT).

4 a) daaxasiaTeT raodenobrivad martivi nivTiereba Jangbadi Semdegi sqe-mis mixedviT, Tu ν(O2) = 1,5 mols.

b) moifiqreT msgavsi amocana Tqveni megobrisaTvis. SeamowmeT erT-maneTis namuSevari, SeadareT miRebuli monace mebi da gamoitaneT daskvna.

gansazRvreT (np) 5,6 l CO2-is, 11,2 l H2-is, 0,224 l H2S-is da 1,12 l CH4-is masa cal-calke.

saSinao davaleba

16

1.5 romeli airia ufro mZime

gamosaxeT airadi nivTierebis simkvrive moluri masisa da moluri moculobis saSualebiT. gamosaxeT, risi tolia am formulis mixedviT moluri masa M. miRebul formulaSi moluri moculobis nacvlad SeitaneT misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba 22,4 l/moli.

Jangbadis simkvrivea 1,43g/l (n.p). iangariSeT misi mo luri masa.

magaliTad, Jangbad-is fardo biTi simkvrive wyal badis mimarT aris:

ra daskvnas gamoitanT suraTze asaxuli cdis Sedegis mixedviT _ nax SirorJangi ufro mZime airia, Tu Jangbadi? SegiZliaT gamoTvaloT, am ori airidan, erTi meoreze ramden-jeraa mZime? gamoTvaleT da gag-viziareT, rogor SeZeliT es.

(a) (b)

rogorc TqvenTvis cnobilia, nivTierebis simkvrive ρ gamo iTvleba formuliT:

Vm

=ρ.

Tqven aseT formulas miiRebT:M=22,4 .ρ.

es formula gamoiyeneba normalur pirobebSi airis mo luri masis gansazRvrisaTvis, ro desac cnobilia simkvrive.

gaangariSebisaTvis ufro mosaxer xebelia airis fardobiTi simkvrivis gamoyeneba.

airis fardobiTi simkvrive aRiniSneba D asoTi, ganisazRv reba airTa simkvriveebis fardo biT da gviCvenebs, ramdenjer mZimea erTi airi meoreze.

D = 32g/moli2g/moli =

322 =16

17

iangariSeT: a) Jangbadisb) naxSirorJangisg) azotisd) amiakis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT.

sxvadasxva airis simkvrive haeris mimarT SesaZlebelia viangariSoT formuliT:

Dhaeri

= M

29g/moli

sadac 29 g/moli haeris saSualo moluri masaa.

1 iodwyalbadi saxifaTo nivTierebaa, romelic azianebs kans da sasunTqi gzebis lorwovan garss. gansazRvreT iodwyalbadis fardobiTi simkvrive wyalbadisa da haeris mimarT.

2 gogird(IV)-is oqsidi qimiuri sawarmoebis mavne gamonabolqvi airia, romelic haerSi wylis orTqls uerTdeba da mJava wvimis saxiT brundeba dedamiwaze. iangariSeT gogird (IV)-is oqsidis moluri masa, Tu misi fardo-biTi simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT aris 32. gogird (IV)-is oqsidi `dabrunde-ba~ Tu ara haeridan dedamiwaze mSral amindSi?

3 organuli airadi nivTiereba eTileni gamoiyeneba mkvaxe xilis dasamwifeb-lad, risTvisac mkvaxe xiliT savse rezervuars avseben am airiT. eTilenis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT aris 0,965. iangariSeT eTilenis mole-kuluri masa da ivaraudeT, rezervuaris sxvadasxva nawilSi eTilenis kon-centracia daaxloebiT erTnairi iqneba Tu sxvadasxva? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

4 iangariSeT airTa narevis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT, Tu narevi Sedgeba: SO2 – 60%; CO2 – 40%. am airebis narevs avtomobilis gamonabolqvic Seicavs. transportiT gadatvirTul qalaqSi zeda sarTulis mcxovrebni ufro zaraldebian, Tu qveda sarTulis?

18

daavadebisgan dacvis mizniT vazis foTols gogirds ayrian. garkveul tem-peraturaze go girdis orTqlis fardobiTi simkvri ve haeris mimarT aris 8,83. gogirdis ramden atoms Seicavs gogirdis mole kula am temperaturaze? ramde-nad swrafad aorTqldeba gogirdi vazis foTlidan cxel amindSi?

saSinao davaleba

ν= NNA

VM= Vν

D=M1M2

1 moli airi22,4l

M=22,4ρVM=22,4l/molinormalur pirobebSi

t=00C, p=1 atm.

5 muyaosagan daamzadeT moluri moculobis kubi. amisaTvis:

• iangariSeT, ras udris aseTi kubis wibos sigrZe. gaiTvaliswineT, rom 1 l=1 dm3

• muyaosagan gamoWeriT kubis waxnagebi, dautoveT `mindori~ waxnagebis Sesa-webeblad

• TiToeul waxnags daawereT molur moculobasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi cnebebi

• kubi moaTavseT skolis laboratoriaSi • es kubi naTlad warmoadgens, Tu ra

moculobas ikavebs normalur pirobebSi 1 moli airi, an airebis narevi.

19

risi Tqma SeiZleba wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenobrivi Tana-fa r dobis Sesaxeb reaqciis tolobis mixedviT?

2H2+O2 → 2H2O

iangariSeT, ramdeni grami wyalbadi Seva reaqciaSi:

a) 16 g JangbadTanb) 0,5 moli JangbadTanreaqciis tolobidan gamomdinare ra-

odenobebTan SedarebiT ramdenjer Sem-cirda reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis masa, reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili wylis masa?

g) 64 g JangbadTand) 2 mol JangbadTan.reaqciis tolobidan gamomdinare

reodenobebTan SedarebiT ramden-jer gaizarda reaq ciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis masa, reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili wylis masa?

ra daskvna gamoitaneT reaq ciaSi monawile nivTierebaTa rao denobrivi Tanafardobis Sesaxeb?

2H2

2H2 O2 2H2O

O2

wyalbadis yoveli ori molekula urTierTqmedebs Jangbadis erT mole-kulasTan da miReba wylis ori mole-kula

2H2O2H2

2H2 O2

O2

2H2O

1.6 ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT

urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi

gveTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom Jangbadis ramdeni molekulac ar unda aviRoT sareaqciod, reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis molekulaTa ricxvi yovelTvis orjer meti iqneba da wylis molekulebic orjer meti warmoiqmneba.

reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SegviZ-lia davweroT:

2H2 O2 → 2H2O2 moli 1 moli 2 moli

2 moli wyalbadis masaa: m(H2)=M.ν=2g/moli.2=4g1 moli Jangbadis masaa:m(O2)=M.ν=32g/moli.1moli=32g2 moli wylis masaa: m(H2O)=M.ν=18g/moli.2moli=36gamitom, qimiuri reaqciis tolobidan aseve gamomdinreobs, rom yoveli

4 g wyalbadi urTierTqmedebs 32 g JangbadTan da warmoiqmneba 36 g wyali.

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O2moli 1 moli 2 moli

4g 32g 36g

M=2g/moli M=32g/moli M=36g/moli

20

cxadia gveTanxmebiT, rom reaq ciaSi mona wile nivTiere baTa Soris arsebobs pirda pirproporciuli raodenobrivi damo kide buleba.

es damokidebuleba saSualebas gvaZ-levs viangariSoT nivTierebis ra-odenoba, masa da moculoba qimi uri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT, Tu cnobilia reaqciaSi monawile erT-erTi nivTie re bis raodenoba, masa an moculoba.

axla erTad gadavWraT amocana: davuSvaT, cdisTvis saWiroa 4,4 g rkinis sulfidi. viangariSoT, ra masis rkina da gogirdi dagvWirdeba am masis rkinis sulfidis misaRebad.

davadginoT, rkinisa da gogir dis Tanafardoba reaqciis tolo bis mixedviT:

Fe + S → Fes1moli 1mol 1molicxadia, rom rkinisa da gogirdis imdeni molia saWiro, ramdeni

moli rkinis sulfidicaa misaRebi.anu ν(Fe)=ν(S)=ν(FeS),amitom, viangariSoT 4,4 g rkinis sulfidis raodenoba:ν(FeS)=4,4/88=0,05 moli.e.i. saWiroa 0,05 moli Fe da 0,05 moli S. viangariSoT maTi masebi: m(Fe)=M(Fe).ν,m(Fe)=56g/moli.0,05moli=2,80g.M(S)=M(S).ν; Μ(S)=32g/moli.0,05moli=1,6gamrigad, 4,4 g FeS-is misaRebad saWiroa 1,6 grami S da 2,8 grami Fe.

gaangariSebebi qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT saWiroa qimiur war moebaSi, metalur giul, minis, farma cevtul qarxanaSi da a. S. aseTi gaangariSebebi saWiroa qi miur labo-ratoriaSic da yofa-cxovrebaSic.

ras fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara ufro martivi gaangariSebebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reaqciaSi monawileoben mxolod airadi nivTie rebebi? ratom fiqrobT ase?

amoxseniT amocana da varaudi daasa buTeT gaangariSebiT.

amocana:ras udris 2 l qlorTan reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis da war-

moqmnili qlorwyalbadis raodenoba da moculoba?

gaiTvaliswineT, rom reaq-ciaSi Sesuli aira di ni-vTierebebis mocu lo baTa far-doba Seesabameba maTi koefi-cientebis far do bas qi miuri reaq ciis tolobaSi.

cda

aiReT 5,6g rkina, SeurieT 3,2g gogirdi. moaTavseT winaswar awonil sinjaraSi da gaaxureT. rogorc ki reaqcia daiwyeba gaxureba SewyviteT. reaqciis dam-Tavrebisa da sinjaris gacivebis Semdeg, kvlav awoneT

is SigTavsianad. masaTa sxvaobiT daadgineT warmoqmnili nivTierebis masa. SeadgineT reaqciis toloba. gaangariSebiT daadgineT, ra moluri Tanafar-dobiT Sevida reaqciaSi erTmaneTTan rkina da gogirdi. ra masis rkinis sulfidi unda miiRoT masis mudmivobis kanonis Sesabamisi gaangariSebiT? ras udris sinamdvileSi reaqciis Sedegad miRebuli rkinis sulfidis masa, ro-melic sasworiT gansazRvreT? axseniT, ratom ar emTxveva zustad Teoriuli gaangariSeba praqtikul Sedegs?

21

amrigad, qimiur reaqciaSi nivTierebebi urTierTqmedebs garkveuli moluri da masuri TanafardobiT.

kvercxi, fqvili, Saqari da cximi TiTqmis yvela namcxvarSia. magram, yvela namcxvari xom erTnairi ar aris _ mTa-varia am produqtebis rao de nobrivi Tanafardoba da momzadebis wesi. CaatareT mcire eqsperimenti. SecvaleT standartul kulinarul receptSi produqtebis raode-no b rivi Tanafardoba da momzadebis wesi. naxeT, ra moxdeba. aRwereT, ra cvlilebe bi gamoiwvia produqtebis raodenobrivi Tana -fa r do bis Secvlam.

ar aris gamori cxuli eqsperimentis proce sSi axal, originalur receptsac miagnoT.

es recepti gaacaniT maswavlebelsa da Tanak laselebs.

saSinao cda

Team da giom gadawyvites gaarkvion _ ras gviCvenebs qimiuri reaqciis Semdegi toloba.

2H2 + O2 = 2H2OTea miiCnevs, rom Canaweri 2H2+O2=2H2O gviCvenebs _ wyalbadis ori molekula

reaqciaSi Sedis Jangbadis erT molekulasTan da warmoqmnis wylis or molekulas.gio ki amtkicebs, rom amave reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas: ori moli

wyalbadi reaqciaSi Sedis erT mol JangbadTan da warmoqmnis or mol wyals.Tqven ras fiqrobT? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

situaciuri

amocana

1 iangariSeT wylis raodenoba da masa, romelic saWiroa 3,2g gogird(IV)-is oqsidisagan gogirdovani mJavas misaRebad.

2 iangariSeT 3,4 g gogirdwyalbadis misaRebad saWiro gogirdisa da wyal-badis raodenoba da masa.

3 gamoTvaleT 4 l azotTan reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadisa da warmoqmnili amiakis raodenoba da moculoba.

22

eqsperimentuli nawiliaiReT puris naWeri an erTi orcxobila da awoneT. CainiSneT sawyisi masa.moaTavseT RumelSi 1500C-ze 40-45 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. gamoitaneT eleq t ro-

Rumelidan da gaaciveT.kvlav awoneT.masaTa sxvaobiT gamoiangariSeT wylis Semcveloba.gamoiangariSeT, agreTve, wylis masuri wili _ aorTqlebuli wylis masa SeafardeT

puris an orcxobilas sawyis masasTan.axla Tqven SegiZliaT, sxvadasxva warmoebis purisa da orcxobilas xarisxi

gaakontroloT. Semdeg ki urCieT Tqvens mSoblebs, megobrebs da axloblebs, romeli warmoebis

produqciaa ukeTesi da ratom.

Temis aqtualoba:wylis Semcveloba produqtSi bevrad ganapirobebs

mis xarisxs. magaliTad, rodesac purSi wylis raodenoba normaze metia, is ugemuric aris da vadaze adrec kargavs sakvebis Tvisebas.

proeqti `puri da orcxobila~

Teoriuli nawiliCveulebrivi puri 30-40% wyals Seicavs.Tu wylis raodenoba normaze metia, purs gamocxoba aklia da misi kvebiTi

Rirebulebac naklebia.orcxobila 8-11%-mde wyals Seicavs. haerze orcxobila TandaTanobiT STanTqavs

wyals, kargavs simyifes da elastikuri xdeba, rac orcxobilas daZvelebis niSania. Tu pursa da orcxobilaSi wylis Semcveloba normaze meti an naklebia, unda vifiqroT, rom produqti uxarisxoa.

purisa da orcxobilas xarisxis kontroli Tqvenc SegiZliaT.

23

1.7 rogor amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli

amocana qimiaSi praqtikuli

mecadineoba

amocanaganvsazRvroT 5 mol wyal badTan reaqciaSi Sesuli Jan gbadisa da reaq ciis

Sedegad miRe buli wylis ra odenoba.amoxsna:

gasaangariSebeli amocanis amox snisas umjobesia monacemebi CavweroT garkveu-li formiT da davicvaT Semdegi algoriTmi:

2. nivTierebaTa formulebis qveS vwerT nivTi-

erebis raode nobas ν, romelic See sabameba koefi-

cientis mniSvnelobas.

1. vwerT reaqciis tolobas da vaTa nabrebT.

3. nivTi erebaTa formu lebis zemoT vwerT amocanis pirobis ric-xviT mona cemebs, ucnobi raodenobis nivTi erebaTa formule bis zemoT ki vwerT x-s. Tu amocanis pirobis mixedviT, sareaqciod aRebuli niv-Tiereba minarevs Seicavs, jer vad-genT sufTa nivTi erebis Semcvelobas narevSi.

,OH2OH221 x

22

x

12

5

22

molimoli

moli

moli

=+

4. vadgenT Tanafardobas.

5. vangariSobT ucnobi nivTi erebebis ra o denobas.

,1

x25 1

molimoli

moli=

,2

x25 2

molimoli

moli=

21 O5,2215

x moli=⋅

=.

OH5

225

x 22 moli=⋅

=.

aseTi Cana weriT kar­gad Cans amo canis piroba da advili misax ved ria, rogor unda vimoqmedoT amo canis amoxsnisas.

qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixed viT SesaZlebelia ara mxolod nivTi erebaTa raodenobis, aramed masis gamoTvlac.

24

amocanagansazRvreT Jangbadisa da wylis masebi, Tu cnobilia, rom JangbadSi daiwva

10 g wyalbadi.

amoxsna:gamovTvaloT 10 g wyalbadis raodenoba

5 moli x1 x22H2 + O2 = 2H2O2 moli 1 moli 2 moli

x1 = 5 moli . 1 moli

2 moli = 2,5moli O2

5 moli2 moli =

x2

2 moli , x2= 5 moli . 2 moli

2 moli = 5 moli H2O

m(O2) = ν .M

m(O2) = 2,5moli . 32g/moli=80g

ν(H2) = mM =

10g2g/moli = 5moli

m(H2O) = M. ν =18g/moli . 5 moli=90g

ganvixiloT amocanis amoxsnis magaliTi, rodesac reaqciaSi Sesuli erT-erTi nivTiereba narevis saxiTaa.

amocanaras udris wyalbadis moculoba (n. p), romelic saWiroa 640 g rkina (III)-is

oqsidis aRsadgenad, romelic 25% minarevs Seicavs?

amoxsna:1) davadginoT rkina (III)-is oqsidis Semcveloba narevSi.amocanis pirobis mixedviT, narevSi sufTa rkina (III)-is oqsidis Semcvelobaa

75%, anu ω = 0,75.m(nivT)= m(narevi).ω.

.48075,0640)OFe(m 32 gg =⋅=2) gamovTvaloT 480 g Fe2O3-is raodenoba:

moli.g/moli

g3

160480

;Mm

==ν=ν

3) davweroT qimiuri reaqciis toloba:

.OH3Fe2H3OFe 2232 +=+x

3moli

moli3

moli1

4) SevadginoT Tanafardoba:

;3molimoli1

3moli x=

x=9 moli H2.5) gamovTvaloT wyalbadis mocu loba:

.H6,20194,22V

;VV

2

M

lmolil/moli =⋅=ν⋅=

25

ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi.

amocana

ra moculobis wyalbadi (n.p) gamoiyofa 730 g 30%-ian marilmJavas xsnarze

reaqciisaTvis saWiro raode nobis TuTiis damatebisas?

amoxsna:

1) ganvsazRvroT marilmJavas masa xsnarSi:m(HCl)= mxsnari.ω m(HCl)= 730 g.0,3=219 g.2) davadginoT marilmJavas ra odenoba:

moli.g/moli

g6

5,36219

)HCl(;Mm

==ν=ν

3) SevadginoT reaqciis toloba:

.HZnClHCl2Zn 22

x

moli1

moli6

moli2+=+

4) SevadginoT Tanafardoba:

;moli1moli2

moli6 x=

x=3 moli H2.5) gamovTvaloT wyalbadis mo culoba:

.H2,6734,22V

;VV

2

M

lmolil/moli =⋅=ν⋅=

rodesac sareaqciod aRebuli nivTi erebebis raodenobrivi Tanafar-doba ar Seesabameba reaqciis tolo biT dad genil ra odenobriv Tana far-dobas, maSin erT-erTi moreagire nivTierebis garkveuli raodenoba rCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom nivTiereba Warbia.

reaqciis tolobis mixedviT yo vel Tvisaa SesaZlebeli gani sazRvros ara mxolod reaqciaSi Sesuli, aramed Warbi nivTierebis ra odenobac.

ganvixiloT magaliTi:

amocanadavuSvaT, wylis misaRebad aiRes 6 g wyal badi da 32 g Jangbadi. davad-

ginoT, romeli maTgania Warbi da amis gamo darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli.

amoxsna:1) davweroT reaqciis toloba

OH2OH2 222 =+moli1moli2 .

2) davadginoT wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenoba:

;32

6)H(;

Mm

2 molig/moli

g==ν=ν

moli.g/moli

g1

3232

)O( 2 ==ν

3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT erTi moli Jangbadi uerTdeba or mol

26

wyalbads, amitom 1 moli wyalbadi (2 g) darCeba Warbad.ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi:

amocanaxsnars, romelic 37,6 g spilenZis nitrats Seicavda, daamates 5,6 g rkinis

naqlibi. daadgineT, darCeba Tu ara xsnarSi spilenZis nitrati, reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg.

amoxsna:1) davweroT reaqciis toloba:

Cu)NO(FeFe)NO(Cu 2323 +=+ .2) gamovTvaloT spilenZis nitra tisa da rkinis raodenoba:

;1,056

6,5)Fe(;

Mm

molig/moli

g==ν=ν

moli.

g/moli

g2,0

1887,37

))NO(Cu( 23 ==ν

3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT 1 moli spilenZis nitrati urTierTqme debs

1 mol rkinasTan, amitom spi lenZis nitratis 0,2 molidan 0,1 moli reaq ciaSi

Seva 0,1 mol rkinasTan, 0,1 moli Cu(NO3)2 ki darCeba Warbad.

4) amrigad, reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg xsnarSi iqneba 0,1 moli anu 18,8 g

Cu(NO3)2.

1 reaqciis tolobis mi xedviT

2Al+3S → Al2S3

daadgineT aluminis sulfidis raodenoba da masa, Tu sare aqciod aRebuli iyo 4,5 g alumini.

2 reaqciis Sedegad warmoiqmna 9 g wyali. gansazRvreT reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenoba da masa.

3 iangariSeT sawyisi nivTi erebebis raodenoba da masa, Tu maTi urTierTqme-debiT miiRes 10 g marili. reaqciis to lobas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2.

4 moifiqreT erT-erTi zemoT mocemuli amocanis Sebrunebuli amo cana da amoxseniT.

5 iangariSeT magniumis oqsi dis masa, romelic miiReba 480 g magniumis sru-li wvisas Jangbadis areSi.

Tqvenma megobarma moifiqros Seb runebuli amocana da amoxsnas. SeamowmeT erTmaneTis namuSevari.

6 ra masis Jangbadi da magniumia saWiro 8 g magniumis oqsidis misaRebad?

7 ra moculobis qloria saWiro (n.p) 53,4 g aluminis qloridis misaRebad?

27

8 ras udris naxSirorJangis moculoba (n.p), romelic warmoiqmneba 0,25 kg marmarilos daSliT, Tu igi 96% kalciumis karbonats Seicavs.

9 malaqiti bunebrivi mineralia, romelsac saiuveliro nakeTobebis dasamzadadeblad iyeneben. nakeToba miT ufro Zvirfasia, rac ufro sufTaa malaqiti. 22,3 g malaqitis daSliT gamoiyo 2,24 l naxSirbad (IV)-is oqsidi (n.p.). sufTa iyo Tu ara malaqiti?

10 laboratoriaSi Jangbads Rebuloben kaliumis permanganatis daSliT.

ra moculobis Jangbads miiReben 31,6 g kaliumis permanganatis (KMnO4) daSlisas (n.p)? 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4+MnO2+O2.

11 ra moculobis wyalbadi daiwveba srulad 1 l haerSi (n.p)?

12 xsnars, romelic 18,8 g spilenZis nitrats Seicavda, daamates 30 g rkinis

naqlibi. ras udris spilenZis masa, romelic reaqciis Sedegad miiReba?

13 gTavazobT reaqciis tolobas

H2O+SO2 →H2SO3

plastilinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT daamzadeT wylisa da gogird(IV)-is oqsidis molekulebis modelebi. SeecadeT, rom orive molekulis mode-li gardaqmnaT maTi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli nivTierebis, go-girdovani mJavas molekulis modelad. daasabuTeT, rom qimiuri reaqciis dros masa ar icvleba.

Cu2(OH)2CO3 – malaqiti

28

gansazRvreT kalciumis wyalTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili wyalbadis gamosavlianoba (sur. 1.3).

1) aawyveT xelsawyo, romliTac SesaZlebelia airadi nivTierebis miReba da Segroveba.

2) awoneT kalciumis nimuSi. CainiSneT masa.

3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT iangariSeT, ra moculobis wyalbadi gamoiyofa Teoriulad. es iqneba VH2

(Teoriuli).

2) moaTavseT kalciumis awonili nimuSi sinjaraSi da daasxiT wyali im raodenobiT, rom Ca mTlianad Sevides reaqciaSi (wylis saWiro raodenoba gamoiangariSeT reaqciis tolobis mixedviT da sareaqciod aiReT Warbad).

3) airgamyvani milis bolo moaTav seT wyliT savse sazom cilindrSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, wylian kristali zatorSia Capi r qvavebuli.

4) daelodeT reaqciis damTav rebas. airis buStebis gamoyofis Sewyvetis Semdeg ise, rom wylidan ar amoiRoT, sazomi cilindri moaTa vseT vertika-lurad da wylis donis niSnulis mixe-dviT daadgineT gamoyofili wyalbadis moculoba.

es iqneba praqtikulad gamoyofili wyalbadis moculoba VH2

(praqtikuli).

5) iangariSeT wyalbadis gamosa vli anoba formuliT:

H2

H2O

H2OH2OCa

sinjaraairgamyvani

mili sazomi cilindri

kristalizatori

eqsperimentuli samuSao

axseniT, ratom ar emTxveva praqtikuli Sedegi Teoriuls.

sur. 1.3 wyalbadis miReba da Segroveba

reaqciis produqtis gamosavlianobis gansazRvra

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SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

1 SeavseT sqema samuSao rveulSi. imsjeleT sqemaze mocemuli TiToeuli cnebis da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.

avogadros mudmiva

. . . .moluri

moculoba

nivTierebis

raodenoba

νmoli

es strategia dagexmarebaT nivTierebis raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis ukeT gaazrebasa da TvalsaCino xerxiT mocemuli informaciis sityvierad gadmocemis unaris ganviTarebaSi.

2 mocemulia reaqciis toloba:H2S+O2 → S + H2OgaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba, plastilinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT

daamzadeT reagentebisa da reaqciis produqtebis modelebi da maTi saSualebiT axseniT masis mudmivoba qimiuri reaqciis dros.

3 ra raodenobis wyali da Jangbadi miiReba 0,4 moli wyalbadis peroqsidis (H2O2) daSlisas? reaq cia mimdinareobs Semdegi tolo bis mixedviT:

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2.4 TuTiisa da rkinis narevze, romelic 2,6 gram TuTias Seicavs,

imoqmedes Warbi marilmJaviT, gamoiyo 1,008 l wyalbadi (n.p). gansazRvreT aRebuli narevis Sedgeniloba.

5 gTavazobT specifikur kriteriumebs, romlis gamoyenebiT SeZlebT Tqveni swavlis procesis ukeT gaazrebasa da Sefasebas.

1. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle ucnobi nivTierebis gamokvleva da misi formulis dadgena2. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle nivTierebis raodenobis gaangariSeba3. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle avagadros kanonis safuZvelze airis moculobis gaangariSeba4. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT.

30

romel gverdzea Tqvens samuSao

rveulSi es davaleba

# es aris davaleba romliTac me . . .

ratom migaCniaT ase? daasabuTeT

1 2 3 4

31

rogoria Tqveni warmateba?

Cabmuli var gakveTilis

msvlelobaSi

Tamamad gamov -T qvam Cem azrs,

Secdomis daSvebis ar meSinia

roca raime ar mesmis, vekiTxebi an maswavlebels, an Tanaklaselebs

vcdilob, rom aqtiuri viyo jgu-

fu ri muSa obis procesSi

teqstSi vpoulob saWiro

informacias

vcdilob movipovo informacia sxva wyaroebidanac

(enciklopedia, samecniero saymawvilo literatura,

interneti)

vcdilob Cem mier mopovebuli informacia gamovsaxo mokled da

TvalsaCinod _ sqemiT an cxriliT.

Cem mier mopovebul informacias xalisiT vacnob Tanaklaselebs.

Seni azriT, sadac kargad gaqvs saqme gaaferade mwvaned, sadac arc ise kargad _ yviTlad.

Tu gaqvs: 3 an meti mwvane yoCaR, Seni qceviT xels uwyob sakuTar warmatebebs.

3 an meti mwvane _ marTlac Zalian mogindomebia.

ori mwvane _ ar gaklia pasuxismgebloba.

Tu gaqvs 3 an meti mwvane _ SesaniSnavia, namdvilad kargad swavlob.

qimia Seni sayvareli sagania.

samuSao rveulSi Cawere, ra unda gaaumjobeso, rom ukeTesi Sedegi miiRo.

saSinao davalebas vamzadeb

damoukideblad

vatareb saSinao cdebs da gamomaqvs

daskvnebi

SemiZlia Cava-taro cda da es cda aRvwero

qimiuri reaqciis tolobiT.

SemiZlia vim-sjelo avoga-dros kanonisa da airadi niv-

Tierebis molu-ri moculobis

Sesaxeb.

SemiZlia Sevqmna reagentebisa da reaqciis produqtebis

modelebi da maTi saSualebiT avxsna masis mudmivoba qimiuri reaqciis

dros.

SemiZlia gaan-gariSebebi avo-gadros kanonis gamoyenebiT.

SemiZlia ra-odenobrivi gaangariSe-

bebi reaqciis toloba mixed-

viT.

SemiZlia vim-sjelo molisa da moluri cnebis Sesaxeb da am

cnebebis gamoy-enebiT Cavataro gaangariSebebi.