qarTuli ena da literatura 9 - განათლების ხარისხის...

nana RonRaZe, naTela maRlakeliZe

qarTuli ena daliteratura

maswavleblis wigni

9gamomcemloba `meridiani~

Tbilisi 2012

qarTuli ena da literatura

IX klasi

maswavleblis wigni

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

© n. RonRaZe

uak

nana RonRaZeavtori

darejan kvanWianiredaqtori

daviT kutubiZedizaineri

ISBN

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47. ( 39-15-22

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

N. Ghonghadze`Georgian language and literature~, the book of the teacher 9, in Georgian `Meridiani~ Publishing, Tbilisi _ 2012

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meToduri miTiTebani maswavleblebisaTvis:saswavlo kompleqti Sedgeba ori komponentisagan:a) moswavlis wigni, b) maswavleblis wigni.

a) ̀ moswavlis wigni _ qarTuli ena da literatura, IX klasi~ Sedgenilia ganaxle-buli erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT da cdilobs daicvas is moTxovnebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia qarTuli enisa da literaturis sagnobrivi standartis mi-xedviT. sakiTxavi masalis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli savaldebulo literatura:

1. ana kalandaZe `modioda nino mTebiT~2. leonti mroveli ̀ cxorebai da moqalaqeobai Rirsisa da mociqulTa swori-

sa netaris ninosi: mirianis nadiroba da mzis dabneleba~3. ioane minCxi `himni~ (`Jamni Cuenni, viTarca-rai sizmarni~...)4. ana kalandaZe `fexi damadgiT~5. vaJa-fSavela `kai yma~6. SoTa rusTaveli `vefxistyaosani~ (anderZi avTandilisa)7. ilia WavWavaZe `dae, Tund movkvde~8. besiki `tano tatano~ 9. paolo iaSvili `darianuli~10. nikoloz baraTaSvili `sayure~ 11. nikoloz baraTaSvili `werili maiko orbelianisadmi~12. nikoloz baraTaSvili `suli oboli~ 13. valerian gafrindaSvili `sentimentaluri trioleti~14. rezo WeiSvili `musika qarSi~ / `lurji frinveli~/15. sulxan-saba orbeliani ` mogzauroba evropaSi~ /SemoklebiT /16. muxran maWavariani `saba~ 17. daviT guramiSvili `daviTiani~ /miTiTebuli saxiT /18. ilia WavWavaZe `sarCobelazed~19. mixeil javaxiSvili `eSmakis qva~20. giorgi leoniZe `marita~21. mzeWabuk orbeliani `sityva Tqmuli darbazSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis

Taobaze~22. nikoloz baraTaSvili `bedi qarTlisa~23. ilia WavWavaZe `ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?~ /miTiTebuli saxiT /24. niko lorTqifaniZe `saSobao miniaturebi~25. niko lorTqifaniZe `literaturuli saRamo~ sakiTxavi masalis nawili SerCeulia Cven mier. es aris:

1. S. niSnianiZe `zedazeni~2. daviT aRmaSenebeli `anderZi~ /SemoklebiT /3. daviT aRmaSenebeli `galobani sinanulisani~ /SemoklebiT /4. arsen iyalToeli `daviT aRmaSeneblis epitafia~5. ak. wereTeli `Tornike erisTavi~ 6. r. inaniSvili `frTxebian yvavebi dambaCis xmaze~7. g. Coxeli `TeTrCoxiani da SavCoxianebi~

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8. `xvaramzes leqsi~ (xalxuri)9. SoTa rusTaveli `vefxistyaosani~ / `wigni nestan-darejanisa sayvarelTan

miwerili~/10. Stefan cvaigi ùcnobi qalis werili~11. ana kalandaZe `broweulebi~12. terenti graneli `gulidan sisxlis wveTebi~13. terenti graneli `gazafxulis saRamoa mSvidi~14. riCard baxi `Tolia saxelad jonaTan livingstoni~15. goderZi Coxeli `marTa~16. muxran maWavariani `saSvels rom aRar maZlevs~ teqstebi dalagebulia Tematur-budobrivi principis mixedviT. es budeebia:`moqcevai qrTlisai~òdesme didi yofila saqarTvelo~`karg ymad vina vTqvaT~ `sicocxleo Cemo~`suli sazRvars gadascdeba freniT~`sadaursa sad waiyvan~`brbos fsiqologia~`qarTvelTa gasagonad~ sakiTxavi masalis damuSaveba gaTvaliswinebulia interaqtiuri meTodebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriv, kiTxvis strategiebis daufle-bas, meore mxriv ki _ moswavleTa SemoqmedebiT aqtivizacias. am mizniT meTodur aparatSi teqstis kiTxva-damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi dalagebulia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gavigoT (faqtobriv masalaze orientirebuli), gaviazroT (analizze orientirebuli), SevafasoT (Sefasebasa da sinTezze orientirebuli).

vecadeT literaturul masalasTan mWidro kavSirSi warmogvedgina enobrivi masalac. aq yuradReba gamaxvilebulia rogorc teqstis enobriv-stilistur Ta-viseburebebze (ix. rubrika, ise _ praqtikuli stilistikis, leqsikologiis, or-Tografiis, punqtuaciis sakiTxebze (ix. rubrika ènis samyaroSi~) enobriv masala-ze muSaobisas viyenebT praqtikul savarjiSoebs rac uzrunvelyofs moswavlis aqtiur CarTvas sagakveTilo procesSi da amave dros aiolebs Teoriuli defini-ciebis miwodebas iq, sadac es aucilebelia. vecadeT, rom Teoriuli masalis miwo-deba maqsimalurad SegvezRuda da wina planze wamogvewia calkeuli gramatikuli kategoriebis funqciuri aspeqtebi. am TvalsazrisiT aris ganxiluli wignSi wina-dadebis tipebi agebulebis mixedviT, gankerZoebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi. maTi gacnobisas wina planze dgeba praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba da ara saTa-nado wesebisa da gansazRvrebebis meqanikuri dazepireba (rac arcTu usafuZvlod miiCneva Cvens skolebSi gramatikuli masalis swavlebis ZiriTad naklad). am mizniT amave rubrikaSi warmodgenili gaxlavT orTografiuli, punqtuaciuri, leqsiko-logiur-stilisturi savarjiSoebi, romelTa nawili maswavleblis miTiTebiT sruldeba klasSi, nawili ki Sin Sesasruleblad aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

sakiTxav teqstebs axlavs saweri davalebebi. vecadeT, rom es davalebebi sakmaod mravalferovani da moswavleTaTvis saintereso yofiliyo. Cveni azriT, aq warmodgenili saweri davalebebi xels Seuwyobs erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTva-liswinebuli weris strategiebis dauflebas. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vamaxvi-lebT funqciuri weris elementebze. Tu maswavlebeli arasakmarisad CaTvlis am

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savarjiSoebs, ra Tqma unda, mas SeuZlia maTi Secvla da gamralferovneba sakuTa-ri Sexedulebisamebr.

b) `maswavleblis wigni~ warmoadgens erTgvar gzamkvlevs maswavleblisaTvis. masSi mocemulia mxolod ramdenime sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari. scenarebSi Cavr-TeT is uaxlesi meTodebi, romelTa didi nawili axla ikidebs fexs da SesaZloa, am kuTxiT saintereso aRmoCndes maswavleblisaTvis. TiToeuli scenaris bolos miTiTebuli `mosalodneli Sedegebi~, rac saTanado kodiT aris aRniSnuli (am kodiT aRniSnuli Sedegi maswavlebels SeuZlia ixilos IX klasis `sagnobriv stan-dartSi~). ra Tqma unda, aq warmodgenili `scenarebi~ mxolod saorientacioa da ara savaldebulo. pedagogs SeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr meTodi, saaTebisa da saorientacio drois ganawileba, aqtivobebi... aqve CavurTeT is sain-formacio masalac, romelic SesaZloa, maswavlebels dasWirdes ama Tu im teqstis damuSavebisas. SevniSnavT, rom es `damatebiTi informaciebi~ mxolod maswavle-blisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. pedagogis gadasawyvetia, ra saxiT gamoiyenebs mas gakveTilze.

gakveTilis Tema: saswavlo wlis dasawyisi, ana kalandaZe `modioda nino mTebiT~ (2 sT.).

miznebi:gabmuli metyvelebis ganviTareba;mxatvruli teqstis gaazreba; poeturi teqstis aRqma da mxatvrul saxeebze dakvirveba;gamometyvelebiTi kiTxvis Cvevis daufleba;moswavleTa mier informaciis gaziareba;konteqstis Sesabamisad moswavleTa sametyvelo qcevis warmarTva; kiTxvis strategiebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba;jgufTan (partniorTan) muSaoba;leqsis raoba (Tanabarmarcvliani da araTanabarmarcvliani saleqso sazomi;

leqsis ritmi da riTma);ganvlili enobrivi masalis gameoreba literaturul teqstTan kavSirSi.

I-II gakveTili (1)

aqtivoba 1. klasis mobilizeba: gakveTili ramdenadme aratradiciulad iwyeba _ es aris saswavlo wlis dasawyisi da bunebrivia, sagakveTilo drois mniSvnelo-vani nawili klasis mobilizebas daeTmoba.

aqtivoba 2. zafxulis STabeWdilebebi: dasrulda kidev erTi sazafxulo arda-degebi. ecadeT da Tqvens partniorTan erTad aageT teqsti, pasuxi gaeciT Semdeg kiTxvebs: (davaleba sruldeba wyvilebSi):

_ riT iyo es zafxuli TqvenTvis gamorCeuli?_ ra ganwyobiT brundebiT skolaSi? _ ra siaxleebi dagxvdaT?

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_ rogor afasebT am siaxleebs?.. (SegiZliaT kiTxvebi Tavadac daamatoT, teqsts saTauric Tavad SeurCieT).

moswavleebs am davalebis Sesrulebamde urigdebaT e. w. “samaxsovro~ (es “sa-maxsovro~ SeiZleba klasSic gaikras TvalsaCino adgilas):

--------1. radgan es pirveli gakveTilebia axal saswavlo wels, amitom saWirod ar

vcaniT aqtivobebis gamoyofa zusti sagakveTilo drois miTiTebiT.moifiqreT saTauriwinaswar SeadgineT gegmagaakeTeT Savi CanaweriwaikiTxeT da CaasworeTwaukiTxeT Tqvens amxanagebsmoismineT maTi Sefaseba...

aqtivoba 3. kiTxvisaTvis mzadeba: maswavlebeli dafaze wers leqsis saTaurs `modioda nino mTebiT~. klass uCvenebs saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblis, mociqulTa sworis, wminda ninos xats, faravnis tbisa da javaxeTis mTebis suraTs.

maswavleblisaTvis: ix. vrclad cnobebi wminda ninos Rvawlis Sesaxebdaismis kiTxvebi:_ ra aris leqsis Tema?_ vin igulisxmeba `ucxo mgzavrSi~?_ ra misiiT modis igi saqarTveloSi? leqsis romel striqonebSi Cans es?_ ram gaakvirva igi?_ saqarTvelos romeli kuTxea aRwerili? ra iciT am kuTxis Sesaxeb?_ gadmocemis mixedviT, saidan Semovida nino Cvens qveyanaSi?_ ratom uwodebs avtori ninos `ucxo mgzavrs~?_ `wuTiT igrZno mSoblis sevda,magram rwmena avalebda raodens?~ _ ninos ra sulier gancdas usvams xazs am sityvebiT poeti?_ rogor fiqrobT, ra simboluri datvirTva aqvs sityva `mwyemss~ leqsSi?_ Tqveni azriT, risi Tqma surs poets mTisa da baris, vardisa da Tovlis kon-

trastiT?_ ra istoriuli movlena daedo am leqsis Seqmnas safuZvlad?_ daakvirdiT, romeli sityviT gamoxatavs avtori Tavis damokidebulebas am istoriuli movlenis mimarT?_ ra datvirTva aqvs leqsSi peizaJs: a) avtoris mier bunebriv klimatze ga-

maxvilebis; b) peizaJiT tkbobis gancdis; g) istoriul movlenasTan kavSiris; d) ninos rTul misiaze miniSnebis.

(daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi leqsisa da istoriuli gadmocemis SejerebiT)._ romeli mxatvruli xerxebiT aRwevs poeti emociuri ganwyobilebis Seqmnas?

moZebneT leqsSi Sesabamisi striqonebi. daakvirdiT, romeli sityvebi meordeba qvemoT moxmobil striqonebSi da SeecadeT ganmartoT, ras emsaxureba maTi gameo-reba: ` mohkioda, qari Rrublebs mohkioda

da faravnis tbasa zeda Zrwoda qari... modioda, nino mTebiT modioda da mohqonda sanatreli vazis jvari~.

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_ gaixseneT, ras ewodeba arqaizmebi? Tqveni azriT, ratom iyenebs arqaizmebs poeti?

leqsis wakiTxvamde yuradReba gamaxvildeba faravnis tbis mokle daxasiaTe-baze (sad mdebareobs, romeli mdinareebiT sazrdoobs, riT aris mdidari, romel istoriul movlenas ukavSirdeba igi)?

aq maswavlebeli mokle eqskurss akeTebs wminda ninos Rvawlze. rogor aris gacocxlebuli ana kalandaZis leqsSi wminda ninos xateba, misi damsaxureba qarTve-li eris winaSe.

aqtivoba 4. teqstis kiTxva da mis gamomsaxvelobiT mxareze dakvirveba:maswavlebeli teqsts kiTxulobs gamometyvelebiT, Tu saSualeba aqvs, moasme-

ninebs guram saRaraZiseul variantsac, Semdeg moswavleebs akiTxebs mas ramdenjer-me, sagangebo yuradreba eqceva gmometyvelebiT kiTxvas. yuradReba maxvildeba: a) intonaciaze, b) fsiqologiur maxvilebze (maxvili keTdeba sityvebze: “lurj mwvervalebs qari rZisfer nislSi hxvevda~, modioda, nino mTebiT modioda~, “nu geSinin! miugebda ieso...~ ...), logikursa da gramatikul pauzebze (romlebic aq zogjer erTmaneTs ar emTxveva)... arqaizmebze, rogorc mxatvrul xerxze poetis Canafiqris gadmocemis saSualebaze.

_ gaixseneT, ras ewodeba riTma. moZebneT leqsSi riTmis nimuSebi (hyvaodnen _ bRaodnen, mohkioda _ modioda...)

_ leqsSi poeti iyenebs gameorebebs. moZebneT da waikiTxeT es adgilebi (“mohkioda, qari Rrublebs mohkioda~, `modioda, nino mTebiT modioda...~)

_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom mimarTavs poeti am xerxs? (faqtebsa da movlenebze gansakuTrebuli STabeWdilebis moxdenis mizniT, saTqmelis ufro naTelsayo-fad).

aqtivoba 6. enobriv masalaze dakvirveba: Tandebulis raobis gaxseneba _ ras ewodeba Tandebuli? ras gviCvenebs? ramdengvaria da romel brunvebSi

daerTvis saxels?_ romeli Tandebuliani arsebiTi saxelebi gvxdeba leqsSi ? romel brunvebSi

dgas es arsebiTi saxelebi? romelia maTgan arqauli formiT gamoyenebuli ?

aqtivoba 7. saSinao davaleba: leqsi zepirad. yuradReba miaqcion gamometyve-lebiT kiTxvas. weriTi davaleba maswavlebelma SearCios Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr.

Sedegebi:IX-2, IX-3, IX-6, IX-7, IX-9, IX-10, IX-11.

maswavleblisaTvis: gTavazobT damatebiT informacias `ninos cxovrebis~ Ses-axeb

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leonti mroveli `moqcevai qarTlisai~

`cxorebai da moqalaqeobai Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netaris ninosi~:

mirianis nadiroba da mzis dabneleba / SemoklebiT /

IV saukunis qarTuli sinamdvile

`ninos cxovreba~ epoqis matianea. masSi warmoCenilia IV saukunis I naxevris qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriuli realiebi.

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebuli Zvrebi da gardaqmnebi TxzulebaSi am istoriuli aqtis monawileTa da TviTmxilvelTa TvaliTaa danaxul-Sefasebuli. `ninos cxovrebis realistur xasiaTs swored es garemoeba gansazRvravs.

`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, IV saukunis I naxevrisaTvis saqarTvelo aris `sa-warmarToi queyanai~, romelic moklebulia sulier naTels. igi mdebareobs `na-pralsa Crdiloisasa, romlisa mTani daefarnes nislsa codvisasa da velni _ al-mursa cTomisasa~. esaa sarwmunoebrivi naTlisagan ganZarcvuli mxare, sadac `dRe _ Ramed da naTeli bnelad aris qceuli. aq cxovrobs `eri ucxoi, ucxo RmerTTa msaxuri, romeli cecxlsa da qvaTa da ZelTa Tayuanisscemdes~.

qarTvelTa salocavi kerpia mzis miwieri gansaxovneba _ armazi, `RmerTi, didTa nayofTa momcemeli... mzis momfeneli da wvimisa momcemeli, queyaniT na-yofTa ganmzrdeli. es aris `kaci erTi spilenZisai, da emosa tansa missa jaWvi oqroisai, da Tavsa missa aqunda qvai bivriti da iakinToi, xolo xelsa aqunda xr-mali, romeli, viTarca elvai, sazarelad iqceoda xelsa missa~.

armazs marjvniv udgas ̀ kaci oqroisai, da ̀ saxeli misi gac~ marcxniv ki _ ̀ kaci vecxlisai, da saxeli misi gai~.

nawarmoebis mixedviT, armazis kerpTan dakavSirebuli dResaswauli didi zei-miT aRiniSneba: ̀ waremarTnes simravleni erTani qalaqad sameufo mcxeTad Tayuanis-cemad RmrTisa maTisa armazisa~. ferad-feradi samosiT morTuli modResaswauleni sayviris ZaxiliT gamoxataven sazeimo ganwyobas. isini yvavilebiT amkoben Sukebsa da quCabandebs da mowiwebiT uTmoben gzas nana dedofals, romelic maTTan erTad iziarebs spilenZis, oqrosa da vercxlis salocavebTan miaxlebis sixaruls. zeimSi mirian mefec monawileobs. igi `ebniTa da qnariTa da xmiTa nestvisaiTa da mravli-Ta saxiobiTa~ uerTdeba sadResaswaulo ritualis monawileebs.

mozeimeni xmamaRla ganadideben mefes, romelic, maTi warmodgeniT, mzis ganma-saxiereblad, mis Zed iTvleba. miwieri RmerTis gandidebiT isini armazs scemen Tayvans.

nawarmoebSi dramatuli ferebiTaa aRwerili armazis kerpebis msxvrevis STam-beWdavi suraTi. meyseulad gamoCnda dasavaliT Rrubeli bneli, da qari Zlieri, da iqmnes quxilni sastikni da xmani sazarelni, da mexis texani SesaZrwunebelni... kerpTa maT zeda moiweoda setyuai Txrobad gansakvirvebeli,

romeli, viTarca rkinisai anu Tu rvalisai ekueTeboda, vidremdis sruliad damusrna da daawulilna, viTarca mtueri~. uflis nebiT, nacar-mtvrad iqcnen `kerpni saZagelni, romelni SvilTa maTTa, viTarca Tivas, Tibdes, romelTa qvani-ca maTni dautvan sisxlTa CCvilTaisa (` moqcevai qarTlisai~).

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ninos cxovrebaSi~ warmarTuli kerpebis msxvreva gaazrebulia, rogorc sim-bolo Zveli samyaros ganadgurebisa, rasac axali, sulieri naTlis damkvidreba unda mohyves.

mravlismTqmelia, rom kerpebis msxvreva 6 (19) agvistos, feriscvaleba dRes moxda. am dRidan daedo dasabami sruliad saqarTvelos gaqristianebas, mis feri-scvalebas, mis sulier gardasaxvas. es dRe iqca momaswaveblad imisa, rom codvis nisliT dabnelebul `Crdilois queyanaSi~ WeSmariti RmerTi exilaT, misi dideba SeecnoT da eRiarebinaT.

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ TvalnaTliv aris warmoCenili, rogor TandaTan, nelinel ikafavs gzas qristes rwmena qarTlis mkvidrTa cnobierebaSi. axali sarwmunoebis sulisCamdgmelad maT evlinebaT `qadagi WeSmaritebisai nino, dedufali Cueni, viTarca bnelsa Sina mTiebi rai aRmohxdis da cis kari aRiRis da misa Semdgomad aRmovaln didi igi mflobeli dRisai~.

`ninos RmerTis~ mcnebebs Tavdapirvelad nana dedofali eziara. `borotTa seniTa Sepyrobili~, igi wm. ninos locviT gamojansaRda da `yovliTurT gankurne-buli waravlina saxid Tvisad~.

`sityvisa RvTisa msaxurTa Tanamosagrem~ dedofals ̀ mouTxrna Cuenda mosru-lisa RmrTisa da macxovrisa qristeis gankacebai, da juar-cumai, da aRdgomai, da zecad amaRlebai. da daumtkicebda, viTarmed WeSmaritad igi ars RmerTi, Semoqme-di caTa da queyanisai, da zRuaTa da yovelTa, rai ars maT Sina~.

`gankvirvebulma da tkbiTa swavlaTa mier netarisa ninoisTa ganaTlebulma~ dedofalma mefes auwya `Zali RmrTisai mis, romelsa qadagebs ucxoi igi~, rac xelmwifes `daukvirda friad~.

nana dedofalTan erTad wm. ninos sefeqalebic daemowafnen. ̀ da iqmoda wmidai nino uricxuTa kurnebaTa da qadagebda RmerTsa WeSmaritsa~. misi qadagebis Zala irwmuna dedoflis biZam, `mravalTa welTa vnebulma~ da mis mier gankurnebulma.

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ mkafiodaa aRbeWdili is undobloba da eWvi, romliTac mirian mefis arsebaa moculi. Zveli rwmenis erTguleba aRmoacenebs masSi mtrul damokidebulebas axali sarwmunoebis mimarT, rasac gamoxatavs wm. ninosa da nana dedoflisadmi mimarTuli muqariT: `Se-mo-rai viqce, Suri viZio maTgan Seuracxe-bisaTvis RmerTTa CemTaisa~.

am danaqadnebis pasuxad aRiqmeba TxoTis mTaze `gangebiTa zegardmoiTa~ movlenili saswauli, romelmac mefe mirianis feriscvaleba gansazRvra.

nawarmoebSi STambeWdavad aris asaxuli sanadirod myofi mefis moqcevis sce-na. zafxulis kaSkaSa mzis dabnelebis mxilveli, armazisa da zadenis amao moxmo-biT imedgacruebuli mefe `ninos RmerTs~ Sesxovs: `RmerTo ninoiso, ganminaTle sibnele ese da gamomibrwyinve me naTeli, raiTa aRviaro saxeli Seni wmidai da gadidebde Sen~.

`ese rai Tqua, yovlad saxierman man da mowyaleman RmerTman gamoabrwyinva naTeli mis Soris da mswrafl sibnelisa misgan ganTavisuflda mirian~, _ vkiTxu-lobT nawarmoebSi.

eris sulieri cxovrebis umTavresi momentis _ mzis RmerTobis uaryofisa da wminda sulieri naTlis aRiarebis mauwyebelia aRmosavleTisaken xelapyrobili mefis mxurvale RaRadisi: `WeSmaritad Sen xar RmerTi WeSmariti, Sen xar RmerTi RmerTTai da Tayuanis-vscem patiosansa juarsa Sensa!~

xelmwifis saboloo feriscvalebis damadasturebelia misi sityvebi, mimar-Tuli wm. ninosadmi: `mociqulo WeSmaritisa RmrTisao, romelsa Sen hqadageb, mas vesav!~

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mirian mefis sulieri metamorfoza sruliad qarTlis moqcevis gadamwyve-ti faqtori xdeba. aSkarad gamoxatavs samwysos ganwyobas `yoveli eri~, romelic sixaruliT egebeba mefes da, uflis saswauliT `gankvirvebuli~, sasoebiT ganadi-debs Semoqmeds.

WeSmariti sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis surviliTaa STagonebuli mefis ganzraxva, aagos qristianuli eklesia, `taZari RmrTisa, saxli Sesakrebeli erisa, gvami qristesi da sZali misi wyliTa miT naTlisRebisaiTa ganwmendili, da patio-sniTa sisxliTa misiTa pkurebuli, viTarca sZali aRbeWdili da Semkuli sacxe-bliTa miT sulisa wmidisaiTa~ (`didi kurTxevani~). es iqneba `ca queyanasa zeda, romelsa Sina damkvidrebul ars caTa Sina myofi RmerTi~ (iqve).

mirian mefe wminda ninos mier miTiTebuli nimuSis mixedviT agebs RvTis saxls, `romel ars eklesiai RmrTisa cxovelisai, sueti da simtkice WeSmaritisai~.

adgili, romelsac mirian mefe RvTis saxlis asagebad samefo baRSi (`samoTxe-Si~) wm. ninos miTiTebiT irCevs, aris siwmindis sadguri, romelmac RvTisSvilT samoTxisken mimavali gza unda gaunaTos.

gardasul dReTa mZafri sunTqva SeigrZnoba `ninos cxovrebis~ im epizodSi, romelSic saswaulTmoqmedi kviparosis (sxva variantiT _ naZvis) mokveTisa da mi-sgan` Semzadebuli~ svetis aRmarTvis Sesaxeb aris moTxrobili. mkiTxveli TiTqos TiTqos TvalnaTliv xedavs, rogor amaod cdiloben SiSiT zardacemuli mefe da `yoveli eri~ svetis aRmarTvasa da Tavis saZirkvelze dafuZnebas. `eneba aRmar-Tebai da yovlad ver uZles SeZvrad~, amitom `gankvirvebulni da gulklebulni~ wavidnen `saxid Tvisad~, _ vkiTxulobT nawarmoebSi.

eWvmiutanel faqtad aRiqvams mkiTxveli `naTliTa Semosili~ Wabukis mier sve-ticxovlis aRmarTvisa da ̀ xarisxsa Tvissa~ damyarebis saswaulebriv moments: ̀ aha, vixile sueti igi cecxlis-saxed Camovidoda da moeaxla xarisxsa mas Tvissa. da vi-Tar daemarTa da dadga xarisxsa mas queyaniT aRSorebulad viTar aTormet wyrTa, da neliad Camoicvalebda Tvissave mas zeda nakueTsa, rameTu xarisxad iyo Ziri igi misi, romlisagan mokueTil iyo sueti igi cxoveli~, _ gviambobs abiaTar mRvdlis asuli sidonia (`moqcevai qarTlisai~). es iyo sakvirvelTmoqmedi sveti, romelic `gamoscemda brwyinvalebasa da friad sulnelebasa~. igi saswaulebs axdenda da amiT kidev ufro ganamtkicebda rwmenas imisas, rom RvTismSoblis wilxvedr qveya-naSi WeSmariti rjulis ganvrcoba uflis neba gaxldaT.

qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqceva `ninos cxovrebaSi~ gaazrebulia, rogorc eris sulieri arCevani, romelmac misi maradiuli arseboba unda gansazRvros. TxzulebaSi aSkarad igrZnoba mirian mefis swrafva, mtkiced daukavSirdes qristia-nul samyaros, da amiT qveynis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis saZirkvlad WeSmariti sarwmunoeba aRiaros. Sors aris gamiznuli misi gadawyvetileba, moci-qulebi miavlinos axlad naTelRebul saberZneTSi da moZRvarTa da maswavlelTa gamogzavna sTxovos konstantine imperators, raTa erovnuli RvTismsaxureba im-TaviTve msoflio eklesiis gamocdilebasa da tradiciebze daafuZnos.

`ninos cxovrebis~ qveteqstSi garkveviT amoikiTxeba is azri, rom qarTlis mkvidrTa qristes rjulze moqceva bizantiis interesebsac Seesabameba. ar SeiZle-ba SemTxveviTi iyos, rom `ninos saqmei gamoiZia helene dedofalman. werilSi man dedoflobiT da mociqulobiT da maxareblad~ moixsenia wm. nino. `ninos helne surviliT uwoda dedoflad da Tvissa sworad da sworad wmidaTa mociqulTa~, _ gviambobs Txzulebis avtori (`moqcevai qarTlisai~).

bizantiis eklesiis Tanadgoma xdeba winapiroba ara marto samefo saxlis, ara-

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med sruliad saqarTvelos mkvidrTa naTlisRebisa: `amisa Semdgomad naTel-iRes mefeman da dedofalman SviliTurT maTiT da yovelTa mTavarTa da uricxuman simravleman erisaman~.

WeSmariti aRmsareblobiT SekavSirebul msofliosTan mWidro kavSirurTier-Tobisaken swrafvis motivi `ninos cxovrebas gamWol nakadad gasdevs. TvalSi sa-cemia urTierToba aramarto bizantiis, aramed ierusalimis eklesiasTanac. am kavSiris maniSnebelia Tundac sveticxovlis taZris orgvari saxelwodeba: `sioni~ da `mociqulTa~. ase iwodeba wm. qalaqis is eklesia, romelic konstantine didma sionis borcvze aago. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aq idga is saxli, romelSic mociqu-lebze suliwmida gadmovida.

ierusalimur samyarosTan kavSiri nawarmoebSi gaazrebulia, rogorc uSualo gagrZeleba im ZvelTuZvelesi kontaqtisa, romelic qarTlsa da palestinas Soris odiTganve arsebobda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTvel ebraelebs mcxe-TaSi sakuTari saeklesio ierarqia gaaCndaT. `saqarTvelos ebraelTa umTavresi sasuliero gamgeoba mcxeTaSi ijda~ (z. WiWinaZe).

`ninos cxovrebidan~ aSkarad Cans, rom teritoriuli siSore xels ar uSlida mcxeTelebs, uwyveti kavSir-urTierToba hqonodaT ierusalimTan. golgoTis mi-steriis kviraZalze, roca dedamiwis yovel kuTxeSi gafantul ebraelebs (maT So-ris mcxeTelebsac) palestinaSi mouxmes, mcxeTelma uriebma ierusalimSi gagzavnes moxucebuli eliozi _ `kaci brZeni da mecnieri~, romelic daeswro jvarcmas da wilxvdomili kvarTi qristesi saqarTveloSi Camoitana. swored am kvarTis sa-marxze aRimarTa sveticxoveli, romelmac sulierad SeamWidrova da SeakavSira vazis jvriT kurTxeuli, wminda aizmiT naTelRebuli RvTismSoblis wilxvedri saqarTvelo.

`ninos cxovreba~ `Crdilois qveynis WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze moqcevis apolo-giaa. nawarmoebis yovel striqonSi ismis qebaTa qeba qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblisa, romlis qadagebis ZaliTac `qarTlosianebma `misces kerpni maTni cecxlsa dasawu-velad da moiqces cTomaTa maTTagan, da moiRes naTeli da Tayuanis-cemai wmidisa juarisai~.

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili epoqa aris xana saqarTveloSi sulieri naTlis damkvidrebisa, romelmac mTeli misi momavali gansazRvra.

III. bibliuri saxe-simboloebi ( jvari vazisa, mayvlovani, kerpebis msxvreva, mTa, mzis dabneleba, kvarTi qristesi, samoTxe, ekali, Tvali patiosani) `ninos cxovrebaSi~

jvari vazisa

kabadokiel asuls, romelic qarTvel xalxs mociqulTa swor ganmanaTleblad moevlina, xels vazis jvari umSvenebda. RvTismSoblis mier Seqmnili es siwminde RvTaebrivi ZaliT aris mosili.

vazis jvari amxnevebs da asalkldevebs qalwuls xifaTiT aRsavse gzaze. misi wyalobiT gadalaxa `Wirni didni... da SiSni mxecTagan~, misma saswaulTmoqmedma Zalam gadaarCina somxeTSi iseT saSinel gansacdels, rogoric mis Tanamgzavrebs _ rifsimesa da gaianes _ xvdaT wilad.

idumali kavSiri zegardmo ZalasTan xelSesaxebad aris gamovlenili im Cvene-baSi, romelsac wm. nino udidesi sulieri SeWirvebis Jams naxulobs. roca rifsime da gaiane ̀ iwamnes~, ̀ ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~ STenilma asulma ixila ̀ kuamli surne-

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lovani... da eri igi zecisai, romeli SeierTebdes sulTa maT wmidaTasa~. zeciuri xmac esma, romelmac aRmosavleTisaken mouwoda, raTa mis `garemois~ momZlavre-buli ekali qmniliyo `sulnel da vard mewamul mis mier~.

cnobilia, rom aRTqmul qveyanaSi mimaval moses gzas saswaulTmoqmedi kverTxi ukafavda. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wm. ninos mogzaurobaSi vazis jvarma iseTive roli Seasrula, rogoric kverTxma _ moses xifaTiT aRsavse TavgadasavalSi.

isic cnobilia, rom kverTxis saxiT moses win TviT macxovari miuZRoda.vazis jvris saxiT wm. ninosac ufali hyavs Semwed da winamZRolad.yovladwminda RvTismSobelma, romelic `Zilsa Sina~ gamoecxada wm. ninos,

aRuTqva mas, rom vazisagan gamokveTili jvris ZaliT igi yovelgvari dabrkolebis gadalaxvas SeZlebda. `wmidaman mariam xeli mihyo zeda kerZo cxedarisa misisasa myofsa mas rtosa vazisasa, da mohkueTa misgan, da Seqmna juari da misca xelTa qalwulsa mas, da hrqua: ̀ ese iyos mcveli Seni, da amiT sZlo yovelTa winaaRmdgom-Ta SenTa, da waremarTos qadagebai Seni, da me viyo Sen Tana, da ara dagiteo Sen~.

is faqti, rom RvTismSobelma rto `zeda kerZo cxedarisa misisasa~ myofi va-zisagan mokveTa, aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom vazis jvari zeciuri vazis nasxla-visganaa Seqmnili. aq `zeda~ sulier ierarqias gamoxatavs da simbolurad Tavad ieso qristes Seesatyviseba, radgan RvTismSobelze maRla aravin SeiZleba igu-lisxmebodes, garda qristesi.

am azrs ganamtkicebs axali aRTqma, romlis Tanaxmadac vazi, venaxi qristes simboloa. `me var venaxi WeSmariti da mamai Cemi moqmedi ars... me var venaxi da Tquen _ rtoni, romeli daadgres Cem Tana da me _ mis Tana, aman moiRos nayofi mravali~, _ ambobs macxovari (ioane, 15, 1; 5).

am sityvebSi is azria gatarebuli, rom morwmune (rto) Tavisi yoveli qmede-biT qristes moZRvrebas (venaxs) unda daeyrdnos, rameTu `Tvinier qristesi ara-rai Zal-gic yofad arca erTi~ (iqve).

bibliuri simbolikis TvalTaxedviT, qriste is WeSmariti venaxia, romelmac ka-cobriobis gamosaxsnelad sakuTari sicocxle, sakuTari sisxli (`tevani~) gawira.

ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qristianuli sarwmunoebis udidesi saidumlo _ wminda ziareba _ mtevnis naJuriT xdeba. vazi erTaderTi mcenarea, romlis nayo-fisganac saswaulTmoqmedi sasmeli miiReba. qristes sisxlad gardaqmna mxolod Rvinos SeuZlia. amitomac Rebuloben marTlmorwmuneni ziarebisas Rvinos, niSnad macxovris daTxeul sisxlTan ziarebisa.

amdenad, vazis jvari RvTaebrivi wrmoSobisaa. igi Seqmnilia Tavad RvTismSo-blis mier da amave dros uSualod macxovrisgan momdinareobs. am jvris saxiT wm. ninos ufali hyavs mfarvelad da Tanamdgomad. am jvriT naTlavs igi qarTvelebs, e. i. am jvriT Seaqvs xalxSi naTeli.

jvari vazisa wm. ninom Tavisive TmebiT Sekra. ZvelTuZvelesi warmodgeniT, Tma mzis sxivis gansaxovnebaa, mze ki qristianuli simbolikiT, RvTaebas ganasaxie-rebs. vazis TmebiT Sekvra mzisa da vazis erTianobas moaswavebs. vazi, venaxi mziT aris aRvsili iseve, rogorc Ze RvTisa _ RvTaebriobiT. rogorc venaxi xarobs mzis brwyinvalebiT, aseve brwyinavs macxovari RvTaebrivi naTliT _ amgvarad SeiZleba gaviazroT vazis jvris simbolika `ninos cxovrebaSi~.

ninos jvari dResac inaxeba TbilisSi, sionis sakaTedro taZarSi, rogorc uZvelesi da uwmindesi reliqvia _ simbolo RvTivkurTxeuli qarTveli eris mara-diuli ukvdavebisa.

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mayvlovani

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ yuradRebas ipyrobs qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis mayvlo-vanSi dabinavebisa da `mun locvis~ sakiTxi. ratom damkvidrda wm. nino mayvlovan-Si, ra simboluri datvirTva aqvs am velur, eklian buCqs nawarmoebSi?

mayvlovani, romelSic wm. ninom eqvsi weli gaatara, aris sulieri TavSesafari, romelic misi locviT RvTaebrivi madliT ivseba. mayvlovans Sefarebuli, dRemu-dam locvad muxlmoyrili, igi malulad mkurnalobda avadmyofebs, sulier da fizikur tkivils umsubuqebda maT. `hkurnebda sneulTa... da qadagebda RmerTsa WeSmaritsa~. dedofali nana, romelic ̀ borotTa seniTa Sepyrobil iyo~, man Tavisi locvis ZaliT gaajansaRa `da yovliTurT gankurnebuli waravlina saxid Tvisad~. aqve gankurna wminda ninom nana dedoflis `dedisa Zmai, mravalTa welTa vnebuli~.

mayvlovani, wm. ninos TavSesafari da samlocvelo adgili, ninos mier damowa-febul dedaTa, pirvel mcxeTel qristianTa Sesakrebel adgilad aris qceuli. mzis anazdeuli dabnelebiT SeZrwunebuli, mere ki RvTis saswauliT gonebaganaTebuli mirian mefe TxoTis mTidan pirdapir mayvlovans miaSurebs. mis mier qristes saja-ro Tayvaniscema mayvlovanSi xdeba. `modrka mefei... da etyoda ninos: `mociqulo WeSmaritisa RmrTisao, romelsa Sen hqadageb, mas vesav!~ da evedra, raiTa uCuenos saxe eklesiisai~. mirian mefis survili, qristianuli taZari mayvlovanSi aaSenos, RvTis nebis gamoxatulebaa, radgan es adgili, rogorc qristianTa Sesakrebeli, eklesiis aSenebamdeve eklesias moaswavebda (eklesia _ Sesakrebeli /saba/).

wm. ninos mayvlovanSi dabinaveba Rrma simboluri azriT aris datvirTuli. qristianuli saxismetyvelebis Tanaxmad, mayvlovani RvTismSobels ganasaxierebs.

qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis ̀ Soris mayualTa maT~ dabinaveba aris ara SemTxve-viTi movlena, aramed gangebis neba, radgan mayvlovanis saxiT misi TavSesafari, misi sulieri sadguri RvTismSobeli xdeba.

mayvlovani rom sakraluri adgilia, amaze aSkarad metyvelebs is saocari si-frTxile, romelsac mefe miriani am, erTi SexedviT, veluri buCqis mimarT avlens. roca aq ̀ zemo eklesiis~ dafuZneba gadawyda, misi moTxovniT mayvlovani xeluxle-blad iqna daculi, mayvlis erTi furcelic ki aravis dauzianebia, radgan masSi saswaulTmoqmed mcenares xedaven da ara Cveulebriv buCqs.

`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, Zveli da axali aRTqmiseuli ori siwminde _ mayvlovani da vazi ganuyofelia. maTi simbolikis gacnobiereba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganvacxadoT, rom wm. ninos, romelic RvTismSoblis wilxvedr qveyanas yovladwminda mariamis nebiT moevlina, vazis jvris saxiT win macxovari uZRoda, mayvlovanis saxiT ki dedaRvTisa ifaravda. amitom SeZlo man SeuZlebeli. amitom mimarTaven mas marTlmorwmune qristianebi: `dedisa RvTisa mier queyanasa amas Cuensa movlinebulman da wmidaTa xelTa misTa mier jvarisa vazisa mimRebelman, viTarca mwyemsman keTilman, Sehkribe da mihgvare qarTvelni RmerTsa WeSmaritsa, dedao, wmidao nino, evedre qristesa RmerTsa Sewyalebad sulTa CvenTaTvis (wm. ninos tropari).

kerpebis msxvreva

`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, IV saukunis saqarTvelo aris `sawarmarTo queya-nai~, sadac cxovrobs `eri ucxoi, ucxoTa RmerTTa msaxuri~. igi `Crdilois queya-naa~, romlisa mTani daefarnes nislsa codvisasa da velni - almursa cTomisasa~,

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amitomac igi moklebulia sulier naTels. nawarmoebidan cxadad Cans, rom saqarTvelos feriscvalebas dasabami dae-

do maSin, roca nacar-mtvrad iqcnen `kerpni saZagelni, romelni SvilTa maTTa, viTarca Tivasa, Tibdes. kerpebis gacamtvereba `ninos cxovrebaSi~ gaazrebulia, rogorc simbolo Zveli samyaros ganadgurebisa, rasac axali, sulieri naTlis damkvidreba unda mohyves.

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ warmarTuli kerpebis msxvreva asea aRwerili: `dga kaci erTi spilenZisai da emosa tansa missa jaWvi oqroisai, da Tavsa missa aqunda qvai bivriti da iakinToi, xolo xelsa aqunda xrmali, romeli, viTarca elvai, sazare-lad iqceoda xelsa missa. xolo marjueniT misa dga kaci oqroisai, da saxeli misi gac, da kualad marcxeniT misa dga kaci vecxlisai, da saxeli mis gai.

ixila ra ese yoveli netarman nino, aRipyrna xelni zecad da cremliT evedre-boda da ityoda: _ ufalo iesu qriste, RmerTo Cveno, aCuene Zlierebai Seni da yav saswauli, raiTa ixilon erTa amaT macxovarebai Seni da Sen mxoloi gicnan RmrTad WeSmaritad da Senda mxoloisa Sewiron didebai da Tayuanis-cemai.

da viTarca srul-yo locvai, meyseulad gamoCnda dasavaliT Rrubeli bneli, da qari Zlieri, da iqmnes quxilni sastikni, da xmani sazarelni, da mexis-texani SesaZrwunebelni. mefe da mTavarni da eri igi, ltolvilni saSinelebisa misgan, urTierTas dasTrgunvides da TiToeuli saxid Tvisa mirbiodes. xolo kerpTa maT zeda moiweoda setyuai Txrobad gansakvirvebeli, romeli, viTarca rkinisai anu Tu rvalisai, ekueTeboda, vidremdis sruliad damusrna da daawulilna, viTarca mtuerni~.

sagulisxmoa, rom kerpebis msxvreva swored feriscvaleba dRes, 6 (19) agvistos moxda, amdenad, es iyo gangebismieri, providenciuli movlena da ara SemTxveviTi faqti: aqedan daedo dasabami sruliad qarTlis gaqristianebas, mis feriscvale-bas, mis xelaxla dabadebas, codvis nislisagan gaTavisuflebasa da axali, sulieri naTlis ziarebas.

sagulisxmoa, rom armazuli triadis (armazi, gac, gai) aRweriT ̀ ninos cxovre-bis~ avtori feriscvalebis warmosaxviTs suraTs acocxlebs.

maTes saxarebis Tanaxmad, roca macxovarma Taboris mTaze feri icvala, mowa-feebma masTan erTad ixiles winaswarmetyvelni: mose da elia: `da Semdgomad equ-sisa dRisa wariyvanna iesu petre da iakob da iovane, Zmai misi, da aRiyvanna igini mTasa maRalsa Tvisagan.

da icvala maT winaSe sxuad ferad da ganbrwyinda piri misi, viTarca mze. xolo samoseli misi iqmna spetak, viTarca naTeli.

da aha eCuennes maT mose da elia mis Tana da Tanazraxvides~ (17, 1-3).am imaginaciuri (warmosaxviTi) suraTis asaxviT avtori simbolurad na-

Telyofs, rom feriscvalebis dRes armazze cru RmerTebis gacxadeba xdeba, ris gamoc maT WeSmariti RmerTis sastiki risxva atydebaT da isini umowyalod nad-gurdebian.

mTa

`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT mirian mefe `kerpTa saZagelTa~ Tayvanismcemlad warmogvidgeba. igi ̀ ebniTa da qnariTa da xmiTa nestvisaiTa da mravliTa saxiobiTa ganadidebs armazis salocavs, ̀ RmerTTa RmerTad~, umaRles RvTaebad aRiarebs mas.

winaparTa salocavebisadmi rwmena mefes arc mas Semdeg Seryevia, rac es ker-

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pebi gangebis mier movlenilma stiqiam `damusrna da daawulilna~. amitomaa, rom wm. ninos `uricxuTa kurnebaTa~ Zalas igi armazsa da zadens miawers da ara WeSma-rit Semoqmeds: ̀ hgonebda mefe, viTarmed ninos kurnebisa Zalsa mianiWebdes kerpni: armaz da zaden.~

imis Setyobam, rom nana dedofalma da misma biZam qristes rwmena aRiares, sastikad ganarisxa mefe. igi `borgda friad ninoisTvis da nana dedoflisa~ da mkacri SurisgebiT daemuqra maT.

swored am dros mouvlina ufalma mefes saswauli, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula qarTlis gaqristianebis istoriaSi. movigonoT es epizodi: `dRe-sa erTsa... aRxda mefe da ganvida nadirobad muxnariT kerZo da movlo sanaxebi muxnarisa da ganvida mTaTa zeda TxoTisaTa maRnarTa, raiTamca mixadna cixeTa maT didTa aspad da kaspad da ufliscixed, da ganvida Txemsa mis mTisasa. da Sua samxar oden dabnelda mis zeda mze da iqmna Rame ukuni, bneli friad. dafara bnel-man areni da adgilni igini~.

armazisa da zadenis amao moxmobiT sasowarkveTilma mefem `xma-yo da Tqua: `RmerTo ninoiso, ganminaTle sibnele ese da gamomibrwyinve me naTeli, raiTa aR-viaro saxeli Seni wmidai da gadidebde Sen~. ese rai Tqua, yovlad saxierman man da mowyaleman RmerTman gamoabrwyinva naTeli mis Soris da mswrafl sibnelisa misgan ganTavisuflda mirian. meyseulad aRdga da aRipyrna xelni aRmosavliT, RaRad-yo da Tqua: `WeSmaritad Sen xar RmerTi WeSmariti, Sen xar RmerTi RmerTTai da Tayuanis-vscem patiosansa juarsa Sensa!~ amisa Semdgomad warmoemarTa sameufod Tvisad qalaqad~ da wminda ninos winaSe sajarod, xmamaRla aRiara: `mociqulo We-Smaritisa RmrTisao, romelsa Sen hqadageb, mas vesav!~

am epizodidan aSkarad Cans, rom mirian mefis mier WeSmariti RmerTis Secnoba da aRiareba, anu misi sulieri Soba mTas ukavSirdeba. aq mTa sakraluri SinaarsiT datvirTuli simboluri saxea. aseTi gageba bibliidan momdinareobs.

Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, mTa is adgilia, sadac RvTis rCeulT uflis xil-vis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT. mamazecieri moses sinas mTaze gamoecxada `suetiT RrublisaiTa~. aq gadasca mas sjulis ficrebze amokveTili aTi mcneba, romlis wyalobiTac rCeuli eri aRTqmul qveynaSi Sesvlis Rirsi unda gamxdariyo. `xolo mTa sina mkmolvare iyo yovlad gardamosvlisTvis RmrTisa mis cecxliTa da aRvi-doda kuamli saxmilisa~, _vkiTxulobT Zveli aRTqmis wignSi .`gamosvlaTai~.

gabaonis mTaze SesTxova isu naves Zem RmerTs mzis SeCereba da ufalma Seusru-la mas es Txovna: `da dadga mze saSuval casa, ara vidoda daslvad sruliad dRis erTis... viTarmca ismina RmerTman kacisai~, _ gviambobs wigni `isu navesi~.

morias mTaze gamoucxada Tavisi wyaloba ufalma abraams: samsxverplod gamza-debuli mxolodSobili vaJis _ isaakis _ sanacvlod tarigi mouvlina mas.

axali aRTqmis mixedviT, ufalma ieso qristem Taboris mTaze icvala feri. `da icvala maT winaSe sxuad ferad da gamobrwyinda piri misi, viTarca mze, xolo samoseli misi iqmna spetak, viTarca naTeli~ (maTe 17, 2).

golgoTis mTaze aRsrulda jvarcmis misteria, romlis wyalobiTac codviT dacemuli kacobrioba ganiwminda.

eleonis mTaze ixiles qristes mowafeebma udidesi saswauli _ mkvdreTiT aRmdgari macxovris cad amaRleba (luka, 24, 50, 51).

aqedan gamomdinare, TxoTis mTa, sadac mirian mefem mzis dabneleba ixila, ar aris Cveulebrivi mTa. es aris qarTvelTa sinai, sadac RvTis gamocxadeba, misi cxovelmyofeli Zalis Secnoba, mefis sulieri feriscvaleba, mis mier WeSmariti

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sarwmunoebis aRiareba xdeba. aqedan iRebs dasabams bibliuri mosesTvis RvTis mier boZebuli aTi mcnebis memkvidre _ axali aRTqma, romelmac qarTlosianebs maradiul naTelTan ziarebis SesaZlebloba unda mianiWos.

mirian mefec RvTisagan gamorCeuli pirovnebaa, radgan is, rac mas gadaxda, mxolod madlmosils unda SemTxveoda. gangebam moaxvedra igi TxoTis mTaze mzis dabnelebis momentSi, gangebam miiyvana WeSmariti sarwmunoebis aRiarebamde, gan-gebam miaaxla mayvlovanSi mlocvel kabadokiel asuls, romelsac, TxoTis mTaze momxdari saswauli rom ara, mis garSemo Semokrebil pirvel qristianebTan erTad mefis saSineli risxva eloda.

mzis dabneleba

mzis dabneleba xdeba 20 ivliss, roca mze lomis zodiaqoSia da maqsimalurad aris aRvsili Tavisi ZaliTa da cxovelmyofelobiT, rac ukiduresad aZlierebs mefis daeWvebas misR RvTaebriobasa da ZalmosilebaSi. mefem, romlisTvisac um-Tavresi da upirvelesi RvTaeba mze gaxldaT, am dRes gansakuTrebiT mZafrad SeigrZno Zala `mzeTa mzis~, `mzisa mamzevebeli mzis~ _ WeSmariti RmerTisa, ro-melmac wyvdiadidan gamoiyvana da sulier naTels aziara igi. mzis xilviT misTvis gamoCnda `mnaTobi simarTlisa igi mze ganmanaTleblad TvisTa dabadebulTa~, `mze simarTlisa da xati brwyinvalebai RmrTisa mamisa uxilavi~, ̀ mze igi dauRamebeli~, `mze dauvsebeli, romelman gandevna bneli uRmrTovebisai~

(miqael modrekili). amieridan man sabolood aRiara ̀ mzei simarTlisai~, ̀ Rmer-Ti WeSmariti da RmerTi RmerTTai~ _ qriste da `moiRo naTeli da Tayuanis-cemai wmidisa juarisai~, rac sruliad saqarTvelos gaqristianebis winapirobad iqca.

kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom 20 ivlisi (2 agvisto), roca mzis dabneleba moxda, elia winaswarmetyvelis dRea.

winaswarmetyvelTa Soris elia Tezbiteli udidesi da upirvelesia. ufalma elia cocxlad aitaca zecaSi da amiT maradiuli drois mkvidrad aqcia igi (IV mef., 2, 11-12).

elia macxovris winasaxea (èlia _ ufali RmerTi Cemi~ _ aseTia elia winaswar-metyvelis saxelis sabaseuli ganmarteba), feriscvalebis misteriis monawile da qristes RvTaebriobis dammowmebeli (maTe, 17, 3); esqatologiuri drois _ mesiis meored mosvlis mauwyebladac elia winaswarmetyvelia miCneuli (malaqia, 3, 23).

elia winaswarmetyvelma Tavisi mosasxami Tavis mowafes _ elises gadaugdo maSin, roca igi Tormeti uReli xarkameCiT iordanispira mindvrebs xnavda (III mef., 19,19). Semdeg, cecxlovani etliT saswaulebrivad amaRlebulma, zemodan gad-mougdo mas es mosasxami da amiT gadasca gangebismieri unari, orad gaepo iorda-nes dineba da mSralad gasuliyo meore napirze (IV mef., 2, 14), rogorc masze adre Tavad SeZlo am istoriuli saswaulis moxdena (IV mef., 2,8).

elias xalenis saswaulebrivi Zala aris simbolo Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyve-luri madlisa, romelic erTi adamianisgan meoreze gadadis da Taobebs Soris memkvi-dreobiTs kavSirs amyarebs. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, es xaleni mcxeTaSi `sa-kurTxevelisa queSe~ ùlpolvelad~ aris damarxuli da Tavis Jams elis, raTa axali saswauli moaxdinos. àrs sxuaica ZaliTa Semosili, mrCobli gica, xaleni eliaisi, amas qalaqsa Sina xelTa CuenTa, sakurTxevelisa simtkicesa queSe qvaTa Sina ul-polvelad vidre Jamadmde misa,~ _ mimrTavs abiaTar mRvdeli Tavis asuls sidonias.

elias xalenis adgilsamyofeli `ninos cxovrebaSi~ wminda miwis im adgilTanaa

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gaTanabrebuli, sadac bibliurma iakobma zeciuri ierarqia ixila. àmas zeda ars adgili igi, viTarca adgili iakobisi, kibed xiluli da zecad aRwevnuli amieridan da ukunisamde~, _ acxadebs abiaTar mRvdeli.

aqedan gamomdinare, `ninos cxovrebis~ gamWol motivad SeiZleba CaiTvalos molodini Jamisa, roca gangebismieri Zala, romliTac es ùlpoveli~ siwmindea aRWurvili, mcxeTis miwaze yovladwminda RvTismSoblis nebiT, misi wyalobiT gad-mova (movigonoT, rom iakobis CvenebaSi kibe RvTismSobels ganasaxierebs).

am molodinis acxadebaa 20 ivliss (2 agvistos) _ elia winaswarmetyvelis dRes momxdari saswauli, romlis wyalobiTac mirian mefis mier xiluli naTeli im `dauvsebeli naTlis~ winamorbedad iqca, romelic male sruliad saqarTvelos moefina.

kvarTi qristesi

cnobilia, rom mcxeTis ebrauli diasporis imave sagvareulos warmomadge-nelma, romelmac eqvsi saukuniT adre elias xaleni dafla mcxeTaSi, macxovris kvarTic saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi Camoitana.

uflis kvarTis wilxvdomilobis Sesaxeb ioanes saxareba gviambobs: `da eri-saganTa maT, romelTa juars acves ieso, moiRes samoseli misi da ganiyves oTxad nawilad, TiToeulman erisaganman nawili. xolo kuarTi igi, rameTu iyo ukervel, zeiT gamoqsovil yovlad, Tques ukue urTierTas: ara ganvxioT ese, aramed wil vigdoT amas zeda, visaca iyos, raiTa aResrulos werili igi: `ganiyves samoseli Cemi... da kuarTsa Cemsa zeda ganigdes wili~ (19, 23-24).

`werili igi~ bibliur daviT mefes ekuTvnis. didi winaswarmetyveli 21-e fsal-munSi wers: `gare momadges me ZaRlebr mraval da krebulman ukeTurTaman gare-momicva me. ganxuritnes xelni Cemni da ferxni Cemni. da aRricxes yoveli Zualebi Cemi. maT mixiles me da ganmicades me. ganiyves samoseli Cemi maT Soris da kurTsa Cemsa zeda ganigdes wili (21, 16-18).

daviT fsalmunT mgaloblis winaswarmetyveleba Zveli aRTqmisaTvis niSan-doblivi winasaxeobrivi azrovnebis naTeli gamoxatulebaa. am naTelmxilvelu-ri sityvebis acxadeba. wilisyraSi mcxeTel ebraelTa monawileoba da macxovris kvarTis saqarTveloSi Camotana am faqtis providenciul xasiaTze metyvelebs. macxovris kvarTisa da elias xalenis dafvlis adgilebis siaxlovec gangebis ne-bis gamocxadebad aRiqmeba. rogorc elia winaswarmetyveli modis uflis winamor-bedad, raTa mas gza ganumzados (mal., 5,4), aseve misi xaleni win uZRvis uflis kvarTs. es ori siwminde aris winapiroba mirin mefis moqcevisa, rac, Tavis mxriv, sruliad saqarTvelos naTelRebis momaswavebeli xdeba.

wm. nino mirian mefesTan saubarSi sruliad araorazrovnad acxadebs: àrs qa-laqsa amas Sina samoseli uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesi da miT iqmnebian saswaulni ese da kurnebani~. qalwulisaTvis eWvmiutaneli WeSmaritebaa isic, rom `kviparozi sakvirveli~ kvarTis samarxzea amozrdili da uflis cxovelmyofeli Zala mcxeTel-TaTvis swored am kviparosis meoxebiT gaxdeba xiluli. maSasadame, am xisagan ga-mokveTili svetis cxovelmyofeloba, `brwyinvaleba da sulneleba~, mis mier moxde-nili saswaulebi da kurnebani, rac qarTlis gaqristianebis gadamwyvet momentad iqca, Zveli aRTqmidan momdinare winaswarmetyvelebis acxadebis utyuari sabuTia.

mravlismTqmelia isic, rom kvarTi uflisa iyo ̀ ukervel, gamoqsovil yovlad~ (ioane), rac imas niSnavs, rom igi erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli iyo. RvTis

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nebiT, aseTi saxiT mkvidrdeba igi saqarTveloSi niSnad imisa, rom `sazepuro eri~, msgavsad mis wiaRSi daculi siwmindisa, samaradJamod, mesiis meored mosvlamde, sarwmunoebrivad mTliani, gauTiSavi da daunawevrebeli iqneba.

samoTxe

mcxeTaSi Camosuli wm. nino samoTxeSi mkvidrdeba. `mesamesa dResa Camoved qa-laqad mcxeTad da mivmarTe samoTxesa mas mefisasa~, _ gviambobs igi.

aq gamoecxada mas `kaci naTlisa feri~, romlis swavlebiTac Tavisi pirveli saswauli moaxdina: `CuenebiT vxedevd, movida kaci naTlisa feri da mrqua me: `sa-moTxesa Seved, naZuTa queSe babiloTa adgili ars mcirei sayuarelad Semzadebu-li. miwai aRiRe adgilisa misgan da SeaWame kacTa magaT da esuas Svili~. xolo me vyav egreiT da esxnes Zeeb da asuleb mravlad~, _ mogviTxrobs igi.

aqve ixila wm. ninom Cveneba, romelic winaswar moaswavebda samefo baRis qarTvelTa embazad gardasaxvas da am baRSi amozrdili saswaulTmoqmedi xis gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas eris sulier cxovrebaSi.

`da maTve dReTa Sina orgzis da samgzis vixile Cuenebasa Sina mciredsa mas mirulebasa Cemsa muxlTa zeda: movidian mfrinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daibannian da movidian samoTxesa mas da babilosa mas moisTuldebian da yuavilsa mas Zovdian, da mowled Cemdamo RaRadebed, reca Cemi ars samoTxei igi, gare mo-madgian JRaviliT da xmobed Cemda momarT. da mravalgzis iyo ese~.

am CvenebaSi winaswarmetyveluradaa warmosaxuli eris istoriis umniSvnelo-vanesi momenti _ qarTvelTa naTlisReba (`mfrinvelni cisani STavidian mdinaresa da daibannian~) da wminda ziareba (`babilosa mas moisTuldebian~...), rac swored `samoTxesTan~ aris dakavSirebuli.

`samoTxis~ gansakuTrebuloba providenciuladaa gansazRvruli. aq aris da-fluli uflis kvarTi, romelzedac saswaulTmoqmedi kviparosi (naZvi) xarobs. es xe daedo saZirkvlad pirvel qristianul taZars, romelmac qarTvelTa axal sarwmunoebaze moqcevas daudo dasabami. amdenad, `samoTxe~, marTlac, samoTxeSi _ zeciur sasufevelSi damkvidrebis gzis gamkafavad iqca da eris saukuno momava-lic masTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli.

ekali

ekali codviT dacemis simboluri saxea. igi saTaves bibliidan iRebs. `saxed da xatad Tvisad~ qmnili pirveli adamianebi arsTa gamrigem samoTxeSi daamkvidra. edemSi ufals ekali ar gauCenia.

qveynad codvis gamefeba eklis aRmocenebiT aRiniSna. samoTxidan gandavnil adams ufalma wilad xeneSi ekali arguna: ̀ rameTu sWame xisagan, romlisa gamcen Sen misi xolo ara Wamai... wyeul iyavn queyana saqmeTa Sina SenTa, mwuxarebiT sWamde mas yovelTa dReTa cxovrebisa SenisaTa. ekalsa da kuroisTavsa aRmogicenebdes Sen da sWamde Tivasa velisasa~, mimarTavs ufali adams. (Sesaqme, 3, 17-18).

codviT dacemuli adamis modgmas ganasaxierebs ekali axal aRTqmaSic. ̀ ekrZa-leniT cru winaswarmetyuelTagan, romelni movidodian Tquenda samosliTa cxo-varTaiTa, xolo Sinagan iyvnen mgel mtacebel~, _ moZRvravs mowafeebs macxovari da dasZens: `nuukue Sekrbian ekalTagan yurZeni anu kuroisTavTagan _ leRvi?~ (maTe, 7, 15-16).

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aq ukeTuri Zalebi _ cruwinaswarmetyvelni, cxvris tyavSi gaxveuli mglebi ekalSi arian simbolizirebulni.

maTes saxarebaSi macxovari mociqulebs uambobs igavs mTesvelze, romlis na-Tessac ekali aSTobs. `da sxuai igi [Tesli] davarda ekalTa Soris, da aRmocendes ekalni da SeaSTves igi~ (13, 7).

Tavad macxovari am igavs ase ganmartavs: `romeli ege [Tesli] ekalTa Soris daeTesa, ese ars: romelman sityuai igi isminos da zrunvaman amis soflisaman da sacTurman simdidrisaman SeaSTvis sityuai igi, da unayofo iqmnis~ (maTe, 13, 22).

aq Tesli qristes mcnebebia, xolo ekali _ wuTisoflis sazrunavi da simdi-dris moxveWis sacduri, romelic uflis sityvas axSobs.

eklis gvirgvini macxovarma sakuTari sisxliT ganbana, rac kacobriobis codva-Tagan ganwmendas, codvis meufebis damxobas, masze gamefebas moaswavebs.

eSmakTan wilnayari murmanis saflavze amosuli ekali jojoxeTs ganasaxie-rebs, abesalomisa da eTeris saflavze aRmocenebuli ia da vardi _ sasufevels.

qristianuli gagebiT, yoveli mokvdavis codva ekalia da im eklis gvirgvins emateba, romelsac codvili kacobrioba ufali ieso qristes Tavze dasadgmelad ganamzadebs.

saqarTveloSi Semosuli wminda nino mayvlovanSi dabinavda. mayvali, eseklia-ni mcenare, codviT damZimebul, sulieri naTlisagan ganZarcvul qveyanas ganasa-xierebs. nawarmoebis mixedviT, warmarTuli sarwmunoeba saqarTvelos ekalxlar-TiviT aqvs modebuli. qveyana isea daburduli eSmakeuli ZalebiT, rogorc mcxe-Tis gareubanSi arsebuli mayvlovani _ `brZamliTa~ da ekal-bardiT.

mcxeTaSi Semosuli wm. nino mayvlovanSi mkvidrdeba, maSasadame, IV s-is saqarTveloSi qristianuli rwmena mayvlovanidan iwyebs aRorZinebas. qristianu-li taZaric mayvlovanis adgilze Sendeba. radgan qristianoba warmarTobis wiaRSi aRmocendeba, SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom ekliani mayvlovani codviT damZimebul, codvis morevSi Caflul warmarTobas ganasaxierebs. aqedan gamomdinare, uflis sityvebi: `esreT iyos waryvanebaica Seni, odes-ege ekali, romeli Sensa garemos ars, iqmnas vardis furcel da sulnel Sen mier~ _ ase SeiZleba gaviazroT: ekali, romelic wm. ninos `garemois ars~, codviT dacemul `sawarmarTo qveyanas~ aRni-Snavs, `sulneli vardi~ ki, romladac wm. ninos mier ekali unda gardaisaxos _ We-Smariti sarwmunoebiT naTelRebul, suliwmidis madliT mocul samwysos.

mravlismTqmelia, rom wm. ninosaTvis ̀ Jami dRisa dalevnisai da mzisa davsebisai~ maSin dadga, roca `srulyo qadagebai WeSmaritebisai da aRasrula srbai Ruawlisa Tvisisai~, roca qarTvelebma ̀ moiRes naTeli da Tayuanis-cemai wmidisa juarisai~, e.i. maSin, roca ̀ekali, romeli iyo garemos misa, iqmna vardis furcel da sulnel mis mier~.

Tvali patiosani

armazis kerpi _ `kaci erTi spilenZisai~ Zvirfasi TvlebiT iyo Semkuli. `emo-sa tansa missa jaWvi oqroisai da Tavsa missa aqunda qvai bivriti da iakinToi~. ker-pebis damxobis Semdeg gadarCa erTaderTi Tvali bivriti, romelic kldis naprals Sefarebulma wm. ninom namsxvrevebs Soris ipova da Tan waiRo: ̀ xolo viTarca iqmna myudroebai da ganwmda haeri... wmidaman nino pova bibriti, Tuali kerpisai, aRdga da warmoiRo~.

armazi warmarTuli RvTaebaa. nawarmoebis mixedviT, warmarTuli saqarTvelo wyvdiadiT moculi qveyanaa, `romlisa mTani daefarnes nislsa codvisasa da velni

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_ almursa cTomisasa~. qristianuli sarwmunoebis saxiT mas upirispirdeba `naTe-li WeSmariti~, `mzei simarTlisai, romelsa aqus kurnebai queSe frTeTa misTa~ (i. sabanisZe).

qristianobasTan WidilSi Zveli sarwmunoeba araraobad iqca. `axali Rmer-Tis~ Zala risxvad moevlina Zvel rwmenas da dalewa, daaqcia misi materialuri gansaxovneba _ warmarTuli kerp-salocavebi. ar gawira mxolod bivrit-bivrili _ erTaderTi Tvali-patiosani, romelic wm. ninom, viTarca RvTiuri saboZvari, mayvlovans Seafara.

bivriti bibliuri iakobis umcrosi Svilis _ iosebis Tvalia. igi moaswavebs `yudroebasa da simSvidesa da siwmidesa iosebissa. Zmebis mier gayidul-gamete-buli iosebi, romelic faraonis karze gandidda da Tavis gamyidvel Zmebs mxsne-lad moevlina, aris winasaxe qristesi, romelmac, miuxedavad imisa, rom moZmeebma jvarcmisa da wamebisaTvis gaimetes, maTi codvebi ido kisrad da ixsna kacTa modg-ma.

ninos mier napovnma Tvalma mis locvas RvTaebrivi Zala unda SesZinos, raTa qarTvelTa mxsnelisa da mfarvelis roli ikisros da warwymedisagan gadaarCinos isini.

RvTiuri Tvali bivriti amave dros `moaswavebs asulTa, romelTa naTesavisa-gan Sobad iyo qriste~. amdenad, igi RvTismSoblis winasaxecaa.

sayuradReboa, rom `Tuali bivriti... edgmis gvirgvinsa da samkaulsa dedaTa da STaidgmis beWedTaca xelmwifeTasa~.

wm. nino, rogorc RvTiuri SaravandediT moculi arseba, simbolurad bivri-tiT Semkuli sadedoflo gvirgvinis mflobelia. man es Tvali, viTarca iosebis gansaxovneba, xelmwifeTa _ mefisa (mirianis) da dedoflis (nanas) sulier samkau-lebad unda aqcios. am Zvirfasi Tvlis azrobrivi datvirTva miT ufro mravalm-niSvnelovania, rom igi nazareTis maxloblad moipoveba.

evangeluri gagebiT, Zvirfasi Tvali qristes moZRvrebis simboluri gansa-xovnebaa. maTes saxarebis Tanaxmad, caTa sasufevlis Rirsi xdeba mdidari vaWari, romelmac mTeli Tavisi qoneba gayida da erTaderTi Zvirfasi Tvali _ `margaliti mravalsasyidlisai~ SeiZina. (r. devdariani, qristianuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi _ `ninos cxovreba~, quTaisi, 2002weli).

[SeniSvna: biblia (berZ. sityvasityviT _ ̀ wignebi~) qristianuli saRvTo wignebis

krebuli. Sedgeba Zveli da axali aRTqmisagan. qristianoba aRiarebs mTel biblias, iudaizmi – mxolod Zvel aRTqmas. Zveli aRTqma moicavs 39 wigns da ramdenime na-wilad iyofa: mose winaswarmetyvelis xuTwigneuli (ebraulad – Tora, anu kanoni); winaswarmetyvelni (mefeTa wignebi, esaias, ieremias, iezekielis da sxvaTa winaswar-metyvelebani); daviT winaswarmetyvelis ̀ fsalmunni~; ̀ igavni solomonisni~, ̀ qeba qe-baTa~, `eklesiaste~, iobis wigni da sxva. bibliis wignebi sxvadasxva dros iqmneboda ebraul enaze. uZveless XII saukuniT (qristemde) aTariReben, xolo uaxless – II saukuniT (qristes aqeT). iTargmna sxvadasxva qristian erTa enebze. qarTuli bibliis uZvelesi teqsti daculia oSkis xelnawerSi (978 w.). bibliis qarTuli Targmanis adrindeli fragmentebi moRweulia V-VII saukuneebis palimfsestebSi (etratze Sesrulebuli xelnaweri, romelic xelmeored aris sawerad gamoyene-buli da romlis qveda Sris amokiTxvac SesaZlebelia). axali aRTqma 27 wignisagan Sedgeba: oTxTavi, anu oTxi saxareba (maTesi, markozisa, lukasi, ioanesi), saqme moci-qulTa, mociqulTa epistoleebi da gamocxadeba ioanesi. axali aRTqma berZnul ena-

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ze Seiqmna pirvel saukuneSive. qarTulad axali aRTqmis wignebis umetesi nawili unda Targmniliyo qristianobis miRebisTanave, IV saukuneSi.

Zveli aRTqma aris RvTis mier Tavisi rCeuli erisaTvis micemuli dapireba, dadebuli aRTqma, romlis Tanaxmad, israeli Tu RvTis nebas aRasrulebda, mas RmerTi daifaravda, Seeweoda. winaswarmetyvelebi ebrael ers amzadebdnen axa-li aRTqmisTvis, moZRvravdnen, rom samyaros Semoqmedi axal kavSirs daamyarebda, axal aRTqmas daudebda amjerad ara mxolod rCeul ers, aramed mTel kacobrio-bas, xsnis gzas dausaxavda yovel calkeul pirovnebas RvTis sityvis (RvTis mxo-lodSobili Zis, qristes) gansxeulebiT, jvarcmiTa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT. axali aRTqma aris ara RvTisa da rCeuli eris kavSiri, aramed esaa axali kavSiri RvTisa da yoveli adamianisa. esaa kavSiri adamianis pirovnebis ganmaaxlebeli.

damatebiTi informacia maswavlebisaTvis:

nikoloz baraTaSvili `werili maiko orbelianisadmi~

m a i k o _ qaixosro orbelianis asuli, da mixeil orbelianisa, levan meliqi-Svilis daniSnuli, n. baraTaSvilis uaxloesi megobari da naTesavi. gardaicvala 1846 wels.

r a x a e l _ raxael ciciSvili, baraTaSvilebis axlo nacnobi (cnoba poet giorgi leoniZisa).

i a s e _ iase andronikaSvili, samxedro piri, msaxurobda War-belaqanSi.g o l o v i n i _ al. golovini, infanteriis generali, kavkasiis mTavarmarTe-

beli 1838 _ 1842 wlebSi. golovins colad hyavda fonvizinis asulim a n a n a – ivane (mirmanoz) erisTavis asuli, daviT orbelianis meuRle(1808

_1870), silamaziT cnobili qali 50-iani wlebis TbilisSi. qarTuli wyaroebi manana orbelians axasiaTeben rogorc qarTuli mwerlobis did moyvaruls. igi sazoga-doebriv saqmianobaSic iRebda monawileobas. megobrobda n. baraTaSvilis ojaxTan. gamoyvanili hyavs lev tolstois moTxrobaSi `haji murati~

t a s o _ mananas asuli anastasia orbeliani, romelic Semdeg misTxovda q. quTaisis gubernators gagarins.

e l e n e – elene orbeliani-erisTavisa, polk. z. erisTavis meuRle.n i n u c a – nino baraTaSvili, nikolozis da (daib. 1829 w. 18 ivniss).a n n a i v a n o v n a – ana ivanes asuli bagration-muxranskisa (ix. kavk. ka-

lendar, 1846, gv.264).i l i a _ ilia orbeliani. n. baraTaSvilis biZa, Zma gr. orbelianisa. daib.

1814 wels. swavlobda Tbilisis gimnaziaSi. 1834 wels Sevida samxedro samsaxurSi (Caricxul iqna qarTvel grenaderTa polkSi unter-oficrad). 1841 w. gadaiyva-nes Tbilisis egerTa polkSi. imave wels dainiSna me-19 qveiTi diviziis ufrosis gen.-leitenantis fezes (karpe karpes Ze, kavkasiuri omis cnobili monawile, ibr-Zoda daRestanSi 1836 _ 1844 ww.) adiutantad. 1845 w. eboZa kapitnoba. 1849w. – polkovnikia; 1851 w. – grenad. polkis ufrosi. 1852 w. miiRo gen. maioris xarisxi.

1842 wlis 20 marts yaziyumuxSi ilia orbeliani da masTan erTad ori ofice-ri: polk. snaksarevi da praporSCiki ananovi, xelSi CauvardaT Samilis razmelebs. tyveebi waasxes Samilis rezidenciaSi, darRoSi. ilia orbelianma wvimian RamiT cada gaqceva, magram gzaze daRestnis sof. mexeltas axlos daiWires da ukanve mohgvares imams. ilias gamosyidvis Sesaxeb SamilTan molaparakebas awarmoebdnen

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generlebi kluki-fon-klugenau da m. arRuTinski-dolgorukovi. bolos, 1842 w. noembers ilia gamoixsnes: Samilma is gadacvala rusebis mier datyvevebul naib Sahmandar-hajze. imams daubrunes sxva mTieli tyveebic.

1853w. ibrZoda TurqTa winaaRmdeg, sadac baSkadiklarTan, sadac sasikvdilod daWres (noemberSi). dakrZalulia qaSveTis eklesiaSi (dawvr. ix. gr. o r b e l i a n i, werilebi, t. I, gv. 222).

g l u x a r i C i – giorgi erisTavi, cnobili qarTveli komediografi (1811_1864).

g. erisTavi didi pativismcemeli iyo n. baraTaSvilisa, romlis dakargva ga-moitira leqsSi `T. nikoloz baraTaSvilis gardacvalebaze~.

maswavleblisaTvis: gTavazobT damatebiT informacias sulxan-saba orbelianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb

sulxan-saba orbeliani, friad ganswavluli da mravalmxrivi moRvawe (pro-zaikosi, poeti, leqsikografi, mqadagebeli, mwignobari, saxelmwifo da saeklesio piri) daibada sofel tanZiaSi. misi mamida, rodami, didi yaflanis asuli, colad hyavda mefe vaxtang V-s. patara sulxani samefo karze izrdeboda. mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda mamidaSvilebTan _ mefe giorgi XI-sTan, arCilTan, levanTan.

sabas sulier TvisebaTa wrTobaze didi gavlena moaxdina qarTlis saxelmwi-foebriv-politikurma da kulturulma mdgomareobam, agreTve, cxadia, samefo karma, sadac igi male dawinaurda. mTeli Semdgomi saqmianoba, politikuri Tu diplomatiuri moRvaweoba man qarTlis keTildReobisaTvis brZolas Sealia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom, saxeldobr TbilisSi, samefo karze cxovrebisas daevala Cinebul didaqtikoss momavali mefis, vaxtang VI-is, aRzrda.

sulxan-saba orbeliani wlebis ganmavlobaSi iRvwoda qarTlis politikur asparezze. misi gamgzavreba evropaSi (1713-1716 ww.), iransa Tu ruseTSi qveyni-sa da mSobliuri xalxis uangaro, gulmxurvale siyvaruliT iyo ganpirobebuli; sakuTriv mas, viTarca diplomatsa da sazogado moRvawes, ekuTvnis prioriteti kulturul evropul samyarosTan gawyvetili kavSiris aRdgenis cdebisa.

im periodSi, rodesac Sahma qarTlis mefoba gamahmadianebul erekles (naza-ralixans) uboZa da 1688 wels giorgi qarTlidan gaaZeves, ukadrisi xvedri ergo sabasac – igi umarTebulod CamoaSores saxelmwifo saqmianobas. mogvianebiT igi, 1698 wels, `monazon iqmna da garesjis mravalmTis wmidis naTlismcemlis mona-sters daadgra~.

1703 wels qarTlis taxtze vaxtang VI avida da sulxan-sabac politikur asparezs daubrunda. 1710-1712 wlebSi igi diplomatiuri misiiT orgzis imyo-feboda irans, xolo 1713 wels frang misioner riSarTan erTad sagangebo da-valebiT evropaSi gaemgzavra. gzad, 1713 wels orbelianma konstantinopolSi kaTolikoba miiRo _ wmida basilis ordenis wevri gaxda. cnobilia am ordenis Tavisebureba – garkveuli siaxlove marTlmadideblobasTan, kerZod, isic, rom basilianTa ordenis wevrT wveris tarebis ufleba hqondaT, sxva kaToli-keTagan gansxvavebiT.

sabas mogzaurobis marSruti aseTi iyo: konstantinopoli – marseli – parizi – romi, italiis sxva qalaqebi – kon-

stantinopoli – TurqeTis gziT saqarTvelo. 1714 wels, aprilSi, saba versalSi ludoviko XIV-m miiRo.

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`xelmwifem sabas naubari moismina ra: _ oh... oh... oh... oho! _ Tqva da TiTqos kidec inana. magram amiTi araferi gamovida ra ... rac Seitana, iseve is gamoitana im saxelganTqmul versalidan elCman qarTlisam~, _ ase gamoexmaura

sabas diplomatiuri misiiT mogzaurobas TiTqmis samasi wlis Semdeg poeti muxran maWavariani leqsiT `saba~.

parizidan uSedegod gamobrunebul qarTvel moRvawes romis papma, klimenti XI-m, imave wlis ivlisSi orjer gaumarTa audiencia. arsebobs gadmocema, rom Rrma pativiscemis niSnad paps fexebi daubania sapatio stumrisaTvis; dausaCuqrebia, misionerebic gamouyolebia, magram realuri daxmareba verc mas aRmouCenia.

ase Caiara uqmad evropul samyarosTan kavSiris aRdgenis sabaseulma mcdelo-bam da `friadma Sromam~, ris gamoc mravali SeWirvebisa da Seuracxyofis atana da daTmena mouxda did meigaves. ̀ qarTveli episkoposni da samRvdeloni roms wasvli-saTvis gamimterdnen da ase Sekres yoveli – Cemi naTesavi da moyvare da mefe-dar-baiselni, veravin Semomewia... mere samRvdeloT SfoTi aRZres Cemzed, kreba da bo-rotis qna moindomes, magram mefe ver aiyolies... merme mefe baqar dasjda mefed, visTvisac esodeni Wiri menaxa da visac mefobas vscdilobdi, aTxuTmetis wlisa iyo. moatyues, mcxeTas, Cemi siyvaruli da samsaxuri sul daaviwyes, kreba miyves da wmidis papis gineba momidves. me marTlmadidebloba ver uarvyav da mravali avi moindomes, magram RmerTman yovlisagan dagvixsna. mefemac pativi mogvapyra da maTi veragobac gacudda. vaxtang mefes smenoda, didad swyenoda da yovelni dae-tuqsa, _ wers sulxan saba Txzulebis _ `mogzauroba evropaSi~ _ bolos.

gadis xani. 1721 wels Sahi vaxtangs rusuli orientaciis gamo Semoswyra da qarTlis samefo gadasca kaxeTis mefes, konstantines, romelic qarTlze lekebis jariT wamovida. vaxtangma Turqebi moiwvia dasaxmareblad. am brZolaSi, rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, orive bagrationi damarcxda. konstantine fSav-xevsureTs gadaixvewa. Turqebma Tbilisi aiRes `karebi daxvdaT Ria ra~ (d. guramiSvili). vaxtangi cxinvalis gziT 1500-kaciani amaliT ruseTs gaemgzavra. qarTlis awewil-ma bedma da aRzrdilis didma siyvarulma vaxtang VI-sTan erTad sabasac ruseTi-saken aqnevina piri.

cxovrebis ulmobeli laxvriT gatanjulma, jangatexilma sulierma mamam `sruliad saqarTveloisam~ peterburgamde ver miatana – 1725 wlis 26 ianvars igi moskovSi gardaicvala. dakrZales vsesviatskoes Zvel eklesiaSi. sarwmunoa, rom saba, kvlav daubrunda marTlmadideblobas; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is, cxadia, marTlmadidebluri eklesiis galavanSi ver daimarxeboda. saba daitira mamidaSvi-lis Svilma - arCil mefis asulma, darejan batoniSvilma.

sabas did avtoritetze TanamedroveTa Soris metyvelebs ucxoeli mogzauris – frangi misioneri riSaris – sityvebi: `igi mTels saqarTvelos mamad miaCniao~.

sulxan-sabas cxovreba erTgvari mateanea im brZolaTa, tyveobaTa, marcxTa da ubedobaTa, ZmaTa sisxlis Rvrisa Tu ganadgurebisa, rac saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi gadaxda.

gangebam sulxan-sabas mZime da tragikuli bedi arguna. saqarTvelos siyva-rulma aTas adgilas atara, aTas gaWirvebas Sehyara, miuxedavad amisa `soflis saqmeTagan ucalo~ sulxan-saba orbeliani mainc poulobda dros literaturuli da mecnieruli moRvaweobisaTvis. igi gaxldaT prozaikosi, poeti, leqsikografi,

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mqadagebeli, mwignobari, saxelmwifo da saeklesio moRvawe.sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmedeba mravalmxrivi da mravalferovani iyo. sulxan-sabas kalams ekuTvnis: * igavarakuli Janris mSveneba `sibrZne sicruisa~ (1686-1695ww.);* qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis jerxnobiT kvlav miuwvdomelma leqsikografma

Seadgina `leqsikoni qarTuli~, romelze muSaobac 1685 wels daiwyo da 1716 wels daasrula. leqsikons vaxtang VI-m siyvaruliT `sityvis kona~ uwoda;

* sulxan-sabam safuZveli Cauyara memuarul Janrsac. qarTul mwerlobaSi man pirvelma dawera aRniSnuli Janris Sedevri `mogzauroba evropaSi~, romelic Cve-namde arasruli saxiTaa moRweuli;

sulxan-sabas dauweria, agreTve, hagiografiuli Janris Txzulebani:* `qadagebani~ da `samoTxis kari~ (1698-1703ww.)* Seusworebia `saqristiano moZRvreba~ anu katexizmo;* uTargmnia `wamebani winaswarmetyvelTani~ da `swavla mecnierTaTvis Tqmu-

li: aRviareb, romel ars RmerTi an sjuli~;* gaukeTebia `bibliis~ teqstis redaqtireba, romelic `mcxeTuri xelnawer-

is~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili; es wigni XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli bi-bliologiis, am epoqis filologiuri, mecnierul-kritikuli saqmianobis Zeglia.

* sulxan-sabas gauwevia didi Sroma vaxtang VI-is mier sparsulidan naTargmni `qilila da damanas~ `gaCalxvasa~ da leqsebiT gawyobaSi.

* man pirvelma daarRvia rusTveluri Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sairi da `qilila da damana~ aTmarcvliani leqsebiT gaawyo;

* sulxan-sabas dauweria ramdenime anbanTqeba.* sulxan-sabas miuZRvis wvlili 1709 wels TbilisSi stambis gaxsnaSi. sulxan-saba orbelis Ze sibrZniT aRxda orbebis ze.ase Seamko qarTvelma erma samSobloze uzomod Seyvarebuli didi mamuliSvili.

maswavleblisaTvis: gTavazobT adaptirebul teqsts

mogzauroba evropaSi~ _ SemoklebiT

/` francisidam wamosvla sulxan-saba orbelianisa da italiaSi Sesvla~ / adaptirebuli varianti

ocda cxra ivnisi iyo, romSi rom SevediT. (ivnisis ocdacxraSi romSi SevediT...) xuT ivliss wminda papTan (igulisxmeba romis papi klementi XI) wamiyvanes.

papis sazafxulo rezidencia romis SuagulSi, maRal adgilze, dgas. imJamad iq imyofeboda papi. sasaxlis qeba bevrgan weria da Tqvenc dameTanxmebiT, rom sxvebis sasaxleebze uaresi ar iqneba. mTel sasaxleSi wiTeli abreSumis fardagebi efina, oqromkedis arSiebiT morTuli. Sesasvlelidanve jer rig-rigad kariskacebi da darbaislebi dganan, maT win _ mRvdlebi da episkoposebi. me rom mivedi, kardinali iq ar iyo da papi sazeimod gamowyobili ar dagvxvedr dagvxvedria, Cveulebrivi samosiT migviRo.

Semiyvanes, patara oTaxSi ijda. jer Sesasvlel karTan mogvayrevines muxli, mere Sua oTaxSi da Semdeg fexze vemTxvieT paps; Tavze momexvia. me wesisamebr da-

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Coqili viyavi, magram umal fexze wamomayena. gverdiT axlos damiyena. momikiTxa da momialersa.

movaxsene: wminda mamao, raki Senma Svilma, mtkice qristianma (igulisxmeba vaxtang VI),

Tavis mSvelelad (mxsnelad) migiCniaT, imedi momeca, yvelafers movagvarebdi. ma-gram dagvianeba Cems mefes daazaralebs, radganac cud adgilas imyofeba-meTqi.

mibrZana:vaxtangisa da Seni qveynis sasargeblod sicocxlesac ar daviSurebo.madloba gadavuxade da movaxsene:vatyob, rom vaxtangis saqarTveloSi aryofniT bevri rame daakldeba qri-

stianobas da Tu samSobloSi dabrundeba, marTlmadideblobas bevri moemateba. es saqme mqonda (es mindoda meTqva), axla gTxov gamiSvaT-meTqi.

gamicina da mibrZana: SenTvis viloceb (Sens Tavs RmerTs Sevavedreb), rom didxans icocxlo. bevr saqmeSi mWirdeba Seni daxmarebao.

erT kardinals erTi didi da [patiosani] biblioTeka aeSenebina, kedlis Zi-ridn Weramde, oTxive mxares, uamravi wigni ewyo. es imaTTvis, visac wignis yidva ar SeeZlo. iq mividoda da romel wignsac ki moikiTxavda, miarTmevdnen. gareT gatana ar SeiZleboda, iq unda waekiTxa, ramden xansac undoda. samadlod ase gaerigebi-naT (daedginaT).

... ivliss kardinalis sanaxavad wavediT. Zalian tkbilad da mowled mogvepyro. mTeli oTaxebi damatara. pirvelad Tavisi biblioTeka maCvena. bevri wigni vnaxe sasuliero, saero Tu filosofiuri. sawigneSi (wignsacavSi) Semiyvana.

platonis, aristotelesi da maTi amxanagebis portretebi maCvena da maTi dawerili wignebi. aseTi oTxi-xuTi oTaxi iyo wignebiT savse. iqidan papis biblio-TekaSi Segviyvanes, imas sxva ara Seedreba ra. didi da grZeli oTaxebi iyo. yvela rjulsa da yvela enaze dawerili wignebi vnaxe. bevri veZebe qarTuli wignebi, ma-gram ver vipove, ar Canda.

Cvidmeti Tve konstantinopolSi davyavi. iqidan camet maiss wamovediT. sa-frangeTis despanma sagZali xarji gagviriga (gzisTvis saWiro xarji mogvigvara). erTi WaneTis aTineli gemis kapitani naxes, oTxasi marCili misca, rom Cven qobu-leTSi miveyvaneT da gurielisTvis mivebarebineT. gurielsgan werili unda mieta-na, imis dasturad, rom Cven mSvidobiT Cagviyvana. pirobac CamoarTva, rom Cvens xomaldSi oci mezRvauris meti aravin Caesva.

wamogviyvana. konstantinopolis srute rom gamoviareT, Savi zRvis Semosaval-ze, moiyvana TaTrebi, Turqi jariskacebi, maTi ufrosi da Cveni xomaldi sul Ta-TrebiT aavso. me zeviT adgili ar mqonda arc kamarad(...). dabla xomaldis fskerSi Cems fuTaze vijeqi da viweqi kidec. Tumca tkbili sityviT gvatyuebda, maSinve mivxvdi simuxTles. ra meqna, ukan dabrunebac aRar SeiZleboda.

zurgis qarebi dagvidga. meaTe dRes aTinaSi kapitnis saxlebTan movediT. Semi-Tanxmda, rom oriode dRes saxlSi daisvenebda. es TaTrebi TavianT gzaze wavlen da Sen mSvidobiT Cagiyvano qobuleTSi. meti ra Zala mqonda, rom ar damejerebina. is TaTrebi ki amosxa xomaldidan da gauSva, magram ukan trapizonis faSas Seatyobi-na, win goniis gamgebels(administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli TurqeTSi), didi kaci modis, mravali saqoneli moaqvs, frangebi mohyavs, elCebi arian, daiWireTo.

oTxi dRe iq dagvayena da mere gviTxra: me guriaSi xomaldiT veRar migiyvan-To; afxazeTi areulia, meSiniao da Tu gindaT, patara naviT wadiT, ginda guriaSi, ginda axalcixeSio.

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raRa unda meqna. erT navSi burseli vaWari xoja aivazi jalabi, misi Svili da amxanagebi Casxdnen, abreSumis sayidlad midiodnen ganjaSi. erTSi Cven da patrebi. zRvis napiras movdiodiT. cota xanSi zRva aRelda da navebi erTmaneTs daaSora. imaTi navi xofas gaagdo da Cveni navi – imas qveviT.

zRvaSi tyveebiT movaWre TaTrebs gadaveyareT, imereTidan tyveebi mohyavdaT konstantinopolSi gasayidad. isini rom ar mogvSvelebodnen, sul daviRupebodiT. zRvis napiras gavediT; oTxi dRe iq gavCerdiT Zlieri Relvis gamo.

movidnen Wanebi, dagviWires, Zalian gagvawvales, oci marCili wagvarTves zan-dukebi dagvimtvries, daibrales, mebaJeebi varTo.

me macxelebda. agvatares erTi ucxo piraRmarTi. ise SeuZlod viyavi, megona, vkvdebodi. samoci fluri ubeSi medo, isic wamarTves.

SuaRamisas erTi kacis saxlSi SevediT, daRlilebs wagveZina. ori datvirTuli cxeni gamoegzavnaT. dagvaRviZes, Segvsxes, wamogviyvanes. erTi Turqi jariskaci mogvewia, ubelo cxenze ijda. wvimaSi sawvimari wamarTva da qveS daifina. me sici-vem da wvimam uaresi miyo. viareT. nigalis xevSi xan iq gadagvidgebodnen win da xan iq. gvsjidnen.

movediT artanujSi. isay faSas colma kargad migviRo. kargad mogvasvena. gvavaxSma. Tan Tavisi batonic gamogvayola. artanSi movediT, maSin axalcixeSi aslan faSa ijda, isay faSas biZaSvili. axla is gadagvidga win, eqvsasi marCili iman wagvarTva. sxvac bevri rame wamarTva! ZaRlebic ar gamogvatanes.

movaRwieT Cvens qveyanas... ivlisis Tve iyo. qarTveli episkoposebi da samRvde-lo pirebi romSi wasvlis gamo gadamemternen da ise gadaibires yvela(Sekres yove-li): Cemi naTesavi da mefe-darbaiselni, veravin damexmara.

mere samRvdelo pirebi ... SfoTi ... krebis mowveva da boroteba undodaT, magram mefe ver aiyolies. sami Tvis Semdeg baqari dajda mefed, visTvisac amdeni tanjva gadametana da vis mefobasac vcdilobdi. TxuTmeti wlis iyo da moatyues. Cemi samsaxuri da siyvaruli sul daaviwyes. mcxeTaSi kreba moiwvies da wminda pa-pis gineba momidves(?). me marTlmadidebloba ver uarvyavi. mravali avi moindomes, magram RmerTma gviSvela. mefem pativi mogvago da maTma veragobamac fuWad Caia-ra. es ambavi vaxtang mefes gaego, Zalian swyenoda da yvela daetuqsa.

maswavleblisaTvis: gTavazobT

daviT guramiSvilis biografiis vrcel variants

daviT guramiSvilis winaprebi, warmoSobiT mesxi didebulebi, gvarad zedge-niZeebi, yofilan. isini daaxloebiT XV_XVI saukuneebis mijnaze gadmosaxlebulan mesxeT-javaxeTidan TurqTa Semosevebis gamo. guramiSvilTa gvar-gujaris damde-bi, guram zedgeniZe, wiwamuris batoni yofila. am gvaris warmomadgenelni Sida qarTlis amilaxorebad, anu mefeTa mejinibeTuxucesebad Canan. vaxuStis cnobiT, guramiSvilebi mRvimeli zedgeniZeebis STamomavalni arian. qarTveli mefeebis yu-radRebas poetis winaprebi ̀ erTgulebiT, TavdadebiTa da namsaxurebiT~ iqcevdnen.

daviT guramiSvili daibada 1705 wels, saqarTvelos Zveli sataxto qalaqis, mcxeTis, maxloblad, mdinare aragvis sanapiroze, sofel gorisubanSi (saguramos Temi). guramiSvilebs patriarqaluri (ganuyofeli) ojaxi hqoniaT. Zveli qarTu-li wesisamebr, rogorc TavadiSvils Seefereboda, daviTi gauZiZavebiaT glexis ojaxSi.

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poets siWabuke Tavis mamulSi, saguramoSi, gautarebia. 17-18 wlisa iqnebo-da daviTi, roca Cvens qveyanas Tavs didi gasaWiri daatyda: feodaluri SuRli-Ta da SinaaSlilobiT dauZlurebuli saqarTvelosaTvis gamudmebiT ecilebodnen erTurTs irani da osmaleTi. amas daerTo lekTa TareSi da qarTveli tyveebiT vaWroba. lekTa TareSs bolo ar uCanda. SiSianobis gamo guramiSvilis ojaxi qsnis xeobaSi, sofel lamisyanaSi, gaixizna. poetis pirveli meuRle, aznaur garayaniZis qali, lamisyanidan yofila. daaxloebiT 1727-1728 wlebSi, 22 wlis, axladSeuRle-buli, daviTi, simamris samkvidrodan, lekebs (poetis gadmocemiT, isini TxuTmetni yofilan) ise moulodnelad gautaciaT, rom mas winaaRmdegobis gaweva verc ki mouswria. maT daviTi daRestanSi, sofel osoqoloSi miuyvaniaT. lekebi metad udierad epyrobodnen Turme Wabuk poets. daviTi tyveobidan gaparula, magram dauWeriaT da ukan daubrunebiaT. igi tyveobidan meoredac gaparula. amjerad misi mcdeloba warmatebiT damTavrebula. CrdiloeTis varskvlavs dandobili, mSier-mwyurvali SiSvel-titveli poeti TerTmti dRe miikvlevda gzas da rogorc TviTonve gadmogvcems, rom mxolod am erTxel ar umtyuna fizikurad ganadgure-bis zRvramde misuls bedma, mxolod meTormete dRes gauRwevia `saruseTos~, rac misTvis ukve `samSvidobos~ niSnavda. daviTs Tavi Seufarebia Tergis piras mcxo-vrebi axalmosaxleebisaTvis, romlebsac poeti yazax-rusebad moixseniebs.

mfarveli rusi megobrebis xelSewyobiT, Tergi-astraxanis gziT, 1729 wlisTvis poeti ukve moskovSia, ltolvili mefis, vaxtang meeqvsis, karze. mefesa da mis vaJebs daviTi didi pativiT miuRiaT. vaxtang VI-s misTvis sakmaod maRali saxelo(Tanamdeboba) _ jabadarbaSoba (= iaraRis meTvalyureTa ufrosi) uboZebia da karis samsaxurSi auyvania. ruseTs gadaxvewil qarTvelebTan erTad daviTi in-tensiur kulturul saqmianobas eweoda. aq mas poeturi niWiT Tavi gamouCenia li-teraturul paeqrobebSi. kerZod, gamarjveba moupovebia samejliso poetur Seji-brebaSi, vaxtangis karis poet javaxiSvilTan. es wlebi misTvis nayofieri gamodga. faqtobrivad, aqedan iwyeba guramiSvilis poeturi biografia.

vaxtang mefis gardacvalebis (1737 w.) Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebis imedda-kargul emigrantebs ruseTis qveSevrdomoba miuRiaT.

daviTs 1738-60 wlebSi monawileoba miuRia osmaleTis, prusiisa da Sveciis winaaRmdeg ruseTis laSqrobebSi. prusiasTan Svidwlian omSi 1758 wlis 15 agvi-stos guramiSvili tyved Cavardnila da TiTqmis erTi weli magdeburgis cixe-ba-stionSi mjdara. mZime da qartexilebiT aRsavse Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb TviTon mogviTxrobs poeti:

`amad vemduri sawuTros, Torem sxva ra maqvs sadao? sad momiyvana sad myofi, kidev mivyevar sadao!~1760 wels poruCikis (umcrosi oficris) CiniT daviTs Tavi daunebebia samxe-

dro samsaxurisaTvis da meuRlesTan _ tatiana avaliSvilTan _ erTad dasaxle-bula mirgorodSi. `aqedan iwyeba daviT guramiSvilis _ qarTveli poetis, rusi meomris, ukraineli mxvnel-mTesvelis mSvidobiani, magram SfoTiani cxovreba. aq aago guramiSvilma Tavisi wisqvili, aqedan undoda mas arxebiT gadaegdo wyali ara marto Tavisi mamulis, aramed mTeli im kuTxis miwebis mosarwyavad. aq, am miwaze, werda jangatexili poeti `daviTians~, naRvliani da mgznebare, ironiuli da Rimi-liani, xaverdovani da basri striqonebiT~ (mikola baJani). gadis aTeuli wlebi... Tavisi cxovrebis mimwuxrs poets ar asvenebs fiqri samSobloze. ocnebaSi elaci-ceba igi saTayvanebel mamuls _ saguramosa da zedazens.

miuxedavad momqancveli cxovrebisa, poets mTlad mainc ar Cahqrobia imedis

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naperwkali; Zal-Rone moukrebia, daZabul SemoqmedebiT Sromas Sesdgomia da Ta-visi leqsebi erT krebulad uqcevia. `sibrme udrood kacs ar aberebs, Tu guli mTlad aqvs, kidec amRerebso~, _ ambobda cali TvaliT brma, uZluri moxucebuli, magram sulierad mxne da udreki poeti. da es mTeli, gaubzaravi poeturi guli ise amRerebula, rom axlac gvaocebs da gvxiblavs misi warmtaci xmebi.

daviT guramiSvili gardaicvala 1792 wlis 21 ivliss, 87 wlis asakSi. dakrZa-lulia saxlTan axlos, mirgorodis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZris ezoSi.

mirgorodSi dResac dgas guramiSvilis patara mokrZalebuli xata(saxli), didi poetis saxl-muzeumad qceuli, gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da rudunebiT rom uvlian da eferebian ukrainelebi.

didma poetma Rirseulad moixada vali samSoblos winaSe _ misi maradisobisa-ken gzagakvleuli daviTiani, erTi mxriv, RvTis WeSmariti sadidebelia, xolo meo-re mxriv, macnea im didi erovnuli tragediisa, romlis erT-erTi uSualo msxver-pli Tavad Seiqna poeti.

damatebiTi informacia maswavleblisTvis:

mzeWabuk orbeliani

mzeWabuk (Wabua) orbeliani XVIII saukunis meore naxevris cnobili saxelmwi-fo moRvawe da mwignobaria. is erekles maxlobeli kariskaci da samefo darbazis TvalsaCino wevria. CvenSi kargad cnobilia mzeWabukis maxvili da moswrebuli sityva, naTeli da fxizeli azrovneba; kerZod, dawvrilebiT Seswavlilia besikisa da Wabuas `saTreveli~ miwer-mowera, rac maTi enawylianobis naTlad maCvenebelia. yovelive amis gverdiT Cvenamde moRweulia p. ioselianis redaqciiT Semonaxu-li erTi sajaro sityva, romelic mzeWabuks warmouTqvams saxelmwifo darbazSi saqarTvelos gaerTinebis Taobaze. CvenTvis, cxadia, es ukanaskneli faqtia gansa-kuTrebiT sayuradRebo.

xsenebuli sityva iTqva Semdeg pirobebSi: solomon pirvelis gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtis maZiebelTa Soris imereTSi xangrZlivi brZola gaimarTa. erTmaneTs ebrZodnen mefis Zmiswuli _ daviT arCilis Ze da mefis biZaSvili _ daviT giorgis Ze. am viTarebaSi imereTis mowinave Tavadebis jgufma 1792 wels erekle meores amer-imeris gaerTianebis winadadebiT mimarTa.

sakiTxis gadasawyvetad mefem darbazis bWoba gamarTa. mas eswrebodnen imere-Tis uflebamosili despanebi: qaixosro wereTeli, evTimi genaTeli, dosiTeos qu-TaTeli, zurab wereTeli, ioane abaSiZe da qarTl-kaxeTis warCinebuli adamianebi: mefe erekle, giorgi meTormete, solomon lioniZe, mzeWabuk orbeliani da sxv.

bWobaze saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sasargeblod mgznebare sityva war-mouTqvams mzeWabuk orbelians. es sityva, vfiqrobT, Semoklebuli redaqciiT,

moTavsebulia p. ioselianis naSromSi: ̀cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~. aq naTqvamia:`pirveli da Zlieri xma erTobisaTvis iyo Wabua orbelianisa... mefe sdumebda

da brZeni Wabua asmenda quxilisa sityvebiTa didsa saqveynosa sargeblobasa~.mzeWabuk orbelianis sityva anTebulia mxurvale patriotuli paTosiT. ora-

tori pirdapir, mtkiced da gulaxdilad mimarTavs mefes da mourideblad amxels mis moWarbebul sifrTxiles. erovnuli Rirsebis amaRlebiT gatacebuli mamuli-Svili, romlis devizia `mefe erisaTvis da ara eri mefisaTvis~, erekles mouwo-debs xalxis samsaxurisaken da amis erT maCveneblad qveynis gaerTianebas miiCnevs.

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es saRi da naTeli mosazreba orators gamouTqvams paTetikuri toniT, mRelvared da STamagoneblad.

imave bWobaze sityvebi warmouTqvamT anton kaTalikoss, imereTis despans qai-xosro wereTels da qarTl-kaxeTis warmomadgenlebs: ioane muxran-batons, sar-dal daviT orbelians da solomon lioniZes.

darejan dedofalTanac igive ubrZanebia Wabuas: ̀ viyo da merqvas mrCeveli me-fisa da vurCevde rasme borotsa? _ vhgoneb iqmneba saqme eSmakisa, borotisa kacisa da qveynis mterisa. mama-papaTa sisxli dauRvriaT qveynisaTvis da mefeTaTvis. var Svili qveynisa da erTguli mefisa. amisTvis gabedviT vityvi da uSiSrad movaxseneb mefesa Cemsa da batonsa Cemsa dedofalsa, sityvaTa amaT~.

xsenebuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad mefes mesame dRes meored mouwvevia darba-zis kreba, romelzedac sityvebi warmouTqvamT mzeWabuk orbelians, anton meores, giorgi meTormetesa da mefe erekles. maTi sityvebis perifrazuli teqstebi da-culia p. ioselianis dasaxelebul wignSi.

yovelive es Cveni sadarbazo oratoruli xelovnebis maRali daniSnulebisa da SesamCnevi ganviTarebis mauwyebelia Zveli qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis ukanasknel safexurze.

/ n. kandelaki, qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba, gv. 206-207 /.


ludoviko (lui) XIV, safrangeTis mefe 1643 wlidan, burbonTa dinastiisa, ludoviko me-13-isa da ana avstrielis Svili, 1851 wlamde regentad hyavda deda, faqtobrivad ki 1661 wlamde safrangeTs marTavda kardinali mazarini. 1661 w. kar-dinalis gardacvalebis Semdeg lui me-14 safrangeTis erTpirovnuli mmarTve-li gaxda. mefis absolutizmma miaRwia mwvervals. mas uwodeben “mefe mzes~, masve miaweren cnobil gamoTqmas: “saxelmwifo _ es me var!~ misi survili iyo, safrangeTs mieRwia evropul qveynebze batonobisaTivs. am mizniT aswarmoebda omebs mezobel qveynebTan. am omebma, mZime gadasaxadebma, religiuri niSniT devnam (hugenotebi) misi xelisufleba xalxisaTvis autaneli gaxada da daiwyo glexTa gamosvlebi, ra-mac me-17 s-is bolos gamoiwvia mefis xelisuflebis mwvave krizisi.


nikoloz baraTaSvili `bedi qarTlisa~

* * * cnobilia, rom n. baraTaSvilma `bedi qarTlisa~ XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi,

kerZod, 1839 wels dawera. am droisaTvis 38 weli iyo gasuli mas Semdeg, rac ru-seTis imperiam saqarTvelo daipyro.

`bedi qarTlisas~ siuJets safuZvlad udevs realuri istoriuli movlena _ aRa-mahmad-xanis mier 1795 wels Tbilisis aReba, ramac, faqtobrivad, qarTl-kaxe-Tis samefos momavali bedi ganapiroba. magram, rogorc amboben, erovnuli pro-blematika poemaSi sagrZnoblad saxeSecvlilia _ krwanisis brZolis Semdeg gamar-Tuli erekle mefisa da solomon leoniZis kamaTi Tavisi SinaarsiT ukve XIX sau-kuneSi momxdar ambebs iTvaliswinebs. ese igi, mefe da msajuli poemaSi, arsebiTad, saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, yofna-aryofnaze msjeloben

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da ara ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS misi Sesvlis mizanSewonilobaze. aseTi Sinaarsis saubari ereklesa da mis msajuls Soris sinamdvileSi ver Sedgeboda, radgan ori-ve maTganisaTvis erTnairad ucxo iyo erovnuli `Tavisuflebis gansyidvis~ idea. realurad erekles gegma mxolod Zlieri mfarvelis daxmarebas iTvaliswinebda.

istoriuli masala n. baraTaSvilma Tavisi drois aqtualuri problematikis gadasaWrelad gamoiyena. amdenad, poemis kiTxvisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes ara erekle meorisa da solomon leoniZis poziciebis istoriul sisworeze, ara-med axal epoqaSi, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxe-bis Semdeg erovnuli cxovrebisa da moqmedebisaTvis realurad SesaZlebeli, mi-zanSewonili gzis amorCevaze.

* iseT literaturul xerxs, romelSic garkveuli TvalsazrisiT darRveulia qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba, Secvlilia istoriuli realoba an erTi istoriu-li epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena da niSan-Tviseba sxva epoqaSia gadatani-li, anaqronizmi ewodeba.

anaqronizms avtorebi ZiriTadad Segnebulad, mizanmimarTulad mimarTaven, am gziT amkveTreben mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Seqmnil realobas da ase gamoxataven nawarmoebis ideas an mTavar saTqmels.

swored am xerxs iyenebs nikoloz baraTaSvili poemaSi `bedi qarTlisa~.

istoriuli viTareba

1781-82 wlebSi mefe ereklem evropis saxelmwifoebTan politikuri kavSiris gabma da maTgan daxmarebis miReba cada. erekles esmoda, rom saqarTvelos xsna da gaZliereba mxolod qveynis evropulad gardaqmnis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. am mcdelobidan araferi gamovida, radgan kavkasiaSi osmaleTsa da ruseTs Tavian-Ti interesebi hqondaT da maT evropelTa fexis mokideba saqarTveloSi xels ar aZlevdaT. amrigad, erekles winaSe aseTi arCevani dadga: irani, osmaleTi an ruseTi. saqarTvelos Tavisufalsa da damoukidebels arcerTi maTgani ar dato-vebda. mudmivi omebiT dasustebulma saqarTvelom energiulad daiwyo moqmedeba erTmorwmune ruseTTan daaxloebisaTvis. 1783 wels georgievskSi xeli moaweres traqtats, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelo ruseTis umaRles Zalauflebasa da mfarvelobas aRiarebda, ruseTi ki kisrulobda saqarTvelos dacvas gareSe mtre-bisagan. politikuri damoukideblobis daTmobiT erekle iran-osmaleTis agresii-sagan Tavisi qveynis sabolood gamoxsnas lamobda. amitomac irCia man gza evropi-saken _ ruseTis saSualebiT.

erekle eswrafvoda ara samefos gauqmebas, aramed mis ganmtkicebas ruseTis imperiasTan samokavSireo urTierTobis gziT. megobruli xelSekruleba SeTanx-mebul sagareo politikis warmoebasa da megobrobaze aRmocenebul urTierTobas gulisxmobda.

mefe erekles arCevaniT ganrisxebuli aRa-mahmad-xani 1795 wels Semoesia saqarTvelos. krwanisis velze sisxlismRvreli Setakebis Semdeg man aaoxra Tbi-lisi da misi Semogareni. am omSi ruseTi saqarTvelos ar daxmarebia. miuxedavad amisa, ereklem ufro metad gaaZliera ruseTTan kavSiri. mefis am politikas maSin-del TavadaznaurobaSi bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda.

1798 wels erekle gardaicvala, taxtze avida misi vaJi giorgi XII, magram 1801 wels isic gardaicvala da amiT bagrationTa dinastiis mefobac damTavrda. so-lomonis opoziciuri moRvaweoba gaaqtiurda erekles Zis _ giorgi meTormetis

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gardacvlebis Semdeg, roca rusebma kanonieri memkvidre daviTi taxtze ar auSves da samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxades. solomonma daviTis meryeobis periodSi pa-timroba da devnilobac ki gamocada, is jer imereTSi, Semdeg axalcixeSi gadavida da iq (zogierTi varaudiT, sparseTSi) aResrula.

politikuri xrikebiTa da Sinauri mouwesrigeblobiT Zalagamoclilma qarTve-lebma TbilisSi `samSvidobo misiiT~ myof aTiaTasian jars winaaRmdegoba ver gauwies. rusebma qarTl-kaxeTi faqtobrivad ubrZolvelad daipyres. qveynis marTva-gamgeobis saqme mTlianad ruseTis xelSi gadavida, 1801 wels saqarTvelom sabo-lood dakarga damoukidebloba da qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis guberniad gamocxadda.

saqarTveloSi did imedebs amyarebdnen am SeerTebaze, miaCndaT, rom erT-morwmune qveyana maT aRmosavleli dampyroblebisagan daifaravda, magram droTa viTarebaSi qarTveli aristokratia mixvda, rom ruseTs mxolod sakuTari inte-resebi hqonda saqarTveloSi da daukavSirda Tavad-aznaurTa im fenas, romelic Tavidanve ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTTan SeerTebas.

XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg bevri ajanyeba moxda mTiuleTis _ 1804, kaxeTis _ 1812, imereTis _ 1821, guriis _ 1841), magram

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romelSic im epoqis TiTqmis yvela qarTveli mwerali da moazrovne monawileobda. am SeTqmulebas umTavresad erTi mizani hqonda: ruseTis gandevna saqarTvelodan da adgilobrivi marTva-gamgeobis damyareba. SeTqmulTa nawili saqarTveloSi kvlav bagrationTa dinasti-is aRdgenaze ocnebobda, nawili ki mxars uWerda qveynis respublikur mowyobas. azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, SeTqmulTa ZiriTadi mizani iyo ruseTis gan-devna saqarTvelodan da qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgena.

SeTqmuleba amjeradac marcxiT damTavrda. imave wlis 9 dekembers misma erT-erTma wevrma, iase falavandiSvilma, SeTqmuleba gasca, rasac ruseTis xelisu-flebis mxridan SeTqmulTa mimarT represiebi mohyva.

SeTqmulebis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis erTi nawili ru-seTis erTgulebis gzas daadga da imperatoris samsaxurSi Cadga; aseve moiqca in-teligenciis nawilic.

1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebam xalxSi sasowarkveTileba gamoiwvia. rus moxeleTa TavaSvebuloba ufro da ufro autaneli xdeboda. marTalia, qarTve-li inteligencia aSkara winaaRmdegobas veRar bedavda, magram Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis beds igi uwindeburad mZimed ganicdida.

aseTi iyo istoriuli foni, baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisa~ rom daiwera.

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silabusi

sagani: qarTuli ena da literatura

klasi: IX

maswavlebeli: . . . . sagnis Sesaxeb:

erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi centraluri adgili ukavia qarTul enas, romelic saqarTvelos skolebSi qarTuli enisa da literaturis saxelwodebiT iswavleba.

qarTuli ena mxolod erT-erTi saswavlo sagani ki ar aris, aramed, sxva sagan-Tagan gansxvavebiT, swavlebis enaa, yvela danarCeni sagnis Seswavlis saSualebaa. qarTuli enisa da literaturis standartis birTvs warmoadgens ena, rogorc pi-rovnebis TviTgamoxatvis, azris Camoyalibebisa da gadacemis saSualeba. enobrivi unar-Cvevebi unda warmovidginoT ara rogorc maTi SemTxveviTi nakrebi, aramed rogorc erTi mTliani sistema. man xeli unda Seuwyos pirovnebis piradi, cxo-vrebiseuli, socialuri Tu profesiuli sirTuleebis damoukideblad daZlevis process. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom qveda safexurze SeZenili unari Tavadve iqceodes axal unar-CvevaTa ganviTarebis wyarod swavlebis momdevno sa-fexurze, vlindebodes kompleqsur pirovnul aqtivobaSi, interaqtiur mimarTe-bebSi, sakomunikacio iniciativis, damoukidebeli kritikuli analizisa da siaxle-Ta prezentaciis survilSi.

swavlebis am safexurze Cveni mizania:

qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavleba saSualo skolaSi unda warimarTos da swavlebis mizani ganisazRvros imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom pirovnebis saerTo kultura, sakomunikacio da profesiuli unar-Cvevebi swored qarTuli enis sa-fuZvelze yalibdeba, is qmnis im ZiriTad baziss,

romelsac efuZneba adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis mTeli Semdgomi pro-cesi. am sagnis prioritetuli miznebia:

* ganuviTaros mozards ZiriTadi sametyvelo unarebi (wera, kiTxva, mosmena, saubari);

* gamoumuSaos weriTi da zepiri metyvelebis kultura;

* ganuviTaros sakuTari azris logikuri TanamimdevrobiT gamoTqmisa da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis werilobiTi teqstis Seqmnis unari;

* Seayvaros kiTxva; gamoumuSaos literturis, rogorc sityvis xelovnebisa da kulturis faqtis, aRqmisa da gacnobierebis unari;

* gaacnobierebinos erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio kultura, rogorc cvlilebisa da ganviTarebis mudmivmoqmedi procesi.

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wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi

mimarTuleba:

zepirmetyveleba kiTxva wera

1. moswavle ismens da IX. 6. moswavle kiTxulobs IX. 9. moswavle warmoadgens auditoriis teqstebs (mxatvruls da ara- werilobiT gad-winaSe sxvadasxva Tval- mxatvruls), romlebic Sei- moscems sakuTar sazrisebs sadavo an prob- caven sxvadasxva Tvalsaz- Tvalsazriss sa-lemur sakiTxze. riss problemur an sadavo davo an proble- sakiTxebze da gamoxatavs mur sakiTxebze; sakuTar damokidebulebas ajamebs gansxva- wakiTxulis mimarT. vebul Sexedule- bebs mocemul sakiTxze.

IX. 2. ismens da afasebs IX. 7. moswavle iyenebs IX. 10. moswavle diskusiis monawileTa enobrivi maxasiaTeblebis werilobiT gad-mimarTavs weris strategiebs naweris moscems detalurstrategiebs. metyvelebas sakomunikacio codnas teqstebisamocanisa da auditoriis struqturis asaxsnelad. informacias, gan-gaTvaliswinebiT. gansxvavebul Tval- sazriss.

IX. 3. moswavle msjelobs IX. 8. moswavle iyenebs IX. 11. moswavle ir-gansxvavebuli teqstebis kiTxvis miznis Sesabamis Cevs werilobiTienobriv Taviseburebebze. strategiebs. teqstis formasa da stils miznisa da auditoriis ga- TvaliswinebiT.

IX. 4. moswavle amoicnobs IX. 12. moswavle da iyenebs diskusiisa icavs werilobiTida kamaTis ZiriTad enobriv teqstis struqturasmaxasiaTeblebs. da enobriv normebs.

IX. 5. moswavle iyenebs IX. 13. moswavle diskusiisa da kamaTis efeqturi organize-

bisaTvis.

…………… silabusis nimuSi, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlia maswavlebels mTeli wlis programa gaanawilos saaTebis mixedviT saswavlo wlis(33 kvira + 4 dRe = 167sT.) ganmavlobaSi.

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romeli unar-Cvevis risi swavleba aqtivobebi ris ganviTarebas gvinda? (davalebebi, emsaxureba TariRi (Temis rubrikebi, (kavSiri erovnuli resursebi saTauri) savarjiSoebi...) saswavlo gegmasTan SedegebTan)

1. ana kalandaZe `modioda nino mTebiT~ _ (2 sT.)2. leonti mroveli `ninos cxovreba~ /SemoklebiT / _ (7 sT.)3. SoTa niSnianiZe `zedazeni~ _ (1 sT.)4. daviT aRmaSenebeli ànderZi~ _ (3 sT.)5. daviT aRmaSenebeli `galobani sinanulisani~ _ (2 sT.)6. ana kalandaZe `fexi damadgiT~ (2 sT.)7. arsen iyalToeli `daviT aRmaSeneblis epitafia~ (1 sT.)8. ak. wereTeli `Tornike erisTavi~ (15 sT.)9. vaJa-fSavela `kai yma~ (2 sT.)10. SoTa rusTaveli `vefxistyaosani~ _ avTandilis anderZi (4 sT.)11. ilia WavWavaZe `dae, Tund movkvde~ (1 sT.)12. TeTrCoxiani da SavCoxianebi ( 3 sT.)13. xvaramzes leqsi _ xalxuri (2 sT.)14. SoTa rusTaveli `vefxistyaosani~ _ `wigni nestan-darejanisa sayvarelTan

miwerili~ (4 sT.)15. besiki `tano tatano~ (2 sT.)16. Stefan cvaigi ùcnobi qalis werili~ (7 sT.)17. ana kalandaZe `broweulebi~ (1 sT.)18. paolo iaSvili `darianuli~ (2 sT.)19. nikoloz baraTaSvili `sayure~ (2 sT.)20. nikoloz baraTaSvili `werili maiko orbelianisadmi~ (3 sT.)21. nikoloz baraTaSvili `suli oboli~ (1 sT.)22. terenti graneli `gulidan sisxlis wveTebi~ (2 sT.)23. terenti graneli `gazafxulis saRamo~ (1 sT.)24. valerian gafrindaSvili `sentimentaluri trioleti~ (2 sT.)25. rezo WeiSvili `musika qarSi~ _ / `lurji frinveli~/ (3 sT.)26. riCard baxi `Tolia jonaTan livingstoni~ (7 sT.)27. sulxan-saba orbeliani `mogzauroba evropaSi~ (6 sT.)28. muxran maWavariani `saba~ (2sT.)29. daviT guramiSvili `daviTiani~ / miTiTebuli Tavebi / (8 sT.)30. ilia WavWavaZe `sarCobelazed~ (8 sT.)31. mixeil javaxiSvili èSmakis qva~ (6 sT.)32. giorgi leoniZe `marita~ (8 sT.)33. mzeWabuk orbeliani `sityva Tqmuli darbazSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis

Taobaze~ (2 sT.)34. nikoloz baraTaSvili `bedi qarTlisa~ (10 sT.)

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35. niko lorTqifaniZe `saSobao miniaturebi~ (4 sT.)36. niko lorTqifaniZe `literaturuli saRamo~ (2sT.)37. goderZi Coxeli `marTa~ (7 sT.)38. muxran maWavariani `saSvels rom aRar maZlevs~ (1 sT.)

morCenili saaTebi maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoiyenos damoukidebeli weri-saTvis da Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr.

qarTuli ena da literatura 9 - განათლების ხარისხის...

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