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modeli

s a r C e v i

I cocxali sistemis zogadi niSnebi§1. kveba, sunTqva, gamoyofa, moZraoba, gamravleba, ....................................................7zrda-ganviTareba, gaRizianebadoba

II genetika da seleqcia§2. memkvidreobiToba ....................................................................................................................18mitozimitozis mniSvneloba§3. meiozi ..............................................................................................................................................23meiozis mniSvneloba§4. monohibriduli Sejvareba ..................................................................................................25erTgvarobis kanonidaTiSvis kanonimemkvidreobiTobis citologiuri safuZvlebi§5. dihibriduli Sejvareba .......................................................................................................34genTa damoukideblad damemkvidrebis kanoni§6. sqesis gansazRvris qromosomuli meqnizmebi ..........................................................42sasqeso qromosomebityupebisiamis tyupebi§7. memkvidruli niSnebis gadacema adamianSi ................................................................49§8. adamianis memkvidruli daavadebebi .............................................................................54genetikuri kvlevis zogierTi meTodi adamianSi§9. cvalebadoba ................................................................................................................................59memkvidruli cvalebadoba§10. aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba .........................................................................................67§11. seleqciis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove meTodebi .............................................72mcenareTa seleqciacxovelTa seleqcia

III evoluciuri moZRvreba §12. evoluciuri moZRvreba .......................................................................................................85xelovnuri gadarCevabrZola arsebobisaTvisbunebrivi gadarCeva§13. evoluciis damamtkicebeli argumentebi .................................................................99

IV eKOkologia §14. ekosistema, misi komponentebi ........................................................................................104ekosistemis abioturi faqtorebi: wyali, sinaTle, temperatura organizmebis Seguebulobani am faqtorebis mimarT§15. niadagi da misi struqtura ................................................................................................111organizmTa Seguebulobani sxvadasxva struqturis niadagis mimarT§16. urTierTobani organizmebs Soris ...............................................................................114 TanasazogadoebaSi

§17. kvebiTi jaWvi ............................................................................................................................117kvebiTi qseli§18. fotosinTezSi moreagire nivTierebebi .............................................................122 qlorofilisa da mzis energiis roli fotosinTezSi fotosinTezis mniSvneloba§19. energiis gadacema kvebiT jaWvSi ...................................................................................126§20. populaciis ricxobrioba, masze momqmedi faqtorebi .......................................131populaciis ricxobriobis gansazRvris meTodebi§21. biogeoqimiuri cikli ............................................................................................................138wylis cikli§22. naxSirbadis cikli .................................................................................................................142§23. adamianis saqmianobis gavlena garemoze ..................................................................146§24. biomebi ..........................................................................................................................................151velebi: tundra, savanaudabno§25. tyeebi: taiga ...............................................................................................................................158farTofoTlovani foTolcvenia tyetropikuli tye§26. zRvebi da okeaneebi ...............................................................................................................163§27. tbebi da guburebi ...................................................................................................................166mdinareebi da Waobebixelovnuri ekosistemebi

V cocxali sistemis organizaciis doneebi §28. biologiuri organizaciis ierarqiuli sistema ..................................................170

I cocxali sistemis zogadi niSnebi

kveba, sunTqva, gamoyofa, moZraoba, gamravleba, zrda-ganviTareba, gaRizianebadoba

kveba

gifiqria, ratom uTmobs adamiani drois did nawils sakvebze zrun­vas?

ratom ganicdian mSoblebi Svilebis umadobas?imitom, rom kveba sicocxlisTvis erT­erTi aucilebeli pirobaa.

sakveb produqtebSi Semavali nivTierebebi, erTi mxriv, uzrunvel yo fen organizmebs saSeni masaliT, romelic aucilebelia maTi zrdis, gamrav­lebisa da ganviTarebisTvis, xolo, meore mxriv, amarageben maT sicocx­lisTvis aucilebeli energiiT.

mcenareebs aqvT unikaluri unari _ araorganuli nivTierebebidan warmoqmnan rTuli organuli nivTierebebi. kvebis aseT tips avtotro­fuli (berZ. avto — TviTon, trofos — kveba) ewoda, xolo organizmebs, romlebic ase ikvebebian — avtotrofebi.

mcenareebi am iSviaT unars qlorofils unda umadlodnen, romelic qloroplastebSia moTavsebuli. es mwvane pigmenti STanTqavs mzis ener­gias, romelic xmardeba naxSirorJangisa da wylisagan organuli niv­Tierebebis warmoqmnas — sinTezs. am process fotosinTezi uwodes.

fotosinTezis procesSi garemoSi Jangbadi gamoiyofa.

Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT, albaT, advilad ganasxvaveb cocxal or­ganizmebs aracocxali bunebisgan. ityvi, rom cocxalia mcenare, cxo­veli, adamiani; aracocxalia wyali, qva, mze, varskvlavebi, haeri.

mainc, riTi gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan?cocxali organizmebis mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, yvela maT­

gans ujreduli agebuleba da msgavsi qimiuri Sedgeniloba aqvs. isini ikvebebian, sunTqaven, garemoSi gamoyofen daSlis produqtebs, moZra­oben, mravldebian, izrdebian da viTardebian, reagireben garemos cv­lilebebze.

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2Omzis energia

§1

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cxovelebi kvebisaTvis gamudmebiT saWiroeben mza organul nivTi­erebebs da amitom maT heterotrofebs (berZ. hetero — sxva, trofos — kveba) uwodeben. sakvebis mopovebis gzebi rTuli da mravalfe ro vania. arseboben balaxismWameli, xorcismWameli da nairmWameli cxovelebi.

zogi xorcismWameli cxoveli nadirobiT moipovebs sakvebs, zogi ki leSiTac kmayofildeba.

nairmWameli cxovelebi sakvebs ar arCeven. isini ikvebebian rogorc mcenareebiT, ise cxovelebiT.

naxSirorJangiwyali

glukoza Jangbadi

fotosinTezi

balaxismWameli cxovelebi

nadiroba

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1 daasaxele SenTvis cnobili balaxismWameli, mtacebeli da nair­mWa meli cxovelebi.

nadirobs zogierTi mcenarec. mweriWamia mcenareebi, romlebic binadroben mineralebiT Rarib niadagze, sakvebis deficits mwerebze nadirobiT ivseben. isini msxverpls mkveTri SeferilobiTa da mbzi­navi foTlebiT ityueben da moxerxebulad abamen maxeSi.

sunTqva

1 dainiSne dro da Seikave sunTqva. didxans gaZeli?mxolod kargad navarjiSeb adamians Tu SeuZlia sunTqvis 3­4 wuTiT

Sekaveba. ufro xangrZlivi uhaeroba sikvdils iwvevs.ratomaa sunTqva ase aucilebeli?CaAsunTqvisas filtvebidan SeRweuli JaAngbadiT Sen ujredebSi

sakvebSi arsebuli nivTierebebis daSla, daJangva, wva xdeba.

wvis Sedegad gamoiyofa wyali, naxSirorJangi da energia. swored am energiiT aris dainteresebuli Seni organizmi. Sen xom mas gamudmebiT xarjav iseT sasicocxlod aucilebel procesebSi, rogoricaa moZrao­ba, zrda­ganviTareba, azrovneba. energiis nawili siTbos saxiTac gamo­Tavisufldeba da aTbobs Sens sxeuls.

rogorc xedav, sunTqvis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba organizmis energiiT momaragebaa. amisTvis mas gamudmebiT esaWiroeba JaAngbadi.

mweriWamia mcenareebi

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sunTqva

2 gaixsene, rogor gadaWres Jangbadis mopovebis problema orga­nizmebma, romlebic sxvadasxva garemoSi cxovroben. rogor sunTqaven isini?

Tumca, arseboben anaerobuli organizmebic. isini organul niv­Tierebebs Jangbadis gareSec Slian.

3 romel anaerobul organizms icnob?

nivTierebebis qimiuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad ujredSi mravali niv­Tiereba warmoiqmneba, romelTa dagroveba momakvdinebeli iqneboda organizmisTvis. maT Sorisaa, erTi SexedviT uvnebeli nivTierebebic (wyali, naxSirorJangi) da Zlieri Sxamebic. am nivTierebebisgan gaTa­visuflebis xerxebi organizmis sirTulesa da sacxovrebel garemozea damokidebuli. mravalujrediani cxovelebi amas gamomyofi sistemiT axerxeben.

4 ra gzebiT toveben Sens organizms mavne nivTierebebi?mcenareebs specialuri gamomyofi sistema ar gaaCniaT. usargeblo

nivTierebebi xSirad maT mkvdar qsovilebSi (magaliTad, korpSi) grovde­ba da amitom isini organizms safrTxes ar uqmnian. foTolcvenia mcena­reebi bunebrivad Tavisufldebian im Sxamebisgan da uvargisi nivTiere­bebisgan, romlebic mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi foTlebSi grovdeba.

gamoyofa

gamomyofi sistemebi mravalujredian organizmebSi

gamomyofi milebi

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moZraoba

daakvirdi cocxal bunebas. Sen irgvliv yvelaferi moZraobs. gadau­Warbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sicocxlis erT­erTi umTavresi Tvise­ba _ moZraoba, TviT sicocxlesTan erTad gaCnda. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan moZraoba exmareba cocxal organizmebs sakvebis moZiebasa da mopovebaSi, mtaceblisgan TavdacvaSi, axali sacxovrebeli adgi lebis aTvisebaSi.

wyalSi moZraobis forma curvaa. aq mcxovreb organizmebs saerTo ga­saWiri aqvT: gadaadgilebisas wylis didi winaaRmdegoba unda daZlion.

wamwamebiSolticrufexebi

ameba

curaven ara mxolod Tevzebi

evglena qalamana

5 curvis ra saSualebebi gaaCnia ilustraciaze warmodgenil cxovelebs?

rvafexa reaqtiulad moZ ra­obs. is wyals jer sxeulis spe­cialur RruSi Seiwovs, Semdeg ki kunTebis Zlieri SekumSviT mas didi ZaliT gamotyorcnis. am dros, sxeuli wylis Wavlis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ga­da adgildeba. Tevzis moZraoba wyalSi Zalze natifia. misi farflebi TiTqos patara niCbebia, romlebic wyals ukuagdebs.

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gamravleba organizmis unaria, warmoqmnas Tavisive msgavsi. am unaris gamo, dedamiwaze sicocxle ar wydeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom cocxali organizmebi ukvdavi ar arian _ isini mxolod garkveul xans cocxlo­ben.

Sen ukve ici, rogor mravldebian mcenareebi da cxovelebi.6 daasaxele gamravlebis ori ZiriTadi forma.7 daasaxele mcenaris vegetatiuri gamravlebis formebi.

zrdis unari yoveli cocxalis erT­erTi mTavari Tvisebaa. zrda mxo­lod zomebSi matebas ar niSnavs. zrdasTan erTad cocxali organizmebi viTardebian. es ori procesi imdenad mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakav­Sirebuli, rom mas mecnierebi erTad ganixilaven da zrda­ganviTarebas uwodeben.

Sen arseboba erTaderTi ujredidan _ zigotidan daiwye. sanam am qveyanas moevlinebodi, am erTi ujredidan cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi Seni organizmi warmoiqmna.

2 ramdens iwonidi da ra zomis iyavi rodesac daibade? axla ramdens iwoni?

magram saqme mxolod wonaSi da zomaSi ar aris. dabadebis Semdeg Senma sxeulma icvala forma, proporciebi, Segecvala xasiaTi, miswrafebebi, azrovneba, gagiCnda axali unarebi. es procesi SenSi isev grZeldeba _ Sen viTardebi.

8 daakvirdi grafiks. erTnairi siCqariT izdeba adamiani yvela asak­Si? romelia misi zrdis yvelaze swrafi periodebi?

xmeleTze cxovelebi darbian, daxtian, cocaven, xoxaven.

haeri frinvelebma saxeSecvlili ki­durebiT _ frTebiT daipyres.

cxovelTa moZraobis aseTi Tavbrudam­xvevi da mravalferovani suraTis Semdeg, mce nareTa samyaro, albaT, uZravad moge Cve­neba. magram es mxolod erTi SexedviTaa ase.

cxovelisgan gansxvavebiT, moZraobs ara mTlianad mcenare, aramed misi organoe bi. mravali mcenaris yvavili RamiT an wvimis win ixureba. saocaria mweriWamia mcenareebis foTlebis elviseburi moZraoba msxverplis daWerisas. qlamidomonada, mcenareebisgan gansx­vavebiT, mTeli sxeuliT gadaadgildeba.

gamravleba, zrda-ganviTareba

qori

12

sxeu

lis

mas

a kg

asaki

nayofis zrda

Cvilis zrda

mozardis zrda

bavSvis zrda

706050

4030

20

10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

msgavsi procesebi sxva mravalujredian organizmebSic mimdina re­obs, magram cxadia, sul sxvadasxvagvari formiTa da xangrZlivobiT.

erTwlovani mcenareebi ramdenime TveSi asruleben zrdas, xe­mce­nareebi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze izrdebian. SeuzRudavi zrda axasi­aTebs Tevzebsa da qvewarmavlebis umravlesobas.

gaRizianebadoba

yoveli cocxali organizmi garemos mudmiv zemoqmedebas ganicdis, rac myisve aisaxeba mis cxovelqmedebaze.

organizmis unars, ama Tu im saxiT upasuxos garemos zemoqmedebas, gaRizianebadoba hqvia. is yvela cocxalisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tu wyalSi cota marils Cayri, qalamana wamwamebis swrafi moZraobiT mari­lis naklebi koncentraciisken gadaadgildeba, ameba ki Sewyvets moZ­raobas, SeikumSeba da gairindeba. araxelsayrel pirobebSi ufro xan­grZlivad yofnisas ki orive sqel garss Semoikravs da droebiT Sewyvets cxovelqmedebas.

qalamanasa (1) da amebas (2) reaqcia gamRizianebelze

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1 2

yvela cocxali ikvebeba, sunTqavs, gamoyofs daSlis pro­duq tebs, moZraobs, mravldeba, izrdeba da viTardeba, reagi­rebs garemos cvlilebebze.

mravalujredianebs ufro swrafi reagirebisTvis nervuli sistema gaaCniaT.

sakmarisia, hidras nemsiT Seexo, rom is mTeli sxeuliT saswrafod upasuxebs am gaRizianebas _ SeikumSeba da amiT Tavs aaridebs gamRizia­nebels.

9 ra hqvia gaRizianebaze aseT swraf pasuxs?mcenareebs nervuli sistema ar gaaCniaT, Tumca, isini reagireben

sinaTleze, siTboze, Sexebaze, dedamiwis mizidulobaze, niadagis qi­miur Sedgenilobaze.

mzesumziras yvavilebi, TiT qos, caze mzis moZraobas akvir de bi an, yovelTvis mzis sxivebis ken ari­an mimarTulni _ `mzes um ze ren~. ba buawveras yvavilebi di liT iS ­le bian da saRamos ixurebian, Tam­baqosi _ piriqiT. mimo zis foT­lebi Sexebis an Zlieri xma uris dros ikeceba. warmoidgi ne misi mdgomareoba xmaurian qa laqSi!

hidras pasuxi gaRizianebaze

nemsi

ilustraciaze gamosaxulia mcenaris nawi lebis reagireba dedamiwis mizidulobaze.

fesvi, rogorc ki TAavs daaRwevs mils, verti­kalurad qvemoT, dedamiwisken eSveba, ylorti ki sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT izrdeba.

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1. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. miuCine suraTze warmodge­nil cxovelebs saTanado adgi li mocemul cxrilSi. Seavse cxrili SenTvis cnobili cxo velebiT.

balaxismWamelebi mtaceblebi parazitebi

aracocxali sxeulebis moZraoba

cocxali organizmebis moZraoba

2. ijeqi mSvidad. daTvale, ramdenjer CaisunTqe da amo­isunTqe 1 wuTSi da Sedegi Caiwere. Semdeg gaakeTe ramden­ime buqni. isev gaizome sunTqvis sixSire da Sedegi Caiwere. Seadare erTmaneTs Sedegebi. ra daskvnas gaakeTeb?

3. romeli cdiT SegiZlia daamtkico, rom Sen mier amosunT­qul haerSi marilebi ar aris?

4. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. daakvirdi garemos da aRricxe yvela saxis moZraoba.

5. miwian qilaSi gazarde xorbali 5­6 sm­mde. amis Semdeg qila daawvine ise, rom miwa ar gadmoiyaros. daakvirdi mcenares ori kviris ganmavlobaSi. Caixate cdis Sedegi da gaakeTe daskvna.

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7. daakvirdi qoTnis mcenaris Rerosa da foTlebis mdeba­reobas. dadgi qoTani fanjris rafaze, mzian adgilas. ram­denime dRis Semdeg daakvirdi, ra cvlilebebs amCnev. ra daskvnas gaakeTeb?

1. xangrZlivi SimSili gaxdomis miz ­niT, gansakuTrebiT mozardebis­Tvisaa mavnebeli. ratom?

2. ratomaa es paraziti mcenare `ga­fiT rebuli~?

3. daakvirdi ilustracias. ra saer­Tos xedav kengurus, kaliisa da ba yayis sxeulebis proporciebSi? axseni, raze miuTiTebs es faqti?

4. zogierT qveyanaSi bayayi delikatesad iTvleba. rogor fiqrob, bayayis wina kidurebs Seeqcevian Tu ukanas? pasuxi daasabuTe.

paraziti mcenare

cxoveli saSualo siCqare

martorqa 40 km/sT

cxeni 80 km/sT

antilopa 100 km/sT

gepardi 110 km/sT

6. sportis gakveTilze SeejibreT erTmaneTs sirbilSi. ga­zome siCqareebi da gamoTvale Seni klasis moswavleTa sa­Sualo siCqare. Seadare is tabulis monacemebs. aage sve­tovani diagrama.

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AAAAAAsunTqvis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa:AAa) Jangbadis STanTqma;b) naxSirorJangis gamoyofa;g) wylis gamoyofa;d) energiis miReba.

plastiliniT an sxva masaliT daamzade qaTmisa da ixvis fexis modeli. rogor daamtkiceb, rom aseTi fexiT qaTami Sors ver gacuravs?

ilustraciaze warmodgenili mrudebidan, romeli maT­gani asaxavs xe­mcenaris da romeli _ fexsaxsriani cxovelis zrdas?

zo

maz

oma

asaki

asaki

5. Sors gasacurad adamianebi fexe­bze lastebs icvamen. ratom? rome­li cxo velebisgan `aiRes~ maT ma­galiTi?

6. daasaxele hormonebi, romlebic zrdas uwyoben xels.

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