Proposal Batur Geopark 10 october 2010

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 1

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PROPOSAL

BATUR GEOPARKOWNED BY:BATUR GEOPARK FOUNDATIONOPEARATED BY:PT. BATUR GEOPARK CORPORATIONMANAGEMENT BY:TECHNOMANN & ISB

THIS PROPOSAL PREPARED FORBATUR GEOPARK FOUNDATIONBY: IB.CHARMA & TEAMWORKDATED: OCTOBER 10th, 2010



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CONTENTS

1.Bali2.What is Geopark3.Global Geopark Network4.What is Geopark Tourism5.Geopark Activity Walking Cycling Diving Lake Kayaking Kite Surfing Sailing Jet Skiing and Water Skiing

6.Partners and Members7.Education8.Geopark Management9.Facility Plus in Batur Geopark

A. Golf ClubB. Horseback Sport Facility

B1.Polo ClubB2.Horse TrackingB3.EquestrianB4.Driving (Horse)

C.Yoga VillagesD.Flower GardenE. Fruit Plantation GardenF. Vegetables Plantation Garden



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G. Cable Car (Sight Seeing Facility)G1. Media in category “Cable Cars”

G2. Media in category “CableTransport”

G3. Media in category “CablewaySigns”

G4. Media in category “Gondola Lifts”G5. Media in category “Aerial Tramway

Support Pillar”H. Water Sport (see Geo Activity

above)10. Housing for the Villages11. Restaurant, Hotel, Resort13. Gallery14. Museum15. Agro Shop16. Observation Deck17. Road Network.18. Global UNESCO Network of Geopark



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1. BaliIt is a paradise island for all visitors and a world of Hinduism

temples. Bali is a most favorite holiday destination for everyone fromall part of the world. Bali offers peaceful place, great fun, relaxation forthose who want to escape themselves and the family from thepressures of daily life.Besides the leisure and relaxing, Bali is also conjure up the uniqueexperience for the couple who love one each other to marry here inthe beautiful island…(many types of CHAPEL available around)

Bali gives a blessing with a spirit from the paradise in the daywhere once in your lifetime experience. Bali welcomes travelers on anybudget to spend their vacation.Go to Bali and experience it yourself - before someone does!

A friendly and remarkably artistic people, the Balinese have created adynamic society with unique arts and ceremonies, making Balisynonymous world wide with the perfect ‘tropical paradise’. Terracedrice fields dominate the landscape, rivers and small irrigation streamsdirect the luscious green landscape, filling the air with the enchantingsound of running almost through the center of the island. In Bali themountains are the home of the gods. Shrouded in mystery and magic,they stretch skywards in majestic splendour. Bali’s main volcano is thesometimes explosive Gunung Agung, which is considered sacredamong local people as the center of the universe. Many visitors leavewith the same beliefs.

The Balinese have been more exposed to international tourist andgenerally speak more English than people in other parts of theIndonesian archipelago. They have managed to preserve their culturedespite overwhelming foreign influences brought to the region by anever-increasing number of tourists. Bali’s International Airport, Ngurah



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Rai, is in the south of the island and is served by numerousinternational airlines and charters. In order to keep up with thegrowing the number of visitors and the need for their comfort, morehotels have been built, ranging from small bungalows for budgettravelers to the luxurious Nusa Dua tourist resort area. Water sportshave naturally gained in popularity and Bali offers superb surfing,windsurfing, sailing, scuba diving and white water rafting.

PREVIEW OF DANAU & GUNUNG BATUR(LAKE AND BATUR MOUNTAIN)

The Indonesian island, Bali is the largest tourist destination in thewhole country. Sightseeing in Bali is something you can surely notmiss out upon, any matter for whatever reasons you visits the country.The Danau Batur also known as the Lake Batur is one such amazingTourist Attraction in Bali. Spread on the gigantic 13 kilometer longcrater, the Danau Batur in Bali is the largest one among the 4mountain lakes of Bali.

Set in Kintamani in the Bangli District and very close to Central Bali,the Danau Batur in Bali spreads over 8 kilometers in length, 3kilometers in width and 65 meters in depth. The Danau Batur in Bali inIndonesia is fed by 11 springs and lies about 500 meters below thecrater rim. The crater on which the lake lies also houses the Gunungmount.

The origin of the Batur area was the collapse of an ancient volcano.In the more than 100 sq km caldera left from this disaster, a newvolcano cone was formed, namely Gunung Batur (Mount Batur,1717m). Next to the mountain, a new lake (Danau Batur) came toexistence. The volcano is still active and its latest eruption was in



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1999. The village Penelokan is situated close to the lake. There's anamazing view from here of the lake and the volcano.

The Danau Batur in Bali is considered sacred by the natives of theisland. People worship the Goddess of the Lakes, Ida Batara Dewi UlunDanu at the Pura Ulun Danu Batur temple that stands on the craterrim. The hamlets that surround the lake are known as 'Bintang Banu'that precisely means 'stars of the lake'. In the village of Penelokan,you can find the beautiful temple of Pura Ulun Danu Batur. Apparently,the temple was spared by a few eruptions of the volcano.

Its hardly takes about an hour's time to get to the location of thelake if you take the road from northeast of Denpasar. The road thatencircles the lake offers scintillating views of the lake and the exoticenvironment. You can get to the lakeside from the crater rim viaPenelokan.

Bali's Danau Batur proposed to develop for Geopark, the first inIndonesia, rich in geomorphologic sites, is one of the most picturesquelocations in the island. You are sure to fall for the natural beauty of theplace the very moment you see it with your own eyes.

2. What is a Geopark?

Geoparks aims to protect geo-diversity and to promote geologicalheritage to the general public as well as to support sustainableeconomic development of geopark territories primarily through thedevelopment of geological tourism.

A Geopark is an area with an outstanding geological heritage and astrategy to promote that heritage for the benefit of the localcommunity, part of economic development.

So what makes a geopark? A geopark must contain several geologicalor geomorphological sites of national and international importance.These may be significant because of their scientific quality, rarity,aesthetic appeal or educational value. But geoparks are not justabout rocks - they are also about people, and helping

communities to understand their Earth heritage, and tobenefit from it.



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A geopark can include not only sites of geological importance, butalso sites of archaeological, ecological, historical or cultural interest.

A geopark territory must be large enough to allow for true economicdevelopment. Geoparks are driven by local communities that want tocelebrate their Earth heritage and thereby achieve sustainabledevelopment of their area through 'geotourism'.

A geopark must play an active role in the business of the GlobalGeoparks Network. This involves collaborating with other geoparks onjoint projects as well as exchanging ideas on how best to promotegeopark activities.

PROPOSED for BATUR GEOPARK

3. Global Geoparks NetworkThe Global Geoparks Network (GGN) was set up by UNESCO in

2004. There were initially 25 members comprising 17 EuropeanGeoparks and 8 Chinese Geoparks.



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The first International Conference on Geoparks was held in Beijing,China in June 2004.

In October 2004, the European Geoparks Network signed anagreement with the Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO to processapplications from within Europe to join the Global Geoparks Network.New members joining the European Geoparks Network nowautomatically also become members of the Global Geoparks Network.

This network provides a platform for active co-operationbetween geoparks around the world. Under the umbrella of UNESCO,and through exchange between the global network partners, importantnational geological sites gain worldwide recognition and benefit fromthe exchange of knowledge, expertise, experience and staff with otherGeoparks.

In the framework of the Global Geoparks Network, geologicalheritage and knowledge is shared with the general public and linkedwith broader aspects of the natural and cultural heritage.

Launched in 2004 the Global Geopark Network now has 63Geopark members from 19 countries (Australia, Austria, Brazil, China,Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Iran,Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, United Kingdom).The Global Network of National Geoparks assisted by UNESCO providesa platform of active cooperation between experts and practitioners ingeological heritage. Under the umbrella of UNESCO, and throughexchange between the global network partners, important nationalgeological sites gain worldwide recognition and profit through theexchange of knowledge, expertise, experience and staff with otherGeoparks. You can find out more about the Global Geopark Networkby clicking here

Find out more:

UNESCO's current list of Global Geoparks

Global Geoparks Network

Our common objectives are:

the protection of geological heritage a long term regional development by the promotion of tourism

and a modern environmental pedagogical program



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To preserve Conservation. Increase Economic Development / Growth Education

4. What is Geopark Tourism?Geopark tourism means the tourism emphasizing the features of

geopark of a tourist site. Besides geoheritage, natural scene, tourismeconomy and geoscience popularization, the features of geoparkcontain the human, historical and cultural factors of local community.

As for common tourists, the geopark tourism is focused on thefollowing aspects: first, utilizing the geoheritage of a geopark withspecial scientific value during sight-seeing to acquire the scientificknowledge of formation and evolvement of the earth and to boost theconsciousness and ability of tourists to protect the geoheritageconsciously; second, taking advantage of some landscapes of ageopark such as grotesque peaks, fantastic caves, high mountains,deep valleys, waving waterfall, flowing springs, glaciers, volcanoes,deserts and lakes as well as changeful and colorful modelingmountains and stones to enjoy the demiurgic beauty of the nature;third, sufficiently experiencing the unique human and historicallandscapes and regional culture of the region of a geopark in theprocess of tourism. In a word, a tourist can feel the integration ofscience, aesthetics, history and culture indeed during geopark tourismand thereby gain multiple funs during sight-seeing.

As for governmental agencies of tourist sites, the geoparktourism is centered on the combination of scientific, economicand cultural factors relative to the tourism and the overallinfluence of tourism on local community.

OBSERVATION DECK RESTAURANT TO THE LAKE VOLCANO



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5. Geo Activity

The area of the Ancient Volcano of Mount Batur offers a variety ofdifferent educational subjects on geology and environmentaleducational activities.

Walking

There is no better way of getting to know an area than through thesoles of your feet. Here is a resort that boasts dramatic coastal climbsrich in flora and fauna (including various rare and endangered species)and stunning architecture of days gone by. Perched on a series ofmany hills, there are plenty of opportunities for catching a good viewfrom whichever direction you look! There are a host of hidden treatswaiting to be discovered by the inquisitive and those wanting toescape the hustle and bustle of the 21st century. Walk the entire 18miles of the Lake Batur border path and discover a unique landscape.The route extends from Panelokan to Trunyan or Panulisan Point,following the arc of Lake Batur. With an interesting mixture of cliff topand lakeside walking, this stretch forms part of the Panelokan Path.Walking on the Batur Geopark is as much about our cultural heritageas our natural environment. Pick up a leaflet from our TouristInformation Centers.



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Cycling

The Batur Kintamani area offers some great cycle trails wherequiet, narrow lanes weave through lush green valleys, providingopportunities to discover many highlights not seen from the road. TheBatur Geopark Kintamani Bali provides a good base to work from with"cycle friendly" routes out from the resort in addition to many off-roadtracks through Batur, Panelokan, Kintamani, Panulisan Village andlocal woodland. Off-road and mountain bike tracks are also close bywith Payangan, Ubud Forest and North Bali within easy reach by car.Route and further links planned, now is the ideal time to explore ontwo wheels all that our area has to offer! Cycle hire is available fromseveral local bike shops and rental, which will be happy to assist withall of your requirements. Pop into one of our Tourist InformationCenters and pick up a list of the hire shops in the area

CYCLING IN KINTAMANI VILLAGE



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Diving

As well as activities on the water's surface, there is also plenty of fun tobe found. Lake Batur will try to explore under water activity will involve withthe diving communities due to its natural, sheltered conditions and anabundance of alga beneath the water. You may not be diving in crystal clearBunaken waters but there are still incredible diving opportunities on offer.The Lake Batur is fortunate to have several centers devoted to diving tuition,trips and equipment hire that can accommodate divers at all levels ofexperience. Some offer P.A.D.I courses and certification.

DIVING from the ROCKY & SCUBA LAKE DIVING



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Lake Kayaking

The next step up from regular canoeing, lake kayaking is a great way toexplore the Lake Batur 12 miles of Lake Border line. Lake kayaking gets youup close and personal with all manner of lake and birdlife as well as helpingyou to fully appreciate our many weird and wonderful rock formations fromthe best focal point - the lake! Our sheltered Bay has an amazing diversity ofenvironments and offers the perfect conditions for a leisurely kayak in ournatural playground.

KAYAKING / CANOING IN LAKE BATUR



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Kite Surfing

Kite surfing is a new and exhilarating sport and out of season the BaturLake is an ideal location with a consistent Mountain Valley winds and plentyof room to fly! Beginners in particular will find the Bay a good place to learn"hang time" with sheltered winds offering you the chance to perfect the art.Once mastered it is extremely exhilarating with lots of fast runs and lots ofairtime, (if you wish), a real adrenaline sport, with a fast learning curve. Youshould never attempt to kite surf until you have completely mastered thecontrol of the kite on land. Kite surfing should not be attempted without arescue craft at hand.



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Sailing

A sheltered bay provides the perfect arena for any number of watersports, with sailing being no exception. If the idea of anenvironmentally friendly lake faring adventure floats your boat. Sailingdinghies can be hired from several places, with expert tuition forbeginners. There are also facilities including harbourside restaurantsand marine stores selling chandlery and specialist clothing andequipment.



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Jet skiing and Water skiing

Ploughing through the waves at top speeds is an exhilarating way tospend a couple of hours. Specially, designated areas of Lake Batur are givenentirely over to water skiers and jet skiers giving beginners and experiencedskiers plenty of room to gain speed. Wakeboarding is the illegitimate spawnof snowboarding and waterskiing, because you ride a board and get towed bya powerboat! The Bay boasts some of the calmest and warmest waters in theBali Isles, making it the perfect venue for beginners in particular.

6. Partners and Members

The Batur Geopark in Bali also called Indonesia Geopark is run bythe Communities of Batur People supported by “Ikatan Sarjana Batur”(Batur Academician Bond), empowering by Microsoft - TechnomanNManagement Team. Manage the Batur Geopark in field as follows:

Geo Tourism Geo Education Geosite Conservation Geopark Coordination Geo Socio - Economic



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Geo Partners and Members.

BAB / Batur Academician Bond is supported by a networkof members who share a vision for raising the profile of the BaturGeopark, the Regency of Bangli – Bali - Indonesia, using its geologicalheritage, temples, sacred sanctuary, Toyabungkah Hot Spring Water,the Forrest, Trunyan Village and the Batur Lake as the geopark icon.

Geopark Partners (plan) to have all signed up the Batur GeoparkAgreement and have contributed cash and/or services in kind to thework of ISB / BAB & Batur Peoples Communities (Desa Pakraman),where will be manage by TechnomanN empowering by Microsoft.

Geopark Commercial Members have also signed up to theAgreement and pay an annual membership to be associated to thework of the Batur Geopark or “Indonesia Geopark” cause the first.

7. Education

The Indonesia Batur Geopark Bali is an excellent educationalresource that allows children of all ages the opportunity toexperience their environment through outdoor field work.

We welcome visits from Primary and Secondary Schools, Collegesand Community groups. Visits can be tailor made to suit the needs ofyour group.



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A new and exciting education programmed has been developedcovering a broad range of curriculum subjects including Science,Geography, History and Citizenship.

Geopark Assemblies for Primary Schools are currently beingoffered free of charge to Primary Schools within the Batur area.Assemblies are suitable for all ages and can be tailored to include linksto individual class topics.Indonesia Batur Geopark Bali Talks are also available. These canbe tailored to individual group needs and cover a range of topics.

If you would like more information about the new education programmed, theGeopark Education and Community Officer will be happy to discuss opportunities andpotential activities for your visit…….This is one of our entire educationprogrammed………………………..Please contact: ISB &TechnomanN Team

Educational Register of Geological Sites – Is a Guide toGeological Fieldwork in Lake Batur. This Register has been compiled byBAB and Bangli Regency in partnership with Indonesia Geological Bond(Ikatan Akhli Geologi Indonesia / IAGI) and Museum Geology, and withfunding support from The Geologists’ Association.



Page198. Geopark Management

The Indonesia Batur Geopark Bali encompasses the entire areaof Batur, Kintamani – Bangli, and includes 100.00 km sq land and45.00km sq lake. The terrestrial area is mainly urban or sub-urban incharacter but approximately 80% of the land remains undeveloped, aseither farmland, woodland or other open space. The coastline isdramatic, thanks to the area's geology, and has played a significantpart in the development of the territory.



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9. FACILITIES PLUS IN LAKE BATUR GEOPARK.

A. GOLF CLUBGolf is a precision club-and-ball sport, in which competing players

(golfers), using many types of clubs, attempt to hit balls into each holeon a golf course while employing the fewest number of strokes. Golf isone of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playingarea. Instead, the game is played on golf "courses", each of whichfeatures a unique design, although courses typically consist of eithernine or 18 holes. Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ballwith a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke orsuccessive strokes in accordance with the Rules." Golf competition isgenerally played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual,known simply as stroke play, or the lowest score on the mostindividual holes during a complete round by an individual or team,known as match play.



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B. HORSE BACK SPORT ACTIVITY

B1. POLO CLUB

The origins of Polo are lost in the mists of antiquity. History recordsthat the ancient Persians knew the sport as “Chaughan” and played itas far back as 2500 years ago. The Chinese also lay claim to a polotradition dating back several thousand years. Be that as it may, in allprobability these ancient civilizations picked up the sport from theCentral Asian nomads whose home was the saddle and whose writ ranfrom the Great Wall of China in the east to the Caspian Sea in thewest.

Certainly, the game of polo reflects all the qualities that made theMongol hordes the greatest nation of horsemen in the ancient world –great equestrian skills coupled with a clear eye and stout heart remainthe prerequisites of a polo player till today.

Radiating outwards from the steppes of Central Asia, the gameeventually spread as far as Japan, China, Tibet and India. Over theages, the aristocratic game developed to promote equestrian andmilitary skills. It was ranked next to battle itself, as the ultimate testof the prowess of princes and warriors.

We need to build the Integrated Polo Club with Internationalstandard, to facilitate the Federation of International Polo.



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POLO CLUB INTERNATIONAL

The members of Federation international Polo



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The Game

B2.HORSE TRACKING

Description

This is a holiday camp mainly forolder, active school age childrenwho love the outdoors and would like toexperience country life on a farm orare interested in horses.

Children can attend on their own, orwith their family. They can stay for justthe day(s) or they can sleepover.

We encourage you to make this afamily occasion to do somethingtogether that is inexpensive andfresh environment.

The daily activities will vary notaccording to the weather (cause notinfluence), farm activities andscheduled horse treks, and theinterests of those attending each day.We will try to accommodate everyone’sinterests.

Places are unlimited but we still take advance bookings for the nextschool holidays if you don’t want to miss out this time.



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Other Activities

The types of activities include

Horse riding and grooming Canoeing Calf feeding Milking cows Rope swings Campfire cook up

Bring your bike! Bring a bike of any kind; there are plenty ofplaces to ride, both on the flat farm tracks and for the adventurouswith mountain bikes there are endless hills and bush.

You can also bring a sleeping bag or heavy blanket and lay on thewooden deck looking at the beautiful night stars.

A communal lounge with TV Cable and a DVD player is availablefor evenings after dinner. There are also board games, a largesheltered deck and other indoor activities for very wet days.

Bookings

Bookings are essential and late bookings are OK - if we have spacewe will fit you in even at short notice!

Children can be booked in for as many days and/or nights as theywant to come during the school holiday period, or even for just oneday as a taster!

Children aged 10 and under must be accompanied by an adultguardian.

We welcome mums, aunties, grandmas, dads, uncles andgranddads too! To plan our overnight accommodation we will need toknow the gender of everyone booking in overnight. Bunkrooms will beorganized as either same gender, or same family groups.



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We have room on the lawn for those who prefer to bring a smalltent and sleep outside.

Bookings will be confirmed only on receipt of payment, cardsaccepted.

Meals

Breakfast – choices of Cereals, Toast, Boiled Eggs, Mix Fruits

Lunch – Balinese Food, Breads, spreads and filling to createSandwiches, instant Noodles, apples, grapefruit, oranges

Dinner – Meat (mince or sausages) (vegetarian options - fishfingers, eggs or baked beans), Potatoes or Rice and Vegetables, NasiCampur, Fried rice.

Drinks – Water, Tea, Coffee, Milo, and Fruit for Juice are availablefor you to help yourself

Snacks and other drinks – you are welcome to bring your own

Arrivals and departures

We are flexible about pick up and drop off times for workingparents, however it would be best to arrive no later than 9.30am andthe latest pickup by 9.00pm.

For overnight stays we prefer an evening drop off and a pick up thefollowing evening about the same time.



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What to bring

The following is a guideline – please check the weather forecast forguidance

Gumboots and/or old trainers Raincoat / leggings Warm jersey and beanie Peaked cap and sunscreen Layered, old outdoor clothes – jeans, tracksuit pants, shorts, t-shirt,

skivvy, jersey, socks At least one full change of clothes Personal medication Plastic bag for wet or muddy clothes Personal water bottle or container Optional – bike of any kind A sense of humor and adventure

Overnighters

Small torch Snacks Toiletries Warm pajamas, dressing gown, slippers or sandals

What to leave at home

Good clothes and shoes that need to stay clean and dry! Werecommend that you leave all valuables, including electronic devices athome.

We prefer people not to lose expensive sunglasses, cell phone,camera, mp3 player, and iPod or car keys somewhere on our 15Hectare farm!

Supervisor

The meals and overnight supervisor is…... who is an active andvibrant young woman with experience as a ……………... ……….is assistedby a schoolgirl -……. who has been helping out in the holidays andweekends for over a year.



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Housekeeping

The accommodation is a self contained farmhouse which containsfour rooms with bunks, a communal lounge, and well equippedkitchen, bathroom and laundry facilities.

To create a family camping atmosphere, children and adults will beexpected to participate in meal preparation and clean-up, make theirown bed, and to clean up after themselves just as they would at home.

The ingredients for meals will be provided but guests are welcometo bring any special food or snacks of their own.

A phone and Internet (Hot Spot) is freely available for local calls –any time.

Health & Safety

Unaccompanied children will need to be able to attend to their ownhygiene and routine medical needs and have care for their safety andthe safety of others.

Schools

Horse trekking and canoeingare an outdoor educationexperience suitable for allintermediate and secondarychildren as there is no particularlevel of fitness or ability required.It is especially appreciated by“town” children who often haveno opportunity to experienceclose contact with horses.

Treks are an opportunity totravel across working farmland

where it is usual to see a range of animals and birds on every trek.The alert child may see goats, hares, rabbits, peacocks, ducks,turkeys, and of course cows and buffalos. Children are treated to aview coloring of the Flower, Fruit and Vegetable from high hill country



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and pass through areas of bush including a range of native trees, HotSpring Water of Toyabungkah and the ancient village of Trunyan.

Volunteers

If you are horse mad and just want to help out regularly inexchange for a bit of riding please E-mail relevant details. We are

looking for people who meet therequirements below so include thisinfo in your E-mail.

Requirements:Age: Must be over 16Contactable: Landline and cell phoneDrivers License and own transportnecessaryCurrent First Aid CertificateConfident rider - trot, canter, open andclose gates, mount and dismount in apaddock, manage own horse and leadanother, able to give basic ridinginstructionsPeople person - friendly, helpful,outgoing and safety consciousPhysically fit - able to saddle up to

10 horses with stock saddles, help people mount, dismount, adjust stirrups,tighten girths etc

Horse Tamers

From time to time we break in some new horses and ride them outuntil they are ready for trekking.

If you are a superbly confident rider interested in volunteeringto ride green horses please E-mail your details and availability.

Requirements:Age: Must be over 18Contactable: Landline or cell phoneDrivers License and own transport necessaryCurrent First Aid Certificate



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Available at the times that we are working the horses (this varies)Previous experience training green horses is useful and you will be awarethat breaking in horses has inherent dangers

HORSE TRAIL TRACKING

B3.EquestrianA young rider at a horse show in

Australia

Equestrianism (From Latinequester, equestr-, horseman, horse)refers to the skill of riding or drivinghorses. This broad descriptionincludes both use of horses forpractical, working purposes as well asrecreational activities and competitivesports.

Overview of equestrian activities

Young rider, horse riding is an essentialmeans of transportation in parts of the worldwhere the landscape does not permit othertransportation means



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Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes suchas in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. They arealso used in competitive sports including, but not limited to, dressage,endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging,vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo. (See additionalequestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples.)

Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horseshows, where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses(and other equips such as mules and donkeys) are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding orhacking. There is public access to horse trails in almost every part ofthe world; many parks, ranches, and public stables offer both guidedand independent riding. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes,both in specialized par equestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotionaldevelopment.

Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows and inother types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony, oftenpulling carriages. In some parts of the world, they are still used forpractical purposes such as farming.

Horses continue to be used in public service: in traditionalceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols,and for mounted search and rescue.

History of horse useMain articles: Domestication of the horse and Horses in warfareSee also: Horses in the Middle Ages

Though there is controversy over the exact date horses weredomesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate isthat horses first were ridden approximately 4,500 BC. Indirectevidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they weredriven. There is some evidence that about 6,000 years ago, near theDneiper River and the Don River, people were using bits on horses, asa stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with usinga bit. However, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence ofequines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burialsabout 2,500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses usedas working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed bythe use of war horses as light and heavy cavalry. The horse played animportant role throughout human history all over the world, both in



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warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade andagriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end ofthe Ice Age. Horses were brought back to North America by Europeanexplorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493.

B4. Driving (Horse)

Driving, when appliedto horses, ponies, mules, or donkeys, isa broad term for hitching equines toawagon, carriage, cart, sleigh, orother horse-drawn vehicle by means ofa harness and working them in this way.It encompasses a wide range of

activities from pleasure driving, to harness racing, to farm work,horse, and even International combined driving competition sanctionedby the FEI. The term in harness often is used to describe a horse beingdriven.

Styles

For horse training purposes,"driving" may also include thepractice of long-lining (long reining),wherein a horse is driven without acart by a handler walking behind orbehind and to the side of the animal.This technique is used in the earlystages of training horses for ridingas well as for driving.

Horses, mules and donkeys are driven in harness in many differentways. For working purposes, they can pull a plow orother farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many partsof the world they still pull carts, wagons, horse-drawn boats or logs for



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basic hauling and transportation. They may draw carriages atceremonies, such as when the British monarch is Trooping the Colour,as well as in parades or for tourist rides. Horses can race in harness,pulling a very lightweight one-person cart known as a sulky. At theother end of the spectrum, some draft horses compete in horsepulling competitions, where single or teams of horses and their driversvie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance.

In horse show competition, the followinggeneral categories of competition are seen:Combined driving, an internationally-recognized FEI competition where horsescompete in one, two, and four-horse teams,pulling appropriately designed light carriagesor carts. They are expected to perform anarena-based "dressage" class where precisionand control are emphasized, a cross-country"marathon" section that emphasizes fitnessand endurance, and a "stadium" or "cones"obstacle course.

Draft horse showing: Most draft horse performance competitionis done in harness. Draft horses compete in both single and multiplehitches, judged on manners and performance.

Carriage driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeledcarriages, often restored antiques, pulled by a single horse, atandem or four-in-hand team. Pleasure competitions are judged onthe turnout/neatness or suitability of horse and carriage.

Pleasure driving, sometimes called Carriage driving in somenations: Horses and ponies are usually hitched to a light, two-wheeled cart (four-wheeled fine harness carts are also seen,particularly at the highest levels of competition), and shown at awalk and two speeds of trot, with an emphasis on manners. Nearlyany breed of horse can be trained for pleasure driving.

Fine harness: Also called formal driving. Horses are hitched to alight four-wheeled cart and shown in a manner that emphasizes



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flashy action and dramatic performance. Refined pony breeds andcertain light saddle horse breeds noted for their action are mostoften seen in fine harness. Most fine harness competition requireshorses to perform a bit of a walk, and two types of a high-action"park" trot, a slow trot with more controlled but elegant action, anda faster, flashier trot where the horse exhibits the most animationpossible, often announced by the command "show your horses" (or"show your ponies" in the case of pony shows).

Roadster: A horse show competition, usually for ponies, (a fewlight horse breeds also offer roadster classes), where exhibitorswear racing silks and ride in a sulky in a style akin to harnessracing, only without actually racing, but rather focusing on mannersand performance. Roadsters are shown at two types of trot, knownas road gait and at speed.



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C. Yoga Villages / Healing Park.

Summaryأُم:العربیة

Hindu: AumOmh / Aum, a symbol of Hindu faith, is one of the most sacred

symbols in Hinduism. The symbol comes from Devnagiri, a scriptbased on Sanskrit, from which many Indian and other languages haveemerged.

Om is the universal nameof the Lord. It is made up ofthe letters A (phonetically asin "around"), U (phoneticallyas in "put")and M (phonetically as in"mum"). The sound emergingfrom the vocal cords startsfrom the base of the throatas "A." With the comingtogether of the lips, "U" isformed and when the lips areclosed, all sounds end in "M."

The three letters symbolize the three states (waking, dreaming, anddeep sleep), the three deities (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva), the threeVedas (Rig, Yajur, and Sama), and the three worlds (Bhur, Bhuvah,Suvah).

Om is also called "pranava", which means, "that [symbol or sound]by which the Lord is praised."



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Yoga (Sanskrit, Pāli: yóga)refers to traditional physical andmental disciplines originating inIndia. The word is associated withmeditative practices in Hinduism,Buddhism and Jainism.InHinduism, it also refers to one ofthe six orthodox (āstika) schoolsof Hindu philosophy, and to thegoal toward which that schooldirects its practices.In Jainism itrefers to the sum total of allactivities—mental, verbal andphysical.

Major branches of yoga inHindu philosophy include RajaYoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga,Bhakti Yoga, and Hatha Yoga.RajaYoga, compiled in the Yoga Sutras

of Patanjali, and known simply as yoga in the context of Hinduphilosophy, is part of the Samkhya tradition. Many other Hindu textsdiscuss aspects of yoga, including Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, theHatha Yoga Pradipika, the Shiva Samhita and various Tantras.

The Sanskrit word yoga has many meanings, and is derived fromthe Sanskrit root "yuj," meaning "to control," "to yoke" or "to unite.”Translations include "joining," "uniting," "union," "conjunction," and"means." An alternate root from which the word yoga may be derivedis "yujir samadhau", which means "contemplation" or "absorption."This translation fits better with the dualistic Raja Yoga because itthrough contemplation that discrimination between prakrti (nature)and purusha (pure consciousness) occurs. Outside India, the termyoga is typically associated with Hatha Yoga and its asanas (postures)or as a form of exercise. Someone who practices yoga or follows theyoga philosophy is called a yogi or yogini.

History of yoga

The Vedic Samhitas contain references to ascetics, while asceticpractices (tapas) are referenced in the Brāhmaṇas (900 to 500 BCE),



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early commentaries on the Vedas. Several seals discovered at IndusValley Civilization (c. 3300–1700 B.C.E.) sites in Pakistan depictfigures in positions resembling a common yoga or meditation pose,showing "a form of ritual discipline, suggesting a precursor of yoga",according to archaeologist Gregory Possehl. Some type of connectionbetween the Indus Valley seals and later yoga and meditationpractices is speculated upon by many scholars, though there is noconclusive evidence.

Techniques for experiencing higher states of consciousness inmeditation were developed by the shramanic traditions and in theUpanishadic tradition.

While there is no clear evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist earlyBrahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated inthe Brahminic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadiccosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachersof the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentionsless likely possibilities as well.[23] Having argued that the cosmologicalstatements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, heargues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplativetradition, even as early as the late Rg Vedic period.

The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest texts describingmeditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and stateswhich had existed before the Buddha as well as those which were firstdeveloped within Buddhism. In Hindu literature, the term "yoga" firstoccurs in the Katha Upanishad, where it refers to control of the sensesand the cessation of mental activity leading to a supreme state.Important textual sources for the evolving concept of Yoga are themiddle Upanishads, (ca. 400 BCE), the Mahabharata including theBhagavad Gita (ca. 200 BCE), and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (150BCE).



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D. FLOWER GARDENCOMMUNITIES (DESA PAKRAMAN) PROGRAMMED IN ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

FLOWER GARDEN

FOR SOCIO ECONOMIC

GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENT



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THE BEST VIEW TO THE VALLEY AS FLOWER GARDEN WITH MOSTCOLOURS FROM THE MAIN ROAD OF KINTAMANI

A flower garden is a general term for any garden where flowers aregrown for decorative purposes. Because flowers bloom at varying times ofthe year, and some plants are annual, dying each winter, the design of flowergardens can take into consideration to maintain a sequence of bloom andeven of consistent color combinations, through varying seasons.

Flowercolor is animportantfeature of boththeherbaceousborder and themixed borderthat includesshrubs as wellas herbaceousplants, and ofbedding-outschemeslimited tocolorfulannuals.Flowergardens aresometimestied in functionto other kinds of gardens, like knot gardens or herb gardens, many herbsalso having decorative function, and some decorative flowers being edible.

One simpler alternative to the designed flower garden is the "wildflower"seed mix, with assortments of seeds which will create a bed that containsflowers of various blooming seasons, so that some portion of them shouldalways be in bloom. The best mixtures even include combinations ofperennial and biennials, which may not bloom until the following year, andalso annuals that are "self-seeding", so they will return, creating apermanent flowerbed.

Another, even more recent trend is the "flower garden in a box", wherethe entire design of a flower garden is pre-packaged, with separate packetsof each kind of flower, and a careful layout to be followed to create theproposed pattern of color in the garden-to-be.



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History

Many, if not most, plants considered decorative flowers originated asweeds, which if attractive enough would sometimes be tolerated by farmersbecause of their appeal. This led to an artificial selection process, producingever-prettier (to humans) flowers. This is thought to have occurred for theentire history of agriculture, perhaps even slightly earlier, when peopletended to favor naturally occurring food-gathering spots. This may alsoexplain why many flowers function as companion plants to more usefulagricultural plants; they had evolved that symbiotic relationship with the foodplants before either was domesticated, and therefore was found in the samearea, convenient to be selected as an attractive plant.

Once domesticated, though, most flowers weregrown either separately or as part of gardens havingsome other primary function. In the West, the idea ofgardens dedicated to flowers did not become commonuntil the 19th century, though in fact many moderngardens are indeed flower gardens.

Flower gardens can enhance almost any home or business. Photoby Christa Hanson, provided courtesy of Park Seed Company

Flower gardens are, indeed, a key factor in modern landscape design andeven architecture, especially for large businesses, some of which pay to havelarge flower gardens torn out and replaced entirely each season, in order tokeep the color patterns consistent.

Cutting garden

A functional garden used to grow flowers for indoor use rather thanoutdoor display is known as a cutting garden. It is usually only a feature oflarge residences.

The cutting garden is typically placed in a fertile and sunlight position out of publicview and is not artistically arranged, as it contains flowers for cutting. The cutting gardenmay comprise a herb garden and ornamental vegetables as well.



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E. Fruit Plantation.

TheMedicicitruscollectionbyBartholomew Bimbi,1715

Fruitbasket painted by Balthazar van der Ast

The term fruit has differentmeanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in foodpreparation and biology. Fruits are the means by which flowering plantsdisseminate seeds, and the presence of seeds indicates that a structure ismost likely a fruit, though not all seeds come from fruits.

No single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found amongplant fruits. The term "false fruit" (pseudo carp, accessory fruit) is sometimesapplied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a

plant structure that resemblesa fruit but is not derived froma flower or flowers. Somegymnosperms, such as yew,have fleshy arils thatresemble fruits and somejunipers have berry-like,fleshy cones. The term "fruit"has also been inaccuratelyapplied to the seed-containingfemale cones of manyconifers.

Fruit and vegetable output in 2004



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Botanic fruit and culinary fruitAn Euler diagram showing

the overlaps between "fruits"and "vegetables" in theinformal (culinary) sense, and"fruits" in the botanical sense

Many true fruits, in abotanical sense, are treated asvegetables in cooking and foodpreparation because they arenot sweet. These culinaryvegetables include cucurbits(e.g., squash, pumpkin, andcucumber), tomatoes, peas,

beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper; some spices, such as allspice andchilies, are botanical fruits. Occasionally, a culinary "fruit" is not a true fruitin the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit,because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies, though only thepetiole of the rhubarb plant is edible. In the culinary sense, a fruit is usuallyany sweet tasting plant product associated with seed(s), a vegetable is anysavoury or less sweet plant product, and a nut is any hard, oily, and shelledplant product.

Technically, a cereal grain is a fruit termed a caryopsis. However, the fruitwall is very thin and fused to the seed coat so almost all of the edible grain isactually a seed. Therefore, cereal grains, such as corn, wheat and rice arebetter considered edible seeds, although some references list them as fruits.Edible gymnosperm seeds are often misleadingly given fruit names, e.g.,pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and juniper berries.

Simple fruitEpigenous berries are simple fleshy fruit.

From top right: cranberries, lingo berries,blueberries red huckleberries

Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy,and result from the ripening of a simple orcompound ovary with only one pistil. Dryfruits may be either dehiscent (opening todischarge seeds), or indehiscent (notopening to discharge seeds).



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Types of dry, simple fruits, with examples of each, are:

achene – (dandelion seeds, strawberry seeds) capsule – (Brazil nut) caryopsis – (wheat) fibrous drupe – (coconut, walnut) follicle – is formed from a single pistil, and opens by one suture. One

or more may form from the same flower. (milkweed, magnolia) legume – (pea, bean, peanut) loment nut – (hazelnut, beech, oak acorn) samara – (elm, ash, maple key) schizocarp – (carrot seed) silique – (radish seed) silicle – (shepherd's purse) utricle – (beet)

Lilium unripe capsule fruit

Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp(fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simplefleshy fruits.

Types of fleshy, simple fruits (withexamples) are:

berry – (redcurrant, gooseberry,tomato, avocado)

stone fruit or drupe (plum, cherry,peach, apricot, olive)

false berry – Epigenous accessoryfruits (banana, cranberry, strawberry(edible part).)

Dewberry flowers. Note the multiple pistils, each ofwhich will produce a drupelets. Each flower will become ablackberry-like aggregate fruit.

A syncarpous fruit, or etaerio, develops from a single flowerwith numerous simple pistils.

Magnolia and Peony, collection of folliclesdeveloping from one flower.

Tulip tree, collection of samaras. Sweet gum, collection of capsules.



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Sycamore and teasel, collection of achenes.

The pome fruits of the family Rosaceae, including of (apples, pears,rosehips, and Saskatoon berry) are a syncarpous fleshy fruit developing froman inferior ovary.

Schizocarp fruits form from a syncarpous ovary and do not really dehisc,but split into segments with one or more seeds, they include a number ofdifferent forms from a wide range of families including:

cremocarp – which is a dry syncarpous fruit with two one-seededcarpels that separate into mericarps when ripe; they are the mostcommon fruit type of the carrot family Apiaceae and a few genra inAraliaceae.

Carcerulus – form from a superior, bicarpellary ovary, they split intofour, one-seeded segments which are called nutlets.

Double samara – are fruits with a two or four chambered ovary and awinged pericarp. The fruit splits into one-seeded segments with wings,common to the maple family Acer.

Regma

Aggregate fruitDetail of raspberry flower

Aggregate fruits form from singleflowers that have multiple carpels whichare not joined together. Each carpelforms a fruit let, and collectively thefruit lets are called an etaerio.

Four types of aggregate fruitsinclude etaerios of achenes, follicles,drupes, and berries. Ranunculaceae

species, including Clematis and Ranunculus have an etaerio of achenes,Calotropis has an etaerio of follicles, and Rubus species like raspberry, havean etaerio of drupes. Annona have Etaerio of berries.

The raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each islike a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such asblackberry) the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making theblackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.[18] The strawberry is also anaggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained inachenes. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower withnumerous pistils.



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Multiple fruits

A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called aninflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a singlemass. Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, Osage-orange, and

breadfruit.

In some plants, such asthis noni, flowers areproduced regularly alongthe stem and it is possibleto see together examplesof flowering, fruitdevelopment, and fruitripening.

In the photograph onthe right, stages offlowering and fruitdevelopment in the noni or

Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. Firstan inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization,each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they becomeconnate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.

Fruit chart

To summarize common types of fruit (examples follow in the tablebelow):

Berry – simple fruit and seeds created from a single ovaryo Pepo – Berries where the skin is hardened, like cucurbitso Hesperidium – Berries with a rind, like most citrus fruit

Epigynous berries(false berries) – Epigynous fruit made from a part ofthe plant other than a single ovary

Compound fruit, which includes:o Aggregate fruit – multiple fruits with seeds from different

ovaries of a single flowero Multiple fruit – fruits of separate flowers, packed closely

together Other accessory fruit – where the edible part is not generated by the

ovary



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Types of fruit

True berry Pepo Hesperidium

False berry(Epigynous)

Aggregatefruit

Multiplefruit

Otheraccessoryfruit

Blackcurrant,Redcurrant,Gooseberry,Tomato,Eggplant,Guava,Lucuma, Chilipepper,Pomegranate, Kiwifruit,Grape,

Pumpkin,Gourd,Cucumber,Melon

Orange, Lemon,Lime,Grapefruit

Banana,Cranberry,Blueberry

Blackberry,Raspberry,Boysenberry,Hedgeapple

Pineapple, Fig,Mulberry

Apple,Apricot,Peach,Cherry,Greenbean,Sunflowerseed,Strawberry, plum,pear

Seedless fruitsAn arrangement of fruits commonly

thought of as vegetables, includingtomatoes and various squash

Seedless ness is an important feature ofsome fruits of commerce. Commercialcultivars of bananas and pineapples areexamples of seedless fruits. Some cultivarsof citrus fruits (especially navel oranges),satsumas, mandarin oranges, table grapes,

grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedless ness. In somespecies, seedless ness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set withoutfertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination butmost seedless citrus fruits require stimulus from pollination to produce fruit.

Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids, and seedless ness results fromthe abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, aphenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollinationand fertilization.

Seed dissemination

Variations in fruit structures largely depend on the mode of dispersal ofthe seeds they contain. This dispersal can be achieved by animals, wind,water, or explosive dehiscence.



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Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either toprevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs,feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Examples includecocklebur and unicorn plant.

The sweet flesh of many fruits is "deliberately" appealing to animals, sothat the seeds held within are eaten and "unwittingly" carried away anddeposited at a distance from the parent. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernelsof nuts are appealing to rodents (such as squirrels) who hoard them in thesoil in order to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds thatremain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant awayfrom their parent.

Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin,like wings or helicopter blades, e.g. maple, tulip tree and elm. This is anevolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parentvia wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny parachutes, e.g. dandelion andsalsify.

Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds.Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine.

Some fruits fling seeds substantial distances (up to 100 m in sandboxtree) via explosive dehiscence or other mechanisms, e.g. impatiens andsquirting cucumber.

UsesFruit bowl

containingpomegranate,pears, apples,bananas, anorange and aguava (Right)

Nectarinesare one of manyfruits that can beeasily stewed(Left)

Manyhundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple, peach, pear, kiwifruit,watermelon and mango are commercially valuable as human food, eatenboth fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also inmanufactured foods like cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, andmany more. Many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juices(orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, etc) or alcoholic beverages, such aswine or brandy. Apples are often used to make vinegar. Fruits are also used



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for gift giving; Fruit Basket and Fruit Bouquet are some common forms offruit gifts.

Many vegetables are botanical fruits, including tomato, bell pepper,eggplant, okra, squash, pumpkin, green bean, cucumber and zucchini. Olivefruit is pressed for olive oil. Spices like vanilla, paprika, allspice and blackpepper are derived from berries.

Nutritional value

Fruits are generally high in fiber, water and vitamin C. Fruits also containvarious phytochemicals that do not yet have an RDA/RDI listing under mostnutritional factsheets, and which research indicates are required for properlong-term cellular health and disease prevention. Regular consumption offruit is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease,stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declinesassociated with aging.

Nonfood uses

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, differentcultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they donot depend on as being edible. Many dry fruits are used as decorations or indried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annualhonesty and milkweed. Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated fortheir colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia,beautyberry and cotoneaster.[31]

Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium which contains the drugsmorphine and codeine, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabainefrom which the drug oxycodone is synthysized. Osage orange fruits are usedto repel cockroaches. Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to makecandles. Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g. walnut, sumac, cherry andmulberry. Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses,musical instruments, cups and dishes. Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween. The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were theinspiration for the invention of Velcro.

Coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes,mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium forcontainer plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenirheads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.

Fruit is often used as a subject of still life paintings.



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Safety

For food safety, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) -USA - recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the riskof food contamination and foodborne illness. Fresh fruits and vegetablesshould carefully be selected. At the store, they should not be damaged orbruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice. Allfruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendationalso applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should bedone just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage. Fruits andvegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, andseafood, as well as utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruitsand vegetables, if they are not going to be cooked, should be thrown away ifthey have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood or eggs. All cut, peeled, orcooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After acertain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk offoodborne illness.

Storage

Maintaining fruits in an efficient cold chain is optimal for post harveststorage. The aim is to extend and ensure shelf life. All fruits benefit fromproper post harvest care.



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F. Vegetable Plantation Garden

Farmers' market showing vegetables for sale in Lhasa, Tibet, China

Fruit and vegetable output in 2004

A vegetable is an edible plant or part of a plant. However, the word isnot scientific, and its meaning is largely based on culinary and culturaltradition. Therefore the application of the word is somewhat arbitrary andsubjective. For example, some people consider mushrooms to be vegetables,while others consider them a separate food category. Some vegetables canbe consumed raw, and some may (or must) be cooked in various ways.



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Fruit or Vegetable?

An Euler diagram showing the overlaps between "fruits" and "vegetables" in the informal(culinary) sense, and "fruits" in the botanical sense.

In everyday (non-technical) language, the words "fruit" and "vegetable"are mutually exclusive: plant products that are called fruits are hardly everclassified as vegetables, and vice versa. However, for scientists the word"fruit" also has a precise botanical meaning, which is considerably differentfrom its common meaning. While peaches, plums, and oranges are "fruits" inboth senses, many items commonly called "vegetables" — such as eggplants,bell peppers, and tomatoes — are technically fruits, as are also most cereals,as well as some spices like pepper and chilies.

The question of whether the tomato is a fruit or a vegetable found its wayinto the United States Supreme Court in 1893. The court ruled unanimouslyin Nix v. Hedden that a tomato is correctly identified as, and thus taxed as, avegetable, for the purposes of the 1883 Tariff Act on imported produce. Thecourt did acknowledge, however, that, botanically speaking, a tomato is afruit.[5]

Languages other than English often have categories that can be identifiedwith the common English meanings of "fruit" and "vegetable", but theirprecise meaning often depends on local culinary traditions.



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Some vegetables defined as different parts ofplants

The list of food items called "vegetable" is quite long, and includes manydifferent parts of plants:

A Celery leaf.

Flower bud: broccoli, cauliflower, globe artichokes Seeds: Sweet corn (maize), peas, beans Leaves: kale, collard greens, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens,

endive, lettuce

A tomato.

Leaf sheaths: leeks Buds: Brussels sprouts , capers Stems of leaves: celery, rhubarb (sometimes loosely called a "fruit",

because sweet pies are made from it) Stem of a plant when it is still a young shoot: asparagus, bamboo

shoots, and ginger Underground stem of a plant, also known as a tuber: potatoes,

Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes, and yams Whole immature plants (sprouts): soybean (moyashi), mung beans,

urad, and alfalfa.



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Roots: carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes, turnips, and burdocks. Bulbs: onions, shallots Fruits in the botanical sense, but used as vegetables: tomatoes,

cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, capsicums (bell peppers and hotpeppers), eggplant, tomatillos, christophene, okra, breadfruit andavocado, and also the following:o Legumes: green beans, snap peas, soybean

Etymology

Vegetables in market.

"Vegetable" comes from the Latin vegetabilis (animated) and fromvegetare (enliven), which is derived from vegetus (active), in reference tothe process of a plant growing. This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European base *weg- or *wog-, which is also the source of the English wake,meaning "become (or stay) alert".

The word "vegetable" was first recorded in English in the 15th century,[6]

but applied to any plant. The word is still used in science with that meaning(e.g., vegetable matter, vegetable kingdom). The meaning of "vegetable" as"plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century.

Nutrition

South Asian style stir fry ipomoea aquatica in chili and sambal



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Indian Vegetable Salad containing Lemon, Tomato, Radish, Beetroot,Cucumber and Green Chilies

Vegetables (and some fruit) for sale on a street in Guntur, India

Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways, as part of main meals and assnacks. The nutritional content of vegetables varies considerably, thoughgenerally they contain little protein or fat,[9][10] and varying proportions ofvitamins, provitamins, dietary minerals, fiber and carbohydrates. Vegetablescontain a great variety of other phytochemicals, some of which have beenclaimed to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral andanticarcinogenic properties.

However, vegetables often also contain toxins and antinutrients such asα-solanine, α-chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (of cholinesterase, protease,amylase, etc.), cyanide and cyanide precursors, oxalic acid, and more.Depending on the concentration, such compounds may reduce the edibility,nutritional value, and health benefits of dietary vegetables. Cooking and/orother processing may be necessary to eliminate or reduce them.

Color pigments

The green color of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the greenpigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is affected by pH and changes to olive greenin acid conditions, and bright green in alkaline conditions. Some of the acidsare released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.



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The yellow/orange colors of fruits and vegetables are due to the presenceof carotenoids, which are also affected by normal cooking processes orchanges in pH.

The red/blue coloring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g. blackberries andred cabbage) are due to anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes in pH.When pH is neutral, the pigments are purple, when acidic, red, and whenalkaline, blue. These pigments are very water soluble.

Safety

Pulse seeds.

For food safety, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) -USA - recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the riskof food contamination and foodborne illness. Fresh fruits and vegetablesshould be carefully selected. At the store, they should not be damaged orbruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice. Allfruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendationalso applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should bedone just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage. Fruits andvegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, andseafood, as well as any cooking utensils or surfaces that may have come intocontact with them (e.g. cutting boards). Fruits and vegetables, if they are notgoing to be cooked, should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat,poultry, seafood or eggs. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetablesshould be refrigerated within 2 hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteriamay grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.

Storage

Proper Post Harvest Storage aimed at extending and ensuring shelf life isbest effected by efficient cold chain application. All vegetables benefit fromproper post harvest care



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Many root and non-root vegetables that grow underground can be storedthrough winter in a root cellar or other similarly cool, dark and dry place toprevent mold, greening and sprouting. Care should be taken inunderstanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to bestored. These vegetables can last through to early spring and be nearly asnutritious as when fresh.

During storage, leafy vegetables lose moisture, and the vitamin C in themdegrades rapidly. They should be stored for as short a time as possible in acool place, in a container or plastic bag.

Standards

There are a series of ISO standards regarding fruits and vegetables.

F1. Vegetables from SeedGrowing great vegetables from seed

How to harvest seeds from vegetables you grow

Although many very experienced gardeners save seeds from their flowers,saving seeds from vegetables can be a bit more complicated. Unfortunately,it is not a good idea to save seeds from all of the vegetables you grow. Howthen do you decide when NOT to save seeds?

Some vegetables for which seeds and plants are sold are hybridized. Thetheory behind hybridization is that by creating a hybrid, it is possible forbotanical geneticists to take the best qualities of one variety of a vegetableand combine that with the best qualities of another variety of the samevegetable.

Why is this done? Quite simply, hybridization makes it possible to improveon nature by making certain vegetables more disease resistant.

If hybridization improves the disease resistance of a particular plant orvegetable, then why not save the seeds? Quite simply, it isn't possible toensure that the seeds harvested from a hybrid plant will be pure. There'salways the possibility of cross pollination. There is also the fact that someplants are particularly predisposed to certain problems.



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By trying to grow seeds from a hybrid variety of a vegetable, it isdistinctly possible that you will be reinforcing the diseases or problems thatthe hybridization was trying to prevent. Most good nurseries will indicate onthe plant labels when the plants are hybrid varieties. The most diseaseresistant tomato varieties are typically hybrid varieties.

Some varieties of lettuce may be hybrids. A dwarf variety of Cos Romainelettuce is likely a hybrid because Romaine originated on the Island of Cos inthe Mediterranean Sea. It wasn't a small variety of lettuce, but rather onethat grew in compact heads that typically grow upwards rather than outward.

Lettuce isn't prone to diseases the way tomatoes are. Any vegetable thatis prone to diseases - whether bacterial, fungal or viral is one for which I'd bereluctant to save seeds. Unless you have a set up whereby you can separateyour crops and keep a sufficient distance to make any possibility of crosspollination impossible, you can never be certain that you haven't unwittinglyproduced a hybrid on your own.

What are the best vegetables from which to harvest seeds? Any type ofheirloom vegetable will always be pure. Heirloom vegetables are bred toperpetuate the original variety. When seeds are planted so that new seedscan be harvested from the newest crop, they are planted in a manner thatwill prevent any possibility of cross pollination.

Any seed manufacturer

F2. Vegetable Seed Planting TipsPlanting Vegetables from Seed and Seedling

You can plant vegetable seeds indoors or outdoors. If you plant seedsindoors, you transplant them into your gardenlater. With direct seeding, you skip the indoorstep and sow the seeds directly in your garden. Ifyou're serious about growing vegetables, you'llprobably end up using both options. Considerthese points when making your choice:

You get a jump on the growing seasonwhen you sow seeds indoors. This process iscalled seed starting (or starting, for short). If



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you start at the right time, you can have vigorous seedlings ready to gointo the ground at the ideal time. In areas with short growing seasons,starting seedlings indoors really gives you a head start.

The best candidates for an early start are plants that tolerate rootdisturbance and benefit from a jump on the season, including broccoli,Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, eggplant, leeks, onions,parsley, peppers, and tomatoes.

Seeds are easier to start indoors than outdoors. You can more easilyprovide the perfect conditions for hard-to-germinate or very small seeds,including the ideal temperature, moisture, and fertility.

Some vegetables don't like to be transplanted. These vegetablesinclude many of the root crops, such as carrots, beets, turnips, andparsnips. They're cold-hardy vegetables, so you can direct seed thempretty early anyway. Crops like corn, beans, and peas are also prettyfinicky about transplanting and grow better when you direct-seed.

F3. Transplanting seedlings into the groundHarden off vegetable seedlings that have been grown indoors or

purchased from a greenhouse before exposing them to the elements.Hardening off is a way of increasing your plant's stamina before planting —similar to slowly acquiring a base tan before taking that outdoor, tropicalvacation. Plants that have been growing outside at the nursery can go rightinto the ground, but greenhouse-grown plants are lush and soft and havenever known a single day of sunshine in their lifetimes. You have to introducethem slowly to the harsh, real world.

To harden-off seedlings, leave the plants in their containers and put themin a shaded area with some indirect light for a few days. A north-facing,covered porch is ideal. Whenever a freeze is predicted, bring the plants insideovernight. If these are shade plants, you can leave them in this protectedsite for a few more days and then put them in the garden. For sunny-spotplants, give them a few days in the shaded area and then place the plants ina sunny location for an hour one day. Give them a couple of hours of sun thenext day, and so on, increasing their exposure each day. At the end of aweek, the plants are thoroughly accustomed to sunlight and wind and areready to go into their new home.

Don't over harden your plants. Certain crops, such as cabbage andbroccoli, can bolt (flower before they're supposed to) quickly if seedlingsover three weeks old are repeatedly exposed to temperatures lower than40°F (4°C) for a couple of weeks.



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Before transplanting your seedlings, you need to prepare your soil andsculpt beds or rows, and your garden must be ready to plant. When settingout plants in biodegradable peat pots, make slits down the sides of the potsor gently tear the sides to enable the roots to push through. Also, tear off thelip (top) of the pot, so that it doesn't stick up above the soil surface and pullmoisture out of the soil. With premade growing blocks encased in netting, cutoff the netting before planting.

Choose a calm, cloudy day to transplant, if possible. Late afternoon is agood time because plants can recover from the shock of transplantingwithout sitting in the midday heat and sun. If you don't get an idealtransplanting day and the weather is hot and sunny, shade the plants untilthe sun goes down. Don't be alarmed if your plants look a little droopy afteryou set them out because they'll soon recover. Cabbage seedlings can droopand look almost dead, for example, and then be up and growing in a day ortwo.

F4. Sowing seeds directly in your gardenUnless you live in an area where summers are really short, you're better

off sowing some types of vegetables directly in a garden. Large-seeded, fast-growing vegetables, such as corn, melons, squash, beans, and peas, usuallylanguish if they're grown in containers for even a day or two too long.

Before direct seeding, make sure that the soil has dried out sufficientlybefore you work it, and be sure that the soil is warm enough for the seedsthat you want to plant. Pea seeds, for example, germinate in soil as cool as40°F (4°C), and you can plant them as soon as you can work the soil inspring. Squash seeds, on the other hand, need warmth. If your soiltemperature is much below 65°F (18°C), the seeds are likely to rot in theground before they sprout. The best way to determine the temperature ofyour soil is to use a soil thermometer, which you can buy at a garden store.

You can plant seeds in a variety of patterns. The method that you choosedepends on your climate, your tools, and your taste:

Row planting: Mark the placement of a row within your garden, andthen make a furrow at the correct depth along the row. Some seeds maynot sprout, so sow seeds more thickly than you want the final spacing ofthe crops to be. Thinning rows is less of a chore if you space seeds asevenly as possible. Cover the seeds with fine soil and then firm them inwith the back of a hoe to make sure that all the seeds are in contact withthe soil. Water gently. If you plan to use furrow irrigation, fill the furrowswith water first and then push the large seeds into the top of raised beds.



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Wide row planting: This method allows you to plant more seeds inless space by concentrating watering, weeding, and fertilizing in a smallerarea. Rows are generally 10 to 16 inches (25 to 41 cm) wide. Sprinkleseeds over the entire row — with most crops, try to land the seeds about1/2 to 1 inch (1 to 2 cm) apart. For peas and beans, space them 1-1/2 to2 inches (4 to 5 cm). Cover small seeds with a thin layer of potting soil.Lightly pat the potting soil down again to bring the added soil into firmcontact with the seeds.

Bed planting: Planting in beds is essentially the same as plantingwide rows.

Hill planting: Plant seeds for veining crops that spread out, such assquash, melons, or cucumbers, in hills or circular groups. Loosen the soilin a 1-foot-diameter (30 cm) area, level the area, and then plant five tosix seeds close together. Thin out all but the two strongest seedlings.

If your soil is heavy, you may want to plant in a raised hill, or mound. Theraised soil warms up more quickly than the surrounding soil and drainsbetter. Just don't let the mound dry out!

Soon after seedlings grow their second set of true leaves, you need tothin them out to avoid overcrowding. (The first set of leaves that a seedlingproduces are called seed leaves or cotyledon, which is followed by the trueleaves.) When you thin plants, either discard the extra seedlings or movethem to another part of your garden.

Newly transplanted seedlings need extra attention until they getestablished. Shade them from the hot sun for a day or two and be sure tokeep them well watered.

F5. Growing Tomatoes from SeedGrowing tomatoes from seed takes time and care, but ultimately it is not

hard and the results are well worth it.

Welcome



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F6. How to grow tomatoes.Welcome to my site! Look around and see what you can learn. Whether you'recompletely new to tomato growing, or you're just looking for more info and advice, Ithink you will find what you need here.

I have created separate pages on this site for different categories of tomato growing.You can start from scratch and plant your own tomato seeds, or you can just pick upa few store-bought tomato plants.

Tomatoes are easy to grow. Provide them withenough water, fertile soil, and sunlight, and you willbe harvesting your own tomatoes that are far betterthan store-bought tomatoes.

Choosing what kind of tomatoes to grow can bedifficult. There are several thousand availabletomato varieties, and you won't find many of themat the nursery. I will show you some popularvarieties that are known for outstanding taste, and

some that are known for huge production. In fact, I have several lists of popularvarieties, grouped by taste, production, type, size, etc.

Seed or seedling?

Before you go choosing your varieties, you should decide whether you want togrow or grow from store-bought plants. Growing from seed allows you to choosefrom many more varieties, as your local nurseries may have only a few differenttomato varieties to choose from. Growing from store-bought plants will limit youroptions, but saves time and money and is much easier.

Growing from seed

while growing your tomatoes from plants youpurchased at the nursery is much easier, growingtomatoes from seed is more rewarding and allowsyou to choose virtually any variety you want.However, it does cost more time and money.

You will need to start seeds indoors several weeksbefore you plant them in the garden. The youngtomato plants will need a good light source(windows generally don't provide enough light fortomatoes to grow well, although it is possible to usethem as a light source). A cheap fluorescent shoplight is the best option for light, and you will also need containers and good pottingsoil. I personally prefer growing from seed.



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F7. Growing from nursery plants (seedlings)

Young plants that haven't matured are called seedlings. If you buy tomato plants atLowe's, Home Depot, your local nursery, etc., you save money and a lot of time.However, you are at the mercy of whatever they have in stock.

Either way you grow them, the bottom line is that you can still grow healthy tomatoplants that produce delicious tomatoes. You will be rewarded for your work when you

start bringing in the harvest of fresh-picked,truly vine-ripened tomatoes that will replacethe nasty supermarket tomatoes.

You choose how you want to grow yourtomatoes. Use the menu on the left side ofthis Web site to navigate the site and learneverything you need to know about growingyour own tomatoes.



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G. Cable car (Sight seeing Facility)

A cable car is any of a variety of transportation systems relying oncables to pull vehicles along or lower them at a steady rate, or a

vehicle on these systems.



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Varieties in which the vehicle is suspended cable from a station tostation.

A cable car is any of a variety of transportation systems relying on cablesto pull vehicles along or lower them at a steady rate, or a vehicle on thesesystems.

Varieties in which the vehicle is suspended from a cable:

An aerial tramway consists of a cabin suspended from a cable, pulledby another cable.

A gondola lift consists of a loop of cable that is strung between two ormore stations, usually over intermediate supporting towers, fromwhich cars are suspended.

A ropeway conveyor is a subtype of gondola lift, from which containersfor goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.

In an aerial lift transport, gondolas or open chairs are hauled abovethe ground by means of a cable.

Varieties in which the vehicle rests on rails or a road:

A system to haul trains along streets, see Cable car (railway) The particular cable car system in operation in San Francisco,

California, see San Francisco cable car system A funicular consists of a pair of railway cars that alternately ascend

and descend an inclined right-of-way, attached to a common cable. A cable railway uses a cable or rope to haul trains.

G1. Media in category "Cable cars"



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G2. Media in category "Cable transport"

G3. Media in category "Cableway signs"



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G4. Media in category "Gondola lifts"



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G5. Media in category "Aerial tramway support pillar"



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Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks

According to national andinternational initiatives, like the“International Declaration of theRights of the Memories of the Earth”(Digne, France 1991), the IGCP, IUGS,ProGeo, Malvern Group, UNESCO’sDivision of Earth Sciences and theCouncil of Europe, an internationalgroup of experts on Geoparksrecommended the establishment of a“Global Network of National GeologicalParks (Geoparks) seeking UNESCO’sassistance” in order to promote the

three goals of conserving a healthy environment, educating in Earth Sciences at large,and fostering sustainable economical local development.

In February 2004 the UNESCO international group of experts assembled in Pariswhere the following items were discussed and decided:

a) the establishment of a Global UNESCO Network of Geoparksb) the acceptance of the Operational Guidelines for application on the global Network.

It was also decided that the existing 17 European Geoparks and 8 new ChineseGeoparks be included in the Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks.

As a result the “First International Conference on Geoparks” was held in Beijing,China from 27 to 29 June 2004, in order to promote the establishment of a worldwidenetwork of national Geoparks with the contributions from the international governmentaland non-governmental community.

In October 2004 during the 5th European Geoparks Meeting held in Petralia Sottana,Madonie Geopark, a new agreement between the Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCOand the European Geoparks Network was officially signed.

According to this agreement:”A European territory wishing to become a member ofthe UNESCO Global Network of Geoparks must submit a full application dossier to theEuropean Geoparks Network, which acts as the integration organization into theUNESCO Network for the European continent.

The Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO recognizes that the European GeoparksNetwork is the reference to follow for the creation of other continental networks ofgeoparks.”



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Madonie Declaration

The foundation of the UNESCO Network of Geoparks

On Friday 13 February 2004 a meeting on geoparks was held in UNESCOHeadquarters in Paris. In the meeting participated members of the ScientificBoard of the IGCP, representatives of the International Geographical Union(IGU) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), andinternational experts on geological heritage conservation and promotion. Thefollowing items have been discussed and decided:

Presentation and establishment of the “Operational Guidelines for NationalGeoparks seeking UNESCO’s assistance” (Global UNESCO Network ofGeoparks)The establishment of a Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks.The foundation of a Coordination Office for the Global UNESCO Network ofGeoparks at the Ministry of Land and Resources in Beijing China.New geoparks are invited to send their application respecting guidelines andcriteria upon to UNESCO’s Division of Earth Sciences, that will forward it to theInternational Advisory Group.If there is a Geopark network on a national level existing, the applicant geoparkhas to be first member of this network.For Europe the already established cooperation agreement betweenUNESCO’s Division of Earth Sciences and the European Geoparks Network,shall serve as the mechanism for integration national Geoparks through thelabel of European Geoparks into the global UNESCO Network.The Division of Earth Sciences is encouraged to confirm or initiate agreementsat a regional (continental) level using the cooperation agreement with the EGNas an example.During a closed meeting of the International Advisory Group of Experts theevaluation of the existing geoparks took place. It was decided to include 17European Geoparks and 8 Chinese Geoparks in the Global UNESCO Networkof Geoparks.



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Members of the Global Network of Geoparks (November 2007)

57 National Geoparks (33 European, 20 Chinese, 1 Brazil, 1 Iran,1 Malaysia, 1Australia) are currently members of the Global Networkof Geoparks assisted by UNESCO.

Network Members:1. Mount Lushan Geopark - PR China2. Geopark Wudalianchi - PR China3. Songshan Geopark - PR China4. Yuntaishan Geopark - PR China5. Danxiashan Geopark - PR China6. Stone Forest Geopark – Shilin Geopark - PR China7. Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark - PR China8. Huangshan Geopark - PR China9. Reserve Géologique de Haute Provence

France http://www.resgeol04.org/10. PetrifiedForest of Lesvos –

Greece http://www.petrifiedforest.gr/11.Vulkan eifel European Geopark – Germanyhttp://www.geopark-vulkaneifel.de/12. Maestrazgo Cultural Park – Spain13. Psiloritis Natural Park – Greece http://www.psiloritis.net.gr/14. Nature park Terra Vita European Geopark – Germany15. Coper Coast – Ireland16. Marble Arch Caves European Geopark– Northern

Ireland, United Kingdom17. Madonie Natural Park –

Italy http://www.parcodellemadonie.it18. Kamptal Geopark – Austria www.krahuletzmuseum.at19. Nature Park Eisenwurzen – Austria http://www.geoline.at/20.European Geopark Bergstrasse–Odenwald -

Germany www.geo-naturpark.de21. North Pennines AONB – United

Kingdom http://www.northpennines.org.uk/22. Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark – United

Kingdom www.worc.ac.uk23. Park Naturel Régional du Luberon – France24. North West Highlands – Scotland, UK25. Geopark Swabian Albs – Germany26. Geopark Harz Braunschweiger Land Ostfalen – Germany27. Mecklenburg Ice age Park - Germany28. Xingwen National geopark– P.R. China29. Hexigten National geopark– P.R. China30. Yandangshan National geopark– P.R. China31. Taining National geopark– P.R. China



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32. Hateg Country Dinosaur Geopark - Rumania33. Parco del Beigua - Italy34. Fforest Fawr Geopark - Wales UK

35. Bohemian Paradise Geopark - Czech Republic

36. Qeshm Island - Iran37. Subeticas Geopark - Spain (July 2006)38. Sobrarbe Geopark - Spain (July 2006)39. Cabo de Gata - Spain (July 2006)40. Naturtejo Geopark - Portugal (July 2006)41. Gea-Norvegica - Norway (July 2006)42. Araripe Geopark – Brazil (September 2006)43.Fangshan Geopark - Hebei Province, P.R.China (September

2006)44. Leiqiong Geopark (Heinan Province, P.R. China (September

2006)45. Funiushan Geopark (Henan Province, P.R. China (September

2006)46. Wangwushan-Daimeishan Geopark an Province, P.R.

China (September 2006)47. Jingpohu Geopark - Heilongjiang province, P.R.

China (September 2006)48. Taishan Geopark - Shandong province, North east, P.R.

China (September 2006)49. Geological, Mining Park of Sardinia – ITALY (April

2007) http://www.parcogeominerario.eu50. Papuk Geopark – CROATIA (April 2007)51. Lochaber Geopark – Scotland UK (April 2007)52. Langkawi Geopark – Malaysia (June 2007)53. English Riviera Geopark - England UK (September 2007)54. Longhushan Geopark - P.R. China (November 2007)55. Zizong Geopark – P.R.China (January 2008)56. Adamello Brenda Geopark – Italy (April 2008)57. Kanawinka Geopark – Australia (June 2008)

International promotion of the European Geopark Network in the1st International Conference on Geoparksorganized by UNESCO in Beijing, 27-29 June 2004

The European Geopark Network with its integration in the GlobalGeoparks Network of UNESCO is recognized henceforth by theinternational community as an organization of great contribution onnatural heritage and sustainable development issues.

In a special festive ceremony that was organized in the frames ofthe 1st International Conference on Geoparks, the Under-secretary ofUNESCO Dr. W. Erdelen and the Minister of Earth and Natural



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Resources of China Sun Wengsheng, delivered in the representativesof the 25 Geoparks a special plaque for their integration in the GlobalGeoparks Network (17 from Europe and 8 from China).

1st International Exhibition on GeoparksAlong with the Conference on Geoparks, a great exhibition wasorganized in which participated with kiosks the 8 Chinese Geoparksand a number of the members of the European Geoparks Network,the 44 National Geological Parks of China as well as more geologicalparks from various countries. The exhibition inaugurated by the ViceMinister of Natural Resources of China Mrs. Shou Jiahua who visitedthe kiosks of EGN with the General Secretary of Natural Sciences ofUNESCO, Dr.W. Erdelen, and were informed for the priceless value ofgeological heritage and for Networks efforts for conservation andpromotion.

2nd International Conference on Geoparksorganized by UNESCO in Belfast, September 2006

The 2nd Global Geoparks Conference was held in Belfast inSeptember 2006. The conference was successful and had a highnumber of participants. The meeting provided delegates with theopportunity to discuss and assimilate new ideas which they could useto develop their own territories. However, aspirations are not fulfilledat conferences. It is essential that we consider the origins of ourEuropean Geoparks Network in order to define how we progress inthe future.

The origin of European Geoparks Network began in 1998.Discussions were initiated between the Reserve Geologique de HauteProvence, Gerolstein and Vulkaneifel G. Martini to explore thepotential for collaboration in an innovative project designed to createa European Geoparks Network. The Greek Lesvos Petrified Forest andthe Spanish Cultural Park of Maestrazgo also participated in thisprocess. This new and exciting concept, namely the creation of aEuropean Geoparks Network, was based on the view that the "in situmemory of landscape which every inhabitant of a region has" can beused to secure the future through the development of "geo andeconomic / tourism". The success of the project is a tribute to thecreativity, patience, strength and enthusiasm of members within agrowing network to work together with a common aim. This is clearlyreflected by the continued growth of the EGN and the EGN and thesuccess of the Belfast conference.

The conference demonstrated the need for communicationbetween politicians, tourist providers, economic consultants andgeoscientists. It was a pleasure to discuss ideas and share practicalexperiences with colleagues from participating geoparks and



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to consider the diverse views expressed on the futuredevelopment of the Geopark concept raised in oral presentation andin workshop discussions. Many of us benefited by discussing, in awider forum, and ideas concerning geological heritage arising fromthe management strategies of Geoparks and of existing WorldHeritage Sites, and from current and proposed collaborationsbetween Geoparks.It became clear from the meeting that we stillhave a long way to go in progressing our common future on planetEarth under the aegis of "geosciences and landscape for the future ofhuman society" to "meet the needs of future generations" both for astable society and for sustainable economic development.

It was a privilege in the "Geoparks Celebration" in Belfast.Landscape and geosciences are not boring, dirty and dead! This wasshown during the celebration in which the UNESCO certificate waspresented to new members of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network.The meetings and discussions between diverse nations who havealready worked together, and new members will lead to futureprogress and to the creation of new projects. They are a cause forcelebration.

The partners within the Network form links within a growing chainin which members contribute to the strength and development of theGeopark concept and, simultaneously, serve the needs of futuregenerations within different area of the world. Each partner is anequally important link within the chain. Let us pull together so thatwe all benefit through our creativity, progress collaborative effortsand above all in our support for each other.

3rd International Conference on Geoparksorganized by UNESCO in Osnabruck, June 2008

The conference in 2008 in Osnabrueck was embedded in the"International Year of Planet Earth 2008" (IYPE), proclaimed by theUnited Nations in December 2005. For this initiative the conferencein Osnabrueck can play a major role in communicating the globalobjectives.

The key themes of the International Year have been decided by apanel of world experts and assembled by the Year's ScienceProgrammed Committee. A selection of these themes, such as "Earthand Health", "Resources issues - towards sustainable use", and "Soil- Earth's living skin", have been explored in workshops and sessionsduring the Osnabrueck conference, while the main focus of the Year,"Outreach - brinking Earth sciences to everyone", was stressing ourmain conference theme "Communication".



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By working in partnership with the largest environmentalfoundation, The Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) and itsCentre for Environmental Communication in conjuction with the twoUniversities of Osnabrueck this conference had a solid financial basisand was guaranteed the broad scientific background for its maintheme "Communicating Earth Heritage".

The experienced Conference and Convention Bureau of the CityMarketing organization in Osnabrueck ensured the professional andefficient organization of the conference, including reservations,booking etc.

Proposal Batur Geopark 10 october 2010

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