Prof. N. T. Kim OanhFacilitator

kimoanh@ait.ac.th

High Level Sub-regional Consultation on Advancing Action on SLCPs in

Southeast and Northeast Asia

19 August 2014, Bangkok, Thailand

Short-lived climate forcers

Short life spans Warming agents: black carbon

(soot particles), methane, tropospheric ozone, and HCFs

Cooling agents: sulfate, nitrate particles, organic carbon (OC)

These are also toxic air pollutants to human health and ecosystem short-lived climate forcing pollutants (SLCPs)

SLCP and GWP (on mass-basis)

Species Life time GWP, 20 years

Additional concern

Emission sources

CO2 ~100 yrs 1 None Combustion

CH4 12 yrs 62 O3 production Agriculture, ruminants, landfill, mining, etc.

Trop. O3 ~days to weeks

- Crop and health effects

Formed in atmosphere (VOC, NOx, CO)

VOC ~days 4.9 O3 production Health effects

Various sources (combustion, evap., etc.)

BC ~days 2000 Health effects Incomplete combustion (diesel, cookstoves, etc.)

HFCs,HCFCs

~years– >200 yrs

500-9000

ODS AC, refrigerators, industry (foam, aluminium)

Source: IPCC (1990, 1995, 1996); Bond et al. (2004)

SLCPs from Agricultural Sector

Emission of SLCP from agricultural activities

Potential co-benefit and opportunities of co-control in agricultural sector in Asia

Kim Oanh, 2013

Emission from agricultural sectorSub-category

coveredRelevant species Remarks Global

(Tg/year)

1. Rice cultivation CH4

CH4 emission from anaerobic process (methanogenic bacteria) 36.5

2. Live-stock managementa. Enteric fermentation CH4

CH4 as by-product of livestock digestive process 99

b. Manure management

CH4 NH3 and

N2O

CH4 from decomposition of manure during storage and application N2O and NH3 from excess N content in manure through the N cycle

CH4: 11.4NH3:16.5N2O: 2.3

3. Soila. Fertilizer/urea application NH3 N-fertilizer application (volatile to air) 22.5b. Direct emission from managed soil

N2O, NOx Increase in available N enhances nitrification/denitrification emission

N2O: 2.6NOx: 4.6

c. Liming application

CO2Due to addition of lime for soil treatment 111

Sub-category covered

Relevant pollutants Remarks Global

(Tg/year)*4. Biomass open burninga. Crop residue open burning

Combustion products:SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, CO2, CH4, N2O

Field burning of crop residue burned after harvest

BC: 0.9OC: 4.25

b. Forest fire (related to agro activities)

Open burning of vegetation biomass and peat soil in forests

BC:2.4OC: 20.75

5. Agriculture machinery (tractors etc.)

Fossil fuel combustion in agricultural machineries NA

* Extracted from EDGAR for 2007

GHG and air pollution from agricultural sector

Other sources: land-use change (forest crop land urban areas)

Kim Oanh, 2013

Agriculture

CH4: control emission from

livestock (anaerobic digestion of

cattle and pig manure) and

aeration of flooded paddy)

BC: ban field burning

Percentage change in anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in 2030 relative to 2005 in scenarios of CH4 , BC and CH4 + BC

measures applications

Agricultural measure

Kim Oanh, 2013

Agro-residue field burning

Deliberate burning of various types of crop residue that occurs on-site (field): Rice straw, Corn, Cassava, Groundnut/soil bean, Cotton/jute, Potato, Sorghum, others

Purpose: for faster crop rotation and to ease the harvesting (e.g. sugarcane)

Increasing trend: burning is projected to increase in the short and medium terms

Kim Oanh, 2014

Large emission from agro-residue field burning Uncontrolled and largely incomplete

combustion: large emission Pollutants: PM with BC & OC and gases

(CO, NOx, VOC, SO2, NH3, etc.), semi-

VOC: pesticides, PAHs, dioxins Climate forcers: CO2, BC, OC, CH4, and

ozone precursors (NOx, HC, CO) Large amount of emission from crop

residue field burning in Asia but is not well quantified

Rice straw field burning in Asia and emission, Gg/y

Pollutants India Philippine

Thailand China Indonesia

RS burned, Tg 13.9 10.2 20.3 24.1 43.5

Portion burned% of total RS

14 95 68 24 84

CO2 16,253 11,850 15,360 18,952 52,614

PM2.5 144 105 108 330

BC & OC 6.5 & 39 22 & 132

CH4 13.4 9.7 125 382

NMHC 44.5 32.5 91 304

CO 386 282 1,210 1,538 7,172

N2O 0.78 0.57 3

NOx 35 25 29.7 43.5 89

PAH 0.21 0.15Sources: Gadde et al. 2009; Kanabkaew and Kim Oanh, 2010; Zhang et al. 2008; Permadi and Kim Oanh, 2012

Kim Oanh, 2014

Kim Oanh, 2013

Policy approaches for field burning emission control

Command and control (CAC): ban/restriction

Market based instruments (MBI) Subsidy on appropriate

technologies/equipment for harvesting and residue collection

Markets for the collected residue: bring in additional income to farmers from selling it

Educative/persuasive: Raising awareness: health effects of burning

smoke, mushroom farming Good practices of sustainable residue

management Community participatory to promote non-

burning

Emission reduction of field burning

Develop and implement non-burning alternatives of residue

Change in harvesting technologies Onsite treatment (incorporate crop

residue) Develop methods for residue collection Burn only when it is dry and good

dispersion Kim Oanh, 2013

NON-BURNING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THAILAND

(by Dares Kittiyopas, UNEP meeting, 2014)

Development of soil preparation:

incorporate crop residue

Utilization of crop residue

Used Microbial Activator Super LDD2 to accelerate

the decomposition of crop residue

Others measures used in Thailand

Produce of the organic fertilizer (organic compost)

Used as animal fodder, or renewable energy Other purpose: soil mulching material in

vegetable production

Educative and regulation (banning)

Source: Dares Kittiyopas (2014)

Agroresidue for biomass briquettes/pellets: clean cooking and less open burning

Briquetting: loose biomass residues (sawdust, straw or rice husk) are converted into high density solid blocks

Biomass briquettes/pellets (very small briquettes) used for cooking and industrial combustion 

Sawdust and other woody residues have lignin good for briquetting

Dry agricultural residues can be used alone but work better when mixed with woody materials.

Thank You!

Facilitator/discussion

An introduction to reducing SLCPs in the agricultural sector (approx. twenty minutes;)

Taking question and answers about experiences with SLCPs in the agricultural sector in Asia (approx. ten minutes);

A facilitated discussion of experiences, lessons, and good practices with participants (approx.. one hour);

A facilitated synthesis over the key findings from the discussion with ideas for the way forward (approx.. thirty minutes); and

Nominating a rapporteur to report findings back to the plenary

Discussion points

1. Specific sources and SLCPs to be priority of control in Asia

2. Experiences with SLCPs in the agricultural sector in Asia

3. Challenges and lessons learned

4. Good practices

1. Suggestions on actions and implementation plans at national and

regional level

2. Suggestions on stakeholder engagement from inception to

implementation

3. Suggestions on cross-linkages with other CCAC initiatives:

Waste management (agricultural wastes)

Household cooking and domestic heating (agroresidue to fuel)

Agroresidue waste management strategies

Financing mitigation of SLCPs (financing for improved agricultural

practices) etc.

Suggestions from the Group!