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Updated: March 31, 2009

Presidential Nominations Bibliography

Maintained by Barbara Norrander University of Arizona

1. Abbott, David W. 1978. “Presidential Nominations: New Expectations, New Rules,

New Ball Game.” In Political Parties, 2nd edition, ed. David W. Abbott and Edward T. Rogowsky. Chicago: Rand McNally.

2. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1987. "Candidate Choice Before the Convention." Political Behavior 9:49-61.

3. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1989. "Viability, Electability, and Candidate Choice in a Presidential Primary Election: A Test of Competing Models." Journal of Politics 51:977-92.

4. Abramowitz, Alan. 2008. “Don’t Blame Primary Voters for Polarization.” Forum-A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 5 (4: January): Article 4.

5. Abramowitz, Alan I. and Walter J. Stone. 1984. Nomination Politics: Party Activists and Presidential Choice. New York: Praeger.

6. Abramowitz, Alan, John McGlennon, and Ronald Rapoport. 1981. "A Note on Strategic Voting in a Primary Election." Journal of Politics 43:899-904.

7. Abramowitz, Alan, John McGlennon, and Ronald Rapoport. 1983. "The Party Isn't Over: Incentives for Activism in the 1980 Presidential Nominating Campaign." Journal of Politics 45:1006-15.

8. Abramowitz, Alan, Ronald B. Rapoport, and Walter J. Stone. 1991. "Up Close and Personal: The 1988 Iowa Caucuses and Presidential Politics.” In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

9. Abrams, Herbert L., and Richard Brody. 1998. “Bob Dole’s Age and Health in the 1996 Election: Did the Media Let Us Down?” Political Science Quarterly 113 (3: Fall): 471 - 491.

10. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 1987. “Progressive Ambition Among U.S. Senators, 1972 – 1988.” American Journal of Political Science 49: 3 – 35.

11. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 2003. “Will Changing the Rules Change the Game? : Front-Loading and the 2004 Democratic Presidential Nomination.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 1 (3).

12. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David Rohde. 1992. "'Sophisticated' Voting in the 1988 Presidential Primaries." American Political Science Review 86:55-69.

13. Achen, Christopher H. 1989. “Democracy, Media, and Presidential Primaries.” In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 169-82.

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14. Adamany, David. 1976. "Communications: Cross-over Voting and the Democratic Party's Reform Rules." American Political Science Review 70:536-41.

15. Adamany, David and P. DuBois. 1975. “The ‘Forgetful Voter’ and an Underreported Vote.” Public Opinion Quarterly 39 (Summer): 227-31.

16. Adamany, David and Mack C. Shelley II. 1980. “Encore! The Forgetful Voter.” Public Opinion Quarterly 44(Summer), pp. 234-40.

17. Adams, James, and Samuel Merrill, III. 2008. “Candidate and Party Strategies in Two-Stage Elections Beginning with a Primary.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2: April): 344-359.

18. Adams, William C. 1984. “Media Coverage of Campaign ‘84: A Preliminary Report.” Public Opinion (April/May): 9 - 13.

19. Adams, William C. 1987. "As New Hampshire Goes..." In Media and Momentum, ed. Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

20. Aday, Sean; Devitt, James. 2001. “Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole's Presidential Bid.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6, (2, spring): 52-73.

21. Adkins, Randall E. and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2000. “Break Out the Mint Juleps in New Hampshire: A Forecasting Model of the Presidential Primaries.” American Politics Quarterly.

22. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2001a. “Is the Exhibition Season Becoming More Important to Forecasting Presidential Nominations?” American Politics Research 29 (3: May): 283 - 288.

23. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2001b. “How Important are Iowa and New Hampshire to Winning Post-Reform Presidential Nominations?” Political Research Quarterly 54 (2: June): 431-444.

24. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2002. “The Money Primary: What Influences the Outcome of Presidential Nomination Fundraising.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 32(2): 256-275.

25. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J Dowdle. 2004. “Bumps in the Road to the White House: How Influential Were Campaign Resources to Nominating George W. Bush?” Journal of Political Marketing 3 (4): 1-27.

26. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J Dowdle. 2005. “Overcoming Pitfalls in Forecasting Presidential Nominations.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 35: 646-660.

27. Advisory Commission on the Presidential Nomination Process. 2000. Nominating Future Presidents: A Review of the Republican Process. Washington, DC: Republican National Committee.

28. Aitschuler, Bruce E. 2008. “Selecting Presidential Nominees by National Primary: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?” The Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 5 (Issue 4) http://www.bepress.com/forum.

29. Aldrich, John H. 1980a. Before the Convention: Strategies and Choices in Presidential Nominating Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

30. Aldrich, John H. 1980b. “A Dynamic model of Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 74: 651-69.

31. Aldrich, John H. 1993. "Presidential Selection." In Researching the Presidency, ed.,

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George C. Edwards III, John H. Kessel, and Bert A. Rockman. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

32. Aldrich, John. 2009. “The Invisible Primary and Its Effects on Democratic Choice.” PS: Political Science & Politics 42 (1, January): 33-38.

33. Aldrich, John H., and R. Michael Alvarez. 1994. "Issues and the Presidential Primary Voter." Political Behavior 16:289-317.

34. Alexander, Herbert. 1984. “Money and the Presidential Nominating Process.” In The Presidential Nomination Process: Constitutional, Economic and Political Issues, ed., Kenneth W. Thompson. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

35. Alexander, Herbert E., and Anthony Corrado. 1995. Financing the 1992 Election. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

36. Allin, C. D. 1912. “The Presidential Primary.” Queens Quarterly 20: 92-99. 37. Altschuler, B. E. 1980. “Kennedy Decides to Run: 1968.” Presidential Studies

Quarterly 10 (Summer): 348-52. 38. Anderson, Karrin Vasby. 2002. "From Spouses to Candidates: Hillary Rodham Clinton,

Elizabeth Dole, and the Gendered Office of U.S. President.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 5, (1, spring): 105-132.

39. Andrew, John. 1997. “The Struggle for the Republican Party in 1960.” The Historian 59(Spring): 613 – 631.

40. Ansolabehere, Stephen and Gary King. 1990. “Measuring the Consequences of Delegate Selection Rules in Presidential Nominations." Journal of Politics 52:609-21.

41. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy Behr, and Shanto Iyengar. 1991. "Mass Media and Elections: An Overview." American Politics Quarterly 19:109-39.

42. Aranson, Peter H. and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1972. “Spatial Strategies for Sequential Elections.” In Probability Models of Collective Decision Making, ed. Richard G. Niemi and Herbert F. Weisberg. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

43. Arterton, F. Christopher. 1978a. "Campaign Organizations Confront the Media-Political Environment." In Race for the Presidency, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

44. Arterton, F. Christopher. 1978b. "The Media Politics of Presidential Campaigns: A Study of the Carter Nomination Drive." In Race for the Presidency, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

45. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 1993. "Moving Toward Unity: Attitudes in the Nomination and General Election Stages of a Presidential Campaign." American Politics Quarterly 21:272-89.

46. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 1998. “Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcomes: Another Look at Presidential Campaigns.” American Journal of Political Science 42(January): 256-71.

47. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 1999. “‘Sure, I Voted for the Winner!’: Overreport of the Primary Vote for the Party Nominee in the National Election Studies” Political Behavior 21 (3: September) 197 - 215.

48. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2000. “From Primaries to the General Election: Does a Divisive Nomination Race Affect a Candidate’s Fortunes in the Fall?” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

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49. Atkeson, Lonna Rae and Cherie D. Maestas. 2009. “Meaningful Participation and the Evolution of the Reformed Presidential Nominating System” PS: Political Science & Politics 42 (1, January): 59-64.

50. Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Lorraine M. Tafoya. 2008. “Surveying Political Activists: The Effectiveness of a Mixed Mode Survey Design.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 18 (4: November): 367-386.

51. Aylsworth, L. E. 1912. “Presidential Primary Elections – Legislation of 1910-1912.” American Political Science Review 6: 429-33.

52. Baer, Kenneth S. 2000. Reinventing Democrats: The Politics of Liberalism from Reagan to Clinton. Lawrence : University Press of Kansas

53. Baer, Kenneth. 2008. “A Democratic Primary: It’s Time to Give All Voters a voice and Have a National Primary.” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas 8 (Spring): 122-127.

54. Bain, R.C. 1960. Convention Decisions and Voting Records. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

55. Barber, James David, ed. 1978. Race for the Presidency: The Media and the Nominating Process. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

56. Barber, Kathleen, et al. 1981. “Political Scientists and the 1980 National Party Conventions.” PS (Winter): 6-49.

57. Barilleaux, Ryan and Randall Adkins. 1993. “The Nomination: Process and Patterns.” In The Election of 1992, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

58. Banwart, Mary Christine. 2004. “Meet the Candidate Videos: Analyzing Presidential Primary Campaign Videocassettes.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 34(2: June): 470-472.

59. Barker, David C. 2005. “Values, Frames, and Persuasion in Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” Political Behavior, 27 (Dec, Issue 4): 375-394

60. Barker, David C., and Adam B. Lawrence. 2006. “Media Favoritism and Presidential Nominations: Reviving the Direct Effects Model.” Political Communication 23 (1: Jan-March): 41-59.

61. Barker, David C., Adam B. Lawrence and Margit Travits. 2006. “Partisanship and the Dynamics of ‘Candidate Centered Politics’ in American Presidential Nominations.” Electoral Studies 35 (3:Sept): 599-610.

62. Barker, Lucius Jefferson. 1988. Our Time Has Come: A Delegate’s Diary of Jesse Jackson’s 1984 Presidential Campaign. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

63. Barnett, James D. 1916. “The Presidential Primary in Oregon.” Political Science Quarterly 31: 81-104.

64. Barreto, Matt A., Luis R. Fraga, Sylvia Manzano, Valerie Martinez-Ebers, and Gary M. Segura. 2008. “’Should They Dane with the One Who Brung ‘Em?’ Latinos and the 2008 Presidential Election.” PS: Political Science & Politics 41 (4: October): 753-760.

65. Bartels, Larry M. 1985. "Expectations and Preferences in Presidential Nominating Campaigns." American Political Science Review 79:804-15.

66. Bartels, Larry M. 1987. “Candidate Choice and the Dynamics of the Presidential Nominating Process.” American Journal of Political Science 31 (February): 1 - 30.

67. Bartels, Larry M. 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice.

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Princeton: Princeton University Press. 68. Bartels, Larry M. 1989. “After Iowa: Momentum in Presidential Primaries.” In The

Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 121-48.

69. Bartels, Larry M. and C. Anthony Broh. 1989. “The Polls – A Review: The 1988 Presidential Primaries.” Public Opinion Quarterly 53: 563-89.

70. Baker, Ross K. 1993. “Sorting Out and Suiting Up: The Presidential Nominations.” In The Election of 1992, ed. Gerald M. Pomper. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House: 39-73.

71. Bates, Frank G. 1916. “Presidential Primaries.” American Political Science Review 10: 116-20.

72. Beachler, Donald W. 1996. “The South and the Democratic Presidential Nomination, 1972-1992.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Spring): 402-14.

73. Beck, Paul Allen. 1984. “Young vs. Old in 1984: Generations and Life Stages in Presidential Nomination Politics.” PS 17 (Summer): 515-24.

74. Beckel, Robert G. 1987. “The 1988 Presidential Selection Process: Flirting with Disaster?” Election Politics 4:2-5.

75. Becker, Lee B. and Maxwell E. McCombs. 1978. “The Role of the Press in Determining Voter Reactions to Presidential Primaries.” Human Communication Research 4(Summer): 301-307.

76. Beniger, James R. 1982. “Candidate Ordering and Issue Circles: Structural Analysis of the 1980 Presidential Primary Campaign.” Sociological Methodology 13: 178 – 208.

77. Beninger, James R. 1976. “Winning the Presidential Nomination: National Polls and State Primary Elections, 1936-1972.” Public Opinion Quarterly 72: 22-38.

78. Beninger, James R. 1977. “The Legacy of Carter and Reagan: Political Reality Overtakes the Myth of the Presidential Primaries.” Intellect 105:234-237.

79. Beninger, James R. 1982. “Candidate Ordering and Issue Circles: Structural Analysis of the 1980 Presidential Primary Campaign.” Sociological Methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

80. Benoit, William L., P.M. Pier, LeAnn M. Brazeal, John P. McHale, Andrew Klyukovski, and David Airne. 2002. The Primary Decision: A Functional Analysis of Debates in Presidential Primaries. Westport, CT: Praeger.

81. Benoit, William L, J.R. Blaney and P.M. Pier. 2000. “Acclaiming, Attacking, and Defending: A Functional Analysis of Nominating Convention Keynote Speeches, 1960 - 1996. Political Communication 17: 61 - 84.

82. Benoit, William L., and Glenn J. Hansen. 2002. “Issue Adaptation of Presidential Television Spots and Debates to Primary and General Audiences.” Communication Research Reports 19: 138-145.

83. Benoit, William L., M.S. McKinney and M.T. Stephenson. 2002. “Effects of Watching Campaign 2000 Presidential Primary Debates. Journal of Communication 52 (June): 316-331.

84. Benoit, William L., W. T. Wells, P.M. Pier and J.R. Blaney. 1999. “Acclaiming, Attacking, and Defending in Nomination Convention Acceptance Addresses, 1960 - 1996.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 85: 247 - 267.

85. Berggren, D. Jason. 2007. “Two Parties, Two Types of Nominees, Two Paths to

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Winning a Presidential Nomination, 1972-2004.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 37 (2: June): 203-227.

86. Berman, Michael S. 1986. “Living with the FECA: Confessions of a Sometime Campaign Treasurer.” Annals 486 (July): 121-31.

87. Bernstein, Jonathan. 2000. “The New New Presidential Elite.” In In Pursuit of the White House 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House.

88. Bernstein, Jonathan. 2004. “The Rise and Fall of Howard Dean and Other Notes on the 2004 Democratic Presidential Nomination.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 2 (1), [np].

89. Bernstein, Jonathan and Casey B.K. Dominquez. 2003. “Candidate and Candidacies in the Expanded Party.” PS 36 (2: April): 165 - 169.

90. Bernstein, Robert A. 1977. “Divisive Primaries do Hurt: U.S. Senate Races, 1956-1972.” American Political Science Review 71: 540-45.

91. Berry, William D., and Bradley C. Canon. 1993. “Explaining the Competitiveness of Gubernatorial Primaries.” Journal of Politics 55(May): 454-72.

92. Best, Samuel J., and Clark Hubbard. 1999. “Maximizing ‘Minimal Effects’: The Impact of Early Primary Season Debates on Voter Preferences.” American Politics Quarterly 27 (October): 450-467.

93. Best, Samuel J., and Clark Hubbard. 2000. “The Role of Televised Debates in the Presidential Nominating Process.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, pp. 255 - 284.

94. Bicker, William E. 1978. "Network Television News and the 1976 Presidential Primaries: A Look from the Networks' Side of the Camera." In Race for the Presidency, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

95. Biersack, Robert and Clyde Wilcox. 1990. “Financing National Campaigns: A Research Agenda.” American Politics Quarterly 18(April): 215-41.

96. Bishop, Joseph Bucklin. 1916. Presidential Nominations and Elections. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

97. Blankenship, J., M.G. Fine and L.K. Davis. 1983. “The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor to Scene. Quarterly Journal of Speech 64: 25 - 36.

98. Blankenship, Jane, Deborah C. Robson, and Maureen S. Williams. 1997. “Talk By and About Women at the 1996 National Political Conventions.” American Behavioral Scientist 40 (August): 1020-47.

99. Bode, Kenneth A., and Carol F. Casey. 1980. "Party Reform: Revisionism Revised." In Political Parties in the Eighties, ed. Robert A. Goldwin. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

100. Born, Richard. 1981. “The Influence of House Primary Election Divisiveness on General Election margins, 1962-76.” Journal of Politics 43: 640-661.

101. Borrelli, Stephen A. 2001. “Finding the Third Way: Bill Clinton, The DLC, and the Democratic Platform of 1992.” Journal of Policy History 13(4): 429-462.

102. Boyd, Richard W. 1986. "Election Calendars and Voter Turnout." American Politics Quarterly 14:89-104.

103. Bradford, Richard. 1976. “John F. Kennedy and the 1960 Presidential Primary in West

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Virginia.” South Atlantic Quarterly 75 (Spring): 161-72. 104. Brady, Henry E. 1989. "Is Iowa News?" In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential

Nominating Process, ed., Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 89-120. 105. Brady, Henry E. 1993-94. “Knowledge, Strategy, and Momentum in Presidential

Primaries.” Political Analysis 5: 1 - 38. 106. Brady, Henry E. and Stephen Ansolabehere. 1989. “The Nature of Utility Functions in

Mass Publics.” American Political Science Review 83 (March): 143-63. 107. Brady, Henry E., and Richard Johnston. 1987. "What's the Primary Message: Horse

Race or Issue Journalism.” In Media and Momentum, eds., Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

108. Brams, Steven J. 1978a. The Presidential Election Game. New Haven: Yale University Press.

109. Brams, Steven J. 1978b. “Resource Allocations in the 1976 Campaign.” American Political Science Review 72: 1365-x.

110. Brams, Steven J. 1980. “Approval Voting in Multicandidate Elections.” Policy Studies Journal 9 (Autumn): 102-08.

111. Brams, Steven J. 1982. Approval Voting. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 112. Brams, Steven J., and Morton D. Davis. 1982. "Optimal Resource Allocation in

Presidential Primaries." Mathematical Social Sciences 3:373-88. 113. Brams, Steven J., and Peter C. Fishburn. 1978. "Approval Voting." American Political

Science Review 72:831-47. 114. Brennan, M. 1992. “A Step in the ‘Right’ Direction: Conservative Republicans and the

Election of 1960.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22(Winter): 73-88. 115. Brereton Charles. 1979. First Steps to the White House: The New Hampshire Primary

1952 - 1980. Hampton, NH: Wheelabrator Foundation. 116. Brereton, Charles. 1987. First in the Nation: New Hampshire and the Premier

Presidential Primary. Portsmouth, NH: P.E. Randall. 117. Broh, C. Anthony. 1983. "Polls, Pols, and Parties." Journal of Politics 45:732-44. 118. Broh, C. Anthony. 1987. A Horse of a Different Color. Washington, DC: Joint Center

for Political Studies. 119. Brown, Clifford W., Jr., Lynda W. Powell, and Clyde Wilcox. 1995. Serious Money:

Fundraising and Contributing in Presidential Nomination Campaigns. New York: Cambridge.

120. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1986. "Divisive Primaries and Participation in Fall Presidential Campaigns: A Study of 1984 New Hampshire Primary Activists." American Politics Quarterly 14:376-90.

121. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1987. "'Locals' and 'Cosmopolitans': National, Regional, and State Newspaper Coverage of the New Hampshire Primary." In Media and Momentum, ed., Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

122. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1991. "Meeting Expectations? Major Newspaper Coverage of Candidates During the 1988 Exhibition Season." In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

123. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1996. "The Invisible Primary." In In the Pursuit of the White

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House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. 124. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 2000. “The Changing Face of the New Hampshire Primary.” In In

Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 87 - 144.

125. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and John S. Jackson III. 1991. “The National Conventions: Diminished but Still Important in a Primary-Dominated Process.” In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, pp. 213-249..

126. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and Mike Maus. 1988. “Is the Pen Mightier Than the Word?: Editorial Cartoons and 1988 Presidential Nominating Politics.” PS 21(Fall): 847-58.

127. Buell, Emmett H., Jr., and James W. Davis. 1991. "Win Early and Often: Candidates and the Strategic Environment of 1988." In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

128. Buell, Emmett H., Jr., and William G. Mayer. 2004. Enduring Controversies in Presidential NominatingPpolitics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

129. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and John P. Resch. 1987. “A New Look at the New Hampshire Primary.” Election Politics 4(Spring): 2-7.

130. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and Lee Sigelman, ed. 1991. Nominating the President. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

131. Buhr, Tami. 2000. “What Voters Know about the Candidates and How They Learn It: The 1996 New Hampshire Republican Primary as a Case Study.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 203-254.

132. Burden, Barry. 2002. “United State Senators as Presidential Candidates.” Political Science Quarterly 117(Spring): 81-102.

133. Burden, Barry. 2005. “The Nominations: Technology, Money, and Transferable Momentum.” In The Elections of 2004, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press: 18-41.

134. Burden, Barry C. 2009. “The Nominations: Rules, Strategies, and Uncertainty.” In The Elections of 2008, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

135. Busch, Andrew E. 1992. "In Defense of the 'Mixed' System: The Goldwater Campaign & the Role of Popular Movements in the Pre-Reform Presidential Nomination Process." Polity 24:527-49.

136. Busch, Andrew E. 1997. Outsiders and Openness in the Presidential Nominating System. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

137. Busch, Andrew E. 2000. “New Features of the 2000 Presidential Nominating Process: Republican Reforms, Front-Loading’s Second Wind, and Early Voting.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 57 - 86.

138. Busch, Andrew E. 2003. “The Rise and Fall of the 2000 Rocky Mountain Regional Primary.” PS 36 (2: April): 171 - 174.

139. Busch, Andrew E. 2008. “The Reemergence of the Iowa Caucuses: A New Trend, an Aberration, or a Useful Reminder?” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2008, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 39-74.

140. Busch Andrew E. 2008. “Federalism and Front-Loading.” Publius 38(3 : Summer):

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538-555. 141. Busch, Andrew E., and William G. Mayer. 2004. “The Front-Loading Problem.” In The

Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

142. Busch, Andrew E. and James W. Ceaser. 1996. “Does Party Reform Have a Future?”. In In Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

143. Butler, R. Lawrence. 2004. Claiming the Mantle: How Presidential Nominations Are Won. Boulder, CO: Perseus Books.

144. Cadigan, John and Janeba Eckhard. 2002. "A Citizen-Candidate Model with Sequential Elections.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 14, (4, Oct): 387-407.

145. Cain, Bruce E., and Elisabeth R. Gerber. 2002. Voting at the Political Fault Line: California's Experiment with the Blanket Primary. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

146. Cain, Bruce E., and Megan Mullin. 2002. “Competing for Attention and Votes: The Role of State Parties in Setting Presidential Nomination Rules.” In The Parties Respond, 4th ed., ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Westview, pp. 99-120.

147. Cain, Bruce E., I.A. Lewis, and Douglas Rivers. 1989. “Strategy and Choice in the 1988 Presidential Primaries.” Electoral Studies 8 (April): 23-48.

148. Camer, John. 1976. “Another Look at the Effects of the Divisive Primary: A Research Note.” American Politics Quarterly 4(January): 121-30.

149. Campbell, James E. 1983. "Candidate Image Evaluations: Influence and Rationalization in Presidential Primaries." American Politics Quarterly 11:293-313.

150. Campbell, James E., Lynna L. Cherry, and Kenneth A. Wink. 1992. “The Convention Bump.” American Politics Quarterly 20(July): 287-307.

151. Carleton, William. 1957. “The Revolution in Presidential Nominating Conventions.” Political Science Quarterly 72: 224-40.

152. Carlson, James M. 1990. “Subjective Ideological Similarity Between Candidates and Supporters: A Study of Party Elites.” Political Psychology 11 (September): 485-92.

153. Carlson, James M., and B. Burrell. 1987. “A New Cleavage in the Democratic Party – A Comparison of Mondale and Hart Supporters At the Connecticut State Democratic Convention.” Polity 20 (Fall): 101-13.

154. Carlson, James M., and Richard M. Martin. 1987. “Conceptions of Representation: A Study of Delegates to the 1984 National Party Conventions.” American Politics Quarterly 15(July): 355-72.

155. Carman, C.J., and D.C. Barker. 2005. “State Political Culture, Primary Frontloading, and Democratic Voice in Presidential Nominations: 1972-2000.” Electoral Studies 24 (4: December): 665-687.

156. Carmines, Edward G., and James Woods. 2002. “The Role of Party Activists in the Evolution of the Abortion Issue.” Political Behavior 24(December): 361-77.

157. Carr, Craig L., and Gary L. Scott. 1984. “The Logic of State Primary Classification Schemes.” American Politics Quarterly 12:465-76.

158. Carsey, Thomas M., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1999. “A Dynamic Model of Political Change among Party Activists.” Political Behavior 21: 17-41.

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159. Carty, Thomas. 2001. “The Catholic Question: Religious Liberty and JFK’s Pursuit of the 1960 Democratic Presidential Nomination.” The Historian 63(Spring): 577-599.

160. Castle, David S. 1987. “A Southern Regional Presidential Primary in 1988: Will it Work as Planned?” Election Politics 4 (Summer): 6-10.

161. Castle, David S. 1991. "Media Coverage of Presidential Primaries." American Politics Quarterly 19:33-42.

162. Cavala, William. 1974. "Changing the Rules Changes the Game: Party Reform and the 1972 California Delegation to the Democratic National Convention." American Political Science Review 68:27-42.

163. Ceaser, James W. 1982. Reforming the Reforms: A Critical Analysis of the Presidential Selection Process. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Pub. Co.

164. Ceaser, James W., and Andrew E. Busch. 1993. Upside Down and Inside Out: The 1992 Elections and American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

165. Ceaser, James W., and Andrew E. Busch. 1997. Losing to Win: The 1996 Elections and American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.

166. Ceaser, James W., and Andrew E. Busch. 2001. The Perfect Tie: The True Story of the 2000 Presidential Election. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.

167. Ceaser, James W., and Neil Spitzer. 1988. “The Parties Take Over.” Wilson Quarterly 12: 49-62.

168. Chamberlin, John R., and Michael D. Cohen. 1978. "Toward Applicable Social Choice Theory: A Comparison of Social Choice Functions under Spatial Model Assumptions." American Political Science Review 72: 1341-56.

169. Chen, Kong-Pin and Sheng-Zhang Yang. 2002. “Strategic Voting in Open Primaries.” Public Choice 112 (1-2, July): 1 – 30.

170. Clarke, H. D., E. Elliot, and T. H. Roback. 1991. “Domestic Issue Ideology and Activist Style: A Note on 1980 Republican Convention Delegates.” Journal of Politics 53 (May): 519-34.

171. Cline, Andrew R. 2006. “Primary Instability Paradox: The Ethics of Media Coverage in Presidential Nominations.” The Forum (on-line journal) 3 (no. 4), article 5. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol3/iss4/art5

172. Cohen, Jeffrey Elliot. 1982. “Changes in Election Calendars and Turnout Decline: A Test of Boyd’s Hypothesis.” American Politics Quarterly 10 (April): 246-54.

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Direct Primaries 1. Brady, David W., Hahrie Han, and Jeremy C. Pope. 2007. “Primary elections and

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Movement and Proposed Reforms. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

2. Durbin, Thomas M. 1980. Nomination and election of the President and Vice President of the United States: including the manner of selecting delegates to national political conventions. Washington: U.S. Hupman, Richard D., Robert L, Tienken, and Library

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of Congress, Legislative Reference Service. 1968. Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the United States: Including the Manner of Selecting Delegates to National Political Conventions. Washington : U.S. G.P.O.

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4. Hupman, Richard D., Robert L, Tienken, and Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service. 1968. Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the United States: Including the Manner of Selecting Delegates to National Political Conventions. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

5. Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service. 1948. Manner of Selecting Delegates to National Political Conventions: With Information on States Holding Presidential Primaries. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

6. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Task Force on Elections. 1984. Presidential Primaries: Hearing held before the Task Force on Elections of the Committee on House Administration, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, on H.R. 6054 ... September 19, 1984.

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Party Documents

1. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection. 1970. Mandate for Reform: A Report. [i.e., McGovern-Fraser Commission]

2. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Delegate Selection and Party Structure. 1973. Democrats All. [i.e, Mikulski Commission]

3. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Presidential Nomination and Party Structure. 1978. Openness, Participation and Party Building: Reforms for a Stronger Democratic Party. [i.e., Winograd Commission]

4. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Presidential Nomination. 1982. [i.e., Hunt Commission]

5. Democratic National Committee. Fairness Commission. 1986. 6. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Presidential Nomination Timing and

Scheduling. 2005. Former U.S. Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman and North Carolina Congressman David Price will serve as Co-Chairs.

7. Republican National Committee. Advisory Commission on the Presidential Nominating Process. 2000. Nominating Future Presidents: A Review of the Republican Process.

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Other Resources

1. Iowa Electronic Market, http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/iem/