1

Updated: October 17, 2005

Presidential Nominations Bibliography

Maintained by Barbara Norrander University of Arizona

1. Abbott, David W. 1978. “Presidential Nominations: New Expectations, New Rules, New Ball

Game.” In Political Parties, 2nd edition, ed. David W. Abbott and Edward T. Rogowsky. Chicago: Rand McNally.

2. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1987. "Candidate Choice Before the Convention." Political Behavior 9:49-61.

3. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1989. "Viability, Electability, and Candidate Choice in a Presidential Primary Election: A Test of Competing Models." Journal of Politics 51:977-92.

4. Abramowitz, Alan I. and Walter J. Stone. 1984. Nomination Politics: Party Activists and Presidential Choice. New York: Praeger.

5. Abramowitz, Alan, John McGlennon, and Ronald Rapoport. 1981. "A Note on Strategic Voting in a Primary Election." Journal of Politics 43:899-904.

6. Abramowitz, Alan, John McGlennon, and Ronald Rapoport. 1983. "The Party Isn't Over: Incentives for Activism in the 1980 Presidential Nominating Campaign." Journal of Politics 45:1006-15.

7. Abramowitz, Alan, Ronald B. Rapoport, and Walter J. Stone. 1991. "Up Close and Personal: The 1988 Iowa Caucuses and Presidential Politics.” In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

8. Abrams, Herbert L., and Richard Brody. 1998. “Bob Dole’s Age and Health in the 1996 Election: Did the Media Let Us Down?” Political Science Quarterly 113 (3: Fall): 471 - 491.

9. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 1987. “Progressive Ambition Among U.S. Senators, 1972 – 1988.” American Journal of Political Science 49: 3 – 35.

10. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. 2003. “Will Changing the Rules Change the Game? : Front-Loading and the 2004 Democratic Presidential Nomination.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 1 (3).

11. Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David Rohde. 1992. "'Sophisticated' Voting in the 1988 Presidential Primaries." American Political Science Review 86:55-69.

12. Achen, Christopher H. 1989. “Democracy, Media, and Presidential Primaries.” In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 169-82.

13. Adamany, David. 1976. "Communications: Cross-over Voting and the Democratic Party's Reform Rules." American Political Science Review 70:536-41.

14. Adamany, David and P. DuBois. 1975. “The ‘Forgetful Voter’ and an Underreported Vote.”

2

Public Opinion Quarterly 39 (Summer): 227-31. 15. Adamany, David and Mack C. Shelley II. 1980. “Encore! The Forgetful Voter.” Public

Opinion Quarterly 44(Summer), pp. 234-40. 16. Adams, William C. 1984. “Media Coverage of Campaign ‘84: A Preliminary Report.” Public

Opinion (April/May): 9 - 13. 17. Adams, William C. 1987. "As New Hampshire Goes..." In Media and Momentum, ed. Gary

R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. 18. Aday, Sean; Devitt, James. 2001. “Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth

Dole's Presidential Bid.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6, (2, spring): 52-73.

19. Adkins, Randall E. and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2000. “Break Out the Mint Juleps in New Hampshire: A Forecasting Model of the Presidential Primaries.” American Politics Quarterly.

20. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2001a. “Is the Exhibition Season Becoming More Important to Forecasting Presidential Nominations?” American Politics Research 29 (3: May): 283 - 288.

21. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2001b. “How Important are Iowa and New Hampshire to Winning Post-Reform Presidential Nominations?” Political Research Quarterly 54 (2: June): 431-444.

22. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J. Dowdle. 2002. “The Money Primary: What Influences the Outcome of Presidential Nomination Fundraising.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 32(2): 256-275.

23. Adkins, Randall E., and Andrew J Dowdle. 2004. “Bumps in the Road to the White House: How Influential Were Campaign Resources to Nominating George W. Bush?” Journal of Political Marketing 3 (4): 1-27.

24. Advisory Commission on the Presidential Nomination Process. 2000. Nominating Future Presidents: A Review of the Republican Process. Washington, DC: Republican National Committee.

25. Aldrich, John H. 1980a. Before the Convention: Strategies and Choices in Presidential Nominating Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

26. Aldrich, John H. 1980b. “A Dynamic model of Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 74: 651-69.

27. Aldrich, John H. 1993. "Presidential Selection." In Researching the Presidency, ed., George C. Edwards III, John H. Kessel, and Bert A. Rockman. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

28. Aldrich, John H., and R. Michael Alvarez. 1994. "Issues and the Presidential Primary Voter." Political Behavior 16:289-317.

29. Alexander, Herbert. 1984. “Money and the Presidential Nominating Process.” In The Presidential Nomination Process: Constitutional, Economic and Political Issues, ed., Kenneth W. Thompson. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

30. Alexander, Herbert E., and Anthony Corrado. 1995. Financing the 1992 Election.

3

Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 31. Allin, C. D. 1912. “The Presidential Primary.” Queens Quarterly 20: 92-99. 32. Altschuler, B. E. 1980. “Kennedy Decides to Run: 1968.” Presidential Studies Quarterly

10 (Summer): 348-52. 33. Anderson, Karrin Vasby. 2002. "From Spouses to Candidates: Hillary Rodham Clinton,

Elizabeth Dole, and the Gendered Office of U.S. President.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 5, (1, spring): 105-132.

34. Andrew, John. 1997. “The Struggle for the Republican Party in 1960.” The Historian 59(Spring): 613 – 631.

35. Ansolabehere, Stephen and Gary King. 1990. “Measuring the Consequences of Delegate Selection Rules in Presidential Nominations." Journal of Politics 52:609-21.

36. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy Behr, and Shanto Iyengar. 1991. "Mass Media and Elections: An Overview." American Politics Quarterly 19:109-39.

37. Aranson, Peter H. and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1972. “Spatial Strategies for Sequential Elections.” In Probability Models of Collective Decision Making, ed. Richard G. Niemi and Herbert F. Weisberg. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

38. Arterton, F. Christopher. 1978a. "Campaign Organizations Confront the Media-Political Environment." In Race for the Presidency, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

39. Arterton, F. Christopher. 1978b. "The Media Politics of Presidential Campaigns: A Study of the Carter Nomination Drive." In Race for the Presidency, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

40. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 1993. "Moving Toward Unity: Attitudes in the Nomination and General Election Stages of a Presidential Campaign." American Politics Quarterly 21:272-89.

41. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 1998. “Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcomes: Another Look at Presidential Campaigns.” American Journal of Political Science 42(January): 256-71.

42. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 1999. “‘Sure, I Voted for the Winner!’: Overreport of the Primary Vote for the Party Nominee in the National Election Studies” Political Behavior 21 (3: September) 197 - 215.

43. Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2000. “From Primaries to the General Election: Does a Divisive Nomination Race Affect a Candidate’s Fortunes in the Fall?” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

44. Aylsworth, L. E. 1912. “Presidential Primary Elections – Legislation of 1910-1912.” American Political Science Review 6: 429-33.

45. Baer, Kenneth S. 2000. Reinventing Democrats: The Politics of Liberalism from Reagan to Clinton. Lawrence : University Press of Kansas

46. Bain, R.C. 1960. Convention Decisions and Voting Records. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

47. Barber, James David, ed. 1978. Race for the Presidency: The Media and the Nominating Process. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

4

48. Barber, Kathleen, et al. 1981. “Political Scientists and the 1980 National Party Conventions.” PS (Winter): 6-49.

49. Barilleaux, Ryan and Randall Adkins. 1993. “The Nomination: Process and Patterns.” In The Election of 1992, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

50. Barker, Lucius Jefferson. 1988. Our Time Has Come: A Delegate’s Diary of Jesse Jackson’s 1984 Presidential Campaign. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

51. Barnett, James D. 1916. “The Presidential Primary in Oregon.” Political Science Quarterly 31: 81-104.

52. Bartels, Larry M. 1985. "Expectations and Preferences in Presidential Nominating Campaigns." American Political Science Review 79:804-15.

53. Bartels, Larry M. 1987. “Candidate Choice and the Dynamics of the Presidential Nominating Process.” American Journal of Political Science 31 (February): 1 - 30.

54. Bartels, Larry M. 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

55. Bartels, Larry M. 1989. “After Iowa: Momentum in Presidential Primaries.” In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 121-48.

56. Bartels, Larry M. and C. Anthony Broh. 1989. “The Polls – A Review: The 1988 Presidential Primaries.” Public Opinion Quarterly 53: 563-89.

57. Baker, Ross K. 1993. “Sorting Out and Suiting Up: The Presidential Nominations.” In The Election of 1992, ed. Gerald M. Pomper. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House: 39-73.

58. Bates, Frank G. 1916. “Presidential Primaries.” American Political Science Review 10: 116-20.

59. Beachler, Donald W. 1996. “The South and the Democratic Presidential Nomination, 1972-1992.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Spring): 402-14.

60. Beck, Paul Allen. 1984. “Young vs. Old in 1984: Generations and Life Stages in Presidential Nomination Politics.” PS 17 (Summer): 515-24.

61. Beckel, Robert G. 1987. “The 1988 Presidential Selection Process: Flirting with Disaster?” Election Politics 4:2-5.

62. Becker, Lee B. and Maxwell E. McCombs. 1978. “The Role of the Press in Determining Voter Reactions to Presidential Primaries.” Human Communication Research 4(Summer): 301-307.

63. Beniger, James R. 1982. “Candidate Ordering and Issue Circles: Structural Analysis of the 1980 Presidential Primary Campaign.” Sociological Methodology 13: 178 – 208.

64. Beninger, James R. 1976. “Winning the Presidential Nomination: National Polls and State Primary Elections, 1936-1972.” Public Opinion Quarterly 72: 22-38.

65. Beninger, James R. 1977. “The Legacy of Carter and Reagan: Political Reality Overtakes the Myth of the Presidential Primaries.” Intellect 105:234-237.

66. Beninger, James R. 1982. “Candidate Ordering and Issue Circles: Structural Analysis of the 1980 Presidential Primary Campaign.” Sociological Methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

5

67. Benoit, William L., P.M. Pier, LeAnn M. Brazeal, John P. McHale, Andrew Klyukovski, and David Airne. 2002. The Primary Decision: A Functional Analysis of Debates in Presidential Primaries. Westport, CT: Praeger.

68. Benoit, William L, J.R. Blaney and P.M. Pier. 2000. “Acclaiming, Attacking, and Defending: A Functional Analysis of Nominating Convention Keynote Speeches, 1960 - 1996. Political Communication 17: 61 - 84.

69. Benoit, William L., and Glenn J. Hansen. 2002. “Issue Adaptation of Presidential Television Spots and Debates to Primary and General Audiences.” Communication Research Reports 19: 138-145.

70. Benoit, William L., M.S. McKinney and M.T. Stephenson. 2002. “Effects of Watching Campaign 2000 Presidential Primary Debates. Journal of Communication 52 (June): 316-331.

71. Benoit, William L., W. T. Wells, P.M. Pier and J.R. Blaney. 1999. “Acclaiming, Attacking, and Defending in Nomination Convention Acceptance Addresses, 1960 - 1996.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 85: 247 - 267.

72. Berman, Michael S. 1986. “Living with the FECA: Confessions of a Sometime Campaign Treasurer.” Annals 486 (July): 121-31.

73. Bernstein, Jonathan. 2000. “The New New Presidential Elite.” In In Pursuit of the White House 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House.

74. Bernstein, Jonathan. 2004. “The Rise and Fall of Howard Dean and Other Notes on the 2004 Democratic Presidential Nomination.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 2 (1), [np].

75. Bernstein, Jonathan and Casey B.K. Dominquez. 2003. “Candidate and Candidacies in the Expanded Party.” PS 36 (2: April): 165 - 169.

76. Bernstein, Robert A. 1977. “Divisive Primaries do Hurt: U.S. Senate Races, 1956-1972.” American Political Science Review 71: 540-45.

77. Berry, William D., and Bradley C. Canon. 1993. “Explaining the Competitiveness of Gubernatorial Primaries.” Journal of Politics 55(May): 454-72.

78. Best, Samuel J., and Clark Hubbard. 1999. “Maximizing ‘Minimal Effects’: The Impact of Early Primary Season Debates on Voter Preferences.” American Politics Quarterly 27 (October): 450-467.

79. Best, Samuel J., and Clark Hubbard. 2000. “The Role of Televised Debates in the Presidential Nominating Process.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, pp. 255 - 284.

80. Bicker, William E. 1978. "Network Television News and the 1976 Presidential Primaries: A Look from the Networks' Side of the Camera." In Race for the Presidency, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

81. Biersack, Robert and Clyde Wilcox. 1990. “Financing National Campaigns: A Research Agenda.” American Politics Quarterly 18(April): 215-41.

82. Bishop, Joseph Bucklin. 1916. Presidential Nominations and Elections. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

6

83. Blankenship, J., M.G. Fine and L.K. Davis. 1983. “The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor to Scene. Quarterly Journal of Speech 64: 25 - 36.

84. Blankenship, Jane, Deborah C. Robson, and Maureen S. Williams. 1997. “Talk By and About Women at the 1996 National Political Conventions.” American Behavioral Scientist 40 (August): 1020-47.

85. Bode, Kenneth A., and Carol F. Casey. 1980. "Party Reform: Revisionism Revised." In Political Parties in the Eighties, ed. Robert A. Goldwin. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

86. Borrelli, Stephen A. 2001. “Finding the Third Way: Bill Clinton, The DLC, and the Democratic Platform of 1992.” Journal of Policy History 13(4): 429-462.

87. Boyd, Richard W. 1986. "Election Calendars and Voter Turnout." American Politics Quarterly 14:89-104.

88. Bradford, Richard. 1976. “John F. Kennedy and the 1960 Presidential Primary in West Virginia.” South Atlantic Quarterly 75 (Spring): 161-72.

89. Brady, Henry E. 1989. "Is Iowa News?" In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed., Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 89-120.

90. Brady, Henry E. 1993-94. “Knowledge, Strategy, and Momentum in Presidential Primaries.” Political Analysis 5: 1 - 38.

91. Brady, Henry E. and Stephen Ansolabehere. 1989. “The Nature of Utility Functions in Mass Publics.” American Political Science Review 83 (March): 143-63.

92. Brady, Henry E., and Richard Johnston. 1987. "What's the Primary Message: Horse Race or Issue Journalism.” In Media and Momentum, eds., Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

93. Brams, Steven J. 1978a. The Presidential Election Game. New Haven: Yale University Press.

94. Brams, Steven J. 1978b. “Resource Allocations in the 1976 Campaign.” American Political Science Review 72: 1365-x.

95. Brams, Steven J. 1980. “Approval Voting in Multicandidate Elections.” Policy Studies Journal 9 (Autumn): 102-08.

96. Brams, Steven J. 1982. Approval Voting. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 97. Brams, Steven J., and Morton D. Davis. 1982. "Optimal Resource Allocation in Presidential

Primaries." Mathematical Social Sciences 3:373-88. 98. Brams, Steven J., and Peter C. Fishburn. 1978. "Approval Voting." American Political

Science Review 72:831-47. 99. Brennan, M. 1992. “A Step in the ‘Right’ Direction: Conservative Republicans and the

Election of 1960.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22(Winter): 73-88. 100. Brereton Charles. 1979. First Steps to the White House: The New Hampshire Primary

1952 - 1980. Hampton, NH: Wheelabrator Foundation. 101. Brereton, Charles. 1987. First in the Nation: New Hampshire and the Premier

Presidential Primary. Portsmouth, NH: P.E. Randall. 102. Broh, C. Anthony. 1983. "Polls, Pols, and Parties." Journal of Politics 45:732-44.

7

103. Broh, C. Anthony. 1987. A Horse of a Different Color. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political Studies.

104. Brown, Clifford W., Jr., Lynda W. Powell, and Clyde Wilcox. 1995. Serious Money: Fundraising and Contributing in Presidential Nomination Campaigns. New York: Cambridge.

105. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1986. "Divisive Primaries and Participation in Fall Presidential Campaigns: A Study of 1984 New Hampshire Primary Activists." American Politics Quarterly 14:376-90.

106. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1987. "'Locals' and 'Cosmopolitans': National, Regional, and State Newspaper Coverage of the New Hampshire Primary." In Media and Momentum, ed., Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

107. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1991. "Meeting Expectations? Major Newspaper Coverage of Candidates During the 1988 Exhibition Season." In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

108. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 1996. "The Invisible Primary." In In the Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

109. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. 2000. “The Changing Face of the New Hampshire Primary.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 87 - 144.

110. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and John S. Jackson III. 1991. “The National Conventions: Diminished but Still Important in a Primary-Dominated Process.” In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, pp. 213-249..

111. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and Mike Maus. 1988. “Is the Pen Mightier Than the Word?: Editorial Cartoons and 1988 Presidential Nominating Politics.” PS 21(Fall): 847-58.

112. Buell, Emmett H., Jr., and James W. Davis. 1991. "Win Early and Often: Candidates and the Strategic Environment of 1988." In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

113. Buell, Emmett H., Jr., and William G. Mayer. 2004. Enduring Controversies in Presidential NominatingPpolitics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

114. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and John P. Resch. 1987. “A New Look at the New Hampshire Primary.” Election Politics 4(Spring): 2-7.

115. Buell, Emmett H., Jr. and Lee Sigelman, ed. 1991. Nominating the President. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

116. Buhr, Tami. 2000. “What Voters Know about the Candidates and How They Learn It: The 1996 New Hampshire Republican Primary as a Case Study.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 203-254.

117. Burden, Barry. 2002. “United State Senators as Presidential Candidates.” Political Science Quarterly 117(Spring): 81-102.

118. Busch, Andrew E. 1992. "In Defense of the 'Mixed' System: The Goldwater Campaign & the Role of Popular Movements in the Pre-Reform Presidential Nomination Process." Polity

8

24:527-49. 119. Busch, Andrew E. 1997. Outsiders and Openness in the Presidential Nominating System.

Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 120. Busch, Andrew E. 2000. “New Features of the 2000 Presidential Nominating Process:

Republican Reforms, Front-Loading’s Second Wind, and Early Voting.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 57 - 86.

121. Busch, Andrew E. 2003. “The Rise and Fall of the 2000 Rocky Mountain Regional Primary.” PS 36 (2: April): 171 - 174.

122. Busch, Andrew E., and William G. Mayer. 2004. “The Front-Loading Problem.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

123. Busch, Andrew E. and James W. Ceaser. 1996. “Does Party Reform Have a Future?”. In In Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

124. Butler, R. Lawrence. 2004. Claiming the Mantle: How Presidential Nominations Are Won. Boulder, CO: Perseus Books.

125. Cadigan, John and Janeba Eckhard. 2002. "A Citizen-Candidate Model with Sequential Elections.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 14, (4, Oct): 387-407.

126. Cain, Bruce E., and Elisabeth R. Gerber. 2002. Voting at the Political Fault Line: California's Experiment with the Blanket Primary. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

127. Cain, Bruce E., and Megan Mullin. 2002. “Competing for Attention and Votes: The Role of State Parties in Setting Presidential Nomination Rules.” In The Parties Respond, 4th ed., ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Westview, pp. 99-120.

128. Cain, Bruce E., I.A. Lewis, and Douglas Rivers. “Strategy and Choice in the 1988 Presidential Primaries.” Electoral Studies 8 (April): 23-48.

129. Camer, John. 1976. “Another Look at the Effects of the Divisive Primary: A Research Note.” American Politics Quarterly 4(January): 121-30.

130. Campbell, James E. 1983. "Candidate Image Evaluations: Influence and Rationalization in Presidential Primaries." American Politics Quarterly 11:293-313.

131. Campbell, James E., Lynna L. Cherry, and Kenneth A. Wink. 1992. “The Convention Bump.” American Politics Quarterly 20(July): 287-307.

132. Carleton, William. 1957. “The Revolution in Presidential Nominating Conventions.” Political Science Quarterly 72: 224-40.

133. Carlson, James M. 1990. “Subjective Ideological Similarity Between Candidates and Supporters: A Study of Party Elites.” Political Psychology 11 (September): 485-92.

134. Carlson, James M., and B. Burrell. 1987. “A New Cleavage in the Democratic Party – A Comparison of Mondale and Hart Supporters At the Connecticut State Democratic Convention.” Polity 20 (Fall): 101-13.

135. Carlson, James M., and Richard M. Martin. 1987. “Conceptions of Representation: A Study of Delegates to the 1984 National Party Conventions.” American Politics Quarterly 15(July): 355-72.

9

136. Carmines, Edward G., and James Woods. 2002. “The Role of Party Activists in the Evolution of the Abortion Issue.” Political Behavior 24(December): 361-77.

137. Carr, Craig L., and Gary L. Scott. 1984. “The Logic of State Primary Classification Schemes.” American Politics Quarterly 12:465-76.

138. Carsey, Thomas M., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1999. “A Dynamic Model of Political Change among Party Activists.” Political Behavior 21: 17-41.

139. Carty, Thomas. 2001. “The Catholic Question: Religious Liberty and JFK’s Pursuit of the 1960 Democratic Presidential Nomination.” The Historian 63(Spring): 577-599.

140. Castle, David S. 1987. “A Southern Regional Presidential Primary in 1988: Will it Work as Planned?” Election Politics 4 (Summer): 6-10.

141. Castle, David S. 1991. "Media Coverage of Presidential Primaries." American Politics Quarterly 19:33-42.

142. Cavala, William. 1974. "Changing the Rules Changes the Game: Party Reform and the 1972 California Delegation to the Democratic National Convention." American Political Science Review 68:27-42.

143. Ceaser, James W. 1982. Reforming the Reforms: A Critical Analysis of the Presidential Selection Process. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Pub. Co.

144. Ceaser, James W., and Andrew E. Busch. 1993. Upside Down and Inside Out: The 1992 Elections and American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

145. Ceaser, James W., and Andrew E. Busch. 1997. Losing to Win: The 1996 Elections and American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.

146. Ceaser, James W., and Andrew E. Busch. 2001. The Perfect Tie: The True Story of the 2000 Presidential Election. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.

147. Ceaser, James W., and Neil Spitzer. 1988. “The Parties Take Over.” Wilson Quarterly 12: 49-62.

148. Chamberlin, John R., and Michael D. Cohen. 1978. "Toward Applicable Social Choice Theory: A Comparison of Social Choice Functions under Spatial Model Assumptions." American Political Science Review 72: 1341-56.

149. Chen, Kong-Pin and Sheng-Zhang Yang. 2002. “Strategic Voting in Open Primaries.” Public Choice 112 (1-2, July): 1 – 30.

150. Clarke, H. D., E. Elliot, and T. H. Roback. 1991. “Domestic Issue Ideology and Activist Style: A Note on 1980 Republican Convention Delegates.” Journal of Politics 53 (May): 519-34.

151. Cohen, Jeffrey Elliot. 1982. “Changes in Election Calendars and Turnout Decline: A Test of Boyd’s Hypothesis.” American Politics Quarterly 10 (April): 246-54.

152. Cohen, Jeffrey Elliot and David C. Nice. 1982. “Party Unity and Presidential Election Performance: 1936-1980.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 12: 317-29.

153. Cohen, Marty, Noel David and John Zaller. 2003. “Polls or Pols: The Real Driving Force Behind Presidential Nominations.” Brooking Review 3 (Summer) 36-39.

154. Collat, Donald S., Stanley Kelley, Jr., and Ronald Rogowski. 1981. “The End Game in Presidential Nominations.” American Political Science Review 75: 426-35.

10

155. Congressional Quarterly. 1997. Selecting the Presiden : from 1789 to 1996. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

156. Cook, Charles E. Jr. 2003. “The Democratic Derby: Win, Place or Show.” Washington Quarterly 26 (Summer): 207-218.

157. Cook, Rhodes. 1980. “Media Coverage of the 1976 Nominating Process. In The Party Symbol: Reading on Political Parties, ed. William Crotty. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

158. Cook, Rhodes. 1987. Race for the Presidency: Winning the 1988 Nomination. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.

159. Cook, Rhodes. 1989. "The Nomination Process." In The Election of 1988, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

160. Cook, Rhodes. 1991. Race for the Presidency: Winning the 1992 Nomination. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.

161. Cook, Rhodes. 2000. United States Presidential Primary Elections, 1968-1996: A Handbook of Election Statistics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

162. Cook, Rhodes. 2000. Race for the Presidency: Winning the 2000 Nomination. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

163. Cook, Rhodes. 2004. The Presidential Nominating Process: A Place for Us? Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

164. Cook, Rhodes. 2004. Race for the Presidency: Winning the 2004 Nomination. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

165. Cooper, Alexandra. 2001. “Nominating Presidential Candidates: The Primary Season Compared to Two Alternatives.” Political Research Quarterly 54(December): 771-793.

166. Cooper, Alexandra. 2002. “The Effective Length of the Presidential Primary Season: The Impact of Delegate Allocation Rules and Voter Preferences.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 14 (January): 71 - 92.

167. Cooper, Alexandra and Michael C. Munger. 2000. “The (Un)predictability of Primaries with Many Candidates: Simulation Evidence.” Public Choice 103 (3-4: June): 337 - 355.

168. Corcoran, Paul E., and K. Kendall. 1992. “Communication in the First Primaries: The ‘Voice of the People’ in 1912.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22 (Winter): 15-30.

169. Corrado, Anthony. 1992. Creating Campaigning: PACs and the Presidential Selection Process. Boulder, CO: Westview.

170. Corrado, Anthony. 1996. "The Changing Environment of Presidential Campaign Finance." In In the Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

171. Corrado, Anthony J. 2004. “Financing Presidential Nominations under the BCRA.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

172. Cornfield, Michael, and Jonah Seiger. 2004. “The Net and the Nomination.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

11

173. Costain, Anne N. 1978. “An Analysis of Voting in American National Nominating Conventions, 1940 - 1976.” American Politics Quarterly 6 (January): 95-122.

174. Costain, Anne N. 1980. “Changes in the Role of Ideology in American National Nominating Conventions and Among Party Identifiers.” Western Political Quarterly 33: 73-86.

175. Cover, Albert D., Neil Pinney, and George Serra. 1997. “Ideological Cohesion Between Congress and the President: Does the Road to the White House Matter?” Journal of Legislative Studies 3 (Summer): 50-69.

176. CQ Press. 2001. Political Parties in America. Washington, DC: CQ Press. 177. Cronin, Thomas, and Robert Loevy. 1983. "The Case for a National Pre-Primary Convention

Plan." Public Opinion 50-53. 178. Cronin, Thomas, and Robert Loevy. 1994. “Yes – It is Time for a New presidential

Nomination Process.” In Controversial Issues in Presidential Selection, ed. Carly L. Rose. Albany: State University of New York: 28-36.

179. Crotty, William. 1978. Decisions for the Democrats. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

180. Crotty, William. 1983. Party Reform. New York: Longman. 181. Crotty, William. 2001. “The Presidential Primaries: Triumph of the Frontrunners.” In

America’s Choice, ed., William Crotty. Boulder, CO: Westview. 182. Crotty, William, and John S. Jackson III. 1985. Presidential Primaries and Nominations.

Washington, DC: CQ Press. 183. Crouse, Timothy. 1973. The Boys on the Bus: Riding with the Campaign Press Corps.

New York: Random House. 184. Damore, David F. 1997. “A Dynamic Model of Candidate Fundraising: The Case of

Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” Political Research Quarterly 50 (June): 343-64. 185. Dark, Taylor E. 1996. “Organized Labor and Party Reform: A Reassessment.” Polity 28

(Summer): 497-520. 186. Dark, Taylor E. 1996. “Organized Labor and the Presidential Nominating Process:

Reconsidering the 1980s.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Spring): 391 – 401. 187. Dark, Taylor E. 2004. “From Resistance to Adaptation: Organized Labor Reacts to a

Changing Nominating Process.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

188. Dates, Jannette Lake, and Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. 1985. "How Ideological Constraints Affected Coverage of the Jesse Jackson Campaign.” Journalism Quarterly 62:595-600.

189. Dauer, Manning J., William A. F. Stephenson, Harry Macy, and David Temple. 1956. “Toward a Model State Presidential Primary Law.” American Political Science Review 50(March).

190. David Paul T. 1962. “Reforming the Presidential Nominating Process.” Law and Contemporary Problems 27 (Spring): 159-77.

191. David, Paul Theodore and James W. Ceaser. 1980. Proportional Representation in Presidential Nominating Politics. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.

192. David, Paul T., Ralph M. Goldman, and Richard C. Bain. 1960. The Politics of National

12

Party Conventions. Washington, DC: Brookings. 193. Davis, James W. 1980. Presidential Primaries: Road to the White House. Westport, CT:

Greenwood. 194. Davis, James W. 1983. National Conventions in an Age of Party Reform. Westport, CT:

Greenwood. 195. Davis, James W. 1997. US Presidential Primaries and the Caucus-Convention System: A

Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood. 196. Dearin, Ray D. 1997. “The American Dream as Depicted in Robert J. Dole’s Presidential

Nomination Acceptance Speech.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Fall): 698-713. 197. Defelice, E. Gene. 1981. “Surge and Stability in Presidential Nominations.” Political

Behavior 3: 351-62. 198. DeMaio, Gerald, and Douglas Muzzio. 1981. "The 1980 Elections and Approval Voting."

Presidential Studies Quarterly 11:364-73. 199. DeMaio, Gerald, Douglas Muzzio, and G. Sharrard. 1986. “Mapping Candidate Systems via

Approval Voting.” Western Political Quarterly 39 (December): 663-74. 200. Dennis, Everette E. 1992. Covering the Presidential Primaries. New York : The Freedom

Forum Media Studies Center. 201. DiClerico, Robert E., and James W. Davis. 2000. Choosing Our Choices: Debating the

Presidential Nominating Process. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 202. Democratic National Committee Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection.

1970. Mandate for Reform. Washington, DC. 203. Devlin, L. Patrick. 1994. "Television Advertising in the 1992 New Hampshire Presidential

Primary Election." Political Communication 11:81-99. 204. Dickey, Francis W. 1915. “The Presidential Preference Primary.” American Political

Science Review 9 (August): 467-87. 205. DiClerico, Robert E., and Eric M. Uslaner. 1984. Few Are Chosen: Problems in

Presidential Selection. New York: McGraw-Hill. 206. Diamond, Edwin, and Stephen Bates. 1984. The Spot. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 207. Djupe, Paul A., and David A. M. Peterson. 2002. “The Impact of Negative Campaigning:

Evidence from the 1998 Senatorial Primaries.” Political Research Quarterly 55: 845-60. 208. Dodenhoff, David, and Ken Goldstein. 1998. “Resources, Racehorses, and Rules:

Nominations in the 1990s.” In The Parties Respond, 3rd edition, ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Boulder, CO: Westview.

209. Dodson, Debra L. 1990. “Socialization of Party Activists: National Convention Delegates, 1972 - 81.” American Journal of Political Science 34 (November): 1119-41.

210. Doyle, William. 1975. “Regional Primaries: The Spirit of ‘76.” State Government 48: 141-44.

211. Duncan, Dayton. 1991. Grass Roots: One Year in the Life of the New Hampshire Presidential Primary. New York: Viking.

212. Dutwin, David. 2000. “Knowledge in the 2000 Primary Elections.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 572 (November): 17 - 25.

13

213. Elving, R. D. 1988. “Candidates, the Need to Know, and the Press.” PS 21 (Spring): 257-62.

214. Epstein, Leon. 1978. “Political Science and Presidential Nominations.” Political Science Quarterly 93: 177-89.

215. Everette, Dennis E. 1992. Covering the Presidential Primaries. New York: The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center.

216. Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 1999. “No Small Town Poll: Network Coverage of the 1992 New Hampshire Primary.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 4(Summer): 51-61.

217. Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 2002. “The 1996 New Hampshire Primary and Network News.” Politics and Policy 30 (March): 70-88.

218. Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 2003. “The 2000 New Hampshire Primary and Network News.” American Behavioral Scientist 46 (January): 588 - 599.

219. Farnsworth, Stephen J, and S. Robert Lichter,. 2003. “The Manchester Union Leader's Influence in the 1996 New Hampshire Republican Primary.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 33 (2, June): 291-304.

220. Farrar-Myers, Victoria A. 2002. “In the Wake of 1996: Clinton’s Legacy for Presidential Campaign Finance.” In The Presidency and the Law: The Clinton Legacy, ed. David Gray Adler and Michael A. Genovese. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

221. Felson, Marcus, and Seymour Sudman. 1975. “The Accuracy of Presidential-Preference Primary Polls.” Public Opinion Quarterly 39(Summer): 232-36.

222. Fenno, Richard F. 1990. The Presidential Odyssey of John Glenn. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

223. Ferguson, Thomas. 1991. "An Unbearable Lightness of Being -- Party and Industry in the 1988 Democratic Primary." In Do Elections Matter, 2nd ed., ed. Benjamin Ginsberg and Alan Stone. Armonk, NY: ME. Sharpe.

224. Ferguson, Thomas. 1995. Golden Rule. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 225. Fine, Terri Susan. 1994a. “Lobbying from Within: Government and Elites and the Framing of

the 1988 Democratic and Republican Party Platforms.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 24(Fall): 855-63.

226. Fine, Terri Susan. 1994b. “Interest Groups and the Framing of the 1988 Democratic and Republican Party Platforms.” Polity. 26(Spring): 517-30.

227. Fine, Terri Susan. 2003. “Presidential Nominating Conventions in a Democracy.” Perspectives on Political Science 23(Winter).

228. FitzSimon, Martha, ed. 1992. Covering the Presidential Primaries. New York: Freedom Forum Media Studies Center.

229. Fleming, Daniel B. 1992. Kennedy vs. Humphrey, West Virginia, 1960: The Pivotal Battle for the Democratic Presidential Nomination. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

230. Foley, John, Dennis A. Britton, and Eugene B. Everett. 1980. Nominating a President, The Process and the Press. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Times and Praeger.

231. Fowler, Linda. 1997. “Where Did All the Candidates Go?” In Toward the Millennium: The

14

Elections of 1996, ed., Larry J. Sabato. Boston: Allyn and Bacon: 19-36. 232. Fowler, Linda L., Constantine J. Spiliotes, and Lynn Vavreck. 2003. “Sheep in Wolves’

Clothing: Undeclared Voters in New Hampshire’s Open Primary.” PS 36 (2: April): 159 - 163.

233. Fowler, Linda L., Constantine J. Spiliotes, and Lynn Vavreck. Forthcoming. “Issue Advocacy Groups in the New Hampshire Primary.” In The Interest Group Connection, 2nd edition. Ed. Paul S. Herrnson, et al. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

234. Fraser, Donald M. 1980. “Democratizing the Democratic Party.” In Political Parties in the Eighties, ed. Robert A. Goldwin. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

235. Freeman, Jo. 1993. “Feminism v. Family Values: Women at the 1992 Democratic and Republican National Conventions.” PS (March): 21-28.

236. Galston, William. 1988. “Did Super Tuesday Work?” Election Politics 5:2-5. 237. Galston, William A. 1993. “Representation, Deliberation, and Presidential Nominations:

Improving the Performance of American Political Parties.” In American Political Parties and Constitutional Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 63-74.

238. Gamson, William A. 1962. “Coalition Formation at Presidential Nominating Conventions.” American Journal of Sociology 68: 157-71.

239. Gangale, Thomas. 2004. “The California Plan: A 21st Century Method for Nominating Presidential Candidates.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37 (1, January): 81 – 87.

240. Geer, John G. 1986. "Rules Governing Presidential Primaries." Journal of Politics 48:1006-25.

241. Geer, John G. 1988. "Assessing the Representativeness of Electorates in Presidential Primaries." American Journal of Political Science 32:929-45.

242. Geer, John G. 1989. Nominating Presidents. New York: Greenwood. 243. Geer, John G., and Mark E. Shere. 1992. “Party Competition and the Prisoner’s Dilemma: An

Argument for the Direct Primary.” Journal of Politics 54 (August): 741-62. 244. German, K. M., and J. L. Courtright. 1999. “Politically Privileged Voices: Glaser and Fisher

Address the 1992 Presidential Nominating Conventions.” Communication Abstracts 22 (3).

245. Gerston, Larry N., Jerome S. Burstein, and Stephan J. Cohen. 1979. "Presidential Nominations and Coalition Theory." American Politics Quarterly 7:175-97.

246. Gibson, Rachel. 2001-02. “Elections Online: Assessing Internet Voting in Light of the Arizona Democratic Primary.” Political Science Quarterly 116 (Winter 2001-02): 561-583.

247. Gilmartin, Patricia. 2001. “Still the Angel in the Household: Political Cartoons of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Campaign.” Women and Politics 22 (4): 51 - 67.

248. Gleiber, D. W., and J.D. King. 1987. “Party Rules and Equitable Representation – The 1984 Democratic National Convention.” American Politics Quarterly 15 (January): 107-21.

249. Goff, Michael J. 2004. The Money Primary: The New Politics of the Early Presidential Nomination Process. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers

250. Goldstein, Joel H. 1978. "The Influence of Money on the Pre-Nomination Stage of the Presidential Selection Process: The Case of the 1976 Election." Presidential Studies

15

Quarterly 8:164-79. 251. Goldstein, Joel. 1979. "Candidate Popularity and Campaign Contributions in the Pre-

Nomination Stage of the Presidential Selection Process: The Case of the 1976 Election.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 9:329-33.

252. Goldstein, Michael L. 2000. Guide to the 2000 Presidential Election. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

253. Gopoian, J. David. 1982. "Issue Preferences and Candidate Choice in Presidential Primaries." American Journal of Political Science 26:523-46.

254. Grafstein, Robert. 2003. “Strategic Voting in Presidential Primaries: Problems of Explanation and Interpretation.” Political Research Quarterly 56 (December): 513 – 519.

255. Grassmuck, George, ed. 1985. Before Nomination: Our Primary Problems. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.

256. Green, John C. 1993. "Pat Robertson and the Latest Crusade: Religious Resources and the 1988 Presidential Campaign." Social Science Quarterly 74:157-68.

257. Green, John C., and James L. Guth. 1988. "The Christian Right in the Republican Party: The Case of Pat Robertson's Supporters." Journal of Politics 50:150-65.

258. Green, John C., and Nathan S. Bigelow. 2002. “The 2000 Presidential Nominations: The Costs of Innovations.” In Financing the 2000 Election, ed., David B. Magleby. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution.

259. Gronbeck, Bruce E. 1989. "Mythic Portraiture in the 1988 Iowa Presidential Caucus Bio-Ads." American Behavioral Scientist 32:351-64.

260. Grush, Joseph E. 1980. "Impact of Candidate Expenditures, Regionality, and Prior Outcomes on the 1976 Democratic Presidential Primaries." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38:337-47.

261. Guerrant, Daniel G. and Paul-Henri Gurian. 1996. “The Changing Impact of Viability During the Presidential Primary Season.” Social Science Journal 33(2): 137-47.

262. Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1986. "Resource Allocation Strategies in Presidential Nomination Campaigns." American Journal of Political Science 30:802-21.

263. Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1990. "The Influence of Nomination Rules on the Financial Allocations of Presidential Candidates." Western Political Quarterly 43:661-91.

264. Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1991. “Less Than Expected: An Analysis of Media Coverage of Super Tuesday 1988.” Social Science Quarterly 72: 761-73.

265. Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1993a. "Candidate Behavior in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: A Dynamic Model." Journal of Politics 55:115-39.

266. Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1993b. "Primaries versus Caucuses: Strategic Considerations of Presidential Candidates." Social Science Quarterly 74:310-21.

267. Gurian, Paul-Henri. 1993c. "The Distribution of News Coverage in Presidential Primaries," Journalism Quarterly 70:336-44.

268. Gurian, Paul-Henri, and Audrey A. Haynes. 1993. "Campaign Strategy in Presidential Primaries, 1976-88." American Journal of Political Science 37:335-41.

269. Gurian, Paul-Henri, and Audrey A. Haynes. 2003. “Presidential Nomination Campaigns:

16

Toward 2004.” PS 36 (2: April): 175- 180. 270. Gurian, Paul-Henri, Euel Elliott and Daniel Everett. 1996. “An Application of Nonlinear

Dynamics to the Presidential Nomination Process.” Behavioral Science 41 (October): 271-89.

271. Gurian, Paul-Henri and John A. Wolfe. 1994. “Regional Primaries and Presidential Campaign Coverage.” Social Science Journal 31(1): 17-28.

272. Hadley, Arthur. 1976. The Invisible Primary. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 273. Hadley, Charles D., and Harold W. Stanley. 1989. "Super Tuesday 1988: Regional Results

and National Implications." Publius 19:19-37. 274. Hadley, Charles D., and Harold W. Stanley. 1996. “The Southern Super Tuesday: Southern

Democrats Seeking Relief from Rising Republicanism.” In In Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

275. Hagen, Michael G. 1989. "Voter Turnout in Primary Elections." In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 51-88.

276. Hagen, Michael G. 1996. "Press Treatment of Front-Runners." In In the Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

277. Hagen, Michael G., and William G. Mayer. 2000. “The Modern Politics of Presidential Selection: How Changing the Rules Really Did Change the Game.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 1- 56.

278. Hagen, Michael G., Richard Johnston, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, David Dutwin and Kate Kenski. 2000. “Dynamics of the 2000 Republican Primaries.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 572 (November): 33 - 49.

279. Hall, Arnold B. 1923. “The Direct Primary and Party Responsibility in Wisconsin.” Annals 71: 40-54.

280. Hammond, Thomas H. 1980. "Another Look at the Role of 'The Rules' in the 1972 Democratic Presidential Primaries." Western Political Quarterly 33:50-72.

281. Hansen, Glen J., and William L. Benoit. 2001. “The Role of Significant Policy Issues in the 2000 Presidential Primaries.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (12: August): 2082 - 2100.

282. Hanson, Gordon S. 2000. “Out of Cash: U.S. Presidential Pre-Nominations.” Party Politics 6(1: January): 47 - 59.

283. Hanson, Richard H. 1962. “Barriers to a National Primary Law.” Law and Contemporary Problems 27 (Spring): 178-87.

284. Harris, Joseph P. 1951. A Model Direct Primary Election System: Report of the Committee on the Direct Primary. New York: National Municipal League.

285. Haskell, John. 1992. "The Paradox of Plebiscitary Democracy in Presidential Nomination Campaigns." Western Political Quarterly 45:1001-20.

286. Haskell, John. 1996. “Reforming Presidential Primaries: Three Steps for Improving the Campaign Environment.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Spring): 380-90.

287. Haskell, John. 1996. Fundamentally Flawed: Understanding and Reforming Presidential

17

Primaries. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield. 288. Haussman, Melissa. 2001. “Can a Woman Be Elected President?: Strategic Considerations

Under Reformed Nomination and Financing Rules.” White House Studies 1 (3): 349-365. 289. Haynes, Audrey A., and Julianne Flowers. 2002. “News Norms and the Strategic Timing and

Content of Candidate Messages.” Journal of Political Marketing 1 (2): 1 – 21. 290. Haynes, Audrey A., and Sarah G. Murray. 1998. “Why Do the Media Cover Certain

Candidates More than Others?: The Antecedents of State and National News Coverage in the 1992 Presidential Nomination Campaign.” American Politics Quarterly 26 (October).

291. Haynes, Audrey A., and Staci L. Rhine. 1998. “Attack Politics in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: An Examination of the Frequency and Determinants of Intermediated Negative Messages Against Opponents.” Political Research Quarterly 51 (September): 691-721.

292. Haynes, Audrey A., JF Flowers, and Paul-Henri Gurian. 2002. “Getting the Message Out: Candidate Communication Strategy during the Invisible Primary.” Political Research Quarterly 55(September): 633-652.

293. Haynes, Audrey A., Paul-Henri Gurian and Stephen M. Nichols. 1997. “The Role of Candidate Spending in Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” Journal of Politics 59 (February): 213-25.

294. Haynes, Audrey A., Paul-Henri Gurian, Michael H. Crespin, and Christopher Zorn. 2004. “The Calculus of Concession: Media Coverage and the Dynamics of Winnowing in Presidential Nominations.” American Politics Research 32 (3, May): 310-37.

295. Hedlund, Ronald D. 1977-78. "Cross-Over Voting in a 1976 Presidential Primary." Public Opinion Quarterly 41:498-514.

296. Hedlund, Ronald D., and Meredith W. Watts. 1986. "The Wisconsin Open Primary, 1968 to 1984." American Politics Quarterly 14:55-73.

297. Hedlund, Ronald D., Meredith W. Watts, and David M. Hedge. 1982. "Voting in an Open Primary." American Politics Quarterly 10:197-218.

298. Hellweg, S.A. and S. L. Phillips. 1981. “A Verbal and Visual Analysis of the 1988 Houston Republican Presidential Primary Debate.” Southern Speech Communication Journal 47: 23 - 38.

299. Herrera, Richard. 1992. “The Understanding of Ideological Labels by Political Elites: A Research Note.” Western Political Quarterly 45 (December): 1021-35.

300. Herrera, Richard. 1994. “Are “Superdelegates” Super?” Political Behavior 16(March): 79-92.

301. Herrera, Richard. 1995. "The Crosswinds of Change: Sources of Change in the Democratic and Republican Parties." Political Research Quarterly 48:291-312.

302. Herrera, Richard. 1999. “The Origins of Opinion of American Party Activists.” Party Politics 5 (April): 237-52.

303. Hertzke, Allen D. 1993. Echoes of Discontent: Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and the Resurgence of Populism. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

304. Hinckley, Katherine A. and John C. Green. 1996. “Fund-Raising in Presidential Nomination

18

Campaigns: The Primary Lessons of 1988.” Political Research Quarterly 49 (December): 693-718.

305. Hoefler, J. M. 1991. “Advertising on Cable Television in the Presidential Primaries: Something to Look for in ‘92.” PS 24 (March): 45-47.

306. Hofstetter, C. Richard, and David W. Moore. 1982. “Television News Coverage of Presidential Primaries.” Journalism Quarterly 59(Winter): 651-54.

307. Huckshorn, Robert J., and John F. Bibby. 1983. “National Party Rules and Delegate Selection in the Republican Party.” PS 16: 656-66.

308. Hutter, James L., and Steven E. Schier. 1984. "Representativeness: From Caucus to Convention in Iowa." American Politics Quarterly 12:431-48.

309. Jackson, J. 1975. “Some Correlates of Minority Representation in the National Conventions, 1964 - 1972.” American Politics Quarterly 3: 171-88.

310. Jackson, John S. and William J. Crotty. 1996. The Politics of Presidential Selection. New York: Harper Collins College.

311. Jackson, J., and R. Hitlin. “A Comparison of Party Elites: The Sanford Commission and the Delegates to the Democratic Mid-term Conference.” American Politics Quarterly 4: 441-82.

312. Jackson, John S., Nathan S. Bigelow, and John C. Green. 2003. “The State of Party Elites: National Convention Delegates, 1992-2000.” In The State of the Parties, 4th ed., ed. John C. Green and Rick Farmer. Lanhan, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 54-78.

313. Jackson, J. S. III, J. C. Brown and B. L. Brown. 1978. “Recruitment, Representation, and Political Values: The 1976 Democratic National Convention Delegates.” American Politics Quarterly 6: 187-212.

314. Jackson, J. S. III, B. L. Brown, and D. Bositis. 1982. “Herbert McClosky and Friends Revisited: 1980 Democratic and Republican Party Elites Compared to the Mass Publics.” American Politics Quarterly 10: 158-80.

315. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Michael G. Hagen, Dan Orr, Lesley Sillaman, Suzane Morse, and Kim Kirn. 2000. “What Did the Leading Candidates Say, and Did It Matter?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 572 (November): 12 - 16.

316. Jarvis, Sharon E. “Campaigning Alone: Partisan Versus Personal Language in the Presidential Nominating Convention Acceptance Addresses, 1948 - 2000.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (August).

317. Jennings, M. Kent. 1992. “Ideological Thinking Among Mass Publics and Political Elites.” Public Opinion Quarterly 56 (Winter): 419-41.

318. Jewell, Malcolm E. 1974. “A Caveat on the Expanding Use of Presidential Primaries.” Policy Studies Journal 2 (Summer): 279-83.

319. Jewell, Malcolm E. 1977. “Voting Turnout in State Gubernatorial Primaries.” Western Political Quarterly 30: 236-54.

320. Jewell, Malcolm E. 1984. “Northern State Gubernatorial Primary Elections: Explaining Voting Turnout.” American Politics Quarterly 12(January): 101-16.

321. Joe, Wesley and Clyde Wilcox. 1999. “Financing the 1996 Presidential Nominations: The

19

Last Regulated Campaign?” In Financing the 1996 Election, ed., John C. Green. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 37 - 62.

322. John, Kenneth E. 1989. “The Polls– A Report: 1980 - 1988 New Hampshire Presidential Primary Polls.” Public Opinion Quarterly 53 (Winter): 590-605.

323. Johnson, Stephen D., Joseph B. Tamney and Ronald Burton. 1989. "Pat Robertson: Who Supported His Candidacy for President?" Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28:387-99.

324. Johnson, Thomas J. 1993a. "The Seven Dwarfs and Other Tales: How the Networks and Select Newspapers Covered the 1988 Democratic Primaries." Journalism Quarterly 70:311-20.

325. Johnson, Thomas J. 1993b. "Filling Out the Racing Form: How the Media Covered the Horse Race in the 1988 Primaries." Journalism Quarterly 70:300-10.

326. Johnson, Thomas J., Timothy Boudreau, and Chris Glowaki. 1996. “Turning the Spotlight Inward: How Five Leading News Organizations Covered the Media in the 1992 Presidential Elections.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 73(3): 657 - 671.

327. Johnston, A. 2004. “Meet the Candidate Videos: Analyzing Presidential Primary Campaign Videocassettes.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81(2, Summer): 453-54.

328. Jones, Charles O. 1982. “Nominating ‘Carter’s Favorite Opponent’: The Republicans in 1980.” In The American Elections of 1980, ed., Austin Ranney. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute: 61-99.

329. Jones, Charles O. 1985. “Renominating Ronald Reagan: The Complete Politician at Work.” In The American Elections of 1984, ed. Austin Ranney. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute: 66-99.

330. Jones, David A. 1998. “Political Talk Radio: The Limbaugh Effect on Primary Voters.” Political Communication 15 (July-Sept.): 367-81.

331. Jones, Jeffrey M. 1998. “Does Bringing Out the Candidate Bring Out the Votes? The Effects of Nominee Campaigning in Presidential Elections.” American Politics Quarterly 26 (October).

332. Jones, M. H. 1983. “A Black Presidential Candidate in 1984: More of the Same.” PS 16 (Summer): 495-96.

333. Joslyn, Richard A. 1976. "The Impact of Decision Rules in Multi-Candidate Campaigns: The Case of the 1972 Democratic Presidential Nomination." Public Choice 25:1-17.

334. Judah, Charles Burnet. 1953. The Presidential Primary. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.

335. Just, Marion R., Ann N. Crigler, Dean E. Alger, Timothy E. Cook, Montague Kern and Darrel J. West. 1996. Crosstalk: Citizens, Candidates, and the Media in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

336. Kamarck, Elaine C. 1987. "Delegate Allocation Rules in Presidential Nomination Systems: A Comparison Between the Democrats and Republicans." Journal of Law and Politics

20

4:275-310. 337. Kamarck, Elaine C. 1990. “Structure as Strategy: Presidential Nominating Politics in the Post-

Reform Era.” In The Parties Respond: Changes in the American Party System, ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Boulder, CO: Westview.

338. Kamarck, Elaine C. and Kenneth M. Goldstein. 1994. “The Rules Do Matter: Post-Reform Presidential Nominating Politics.” In The Parties Respond: Changes in the American Party System, 2nd edition, ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 169-95.

339. Kaufman, Karen M., James G. Gimpel and Adam H. Hoffman. 2003. “A Promise Fulfilled?: Open Primaries and Representation.” Journal of Politics 65 (May): 457-76.

340. Kane, T. 1987. “The Dewey-Stassen Primary Debate of 1948: An Examination of Format for Presidential Debates.” In Argument and Critical Practices, ed., J. Wenzel. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.

341. Kanthak, Kristan, and Jeff Williams. 2004. “Parties and Primaries: The First Electoral Round.” In Laws and Election Politics: The Rules of the Game, ed., Matthew J. Streb. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

342. Keech, William R. 1974. “Anticipating the Consequences of a National Presidential Primary.” Policy Studies Journal 2(Summer): 274-79.

343. Keech, William R. and Donald R. Matthews. 1976. The Party’s Choice. Washington, DC: Brookings.

344. Keeter, Scott, and Cliff Zukin. 1983. Uninformed Choice: The Failure of the New Presidential Nominating System. New York: Praeger.

345. Kellet, John, and Kenneth Mott. 1977. "Presidential Primaries: Measuring Popular Choice." Polity 9:528-37.

346. Kendall, Kathleen E. 1993. “Public Speaking in the Presidential Primaries Through Media Eyes.” American Behavioral Scientist 38 (Nov.-Dec.): 240-51.

347. Kendall, Kathleen E. 2000. Communication in the Presidential Primaries: Candidates and the Media, 1912-2000. Westport, CT: Praeger.

348. Kennamer, J. David. 1990. "Comparing Predictors of the Likelihood of Voting in a Primary and a General Election." Journalism Quarterly 67:777-84.

349. Kennamer, J. David, and Steven H. Chaffee. 1982. "Communication of Political Information During Early Presidential Primaries: Cognition, Affect, and Uncertainty." Communication Yearbook 5:627-50.

350. Kenney, Patrick J. 1983. “Explaining Turnout in Gubernatorial Primaries.” American Politics Quarterly 11: 315-26.

351. Kenney, Patrick J. 1986. “Explaining Primary Turnout: The Senatorial Case.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 11: 65-73.

352. Kenney, Patrick J. 1988. “Sorting out the Effects of Primary Divisiveness in Congressional and Senatorial Elections.” Western Political Quarterly 41(4): 765-77.

353. Kenney, Patrick J. 1993. "An Examination of How Voters Form Impressions of Candidates' Issue Positions During the Nomination Campaign." Political Behavior 315:265-88.

354. Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice. 1984. “The Effect of Primary Divisiveness in

21

Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections.” Journal of Politics 46(August): 904-15. 355. Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice. 1985. "Voter Turnout in Presidential Primaries: A

Cross-Sectional Examination." Political Behavior 7:101-12. 356. Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice. 1987. "The Relationship between Divisive Primaries

and General Election Outcomes." American Journal of Political Science 31:31-44. 357. Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice. 1988. "Presidential Prenomination Preferences and

Candidate Evaluations." American Political Science Review 82:1309-20. 358. Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice. 1992. "A Model of Nomination Preferences."

American Politics Quarterly 20:267-86. 359. Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice. 1994. "The Psychology of Political Momentum."

Political Research Quarterly 47:923-38. 360. Kenski, Kate. 2000. “Woman and Political Knowledge during the 2000 Primaries.” Annals

of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 572 (November): 26 - 28. 361. Kern, Montague. 2001. "Disadvantage Al Gore in Election 2000: Coverage of Issue and

Candidate Attributes, including the Candidate as Campaigner, on Newspaper and Television News Web Sites.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (12, Aug): 2125-2139.

362. Kessel, John H. 1968. The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

363. Kessel, John H. 1977. "The Seasons of Presidential Politics." Social Science Quarterly 58:418-35.

364. Kessel, John H. 1992. Presidential Campaign Politics, 4th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

365. Key, V. O. 1967. “The Presidential Primary.” In Politics 1968, ed., Francis M. Carney and H. Frank Way, Jr. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

366. King, Anthony. 1981. “How Not to Select Presidential Candidates: A View from Europe.” In The American Elections of 1980, ed. Austin Ranney. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

367. King, Erika G. 1990. "Thematic Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Primaries: A Comparison of USA Today and the New York Times." Journalism Quarterly 67:83-87.

368. Kinsey, Dennis F., and Steven H. Chafee. 1996. “Communication Behavior and Presidential Approval: The Decline of George Bush.” Political Communication 13 (July-Sept.): 281-91.

369. Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordon. 1975. “Representation in the American National Conventions: the Case of 1972.” British Journal of Political Science 5: 267-80.

370. Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordon. 1976. The New Presidential Elite. New York: Russell Sage. 371. Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordon. 1978. Dismantling the Parties. Washington, DC: American

Enterprise Institute. 372. Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordon. 1980. The Presidential Nominating Process: Can it Be

Improved? Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute. 373. Kiser, George C. 1992. “Presidential Primaries: Stepping Stones to the Vice Presidential

Nomination?” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22 (Summer): 493-517.

22

374. Kraus, Laurence G. 1984. Future Presidents : The Briefing Book for Coming Changes in Presidential Nominating--and Resulting Changes in Politics and the American Presidency. Belvedere, CA : Rovi Publishers.

375. Kritzer, Herbert M. 1977. "The Representativeness of the 1972 Presidential Primaries. Polity 10:121-29.

376. Langenbach, Lisa, and John C. Green. 1992. "Hollow Core: Evangelical Clergy and the 1988 Robertson Campaign." Polity 25:147-58.

377. Lanoue, David J., and Peter R. Schrott. 1989. "The Effect of Primary Season Debates on Public Opinion." Political Behavior 11:289-06.

378. Layman, Geoffrey C. 1999. “‘Culture Wars’ in the American Party System: Religious and Cultural Change Among Partisan Activists Since 1972.” American Politics Quarterly 27 (Jan): 89-121.

379. LeDuc, L. 2001. “Democratizing Party Leadership Selection.” Party Politics. 380. Lee, Gangheong and Joseph N. Cappella. 2001. "The Effects of Political Talk Radio on

Political Attitude Formation: Exposure versus Knowledge.” Political Communication 8 (4, Oct-Dec): 369-394.

381. Lenart, Silvo. 1997. “Naming Names in a Midwestern Town: The Salience of Democratic Presidential Hopefuls in Early 1992.” Political Behavior 19 (December): 365-82.

382. Lengle, James I. 1980. "Divisive Presidential Primaries and Party Electoral Prospects, 1932-1976." American Politics Quarterly 8:261-77.

383. Lengle, James I. 1981. Representation and Presidential Primaries: The Democratic Party in the Post-Reform Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

384. Lengle, James I. 1983. “To Run or Not to Run: Estimates of a Black Contender’s Delegate Strength at the 1984 Democratic Convention.” PS 16 (Fall): 673-82.

385. Lengle, James I. 1987. “Democratic Party Reforms: The Past as Prologue to the 1988 Campaign.” Journal of Law and Politics 4:233-73.

386. Lengle, James I. 1992. “Reforming the Presidential Nominating Process.” In Quest for National Offices, ed. Stephen J. Wayne and Clyde Wilcox. New York: St. Martin’s.

387. Lengle, James I. and Byron Shafer. 1976. "Primary Rules, Political Power, and Social Change." American Political Science Review 70:25-40.

388. Lengle, James I., Diana Owen, and Molly W. Sonner. 1995. "Divisive Nominating Mechanisms and Democratic Party Electoral Prospects." Journal of Politics 57:370-83.

389. Levine, Myron A. 1977. “The Case Against Regional Primaries.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 7 (Winter): 47-48.

390. Lichter, S. Robert. 1988. “How the Press Covered the Primaries.” Public Opinion (July/August): 45-49.

391. Lichter, S. Robert, Daniel Amundson, and Richard Noyes. 1988. The Video Campaign: Network Coverage of the 1988 Primaries. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

392. Lichter, S. Robert, and Ted Smith. 1996. “Why Elections are Bad News: Media and Candidate Discourse in the 1996 Presidential Primaries.” Harvard International Journal

23

of Press/Politics 1 (Fall): 15-35. 393. Loevy, Robert D. 1995. The Flawed Path to the Presidency, 1992: Unfairness and

Inequality in the Presidential Selection Process. Albany: State University of New York Press.

394. Loevy, Robert D. 1998. The Manipulated Path to the White House - 1996: Maximizing Advantage in the Presidential Selection Process. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

395. Lowden, Nancy B., Peter A. Andersen, David M. Dozier, and Martha M. Lauzen. 1994. "Media Use in the Primary Election: A Secondary Medium Model." Communication Research 21:293-304.

396. Lucy, William H. 1973. “Polls, Primaries, and Presidential Nominations.” Journal of Politics 35(November): 830-48.

397. Lydon, C. 1992. “Campaign Coverage: Sex, War, and Death.” Columbia Journalism Review 31(May-June): 57-60.

398. Lynk, M. V. 1992. “Regulating Political Activity: Notes on a Hypothetical Statute to Regulate Presidential Primary and General Election Campaigns.” Journal of Law and Politics 8 (Winter): 259-70.

399. Magleby, David B. 2001. “Outside Money in the 2000 Presidential Primaries and Congressional General Election.” PS: Political Science and Politics 34 (June): 267 – 275.

400. Maisel, Louis, and Gerald J. Lieberman. 1977. "The Impact of Electoral Rules on Primary Elections: The Democratic Presidential Primaries in 1976." In The Impact of the Electoral Process, ed., Louis Maisel and Joseph Cooper. Beverly Hills: Sage.

401. Maisel, Sandy L. 2003. “Pick a Name. Any Name.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics. 1 (3).

402. Maisel, Sandy L., Linda L. Fowler, Ruth S. Jones and Walter J. Stone. 1994. “Nomination Politics: The Role of Intuitional, Contextual, and Personal Variables. In The Parties Respond, 2nd ed., ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 145-168.

403. Malbin, Michael J. 1982. “The Conventions, Platforms, and Issue.” In The American Elections of 1980, ed., Austin Ranney. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute: 99-141.

404. Malbin, Michael J. 1983. "Looking Back at the Future of Campaign Finance Reform." Commonsense 6:50-70.

405. Mann, Thomas E. 1985. “Should the Presidential Nominating System Be Changed (Again)?” In Before the Nomination: Our Primary Problems, ed. George Grassmuck. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

406. Markin, K. M. 1999. “Media Recognition and Access to the Presidential Primary Ballot.” Communication Abstracts 22 (5):

407. Marshall, Thomas. 1978. "Turnout and Representation: Caucuses Versus Primaries." American Journal of Political Science 22:169-81.

408. Marshall, Thomas. 1979. "Caucuses and Primaries: Measuring Reform in the Presidential

24

Nomination Process." American Politics Quarterly 7:155-74. 409. Marshall, Thomas. 1981. Presidential Nomination in a Reform Age. New York: Praeger. 410. Marshall, Thomas. 1983a. "Evaluating Presidential Nominees: Opinion Polls, Issues, and

Personalities." Western Political Quarterly 36:650-59. 411. Marshall, Thomas. 1983b. "The News Verdict and Public Opinion During the Primaries." In

Television Coverage of the 1980 Presidential Campaign, ed. William C. Adams. Norwood, NJ: ABLEX.

412. Marshall, Thomas R. 1984. "Issues, Personalities and Presidential Primary Voters." Social Science Quarterly 65:750-60.

413. Marshall, Thomas R. 1986. "Primaries and Nominations." Research in Micropolitics 1:189-218.

414. Matelson, Bennett J. 1994. “Tilting the Electoral Playing Field: The Problem of Subjectivity in Presidential Election Law.” New York University Law Review 69 (December): 1238-86.

415. Mathews, Donald R. 1974. "Presidential Nominations: Process and Outcomes." In Choosing the President, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

416. Mathews, Donald R. 1978. "'Winnowing': The News Media and the 1976 Presidential Nomination." In Race for the Presidency, ed. James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

417. Matthews, Jeffrey J. 1997. “To Defeat a Maverick: The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited, 1963 – 1964.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Fall): 662 – 678.

418. May, Ernest R., and Janet Fraser. 1973. Campaign ‘72: The Managers Speak. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.

419. Mayer, Russell K. 2002. "An Experimental Examination of Electoral Expectations.” The American Review of Politics 23 (spring-summer): 39-54.

420. Mayer, William G. 1987. “The New Hampshire Primary: A Historical Overview.” In Media and Momentum, ed. Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, pp.9 - 41.

421. Mayer, William G. 1996a. The Divided Democrats: Ideological Unity, Party Reform, and Presidential Elections. Boulder, CO: Westview.

422. Mayer, William G., ed. 1996b. In the Pursuit of the White House. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

423. Mayer, William G. 1996c. "Forecasting Presidential Nominations." In In the Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

424. Mayer, William G. 1996d. “Caucuses: How They Work, What Difference They Make.” In In Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

425. Mayer, William G. 1997. “The Presidential Nominations.” In The Election of 1996, ed. Gerald M. Pomper. Chathan, NJ: Chatham House.

426. Mayer, William G., ed. 2000. In the Pursuit of the White House, 2000. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

427. Mayer, William G. 2000. “A Brief History of Vice Presidential Selection.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed. William G. Mayer. New York: Chatham House, pp. 313 -

25

374. 428. Mayer, William G. 2001. “The Presidential Nominations.” In The Election of 2000: Reports

and Interpretations, ed., Gerald M. Pomper. New York: Chatham House. 429. Mayer, William G. 2003. “Introduction – The Long, Complicated Road to the White House:

The Presidential Nomination Process in 2004.” PS 36 (2: April): 151 430. Mayer, William G. 2003b. “Forecasting Presidential Nominations: Or, My Model Worked Just

Fine, Thank You.” PS 36 (2: April): 153 - 157. 431. Mayer, William G. 2003c. “Handicapping the 2004 Nomination Race: An Early Fall

Prospectus.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 1(4). 432. Mayer, William G. 2003d. “The Basic Dynamics of the Presidential Nomination Process:

Putting the 2000 Races in Perspective.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 33 (March): 72 - 100.

433. Mayer, William G., ed. 2004. The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

434. Mayer, William G. 2004. “The Basic Dynamics of the Contemporary Nomination Process: An Expanded View.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

435. Mayer, William G. 2004. “From the End of the Nomination Contest to the Start of the National Conventions: Preliminary thoughts on a new Period in Presidential Campaign Politics.” The Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 2 (Issue 2): Article 1. http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol2/iss2/art1

436. Mayer, William G., and Andrew E. Busch. 2004. The Front-Loading Problem in Presidential Nominations. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

437. Mayer, William G., and Andrew E. Busch. 2004. “Can the Federal Government Reform the Presidential Nomination Process?” Election Law Journal.

438. McCann, James A. 1995. "Nomination Politics and Ideological Polarization: Assessing the Attitudinal Effects of Campaign Involvement." Journal of Politics 57 (February):101-20.

439. McCann, James A. 1996. "Presidential Nomination Activists and Political Representation: A View from the Active Minority Studies." In In the Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

440. McCann, James A. 2004. “The Emerging International Trend toward Open Presidential Primaries: The American Presidential Nomination Process in Comparative Perspective.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

441. McCann, James A, Randall W. Partin, Ronald B. Rapoport, and Walter J. Stone. 1996. “Presidential Nomination Campaigns and Party Mobilization: An Assessment of Spillover Effects.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (August): 756-67.

442. McClosky, H, P. J. Hoffman, and R. O’Hara. 1960. “Issue Conflict and Consensus among Party Leaders and Followers.” American Political Science Review 54(June): 406-27.

443. McCulloch, A. M. 1983. “Voting Paradoxes and Primary Politics: A Dilemma for Democracy.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 13 (Fall): 575-88.

26

444. McGillivray, Alice V., ed. 1992. Presidential Primaries and Caucuses 1992: A Handbook of Election Statistics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

445. McGregor, Eugene B., Jr. 1978. “Uncertainty and National Nominating Coalitions.” Journal of Politics 40: 1011-42.

446. McKinney Mitchell S., Lynda Lee Kaid, and Terry A. Robertson. 2001. “The Front-Runner, Contenders, and Also Rans: Effects of Watching a 2000 Republican Primary Debate. American Behavioral Scientist 44 (August).

447. McMullen, Jody L., and Barbara Norrander. 2000. “The Gender Gap in Presidential Nominations.” In In Pursuit of the White House, 2000, ed., William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

448. McNitt, Andrew D. 1980. “The Effect of Pre-primary Endorsement on Competition for Nominations: An Examination of Different Nominating Systems.” Journal of Politics 42(February): 257-66.

449. McNitt, Andrew D. 1982. “A Comparison of Explanations of Competition for Gubernatorial and Senatorial Nominations: 1954-1974.” Western Political Quarterly xx: 245-57.

450. Meirick, PC. 2004. “Topic-Relevant Reference Groups and Dimensions of Distance: Political Advertising and First- and Third-Person Effects.” Communication Research 31 (2, April): 234-55.

451. Meirowitz, A. 2005. “Informational Party Primaries and Strategic Ambiguity.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 17 (Jan.): 107 – 136.

452. Merriam, C. Edward. 1908. Primary Elections: A Study of History and Tendencies of Primary Election Legislation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

453. Merriam, C. Edward, and Louis Overacker. 1928. Primary Elections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

454. Merrrill, S. 1988. Making Multicandidate Elections More Democratic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

455. Meyer, R. Kelly. 1994. "Interpersonal and Mass Media Communication: Political Learning in New Hampshire's First-in-the-Nation Presidential Primary." Sociological Spectrum 14:143-65.

456. Meyers, Edward M. 1989. “An Evaluation of Further Reforms in the Democratic Party’s Presidential Nomination Process.” Policy Studies Review 8 (Summer): 812-30.

457. Meyrowitz, Joshua. 1994. “Visible and Invisible Candidates: A Case Study in ‘Competing Logics’ of Campaign Coverage.” Political Communication 11: 145-64.

458. Miller, M. Mark, Julie L. Andsager, and Bonnie P. Riechert. 1998. “Framing the Candidates in Presidential Primaries: Issues and Images in Press Releases and News Coverage.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (Summer): 312-24.

459. Miller, Nancy L., and William B. Stiles. 1986. “Verbal Familiarity in American Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches and Inaugural Addresses (1920 – 1981).” Social Psychology Quarterly 49(March): 72-81.

460. Miller, Penny M., Malcolm E. Jewell, and Lee Sigelman. 1988. “Divisive Primaries and Party Activists: Kentucky, 1979 and 1983.” Journal of Politics 50 (May): 459-71.

27

461. Miller, Warren E. 1988. Without Consent: Mass-Elite Linkages in Presidential Politics. Lexington, KY: University Pres of Kentucky.

462. Mitofsky, Warren, and Martin Plissner. 1980. “The Making of the Delegates, 1968 - 1980.” Public Opinion 3 (October/November): 43.

463. Mixon, Franklin G, Jr. and David L. Hobson. 2001. “Intergovernmental Grants and the Positioning of Presidential Primaries and Caucuses: Empirical Evidence from the 1992, 1996, and 2000 Election Cycles.” Contemporary Economic Policy 19 (January): 27 – 38.

464. Monardi, Fred M. 1994. "Primary Voters as Retrospective Voters." American Politics Quarterly 22:88-103.

465. Moore, David. 1983. “New Hampshire: An Early Poll for the Earliest Primary.” Public Opinion 6(April-May): 49-53.

466. Moore, David. 1984. “The Death of Politics in New Hampshire.” Public Opinion 7(February-March): 56-57.

467. Moore, David W. 1987. "The Manchester Union Leader in the New Hampshire Primary." In Media and Momentum, ed., Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, pp. 104-26.

468. Moore, Jonathan, and Albert C. Pierce, ed. 1976. Voters, Primaries, and Parties: Selections form a Conference on American Politics. Cambridge: Institute of Politics, John Fitzgerald Kennedy School of Government.

469. Moore, William V., and Danielle Vinson. 2001. “The South Carolina Republican Presidential Primary: Issue Advocacy Groups and Campaign Spending.” Journal of Political Science 29: 49-69.

470. Moran, Jack, and Mark Fenster. 1982. "Voter Turnout in Presidential Primaries: A Diachronic Analysis." American Politics Quarterly 10:453-76.

471. Morgan, David. 1988-89. “The Politics of Image: Scandals in American Political Life.” Corruption and Reform 3 (3): 247-59.

472. Morris, L. 1990. The Social and Political Implications of the 1984 Jesse Jackson Presidential Campaign. Westport, CT: Praeger.

473. Morris, Milton D., and Linda F. Williams. 1988. Blacks and the 1988 Republican National Convention. Washington, D.C. : Joint Center for Political Studies

474. Morris, William D., and Otto A. Davis. 1975. "The Sport of Kings: Turnout in Presidential Preference Primaries." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA.

475. Morton, Rebecca B., and Kenneth C. Williams. 1999. “Information Asymmetries and Simultaneous Versus Sequential Voting.” American Political Science Review 93 (March): 51-67.

476. Morton, Rebecca B., and Kenneth C. Williams. 2001. Learning by Voting: Sequential Choices in Presidential Primaries and Other Elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

477. Moses, James L. 2000. “William O. Doublas’s ‘Political Ambitions’ and the 1944 Vice-

28

Presidential Nomination: A Reinterpretation.” The Historian 62 (Winter): 325 – 341. 478. Munger, Frank, and James Blackhurst. 1965. “Factionalism in the National Conventions,

1940-1964: An Analysis of Ideological Consistency in State Delegation Voting.” Journal of Politics 27 (May): 375-94.

479. Mutz, Diana C. 1995a. "Effects of Horse-Race Coverage on Campaign Coffers: Strategic Contributing in Presidential Primaries." Journal of Politics 57:1015-42.

480. Mutz, Diana C. 1995b. “Media, Momentum and Money: Horse Race Spin in the 1988 Republican Primaries.” In Polls and the News Media, ed. Paul J. Lavrakas, Michael W. Traugott, and Peter V. Miller. Boulder, CO: Westview.

481. Mutz, Diana C. 1997. “Mechanisms of Momentum: Does Thinking Make It So?” Journal of Politics 59 (February): 104-25.

482. Myers, R. Kelly. 1994. “Interpersonal and Mass Media Communication: Political Learning in New Hampshire’s First-In-the-Nation Presidential Primary.” Sociological Spectrum 14: 143-65.

483. Nagel, Jack. 1984. "A Debut for Approval Voting." PS 17:62-5. 484. Nakamura, R. T. 1980. “Beyond Purism and Professionalism: Styles of Convention Delegate

Fellowship.” American Journal of Political Science 24: 207-32. 485. National Party Conventions 1831 – 2000. 2000. Washington, DC: CQ Press. 486. Natoli, M. D. 1988. “The Vice Presidency: Stepping Stone or Stumbling Block?”

Presidential Studies Quarterly 18 (Winter): 77-79. 487. Nice, David. 1980. “Stability and Change at the Convention.” Journal of Politics 42: 847-

53. 488. Niemi, Richard G., and Larry M. Bartels. 1984. "The Responsiveness of Approval Voting to

Political Circumstances." PS 17:571-77. 489. Nimmo, Dan. 1986. "Handicapping in the Early Campaign: Frontrunners, Dark Horses, and

Also Rans in the Polls." Political Communication Review 11:19-32. 490. Norpoth, Helmut. 1996. “Of Time and Candidates: A Forecast for 1996.” American

Politics Quarterly 24 (October): 443-67. 491. Norpoth, Helmut. 2001. “Primary Colors: A Mixed Blessing for Al Gore.” PS: Political

Science & Politics 34(March): 45 – 48. 492. Norrander, Barbara. 1986a. "Selective Participation: Presidential Primary Voters as a Subset

of General Election Voters." American Politics Quarterly 14:35-53. 493. Norrander, Barbara. 1986b. "Correlates of Vote Choice in the 1980 Presidential Primaries."

Journal of Politics 48:156-67. 494. Norrander, Barbara. 1986c. "Measuring Primary Turnout in Aggregate Analysis." Political

Behavior 8:356-73. 495. Norrander, Barbara. 1989. "Ideological Representativeness of Presidential Primary Voters."

American Journal of Political Science 33:570-87. 496. Norrander, Barbara. 1991a. "Explaining Individual Participation in Presidential Primaries."

Western Political Quarterly 44:640-55. 497. Norrander, Barbara. 1991b. "The Best-Laid Plans...: Super Tuesday 1988." In Nominating

29

the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

498. Norrander, Barbara. 1992. Super Tuesday: Regional Politics and Presidential Primaries. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.

499. Norrander, Barbara. 1993. "Nomination Choices: Caucus and Primary Outcomes, 1976-1988." American Journal of Political Science 37:343-64.

500. Norrander, Barbara. 1996. “Field Essay: Presidential Nomination Politics in the Post-Reform Era.” Political Research Quarterly 49 (December): 875-915.

501. Norrander, Barbara. 2000. “The End Game in Post-Reform Presidential Nominations.” Journal of Politics 62 (November): 999-1013..

502. Norrander, Barbara. 2003. “The Intraparty Gender Gap: Differences between Male and Female Voters in the 1980-2000 Presidential Primaries.” PS 36(2: April): 181 - 186.

503. Norrander, Barbara, and Gregg W. Smith. 1985. "Type of Contest, Candidate Strategy and Turnout in Presidential Primaries." American Politics Quarterly 13:28-50.

504. Norris, Pippa. 1992. “The 1992 U.S. Primaries: If It Ain’t Broke, Don’t Fix It.” Parliamentary Affairs 45 (July): 428 - 436.

505. Nownes, Anthony J. 1992. "Primaries, General Elections, and Voter Turnout: A Multinominal Logit Model of the Decision to Vote." American Politics Quarterly 20:205-26.

506. Oldfield, Duane M. 1996a. "The Christian Right in the Presidential Nominating Process." In In the Pursuit of the White House, ed. William G. Mayer. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

507. Oldfield, Duane M. 1996b. The Right and the Righteous: The Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

508. Orbel, John, Robyn Dawes, and Nancy Collins. 1972. “Grass Roots Enthusiasm and the Primary Vote.” Western Political Quarterly 25(June): 249-59.

509. Orren, Gary R. 1978. "Candidate Style and Voter Alignment in 1976." In Emerging Coalitions in American Politics, ed., Seymour Martin Lipset. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

510. Orren, Gary R. 1985. “The Nomination Process; Vicissitudes of Candidate Selection.” In The Elections of 1984, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

511. Orren, Gary R., and Nelson W. Polsby, ed. 1987a. Media and Momentum: The New Hampshire Primary and Nomination Politics. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

512. Orren, Gary R., and Nelson W. Polsby, 1987b. “New Hampshire: Springboard of Nomination Politics.” In Media and Momentum: The New Hampshire Primary and Nomination Politics, ed. Gary R. Orren and Nelson W. Polsby. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

513. Overacker, Louise. 1926. The Presidential Primary. New York: MacMillan. 514. Palazzolo, Daniel J., and Sean M. Theriault. 1996. “Candidate Announcement Addresses [in

US Presidential Elections]: Campaign Strategies and Voting Behavior.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Spring): 350-363.

515. Paletz, David L., and Martha Elson. 1976. “Television Coverage of Presidential Conventions.” Political Science Quarterly 91: 124-27.

516. Palmer, Niall A. 1997. The New Hampshire Primary and the American Electoral Process.

30

Westport, CT: Praeger. 517. Paolino, Phillip, and Daron R. Shaw. 2001. “Lifting the Hood on the Straight-Talk Express:

Examining the McCain Phenomenon.” American Politics Research 29 (September): 483 - 506.

518. Paolino, Phillip, and Daron R. Shaw. 2003. “Can the Internet Help Outsider Candidates Win the Presidential Nomination?” PS 36(2: April): 193 - 197.

519. Parent, T. Wayne, Calvin C. Jillson, and Ronald E. Weber. 1987. "Voting Outcomes in the 1984 Democratic Party Primaries and Caucuses." American Political Science Review 81:67-84.

520. Parmelee, John. 2002. “Presidential Primary Videocassettes: How Candidates in the 2000 US Presidential Primary Elections Framed their Early Campaigns.” Political Communication 19 (July-Sept): 317 – 331.

521. Parris, Judith. 1972. The Convention Problem. Washington, DC: Brookings. 522. Pastor, Gregory S., Walter J. Stone, and Ronald B. Rapoport. 1999. "Candidate-Centered

Sources of Party Change: The Case of Pat Robertson, 1988." Journal of Politics 61(May): 423-44.

523. Patterson, Thomas E. 1980. The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their President. New York: Praeger.

524. Paul, Erza. 1997. “Advancing the Dates of Presidential Primaries: The Case of California and New York,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Fall): 714-25.

525. Pavord, A. C. 1996. “The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelt’s Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Summer): 633-47.

526. Payne, J. Gregory, John Marlier, and Robert A. Baukus. 1989. "Polispots in the 1988 Presidential Primaries: Separating the Nominees from the Rest of the Guys." American Behavioral Scientist 32:365-81.

527. Peabody, Robert L., and Eve Lubalin. 1975. “The Making of Presidential Candidates.” In The Future of the American Presidency, ed., Charles W. Dunn. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press, pp. 26-65.

528. Peabody, Robert L., Norman J. Ornstein, and David W. Rhode. 1976. “The United States Senate as a Presidential Incubator: Many are Called by Few are Chosen.” Political Science Quarterly 91: 237-258.

529. Pepper, Robert. 1973. “An Analysis of Presidential Primary Election Night Coverage.” Education Broadcasting Review 7(June): 159-66.

530. Peterson, David A. M., and Paul A. Djupe. 2005. “When Primary Campaigns Go Negative: The Determinants of Campaign Negativity.” Political Research Quarterly 58 (1: March): 45-54. [senate primaries]

531. Petrocik, John R. 1983. “Explaining Party Elite Transformation: Institutional Changes and Insurgent Politics.” Western Political Quarterly 36 (September): 345-63.

532. Pfau, Michael. 1984. A Comparative Assessment of Intra-party Political Debate Fomrats.” Political Communication Review 8: 1 - 23.

533. Pfau, M. 1987. “The Influence of Intraparty Debates on Candidate Preference.”

31

Communication Research 14: 687-697. 534. Pfau, Michael. 1988. “Intra-party Political Debates and Issue Learning.” Journal of Applied

Communication Research 16: 99 - 112. 535. Pfau, Michael, et. al. Xxxx. “Influence of Communication During the Distant Phase of the 1996

Republican Presidential Primary Campaign.” Journal of Communication 47 (4: Autumn): 6 - 26.

536. Pfau, Michael, Tracy Diedrich, Karla M. Larson, and Kim M. Van Winkle. 1993. "Relational and Competence Perceptions of Presidential Candidates During Primary Election Campaigns." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 37:275-92.

537. Pfau, Michael, Tracy Diedrich, Karla M. Larson, and Kim M. Van Winkle. 1995. "Influence of Communication Modalities on Voters' Perceptions of Candidates During Presidential Primary Campaigns." Journal of Communication 45 (Winter):122-33.

538. Pfau, Michael, et. al. 1997. “Influence of Communication During the Distant Phase of the 1996 Republican Presidential Primary Campaign.” Journal of Communication 47 (Autumn): 6-26.

539. Pierce, Roy. 2004. “Thwarted Voters at the 2000 US Presidential Election.” Electoral Studies, 23 (4, Dec.): 601-621.

540. Polsby, Nelson W. 1960. “Decision Making at the National Party Conventions.” Western Political Quarterly (October): 609-19.

541. Polsby, Nelson W. 1980. “The News Media as an Alternative to Party in the Presidential Selection Process.” In Political Parties in the Eighties, ed. Robert A. Goldwin. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

542. Polsby, Nelson W. 1982. “The Democratic Nomination.” In The American Elections of 1980, ed. Austin Ranney. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute: 37-60.

543. Polsby, Nelson W. 1983. Consequences of Party Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.

544. Polsby, Nelson W. 1983. “The Reform of Presidential Selection and Democratic Theory.” PS 16 (Fall): 695-98.

545. Polsby, Nelson W. 1985. “The Democratic Nomination and the Evolution of the Party System.” In The American Elections of 1984, ed. Austin Ranney. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute: 36-65.

546. Polsby, Nelson W. 1989. “The Iowa Caucuses in a Front-Loaded System: A Few Historical Lessons.” In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 149-62.

547. Polsby, Nelson W. 2001. “Systematic Knowledge and Presidential Selection “ Political Studies 49 (4, Sept): 767-777.

548. Polsby, Nelson W., and Aaron Wildavsky. Various Years. Presidential Elections, various editions. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

549. Pomper, Gerald M. 1963. Nominating the President: The Politics of Convention Choice. New York: Norton.

550. Pomper, Gerald M. 1977. “The Nominating Contests and Conventions.” In The Election of

32

1976, ed. Gerald M. Pomper. New York: David McKay: 1-34. 551. Pomper, Gerald M. 1979. "New Rules and New Games in Presidential Nominations.”

Journal of Politics 41: 784-805. 552. Pomper, Gerald M. 1981. “The Nominating Contest.” In The Election of 1980, ed. Gerald

M. Pomper. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. 553. Pomper, Gerald M. 1985. "The Nominations." In The Election of 1984, ed. Gerald M.

Pomper. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. 554. Pomper, Gerald M. 1989. “The Presidential Nominations.” In The Election of 1988, ed.

Gerald M. Pomper. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House: 33-72. 555. Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in

Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 556. Potts, C. S. 1912. “The Convention System and the Presidential Primary.” The American

Review of Reviews 45 (May): 561-66. 557. “Presidential Campaigns and Elections: Symposium Issue.” 1992. Journal of Law and

Politics 8 (Winter). 558. The Puerto Rican and Latino Vote in the 1984 NYS Democratic Presidential Primary.

1984. New York: Institute for Puerto Rican Policy. 559. Ranney, Austin. 1972. "Turnout and Representation in Presidential Primary Elections."

American Political Science Review 66:21-37. 560. Ranney, Austin. 1974. "Changing the Rules of the Nomination Game." In Choosing the

President, ed., James David Barber. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 561. Ranney, Austin. 1975. Curing the Mischief of Factions. Berkeley: University of California

Press. 562. Ranney, Austin. 1977. Participation in American Presidential Nominations, 1976.

Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute. 563. Ranney, Austin. 1978. The Federalization of Presidential Primaries. Washington, DC:

American Enterprise Institute. 564. Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. 1994. "A Model for Disaggregating Political

Change." Political Behavior 16:505-32. 565. Rapoport, Ronald B., Alan I. Abramowitz, and John McGlennon. 1986. The Life of the

Parties: Activists in Presidential Politics. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 566. Rapoport, Ronald B., Alan I. Abramowitz, and Walter J. Stone. 1991. “Do Endorsements

Matter? Group Influence in the 1984 Democratic Caucuses.” American Political Science Review 85 (March): 193-204.

567. Rapoport, Ronald G., Walter J. Stone, and Alan I. Abramowitz. 1990. “Sex and the Caucus Participant: The Gender Gap and Presidential Nominations.” American Journal of Political Science 34 (August): 725-40.

568. Rapoport, Ronald B., Walter J. Stone, and Lonna Rae Atkeson. 1996. “Candidate Chances, Ideological Moderation, and American Nomination Politics: A Simulation Approach.” European Journal of Political Research 29(March): 147-68.

569. Ray, Orman P. 1923. “Reform of Presidential Nominating Methods.” The Annals 106

33

(March): 63-71. 570. Redlawsk, DP. 2004. “What Voters Do: Information Search During Election Campaigns.”

Political Psychology 25 (4, August): 595-610. 571. Reed, A. L., Jr. 1986. The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: The Crisis of Purpose in Afro-

American Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 572. Reiter, Howard L. 1985a. Selecting the President: The Nominating Process in Transition.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 573. Reiter, Howard L. 1985b. “The Limitations of Reform: Changes in the Nominating Process.”

British Journal of Political Science 15:399-417. 574. Reiter, Howard L. 2004. “Factional Persistence with Parties in the United States.” Party

Politics 10 (3: May): 251-271. 575. Rice, Tom W. 1982. "The Determinants of Candidate Spending in Presidential Primaries:

Advice for the States." Presidential Studies Quarterly 12:590-97. 576. Rice, Tom W. and Patrick Kenney. 1984. “Boosting State Economies: The Caucus-

Convention vs. the Primary.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 24: 357-60. 577. Ridout, Christine F. 1991. "The Role of Media Coverage of Iowa and New Hampshire in the

1988 Democratic Nomination." American Politics Quarterly 19:43-58. 578. Roback, T. H. 1975. “Amateurs and Professionals: Delegates to the 1972 Republican

National Convention.” Journal of Politics 37: 436-67. 579. Robinson, Michael J. 1978. “TV’s Newest Program: The ‘Presidential Nominations Game.’”

Public Opinion 1(May-June): 41-46. 580. Robinson, Michael J. 1980. "Media Coverage in the Primary Campaign of 1976: Implications

for Voters, Candidates, and Parties." In The Party Symbol, ed., William Crotty. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

581. Robinson, Michael J. 1984. “The Power of the Primary Purse: Money in 1984.” Public Opinion (August/September): 49-51.

582. Robinson, Michael J. 1985. “Where’s the Beef?: Media and Media Elites in 1984.” In The American Elections of 1984, ed., Austin Ranney. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

583. Robinson, Michael J., and Maura Clancey. 1985. "Teflon Politics." In The Mass Media in Campaign 1984, eds., Michael J. Robinson and Austin Ranney. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

584. Robinson, Michael J., and S. Robert Lichter. 1991. "'The More Things Change...': Network News Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Nomination Races." In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

585. Robinson, Michael J., and Karen A. McPherson. 1977. "Television News Coverage Before the 1976 New Hampshire Primary: The Focus of Network Journalism." Journal of Broadcasting 21: 177-86.

586. Robinson, Michael J., and Margaret A. Sheehan. 1983. Over the Wire and on TV. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

587. Roper, Burns W. 1975. “Distorting the Voice of the People: A Call for Reform in the Conduct

34

(and Coverage) of Presidential Primaries.” Columbia Journalism Review 14 (November/December): 28-32.

588. Rose, Gary L. 1994. Controversial Issues in Presidential Selection. Albany: State University of New York Press.

589. Ross, Marc Howard. 1992. "Television News and Candidate Fortunes in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: The Case of 1984." American Politics Quarterly 20:69-98.

590. Rothenberg, Lawrence S., and Richard A. Brody. 1988. "Participation in Presidential Primaries." Western Political Quarterly 41:253-71.

591. Rouner, Donna, and Richard M. Perloff. 1991. “A Reexamination of Issues and Images in the 1984 Ohio Primary.” Mass Communication Review 18: 60-64.

592. Rozell, Mark J. and Clyde Wilcox. 19xx. “A GOP Gender Gap?: Motivations, Policy, and Candidate Choice.” Women & Politics 19: 91-106.

593. Rubin, Richard L. 1976. Party Dynamics: The Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change. New York: Oxford University Press.

594. Rubin, Richard L. 1980. "Presidential Primaries: Continuities, Dimensions of Change, and Political Implications." In The Party Symbol, ed., William Crotty. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

595. Rubin, Richard L. 1981. Press, Party, and Presidency. New York: Norton. 596. Rueter, Theodore. 1988. “Reflections on the New Hampshire Primary.” PS 21 (Spring): 273-

77. 597. Runkel, David R. ed. 1989. Campaign for President: The Managers Look at ‘88. Dover,

MA: Auburn. 598. Saad, Lydia. 2000. “When Presidential Frontrunners Emerge.” Public Perspective

Magazine (March/April): 10. 599. Sabato, Larry J. 1997a. “Presidential Nominations: The Front-Loaded Frenzy of ‘96.” In

Toward the Millennium: The Elections of 1996, ed., Larry J. Sabato. Boston: Allyn and Bacon: 37-93.

600. Sabato, Larry J. 1997b. “The Conventions – One Festival of Hope, One Celebration of Impending Victory.” In Toward the Millennium: The Elections of 1996, ed., Larry J. Sabato. Boston: Allyn and Bacon: 93-120..

601. Sanford, Terry. 1981. A Danger of Democracy: The Presidential Nominating Process. Boulder, CO: Westview.

602. Savage, Robert L. 1986. "Statesmanship, Surfacing and Sometimes Stumbling: Constructing Candidate Images During the Early Campaign." Political Communication Review 11:43-57.

603. Scala, Dante J. 2003. “Re-reading the Tea Leaves: New Hampshire as a Barometer of Presidential Primary Success.” PS 36(2: April): 187 - 192.

604. Scala, Dante J. 2003. Stormy Weather: The New Hampshire Primary and Presidential Politics. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.

605. Scheele, H. Z. 1987. “The 1956 Nomination of Dwight D. Eisenhower: Maintaining the Hero Image.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 17 (Summer): 459-71.

35

606. Schier, Steven E. 1980. The Rules and the Game: Democratic National Convention Delegate Selection in Iowa and Wisconsin. Washington, DC: University Press of America.

607. Schier, Steven E. 1982. "Turnout Choice in Presidential Nominations: A Case Study." American Politics Quarterly 10:231-45.

608. Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1966. Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States. Chicago: Ran McNally.

609. Selecting the President: From 1789 to 1996. 1997. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.

610. Shafer, Byron E. 1983. Quiet Revolution. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 611. Shafer, Byron E. 1983. “Projecting the Outcome in 1984.” PS 16 (Fall): 689. 612. Shafer, Byron E. 1988a. Bifurcated Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 613. Shafer, Byron E. 1988b. "Scholarship on Presidential Selection in the United States."

American Political Science Review 82:955-70. 614. Shafie, David M. 1998. “Women and Representation at Major Party Conventions, 1972-

1992.” Southeastern Political Review 26 (March): 45-77. 615. Shannon, W. Wayne. 1991. "Evaluating the New Nominating System: Thoughts after 1988

from a Governance Perspective." In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

616. Shapiro, Robert Y., John T. Young, Kelly D. Patterson, Jill Blumenfeld, Douglas A. Cifu, Sara M. Offenhartz and Ted E. Tsekerides. 1991. “Media Influence on Support for Presidential Candidates in Primary Elections: Theory, Method and Evidence.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 3: 340-365.

617. Shapiro, Walter. 2003. One-Car Caravan: On the Road with the 2004 Democrats. Boulder, CO: Perseus.

618. Shribman, David M. 2004. “Only a Lunatic Would Do This Kind of Work: A Journalist’s Perspective on the Perspective of Journalists.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

619. Shugart, MS. 2004. “Elections: The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective.” Presidential Studies Quarterly.

620. Shyles, Leonard. 1984. "Defining 'Images' of Presidential Candidates from Televised Political Spot Advertisements." Political Behavior 6:171-81.

621. Shyles, Leonard. 1991. "Issue Content and Legitimacy in 1988 Televised Political Advertising: Hubris and Synecdoche in Promoting Presidential Candidates." In Television and Political Advertising, Volume 2, ed. Frank Biocca. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

622. Sigal, Leon V. 1978. “Newsmen and Campaigners: Organization Men Make the News.” Political Science Quarterly 93: 465-70.

623. Sigelman, Lee. 1989. “The 1988 Presidential Nominations: Whatever Happened to Momentum?” PS 22(March): 35-39.

624. Sigelman, Lee, and Paul.J. Wahlbeck. 1997. “The ‘Veepstakes’: Strategic Choice in Presidential Running Mate Selection.” American Political Science Review 91

36

(December): 855-64. 625. Skaperdas, Stergios, and Bernard Grofman. 1995. "Modeling Negative Campaigning."

American Political Science Review 89:49-61. 626. Smathers, George A. 1953. “The Direct Primary: What is it Worth?”. In Selecting the

President, ed., Bower Aly. Columbia, MO: Lucas Brothers. 627. Smith, Andrew E. 2004. “The Perils of Polling in New Hampshire.” In The Making of the

Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

628. Smith, Craig Allen. 1992. “The Iowa Caucuses and Super Tuesday Primaries Reconsidered: How Untenable Hypotheses Enhance the Campaign Melodrama.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22(Summer): 519-30.

629. Smith, Larry David. 1992. “The Party Platform as Institutional Discourse: The Democrats and Republicans of 1988.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22 (3: summer): 531-543.

630. Smith, Larry David and Dan Nimmo. 1991. Orchestrating National Party Conventions in the Telepolitical Age. New York: Praeger.

631. Sobnosky, Matthew J. 1993. “Fighting the Cultural War: Traditional Values and the Future of the Republican Party.” American Behavioral Scientist 37 (Nov.-Dec.): 308-14.

632. Solop, Frederic I. 2001. “Digital Democracy Comes of Age: Internet Voting and the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary Election.” PS: Political Science & Politics 34(June): 289-293.

633. Sorauf, Frank J. 1988. Money in American Elections. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown.

634. Soule, John W., and James W. Clarke. 1970. “Amateurs and Professionals: A Study of Delegates to the 1968 Democratic National Convention.” American Political Science Review 54: 88-98.

635. Soule, John W., and James W. Clarke. 1971. “Issue Conflict and Consensus: A Comparative Study of Democratic and Republican Delegates to the 1968 National Conventions.” Journal of Politics 33: 72-91.

636. Soule, John W., and W. E. McGrath. 1975. “A Comparative Study of Presidential Nomination Conventions: The Democrats of 1968 and 1972.” American Journal of Political Science 19: 501-17.

637. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1986a. "The 1984 Democratic Nomination Process: The Significance of Unpledged Superdelegates." American Politics Quarterly 14:75-88.

638. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1986b. "The Politics of Disgruntlement: Nonvoting and Defection among Supporters of Nomination Losers, 1968-1984." Political Behavior 8:81-95.

639. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1988. "Open Versus Closed Primaries and Candidate Fortunes, 1972-1984." American Politics Quarterly 16:280-95.

640. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1989. “Strategic Voting in the 1984 Democratic Presidential Primaries.” Social Science Journal 26 (4): 445-53.

641. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1991. “Open versus Closed Primaries: The Effect on Strategic Voting and Candidate Fortunes (Super Tuesday 1988),” Social Science Quarterly 72 (December

37

1991). 642. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1992. "Rules as 'Unseen Participants': The Democratic Presidential

Nomination Process." American Politics Quarterly 20:54-68. 643. Southwell, Priscilla L. 1994. “Prenomination Preferences and General Election Voting

Behavior.” Social Science Journal 31 (1): 69-77. 644. Southwell, Priscilla L., and Matt Manweller. 2003. “Different Rules for Different Folks: The

Effect of Primary Type on the 2000 Presidential Nomination Process.” American Review of Politics 24 (fall-winter): 361-374.

645. Sprague, Stuart. 1984. “The New Hampshire Primary.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (Winter): 127-31.

646. Squire, Peverill, ed. 1989a. The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process. Boulder, CO: Westview.

647. Squire, Peverill. 1989b. “Iowa and the Nomination Process.” In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 1-18.

648. Staffin, Philip D., Jr. 1977. “The Bandwagon Curve.” American Journal of Political Science 21: 695-709.

649. Stanley, Harold W. 1997. “The Nominations: Republican Doldrums, Democratic Revival.” In The Elections of 1996, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, DC: CQ Press: 14-43.

650. Stanley, Harold W., and Charles D. Hadley. 1987. "The Southern Regional Primary: Regional Intentions with National Implications." Publius 17:83-91.

651. Stark, Leonard P. 1996. “The Presidential Primary and Caucus Schedule: A Role for Federal Regulation?” Yale Law & Policy Review 15 (no. 1): 331-97.

652. Steger, Wayne P. 1999. “Comparing News and Commentary Coverage of the 1996 Presidential Nominating Campaign.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29(No. 2): 40-64.

653. Steger, Wayne P. 2000. “Do Primary Voters Draw from a Stacked Deck? Presidential Nominations in an Era of Candidate-Centered Campaigns.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 30 (4: December): 727-755.

654. Steger, Wayne P. 2002. “A Quarter Century of News Coverage of Candidates in Presidential Nomination Campaigns.” Journal of Political Marketing 1(1): 91 - 115.

655. Steger, Wayne P., John Hickman, and Ken Yohn. 2002. “Candidate Competition and Attrition in Presidential Primaries, 1912 - 2000.” American Politics Research 30 (5: September): 528 - 554.

656. Steger, Wayne P., Andrew J. Dowdle, and Randall E. Adkins. 2004. “The New Hampshire Effect in Presidential Nominations.” Political Research Quarterly 57(3): 375-390.

657. Steinberg, Michael S. 2001. “A Critique of the Current Method of Scheduling Presidential Primary Elections and a Discussion of Potential Judicial Challenges.” George Washington Law Review 69(March): 453-476.

658. Stelzner, H. G. 1971. “Humphrey and Kennedy Court West Virginia, May 3, 1960.” Southern Speech Communication Journal 37: 21 - 33.

659. Stoker, Laura. 1993. "Judging Presidential Character: The Demise of Gary Hart." Political

38

Behavior 15:193-23. 660. Stone, Walter J. 1982. "Party, Ideology, and the Lure of Victory: Iowa Activists in the 1980

Prenomination Campaign." Western Political Quarterly 35:527-38. 661. Stone, Walter J. 1984. "Prenomination Candidate Choice and General Election Behavior:

Iowa Presidential Activists in 1980." American Journal of Political Science 28:361-78. 662. Stone, Walter J., and Alan I. Abramowitz. 1983. "Winning May Not Be Everything, But It's

More than We Thought: Presidential Party Activists in 1980." American Political Science Review 77:945-56.

663. Stone, Walter J., Alan I. Abramowitz, and Ronald B. Rapoport. 1989. "How Representative are the Iowa Caucuses?" In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed., Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 19-50.

664. Stone, Walter J., Lonna Rae Atkeson, and Ronald B. Rapoport. 1992. "Turnout On or Turning Off? Mobilization and Demobilization Effects of Participation in Presidential Nomination Campaigns." American Journal of Political Science 36:665-91.

665. Stone, Walter J., and Ronald B. Rapoport. 1994. "Candidate Perception among Nomination Activists: A New Look at the Moderation Hypothesis." Journal of Politics 56:1034-52.

666. Stone, Walter J., and Ronald B. Rapoport. 1998. “A Candidate-Centered Perspective on Party Responsiveness: nomination Activists and the Process of Party Change.” In The Parties Respond, 3rd ed., ed. L. Sandy Maisel. Westview, pp. 83-108.

667. Stone, Walter J., Ronald B. Rapoport, and Alan I. Abramowitz. 1992. "Candidate Support in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: The Case of Iowa in 1984." Journal of Politics 54:1074-97.

668. Stone, Walter J., Ronald B. Rapoport, and Lonna Rae Atkeson. 1995. "A Simulation Model of Presidential Nomination Choice." American Journal of Political Science 39:135-61.

669. Strumpf, Koleman S. 2002. “Strategic Competition in Sequential Election Contests.” Public Choice 111 (June): 377-397.

670. Sullivan, Denis, Jeffrey Pressman, B. Pate and J. Lyons. Xxxx. The Politics of Representation: The Democratic Convention, 1972. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

671. Sullivan, Denis, Jeffrey Pressman, and F. Christopher Arterton. 1976. Exploration in Convention Decision Making. San Francisco: Freeman.

672. Sullivan, Denis, Robert T. Nakamura, Martha Wagner Weinberg, F. Christopher Arterton, and Jeffrey L. Pressman. 1977-78. “Exploring the 1976 Republican Convention.” Political Science Quarterly 92: 633-82.

673. Sundquist, James L. 1980. "The Crisis of Competence in Our National Government." Political Science Quarterly 95:183-208.

674. Tedesco, John C. 2001. “Issues and Strategy Agenda-Setting in the 2000 Presidential Primaries.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (12: August): 2048 - 2067.

675. Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn. 2004. “How Incumbent Presidents Run for Reelection.” In The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004, ed., William G. Mayer. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

676. Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. 1983. The Presidential Nominating Process: Broadening and

39

Narrowing the Debate. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 677. Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. 1984. The Presidential Nomination Process: Constitutional,

Economic and Political Issues. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 678. Thurow, G. E. 1987. “The 1984 Democratic Primary Election: Issues and Image.” In The

1984 Election and the Future of American Politics, ed., P.E. Schramm and D. J. Mahoney. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, pp. 37-52.

679. Traugott, Michael W., and Margaret Petrella. 1989. “Public Evaluations of the Presidential Nomination Process.” Political Behavior 11(December): 335-52.

680. Trent, Judith S. 1978. "Presidential Surfacing: The Ritualistic and Crucial First Act." Communication Monographs 45:281-92.

681. Trent, Judith S. 1998. “The Beginning and the Early End.” In The 1996 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective, ed. Robert E. Denton, Jr. Westport, CT: Praeger.

682. Trent, Judith S., and Robert V. Friedenberg. 1991. Political Campaign Communication. New York: Praeger.

683. Trent, Judith S., et. al. 1997. “The Ideal Candidate Revisited: A Study of the Desired Attributes of the Pubic and the Media Across Three Presidential Campaigns.” American Behavioral Scientist 40 (August): 1001-19.

684. Trish, Barbara. 1999. “Does Organization Matter?: A Critical-Case Analysis from Recent Presidential Nomination Politics.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29(December):873-895.

685. Truman, David B. 1984-85. “Party Reform, Party Atrophy, and Constitutional Change: Some Reflections.” Political Science Quarterly 99: 637-55.

686. “Underenfranchisement: Black Voters and the Presidential Nomination Process.” Harvard Law Review 117 (7, May): 2318-40.

687. Usher, Douglas. 2000. “Strategy, Rules and Participation: Issue Activists in Republican National Convention Delegations, 1976-1996.” Political Research Quarterly 53 (4, Dec): 887-903.

688. Vavreck, Lynn. 2001. “The Reasoning Voter Meets the Strategic Candidate: Signals and Specificity in Campaign Advertising, 1998 .” American Politics Research 29 (5, Sept): 507-529.

689. Vavreck, Lynn, Constantine Spiliotes, and Linda Fowler. 2002. “The Effects of Retail Politics in the 1996 New Hampshire Primary.” American Journal of Political Science 46: 595-610.

690. Veblen, Eric P. 1975. The Manchester Union Leader in New Hampshire Elections. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

691. Walker, Jack. 1988. "The Primary Game." Wilson Quarterly 12:64-77. 692. Wald, Kenneth D. 1991. “Ministering to the Nation: The Campaigns of Jesse Jackson and Pat

Robertson.” In Nominating the President, ed. Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, pp. 119-149.

693. Waldman, Paul. 2000. “Political Discussion in Primary States.” Annals of the American

40

Academy of Political and Social Science 572 (November): 29 - 32. 694. Wall, Victor, James L. Golden, and Herbert James. 1988. "Perceptions of the 1984

Presidential Debates and a Select 1988 Presidential Primary Debate." Presidential Studies Quarterly 18:541-63.

695. Walz, Jeffrey S. 1999. “Media Coverage of Presidential Primaries: The Economics of Being Early.” Southeastern Political Review 27 (4: December): 781 - 800.

696. Walz, Jeffrey S. and John Comer. 1999. “State Responses to National Democratic Party Reforms.” Political Research Quarterly 52(March): 189-208.

697. Ware, Alan. 1979. "'Divisive' Primaries: The Important Questions." British Journal of Political Science 9:381-84.

698. Ware, Alan. 2002. The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North. New York : Cambridge University Press.

699. Wasburn, Philo C. 2002. “Friends at a Distance: British, Canadian and French Television Coverage of the 1996 US Presidential Nominating Conventions and the Presidential Inauguration.” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 29 (1: April): 7 = 33.

700. Watson, R. A, and N.C. Thomas. Nomination Politics. New York: John Wiley. 701. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1989. “When You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them: Shaping the

Presidential Nomination Process to the Television Age.” Polity (3: Spring): 587 - 597. 702. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1991. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard. 703. Wattier, Mark J. 1983a. "Ideological Voting in 1980 Republican Presidential Primaries."

Journal of Politics 45:1016-26. 704. Wattier, Mark J. 1983b. "The Simple Act of Voting in 1980 Democratic Presidential

Primaries." American Politics Quarterly 11:267-91. 705. Wattier, Mark J. 1990. “Retrospective Voting in Presidential Primaries.” Midsouth Political

Science Journal 11:57-80. 706. Wattier, Mark J. 1991. “Platform Promise and Campaign Communications: Developing and

Discussing the 1988 Democratic Platform.” Southeastern Political Review 19: 170-92. 707. Wayne, Stephen J. 1996. The Road to the White House, 1996. New York: St. Martin’s. 708. Wayne, Stephen J. 2000. The Road to the White House, 2000. Boston: Bedford/St.

Martin’s. 709. Wayne, Stephen J. 2001. Is This Any Way to Run a Democratic Election? New York:

Houghton Mifflin. 710. Weakliem, David L. 2001. "A New Populism? The Case of Patrick Buchanan.”

Electoral Studies 20 (3, Sept): 447-461. 711. Weaver, David H., et al. 1981. Media Agenda-Setting in a Presidential Election: Issues,

Images, and Interest. New York: Praeger. 712. Weinberg, Leonard, and Joseph Crowley. 1970. "Primary Success as a Measure of

Presidential Election Victory: A Research Note." Midwest Journal of Political Science 14:506-13.

713. Wekkin, Gary D. 1984. Democrat Versus Democrat: The National Party’s Campaign to

41

Close the Wisconsin Primary. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. 714. Wekkin, Gary D. 1988. "The Conceptualization and Measurement of Crossover Voting."

Western Political Quarterly 41:105-14. 715. Wekkin, Gary D. 1991. "Why Crossover Voters are Not 'Mischievous Voters': The

Segmented Partisanship Hypothesis." American Politics Quarterly 19:229-47. 716. Wesley, Joe, and Clyde Wilcox. 1999. “Financing the 1996 Presidential Nominations: The

Last Regulated Campaign?” In Financing the 1996 Election, ed. John C. Green. Armonk, NJ: ME Sharpe.

717. Whicker, Marcia Lynn, and Ruth Ann Strickland. 1994. "The Impact of Presidential Selection Methods on Executive-Legislative Conflict." Presidential Studies Quarterly 24:745-63.

718. Wilcox, Clyde. 1990. “Blacks and the New Christian Right: Support for the Moral Majority and Pat Robertson among Washington, D.C. Blacks.” Review of Religious Research 32: 43-56.

719. Wilcox, Clyde. 1991. "Financing the 1988 Prenomination Campaign." In Nominating the President, ed., Emmett H. Buell, Jr., and Lee Sigelman. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

720. Wilcox, Clyde. 1991. “Religion and Electoral Politics among American Blacks in 1988.” In The Bible and the Ballot Box, ed., James Guth and John Green. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 159-172.

721. Wilcox, Clyde. 1992. God’s Warriors: The Christian Right in 20th Century America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

722. Wilcox, Clyde. 1992. “Religion and the Preacher Vote in the South: Sources of Support for Jackson and Robertson in Southern Primaries.” Sociological Analysis 53: 323-331.

723. Wilcox, Clyde. 2000. “Follow the Money: Clinton, Campaign Finance, and Reform.” In Understanding the Presidency, 2nd edition, ed. James P. Pfiffner and Roger Davidson. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

724. Wilcox, Clyde. 2002. “Wither the Christian Right: the Elections and Beyond.” In The Election of the Century and What it Tells us About the Future of American Politics, ed., Stephen J. Wayne and Clyde Wilcox. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 107-124.

725. Wilcox, Clyde. 2002. “Campaign Finance after the 200 Elections: A New Regime?” In Contemporary Readings in American Government, ed., Mark J. Rozell and John C. White. Prentice-Hall.

726. Wilcox, Clyde and Lee Sigelman. 2001. “Political Mobilization in the Pews: Religious Contacting and Electoral Turnout.” Social Science Quarterly xx: xxx.

727. Wilcox, Clyde, Clifford W. Brown, Jr., and Lynda W. Powell. 1993. "Republican Voting Among Democratic Presidential Contributors: A Test of Rival Hypotheses." Polity 26:127-40.

728. Wilcox, Clyde, Clifford W. Brown, Jr., and Lynda W. Powell. 1993. “Sex and the Political Contributor: The Gender Gap Among Contributors to Presidential Candidates in 1988.” Political Research Quarterly 46 (June): 355-69.

729. Wilcox, Clyde, et. al. 2003. “Campaign Contributions and Democracy.” In Is This Any Way

42

to Run a Democratic Election?, ed., Stephen J. Wayne. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

730. Wilcox, Clyde, et. al. 2003. “With the Limits Raised, Who Will Give More?: The Impact of BCRA on Individual Donors.” In Life After Reform: When the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Meets Politics, ed., Michael J. Malbin. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

731. Wildavsky, Aaron. 1962. “On the Superiority of National Conventions.” Review of Politics 24 (July): 207-19.

732. Wildavsky, Aaron. 1965. “The Goldwater Phenomenon: Purists, Politicians, and the Two-Party System.” Review of Politics 17: 386-413.

733. Williams, Daniel C., Stephen J. Weber, Gordon A. Haaland, Ronald H. Mueller, and Robert E. Craig. 1976. "Voter Decisionmaking in a Primary Election: An Evaluation of Three Models of Choice." American Journal of Political Science 22:37-49.

734. Williams, Wenmouth Jr., and Willaim Semlak. 1978. “Campaign ’76: Agenda Setting during the New Hampshire Primary.” Journal of Broadcasting 22 (Fall): 531-540.

735. Winebrenner, Hugh. 1985. “The Iowa Precinct Caucuses: The Making of a Media Event.” Southeastern Political Review 13: 99-132.

736. Winebrenner, Hugh. 1987. The Iowa Precinct Caucuses: The Making of a Media Event. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

737. Winebrenner, Hugh. 1998. The Iowa Precinct Caucuses: The Making of a Media Event, 2nd ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

738. Witcover, Jules. 1968. “The Indiana Primary and the Indianapolis Newspaper – A Report in Detail.” Columbia Journalism Review 7 (Summer): 11-19.

739. Witcover, Jules. 1972. “William Loeb and the New Hampshire Primary: A Question of Ethics.” Columbia Journalism Review 11(May/June): 14-25.

740. Wolfinger, Raymond E. 1989. “Who Is Vulnerable to the Iowa Caucuses?”. In The Iowa Caucuses and the Presidential Nominating Process, ed. Peverill Squire. Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 163-68.

741. Yawn, Mike, Kevin Ellsworth, Bob Beatty and Kim Fridkin Kahn.. 1998. “How a Presidential Primary Debate Changed Attitudes of Audience Members.” Political Behavior 20 (June): 155-81.

742. Yum, June O., and Kathleen E. Kendall. 1988. “Sources of Political Information in a Presidential Primary Campaign.” Journalism Quarterly 65: 148-151.

743. Zais, J., and John Kessel. 1973. “A Theory of Presidential Nominations with a 1968 Application.” In Perspectives on Presidential Selection, ed. Donald Matthews. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.

744. Zeidenstein, Harvey. 1970. "Presidential Primaries: Reflection of 'The People's Choice'?" Journal of Politics 32:856-74.

745. Zukin, Cliff, and Scott Keeter. 1983. Citizen Learning in Presidential Nominations. New York: Praeger.

43

Government Documents

1. Coleman, Kevin J. 1988. The Presidential Nominating Process: The Regional Primary

Movement and Proposed Reforms. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 2. Durbin, Thomas M. 1980. Nomination and election of the President and Vice President

of the United States: including the manner of selecting delegates to national political conventions. Washington: U.S. Hupman, Richard D., Robert L, Tienken, and Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service. 1968. Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the United States: Including the Manner of Selecting Delegates to National Political Conventions. Washington : U.S. G.P.O.

3. Gorman, Joseph B. 1976. Federal Presidential Primary Proposals, 1911-1976. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.

4. Hupman, Richard D., Robert L, Tienken, and Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service. 1968. Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the United States: Including the Manner of Selecting Delegates to National Political Conventions. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

5. Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service. 1948. Manner of Selecting Delegates to National Political Conventions: With Information on States Holding Presidential Primaries. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

6. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Task Force on Elections. 1984. Presidential Primaries: Hearing held before the Task Force on Elections of the Committee on House Administration, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, on H.R. 6054 ... September 19, 1984.

7. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. Presidential Nominating Process. 1986. Hearings held before the Subcommittee on Elections of the Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, March 20, May 8, 1986, Washington, DC.

Party Documents

1. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection. 1970. Mandate for Reform: A Report. [i.e., McGovern-Fraser Commission]

2. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Delegate Selection and Party Structure. 1973. Democrats All. [i.e, Mikulski Commission]

3. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Presidential Nomination and Party Structure. 1978. Openness, Participation and Party Building: Reforms for a Stronger Democratic Party. [i.e., Winograd Commission]

44

4. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Presidential Nomination. 1982. [i.e., Hunt Commission]

5. Democratic National Committee. Fairness Commission. 1986. 6. Democratic National Committee. Commission on Presidential Nomination Timing and

Scheduling. 2005. Former U.S. Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman and North Carolina Congressman David Price will serve as Co-Chairs.

7. Republican National Committee. Advisory Commission on the Presidential Nominating Process. 2000. Nominating Future Presidents: A Review of the Republican Process.