Prelude to Reformation: Northern Ren.

• Luther did not have first reform movement

• Most important characteristic of Northern Humanism was REFORM

Prelude to Reformation: Northern Ren.

• Erasmus–Symbol of the movement–Praise of Folly

• Thomas More–Utopia

Martin Luther• 1505 caught in thunderstorm

• 1512 received doctorate, became professor @ U. of Wittenberg

Martin Luther• According to Luther:

–Justification by faith alone

–Bible sole authority•Known as the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther• Indulgence controversy:

–Leo X needed to finance St. Peter’s Basilica

– Johann Tetzel: “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

Martin Luther• In response to

indulgences being abused, Luther issued his Ninety- Five Theses

• Leo X responded to Luther as “some drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up”

• 1519: debate w/ Johann Eck–Luther denied the

authority of popes

Martin Luther• 3 Pamphlets in 1520:

– 1. Address to the Nobility of the German Nation ….written in German, called for princes to establish a reformed German Church

– 2. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church …written in Latin, argued for only 2 sacraments (Baptism & Eucharist)

Martin Luther• 3 Pamphlets cont.

–3. On the Freedom of a Christian Man …faith alone, not good works (“Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works”)

Martin Luther• Excommunicated in

Jan. of 1521

• Diet of Worms (1521)– Emperor Charles V

asked Luther to recant

– Luther refused

• Edict of Worms– Luther made an

outlaw

Martin Luther• Peasants’ War

–Social discontent got intertwined with religious revolt

–Peasants looked to Luther for support

–Luther responds with his pamphlet: Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants

Charles V

Charles V• 1519: Charles I of Spain

(Maximilian’s grandson) was elected HRE as Charles V

• Faced FOUR major problems: –1. French–2. Turks–3. Papacy–4. Germany’s internal disorder

Charles V’s 4 problems• 1. French

(Hapsburg-Valois Wars-1521-59):–French king, Francis I encircled by Hapsburg land

• 2. Turks: Ottoman Turks progressing west, overran Hungary & moved into Austria (peace in 1545)

Charles V’s 4 problems• 3. Papacy:

Fearful of Charles’ power in Italy, Pope Clement VII sided w/ the French in the second Hap.-Val. Wars…1527 Rome was sacked

Charles V’s 4 problems

• 4. German internal issues: –1530: Diet of Augsburg…Charles demanded that all Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 1531 (Schmalkaldic League formed)

Charles V’s 4 problems• 4. German internal

issues: cont. – 1555: Peace of

Augsburg …division of Christianity formally acknowledged, Lutheranism granted same legal rights as Catholicism • Right of the German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects, not the right of the subjects to choose their religion

Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.

• Swiss Confederation: – 13 self-governing

states (cantons)– Technically part of

the HRE, but they have been basically independent since Swiss forces defeated Maximilian (1499)

• Weak economy – Used to selling

soldiers as mercenaries

Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.• Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531)–Strongly

influenced by Christian Humanism

–Looked to the state to supervise church

–Relics abolished

Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.

–All paintings and decorations removed

–Music eliminated

–Disagreed with Luther over the Lord’s Supper (Marburg colloquy )

Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.

• Zwingli: Believed “This is my Body, This is my blood” should be taken figuratively, not literally

• Luther: insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus

Radical Reformation: Anabaptists

• Especially attractive to peasants, weavers, miners who were effected by economic changes

• Advocated adult rather than infant baptism

Thomas Müntzer was one of the founders of the Anabaptist movement.

Radical Reformation: Anabaptists

• Followed strict type of democracy, where all believers are equal

• Believed in complete separation of church and state

Henry VIII• Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon–b/c she did not produce a male heir

–Fell in love with Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII• Pope Clement VII

refused–Possibly would

have been granted…but in 1527 Rome was sacked, made pope dependent on HRE• Charles V was nephew of Catherine

Henry VIII• Abolished papal

authority in England

• Divorced Catherine, married Anne Boleyn– 3 months later had

future Queen Elizabeth

Henry VIII• 1534—

Parliament completed break of the Church of England with Rome–Passed the Act of Supremacy & Treason Act

Henry VIII• Little changed

within the doctrine, theology, & ceremony–Since most religious doctrines remained the same, most people were indifferent to the new Church of England

Henry VIII

• 1536-Beheaded Anne Boleyn on charges of adultery

Henry VIII• Third wife —Jane

Seymour, produced male heir…died in childbirth

• Fourth wife---Anne of Cleves (German princess)…Henry VIII divorced her because of her looks

Henry VIII• 5th wife---

Catherine Howard …committed adultery and was beheaded

• 6th wife--- Catherine Parr…outlived the king

Beheaded

Died

Divorced

Beheaded

Survived

Divorced

Edward VI Jane Seymour

Mary I

Elizabeth I

Henry VIII

Edward VI• Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant direction

Mary• Devout Roman Catholic

• Not popular with British people

–Married Philip II of Spain

–Burned 300 Protestants at the stake

Elizabeth• Elizabethan

Settlement

• Politique – moderate– Hierarchy, elaborate

robes and traditional services for Catholics

– Service in English and priests could marry for Protestants

• Foreign Policy supported Netherlands against SP

John Calvin (1509-64)• Second

generation of reformers

• Influenced by Luther

• Agreed with justification by faith alone

• Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin (1509-64)

• 2 sacraments–Baptism–Lord’s Supper

• Predestination–God had predestined some to be saved, others to be damned

Geneva “City of Saints”

• Genevan Consistory – laymen and pastors – Christianize

• Regulated all aspects of life – no dancing, card playing, drinking

• Religious Refugees see Geneva as a model

• Becomes international brand of Protestantism– : John Knox – Presbyterian Church

Scotland– Huguenots in France and Puritans in

New Eng.

Catholic/Counter Reformation

• Council of Trent–Called by Pope Paul III–Council reaffirmed traditional

Church teachings• Faith & good works• 7 sacraments• Transubstantiation • Purgatory

Catholic/Counter Reformation

• Holy Office – official agency to combat heresy – not left to locals

• Index of Prohibited Books • Ended simony (sale of church

offices)• Ended sale of indulgences• Ended pluralism – bishops had to

live in dioceses they served

Catholic/Counter Reformation

• Society of Jesus–Known as the Jesuits–Founded by Ignatius

of Loyola• Injured in battle• Unable to continue life

as a soldier, vowed to become soldier for God

• The Spiritual Exercises

Catholic/Counter Reformation

• Society of Jesus–pursued 3 major

activities:• Established highly

disciplined schools• Mission work in New

World and Asia• Determined to carry

the Catholic banner and fight Protestantism (Southern Netherlands and Poland)

Reformation & Women

• Favored clerical marriage• Taught women should follow

biblical vocation–Mother–Housewife

• Husband + wife = co-workers

Reformation & Women

• End of monasteries = loss of a vocation for European women

• In protestant cities harsh penalties for prostitution

• Women suffer the brunt of the witch craze

Miguel de Cervantes

• worked for a Spanish Cardinal• Fought in the Battle of Lepanto• Slave in Algiers• Tax collector• Don Quixote

– Wrote during the Golden Age of Spain– 1 of the greatest literary works of all

time

Shakespeare

• During the Golden Age of England (“Elizabethan Age”)

• Wrote histories, comedies, tragedies• Romeo & Juliet (1597)• Hamlet (1603)• Othello (1604)• King Lear (1605)• Macbeth (1606)