Pre-Modern European Migrations the Vikings and Muslims Part 2 - By Dr. Lizabeth Johnson
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Transcript of Pre-Modern European Migrations the Vikings and Muslims Part 2 - By Dr. Lizabeth Johnson
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations
• Cultural influence in England• Personal names
• 40-60% of people in former kingdoms of East Anglia and Northumbria have Scandinavian names
• Place names• Kjarr—brushwood (Redcar, Yorkshire)• Mosi—moss (Rathmoss, Lancashire)• Ferja—ferry (Ferrybridge, Yorkshire)• Gil—ravine (Lowgill, Cumbria)• Thveit—clearing (Bassenthwaite, Cumbria)• Torp—marginal land (Milnthorpe, Lancashire)• By—farmstead (Grimsby, Yorkshire)• Myrr—marsh (Windermere, Cumbria)
• Linguistic changes• Þeir—they; skinn—skin; íss—ice; øx—axe; egg—egg.
• Governmental practices• Things (Thingwall, Merseyside), ridings (ON thriðjungr), wapentakes (ON
vápnatak)
Anglo-Scandinavia art: left—the Middleton Cross, Yorkshire; center and right—the Gosforth Cross, Cumbria. Left image from Middleton Church, Yorkshire, England. Center and right images from St. Mary’s Church, Gosforth, Cumbria, England.
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations
• Cultural influence in Scotland and the isles• Excavations at Jarlshof, Shetland, show 70 by 20 foot longhouse plus
outbuildings (byre, smithy, and bathhouse), dating to mid-800s• Genetic and place name studies show settlement of Vikings and indicate re-
naming of local sites• Shetland islands, Viking DNA found among 44% of male and female population• Orkney Islands, Viking DNA found among 31% of male and female population• Northwest coast of Scotland, Viking DNA found among 15% of male and female
population• Western Isles and Skye, Viking DNA found among 22.5% of male and 11% of female
population
Map of European ancestry of modern British DNA types, from Leslie et al., “The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population” Nature 519 (19 March 2015), 309-314.
Viking burials in Scotland and the isles: left—a boat burial in Westness, Orkney Islands; right—aerial view of Viking settlement at Jarlshof, Shetland. Images from Vikings: the North American Saga, edited by William Fitzhugh and Elisabeth Ward.
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations
• Cultural influence in Ireland• Dublin (from ON Dyflin), at an earlier Irish settlement known as Áth Cliath
• Evidence of Thing site near Trinity College, 240 ft in circumference and 40 ft high• The creation of the Viking kingdom at Dublin, 853; Viking presence maintained in Dublin
until 1052• Wicklow (ON Vikingaló)• Wexford (ON Veigsfjörthr)• Waterford (ON Vethrafjörthr)• Limerick (ON Hlymrekr)
• Cultural influence in Spain• Vikings known as al-madjus, Lordomani, Lormanes• Placenames—Lordemanos in Leon and Lordemão in Portugal.• Old Norse loan words in Basque
• Estribor = starboard, from ON styr and bord• Babor = port, from ON bak and bord
Replica of Skuldelev Wreck 2. A 100 foot longship found sunk in Roskilde Fjord, Denmark, made from Dublin oak dated to 1042.
Image from Wikipedia Commons.
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations
• Cultural influence in Normandy• Personal names
• Asbjørn—Osbernus—Auber• Ásfridr—Ansfridus—Anfray • Ásketill—Anschetillus—Anquetil • Thorvaldr—Turoldus—Thouroude
• Place names• Tomt/toft—plot or piece of land
(Routot and Bouquetot, Normandy)• Torp—marginal land (Le torp-Mesnil,
Normandy)• Londe—land (La Londe, Normandy)• Garðr—yard or garden (Auppegard,
Normandy)
• Cultural influence in Normandy• Linguistic changes
• Útlagr—ullac—outlaw • Heimsókn—hamfara—assault inside
a house• Marsvín—masouin—sea swine
(Harbour porpoise)• Bakborði—bâbord—port side• Bóglína—bouline—bowline
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations• Limited cultural influence in
Russia• Intermarriage with local Slavic
nobility by mid-900s leads to embracing of Slavic names, language, and alphabet• Contact with Byzantine Empire
leads to conversion to Byzantine Christianity and embracing of Byzantine administrative and educational structure
• Cultural influence in Iceland and Greenland• Settlers in Iceland and Greenland
bring Norse governmental, social, and cultural practices with them
• Contact with Norway maintained and conversion to Christianity takes place in late 900s through contact with Norse missionaries
• Greenland submits to Norway, 1261; Iceland submits to Norway, 1262-1264
• Viking DNA present in 75% of male population and 30% of female population
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim MigrationsMap of language families from Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, The History and Geography of Human Genes.
• The Arabian Peninsula and tribes• Afro-Asiatic language family• Arabic developed between 500
BC-500 AD• Evidence of long distance trade,
pastoralism, use of bronze by 2500 in Oman• Evidence of settled agriculture by
2000 in Yemen• Influence of the Persian Empire,
550-330• Influence of Alexander the Great’s
empire and the Hellenistic kingdoms, 330-c. 180
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim MigrationsMap from William Ochsenwald and Sydney Nettleton Fisher, The Middle East: A History, 7th edition.
• Contact with Rome and Parthian/Sassanid Persia• Ghassanid tribe allies of
Rome/Byzantium• Lakhmid tribe allies of
Parthian/Sassanid Persia
• Mecca and the Quraysh tribe• The Hashim clan• Muhammed, c.571-632• Islam (submission)• Hijrah, 622• Medina, 622-630• Return to Mecca, 630
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim MigrationsMap from Barry Cunliffe, Europe Between the Oceans, 9000 BC-AD 1000.
• The Rashidun, 632-661• The Ridda Wars, 632-634• Battle of Yarmuk River, 636
• Conquest of Syria and Jerusalem followed
• Battle of Qadisiyaa, 636• Conquest of Persian territory followed
• Egyptian campaign, 640-654
• The Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750• Conquest of Carthage, 698• Conquest of Visigothic Spain, 711-714• Battle of Poitiers, 732• Umayyad Spain, 750-1031
• The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-946• Conquest of Sicily, 827-902
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations• Cultural influence of Islam• Preservation of and study of Greek and Roman texts
• Aristotle and Plato• Al-Kindi, d. 865; Al-Farabi, d. 950; Ibn Sina (Avicenna), d. 1037; Ibn Rushd (Averroës),
d. 1198
• Hippocrates and Galen
• Ibn Qurra, d. 901 (wrote a work on general hygiene); Al-Razi, d. 925 (wrote the first clinical description of measles and smallpox); Ibn Sina (wrote a work on infectious diseases and medications)
• Blending of eastern knowledge with western knowledge• Introduction of “Arabic numerals” and the concept of zero from contact with India;
Arabic sifr, meaning empty• Al-Khwarazmi, d. 850 (wrote a work on quadratic equations, introducing the concept of
al-jabr (algebra))• Irrigation a long-term practice in Mesopotamia and Egypt; practiced in Muslim-ruled
Valencia and continued when Valencia returned to Christian rule
Pre-modern European Migrations: Viking and Muslim Migrations• Words with Arabic origins
• Admiral, from amīr, commander• Adobe, from al-tuba, brick• Alcohol, from al-kohl, fine powder• Alfalfa, from al-fisfisa, alfalfa• Candy, from qandī, sugared• Chess, from shāh (with a hard final ‘h’), king• Lemon, from līmūn, lemon
• Spanish place names with Arabic origins• Guadalquivir River, from Arabic wadi al-kabir, the great river• Andalucía, from Arabic Al-Andalus• Cape Trafalgar, from Andalusi Arabic taraf-al-ghar, cape of the west• Gibraltar, from the Arabic name jabal Tariq, mountain of Tariq
• Genetic legacy: Northwest African haplotypes found in samples from Iberia, Italy, and Sicily (7.5%, 7.1%, and 18.6% of samples from Sicily, Portugal, and Cantabria, respectively)
The Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain, built in stages from 784-987. Images from Wikipedia.
Chiesa di San Cataldo, Palermo, completed c. 1154. Images from Wikipedia.