PowerPoint Presentationhallidaycentre.cityu.edu.hk/spelt/notes/3_Processes.pdf · Experiential...

4/1/2017

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T e x t

FieldTenor

Mode

Language, text & Context

What’s going on?

Who is involved?

How is language used?

Interpersonal meanings

Textual meanings

Ideational meanings


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Field expressed by Ideational meanings

Two components:

1. Experiential meaning

2. Logical meaning

1) Experiential meaning

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FieldTenor

Mode


What’s going on?

Who is involved?

How is language used?

Experiential meanings

grammar

of

transitivity

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Experiential meanings

how we express our experience

What experience?

When we talk /write about our experiences we mention:

• EVENTS – what happened (doings, happenings,

sayings, states etc)

• WHO and/or WHAT was involved in the events

• CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding events – when,

where, why etc6

Last month we began to study SF linguistics

EventCircumstance

who what

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expressing experience

We express our experience via the

lexico-grammatical unit

clause

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His wife was working inside the house

units of lexicogram

mar

group group group

c l a u s e

word word word wordword wordword

The rank scale

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Packaging experience

The technical term used in linguistics to describe how we package

experience into the clause is called the system of Transitivity

metalanguage

language about

language10

transitivity involves

1. EVENTS – what happened (doings, happenings,

sayings, states etc)

2. WHO and/or WHAT was involved in the events

3. CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding events – when,

where, why etc

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expressed by processes

process = functional label for the word class verb

1

Event

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event

expressed by processes

Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things…

1

(Mrs Piggott) made all the beds…

Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets…

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who / what

is involved in the event

2

Participant = functional label for class nominal group

(usually)

participants

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2

participants



Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets…

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where, when, how, why etc

the event occurred

3

Circumstance = functional label for the class “adverbial

group/prepositional phrase”

Circum

stances

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On the mantelpiece was an envelope.

3 Circum

stances

A piece of paper was inside it.

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2 kinds of labelling

• Processes (events) verbal groups

• Participants nominal groups (usually)

• Circumstances adverbial groups or prepositional phrases

function class

Diagonal arrow = express 18

Why functional labels?

class

label

Mrs Piggott washed all the dishes

Class labeling assigns Mrs Piggott and all the dishes to

the same class – nominal group - ignoring the fact that

they each play a different role in the structure of this

clause

nominal

group

nominal

group

verbal

group

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class label Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group


The 2 nominal groups Mrs Piggott and all the dishes –

both express Participants but each is a different type of

Participant in this clause:

Mrs Piggott is the participant that is the “do-er” of the action

all the dishes is the participant that is “done to”20


class Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group


Do-er Done toProcessfunction

Mrs Piggott is the participant that is the “do-er” of the action

all the dishes is the participant that is “done to”

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Function> Do-er Process Done-to

8 (Mrs Piggott) made all the beds

9 (Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets

7 (Mrs Piggott) washed all the dishes

Class>Nominal

group

Verbal

group

Nominal

group


Class>Nominal

group

Verbal

group

Nominal

group


Class>Nominal

group

Verbal

group

Nominal

group

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10 and then she went to work

conjunctions have no

function in Transitivity

Function> Do-er Process Circumstance

Class>conjunction Nominal

group

Verbal group Adverbial group/

Prepositional phrase

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Activity 1: Identify the verbs and then indicate the clause boundaries.

“We arrived in Geraldton and did a bit of

shopping etc. before we headed towards

Perth, stopping at Cervantes to visit the

wonderful Pinnacles and take a few more

snaps.”

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Analysing a Travelogue



Perth stopping at Cervantes to visit the


snaps.”

//

//

// //

//

//

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We arrived in Geraldton

and (we) did a bit of shopping etc

Do-er Process Circumstance

Do-er Process Done-to

Do-er Process Circumstance

nominal group verbal group prepositional phrase

conjunction Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group

conjunction Nominal group Verbal group Prepositional phrase

1.

2.

3.

before (we) headed towards Perth

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Process Circumstance

stopping at Cervantes

Verbal group Prepositional Phrase

Verbal group Nominal group

Process Done-to

to visit the wonderful Pinnacles

Process participant

4.

5.

6 and take a few more snaps

conjunction Verbal group nominal group

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processes

what kinds of processes (events) do we participate in?

the language (English) itself categorises

all the verbs into just 5 types of

process :

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1. Doing

5 types of process

2. Behaving

3. Sensing

Mrs Piggott washed the dishes

Mr Piggott sang a song

They saw a strange object in the sky.

4. Saying The teacher asks many difficult questions

5. Relating The hardest subject is SF linguistics

It has many new concepts

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• Material (doing)

• Behavioural (behaving)

• Mental (sensing)

• Verbal (saying)

• Relational (relating)

process types

process

material

behavioural

mental

verbal

relational

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process

material

non-material

Mrs Piggott washed the dishes

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Test probe: What (did x) do?

process types

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represent some material action

They are walking quickly.

material processes

The action may be

intentional or unintentional

They were walking quickly //and they fell.32

(Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets…



represent some material action

material processes

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Material processes in the Travelogue



Perth, stopping at Cervantes to visit the


snaps.”

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Activity 2: Identify the verbal groups and insert clause boundaries.

These Pinnacles are limestone formations

which look like termite mounds. There

are thousands of them all on a sandy

bed. Apart from these pinnacles the land

is barren.

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Travelogue (continued)




bed. Except for these pinnacles the land

is barren.

//

//

//

//

Do these verbs express a kind of material action?

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process

material

relational

2

types of process

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Relational processes

The daisy is a beautiful flower but it has no fragrance

The black Lexus is Mr Piggott’s new car.

It ‘s in the garage

Mr Piggott has a new car.

processes of ‘being’ & ‘having’

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The daisy is a beautiful flower

Participant 1 Pro: Relational Participant 2


Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group


but it has no fragrance

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Mr Piggott has a new car


Participant 1 Pro: Relational Circumstance

nominal group verbal group


prepositional phrase

It ‘s in the garage

Participant 1 Pro: Rel. Participant 2


That black Lexus is Mr Piggott’s new car

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Relational processes link a Thing with its

Relational processes

• Attribute, or

• Identifying feature

a quality, a circumstance or a possession

Attribute and identifying feature may be

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bed. Apart from these pinnacles the land

is barren.

Relational processes, relating Things and their attributes

//

//

//

//

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which look like termite mounds

Participant 1 Pro:

Participant 1 Pro:

Pro: Participant Circumstance

Circumstance Participant 1 Pro:

There are thousands of them all on a sandy bed

Relational

Relational

Relational

Relational

Participant 2

Participant 2

Participant 2

Except for these Pinnacles

the land is barren

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Summary of process types in the Travelogue text

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further process types

• representing our material doings and

• describing or identifying things, we also

represent the world of ourinner consciousness

In addition to

We think, know, remember, like, want, see, hear things etc

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mental processes

The baby knows its mother

I love ice-cream.

I hear a noise

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3 sub-categories

mental processes

cognition reaction

perception

I hear a noise

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mental processes

Participant Process Participant

The baby knows its mother

I love ice-cream

I hear a noise

cognition

reaction

perception

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process

material

relational

reaction

perception

cognition

mental

mental processes

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process types and tense

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the tense form typically used to express the present tense of material processes

i They are walking quickly.

tense and material processes

(present continuous)

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present continuous

This does not mean that the simple present tense form cannot be used with material

processes, e.g.52

the simple present tense with material processes expresses another meaning:

i They walk quickly.

simple present

usuality (habituality) (timelessness)


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I love this ice-cream

the tense form typically used to express

the present tense of mental processes

is the simple present

tense and mental processes

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*She is loving ice-cream.

a continuous tense is often ungrammatical with mental processes

mental processes

except in some varieties of English

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Use the tense test to distinguish mental processes

Ask yourself:

what is the typical form of the present tense with this process?

Create a scenario where you have to use the present tense of the verb in focus, e.g.

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Tense test

e.g. The children knew the answer

Scenario: Someone tells you some old information. In response, would you say:

1. I know that.

2. I am knowing that.

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verb test Mental

hearDon’t shout. I’m hearing you

Don’t shout. I hear you

pleaseThat music pleases me

That music is pleasing me

recogniseI recognise her car.

I am recognising her car.

attractHoney is attracting ants

Honey attracts ants

watchAt the moment, I’m watching TV

At the moment, I watch TV

√

X

√

√

X

√

X

X

X

x

Activity 3: recognising Mental processes

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verb test Mental process?

forget I forget the address

convince

fear

understand

touch

look

hate

X

X

Activity 4: Create an example to determine the

typical present tense form of the verb

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Beware

some processes of perception are like

material processes because they take

the continuous tense

The children are watching a movie.

e.g.

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These processes that seem to be closely

related in meaning to some mental

process but behave grammatically like a

material process are categorised as

Behavioural processes

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Behavioural

I’m looking at it

I’m listening to the radio

I’m feeling his pulse

mental

I see it in my dreams

I hear them playing

I feel your pain

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Behavioural processes are a kind of

doing although their meaning may

suggest a kind of sensing or even

saying, e.g.


It is rude to interrupt when someone is speaking

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Behavioural processes may


1. take a cognate object, e.g.

• They danced a merry dance

• and they sang a sad song

• They sighed a deep sigh

• etc etc

2. Express a physiological process, e.g.

• sneeze, cough, smile, etc 64

processes

process

material

relational

reaction

perception

cognition

mental

doing

behavioural

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verbal processes

He says it’s going to rain.

processes of saying

She asked a question

They explained the problem

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summary of process types

doing

other

process

material

behavioural

mental

verbal

relational

continuoustense

simpletense

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ii They are watching a movie.

iii She loves icecream.

iv He says it’s going to rain.

v The orchid is a beautiful flower.

summary of process types & tense

material

mental

verbal

relational

behavioural

continuoustense

simpletense

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test 2 for identifying mentaland verbal processes

these process types can project another process, e.g.

She said

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Mental and verbal processes can project another process, e.g.

They heard that it had finished

She said they were coming

They listened that it had finished

She spoke they were coming

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Activity 5: Identify the verbal groups and insert clause boundaries.

After leaving Monkey Mia we headed south to

Kalbarri. The entrance to this town is lined with

wild flowers, banksia, wattles etc. It’s an avenue

of magnificent bouquets and as you look down

the long stretch of road you see the most aqua

blue water everywhere. We did a lot of whale-

watching on our first day there and saw lots of

whales heading south. A whale had calved that

morning and all the others came by to say hi!

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After leaving Monkey Mia we headed south to

Kalbarri. The entrance to this town is lined with

wild flowers, banksia, wattles etc. It’s an avenue

of magnificent bouquets and as you look down

the long stretch of road you see the most aqua

blue water everywhere. We did a lot of whale-

watching on our first day there and saw lots of

whales heading south. A whale had calved that

morning and all the others came by to say hi!

//

//

//

//

//

//

//

//

// //

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Activity 6: Identify the process types

in the Travelogue extract

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we headed south to Kalbarri

The entrance to this town

is lined with wildflowers, banksias, wattles etc

Participant Pro: Circumstance Circumstance

Participant Pro: Circumstance

After leaving Monkey Mia

Pro: Participant

It ‘s an avenue of magnificent bouquets

Participant Pro: Participant

1

2

3

4

Material

Material

Material

Relational

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We did a lot of whale-watching on our first day there

ParticipantPro:

Participant Circumstance 1Circ.2

and as you look down the long stretch of road


you see the most aqua blue water everywhere

Participant Pro: Participant Circumstance

and (we) saw lots of whales [[heading south]]

Participant Pro: Participant

5

6

7

8

Behav

Mental

Material

Mental

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A whale had calved that morning


and all the others came by


to say hi

Pro: Participant

9

10

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Material

Material

Verbal

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Embedded clause

(we) saw lots of whales [[heading south]]

= lots of whales [[that were heading south]]

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Summary of process types in Travelogue (cont)

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Activity 7: Identify the verbal groups &

insert clause boundaries

Leo

Money may be in short supply early in the month –

just use your common sense to solve any problems.

You’ll be busy after the 23rd, but will be in good spirits.

Thoughtful gestures around mid-month will please you but partners may be rebellious.

Reduce your intake of spicy foods.

//

// //

////

// //

//

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1 Money may be in short supply early in the month –

2 just use your common sense

3 to solve any problems.

4 You’ll be busy after the 23rd,

5 but (you) will be in good spirits.

6 Thoughtful gestures around mid-month will please you

7 but partners may be rebellious.

8 Reduce your intake of spicy foods.

Process types in the Leo text

Rel: Attr

Material

Material

Rel: Attr

Rel: Attr

Mental

Rel: Attr

Material

What generalisation can you make about process type

and element of text structure (Advice & Prediction) 80

Phrasal verbs

• Verb + prepositional pick on (=victimise)

pick up (=retrieve)

pick up on (=comprehend)

A phrasal verb is a single process,

not a process + circumstance

• Verb + adverb + preposition

• Verb + adverb

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Phrasal verb test

It was the youngest that they picked on

It was on the youngest that they picked

It was the rubbish that they picked up

It was up the rubbish that they picked

It was your clue that they picked up on

It was on your clue that they picked up

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