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T e x t
FieldTenor
Mode
Language, text & Context
What’s going on?
Who is involved?
How is language used?
Interpersonal meanings
Textual meanings
Ideational meanings
Language, text & Context
2
Field expressed by Ideational meanings
Two components:
1. Experiential meaning
2. Logical meaning
1) Experiential meaning
3
FieldTenor
Mode
Language, text & Context
What’s going on?
Who is involved?
How is language used?
Experiential meanings
grammar
of
transitivity
4
Experiential meanings
how we express our experience
What experience?
When we talk /write about our experiences we mention:
• EVENTS – what happened (doings, happenings,
sayings, states etc)
• WHO and/or WHAT was involved in the events
• CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding events – when,
where, why etc6
Last month we began to study SF linguistics
EventCircumstance
who what
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expressing experience
We express our experience via the
lexico-grammatical unit
clause
8
His wife was working inside the house
units of lexicogram
mar
group group group
c l a u s e
word word word wordword wordword
The rank scale
9
Packaging experience
The technical term used in linguistics to describe how we package
experience into the clause is called the system of Transitivity
metalanguage
language about
language10
transitivity involves
1. EVENTS – what happened (doings, happenings,
sayings, states etc)
2. WHO and/or WHAT was involved in the events
3. CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding events – when,
where, why etc
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expressed by processes
process = functional label for the word class verb
1
Event
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event
expressed by processes
Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things…
1
(Mrs Piggott) made all the beds…
Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets…
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who / what
is involved in the event
2
Participant = functional label for class nominal group
(usually)
participants
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2
participants
Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things…
(Mrs Piggott) made all the beds…
Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets…
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where, when, how, why etc
the event occurred
3
Circumstance = functional label for the class “adverbial
group/prepositional phrase”
Circum
stances
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On the mantelpiece was an envelope.
3 Circum
stances
A piece of paper was inside it.
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2 kinds of labelling
• Processes (events) verbal groups
• Participants nominal groups (usually)
• Circumstances adverbial groups or prepositional phrases
function class
Diagonal arrow = express 18
Why functional labels?
class
label
Mrs Piggott washed all the dishes
Class labeling assigns Mrs Piggott and all the dishes to
the same class – nominal group - ignoring the fact that
they each play a different role in the structure of this
clause
nominal
group
nominal
group
verbal
group
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Why functional labels?
class label Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
Mrs Piggott washed all the dishes
The 2 nominal groups Mrs Piggott and all the dishes –
both express Participants but each is a different type of
Participant in this clause:
Mrs Piggott is the participant that is the “do-er” of the action
all the dishes is the participant that is “done to”20
Why functional labels?
class Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
Mrs Piggott washed all the dishes
Do-er Done toProcessfunction
Mrs Piggott is the participant that is the “do-er” of the action
all the dishes is the participant that is “done to”
21
Function> Do-er Process Done-to
8 (Mrs Piggott) made all the beds
9 (Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets
7 (Mrs Piggott) washed all the dishes
Class>Nominal
group
Verbal
group
Nominal
group
Function> Do-er Process Done-to
Class>Nominal
group
Verbal
group
Nominal
group
Function> Do-er Process Done-to
Class>Nominal
group
Verbal
group
Nominal
group
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10 and then she went to work
conjunctions have no
function in Transitivity
Function> Do-er Process Circumstance
Class>conjunction Nominal
group
Verbal group Adverbial group/
Prepositional phrase
23
Activity 1: Identify the verbs and then indicate the clause boundaries.
“We arrived in Geraldton and did a bit of
shopping etc. before we headed towards
Perth, stopping at Cervantes to visit the
wonderful Pinnacles and take a few more
snaps.”
24
Analysing a Travelogue
“We arrived in Geraldton and did a bit of
shopping etc. before we headed towards
Perth stopping at Cervantes to visit the
wonderful Pinnacles and take a few more
snaps.”
//
//
// //
//
//
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We arrived in Geraldton
and (we) did a bit of shopping etc
Do-er Process Circumstance
Do-er Process Done-to
Do-er Process Circumstance
nominal group verbal group prepositional phrase
conjunction Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
conjunction Nominal group Verbal group Prepositional phrase
1.
2.
3.
before (we) headed towards Perth
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Process Circumstance
stopping at Cervantes
Verbal group Prepositional Phrase
Verbal group Nominal group
Process Done-to
to visit the wonderful Pinnacles
Process participant
4.
5.
6 and take a few more snaps
conjunction Verbal group nominal group
27
processes
what kinds of processes (events) do we participate in?
the language (English) itself categorises
all the verbs into just 5 types of
process :
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1. Doing
5 types of process
2. Behaving
3. Sensing
Mrs Piggott washed the dishes
Mr Piggott sang a song
They saw a strange object in the sky.
4. Saying The teacher asks many difficult questions
5. Relating The hardest subject is SF linguistics
It has many new concepts
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• Material (doing)
• Behavioural (behaving)
• Mental (sensing)
• Verbal (saying)
• Relational (relating)
process types
process
material
behavioural
mental
verbal
relational
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process
material
non-material
Mrs Piggott washed the dishes
1
Test probe: What (did x) do?
process types
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represent some material action
They are walking quickly.
material processes
The action may be
intentional or unintentional
They were walking quickly //and they fell.32
(Mrs Piggott) vacuumed all the carpets…
(Mrs Piggott) made all the beds…
Mrs Piggott washed all the breakfast things…
represent some material action
material processes
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Material processes in the Travelogue
“We arrived in Geraldton and did a bit of
shopping etc. before we headed towards
Perth, stopping at Cervantes to visit the
wonderful Pinnacles and take a few more
snaps.”
34
Activity 2: Identify the verbal groups and insert clause boundaries.
These Pinnacles are limestone formations
which look like termite mounds. There
are thousands of them all on a sandy
bed. Apart from these pinnacles the land
is barren.
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Travelogue (continued)
These Pinnacles are limestone formations
which look like termite mounds. There
are thousands of them all on a sandy
bed. Except for these pinnacles the land
is barren.
//
//
//
//
Do these verbs express a kind of material action?
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process
material
relational
2
types of process
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Relational processes
The daisy is a beautiful flower but it has no fragrance
The black Lexus is Mr Piggott’s new car.
It ‘s in the garage
Mr Piggott has a new car.
processes of ‘being’ & ‘having’
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The daisy is a beautiful flower
Participant 1 Pro: Relational Participant 2
Participant 1 Pro: Relational Participant 2
Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
but it has no fragrance
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Mr Piggott has a new car
Participant 1 Pro: Relational Participant 2
Participant 1 Pro: Relational Circumstance
nominal group verbal group
Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
prepositional phrase
It ‘s in the garage
Participant 1 Pro: Rel. Participant 2
Nominal group Verbal group Nominal group
That black Lexus is Mr Piggott’s new car
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Relational processes link a Thing with its
Relational processes
• Attribute, or
• Identifying feature
a quality, a circumstance or a possession
Attribute and identifying feature may be
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Travelogue (continued)
These Pinnacles are limestone formations
which look like termite mounds. There
are thousands of them all on a sandy
bed. Apart from these pinnacles the land
is barren.
Relational processes, relating Things and their attributes
//
//
//
//
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These Pinnacles are limestone formations
which look like termite mounds
Participant 1 Pro:
Participant 1 Pro:
Pro: Participant Circumstance
Circumstance Participant 1 Pro:
There are thousands of them all on a sandy bed
Relational
Relational
Relational
Relational
Participant 2
Participant 2
Participant 2
Except for these Pinnacles
the land is barren
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Summary of process types in the Travelogue text
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further process types
• representing our material doings and
• describing or identifying things, we also
represent the world of ourinner consciousness
In addition to
We think, know, remember, like, want, see, hear things etc
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mental processes
The baby knows its mother
I love ice-cream.
I hear a noise
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3 sub-categories
mental processes
cognition reaction
perception
I hear a noise
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mental processes
Participant Process Participant
The baby knows its mother
I love ice-cream
I hear a noise
cognition
reaction
perception
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process
material
relational
reaction
perception
cognition
mental
mental processes
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process types and tense
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the tense form typically used to express the present tense of material processes
i They are walking quickly.
tense and material processes
(present continuous)
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i They are walking quickly.
tense and material processes
present continuous
This does not mean that the simple present tense form cannot be used with material
processes, e.g.52
the simple present tense with material processes expresses another meaning:
i They walk quickly.
simple present
usuality (habituality) (timelessness)
tense and material processes
53
I love this ice-cream
the tense form typically used to express
the present tense of mental processes
is the simple present
tense and mental processes
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*She is loving ice-cream.
a continuous tense is often ungrammatical with mental processes
mental processes
except in some varieties of English
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Use the tense test to distinguish mental processes
Ask yourself:
what is the typical form of the present tense with this process?
Create a scenario where you have to use the present tense of the verb in focus, e.g.
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Tense test
e.g. The children knew the answer
Scenario: Someone tells you some old information. In response, would you say:
1. I know that.
2. I am knowing that.
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verb test Mental
hearDon’t shout. I’m hearing you
Don’t shout. I hear you
pleaseThat music pleases me
That music is pleasing me
recogniseI recognise her car.
I am recognising her car.
attractHoney is attracting ants
Honey attracts ants
watchAt the moment, I’m watching TV
At the moment, I watch TV
√
X
√
√
X
√
X
X
X
x
Activity 3: recognising Mental processes
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verb test Mental process?
forget I forget the address
convince
fear
understand
touch
look
hate
X
X
Activity 4: Create an example to determine the
typical present tense form of the verb
59
Beware
some processes of perception are like
material processes because they take
the continuous tense
The children are watching a movie.
e.g.
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These processes that seem to be closely
related in meaning to some mental
process but behave grammatically like a
material process are categorised as
Behavioural processes
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Behavioural processes
Behavioural
I’m looking at it
I’m listening to the radio
I’m feeling his pulse
mental
I see it in my dreams
I hear them playing
I feel your pain
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Behavioural processes are a kind of
doing although their meaning may
suggest a kind of sensing or even
saying, e.g.
Behavioural processes
It is rude to interrupt when someone is speaking
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Behavioural processes may
Behavioural processes
1. take a cognate object, e.g.
• They danced a merry dance
• and they sang a sad song
• They sighed a deep sigh
• etc etc
2. Express a physiological process, e.g.
• sneeze, cough, smile, etc 64
processes
process
material
relational
reaction
perception
cognition
mental
doing
behavioural
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verbal processes
He says it’s going to rain.
processes of saying
She asked a question
They explained the problem
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summary of process types
doing
other
process
material
behavioural
mental
verbal
relational
continuoustense
simpletense
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i They are walking quickly.
ii They are watching a movie.
iii She loves icecream.
iv He says it’s going to rain.
v The orchid is a beautiful flower.
summary of process types & tense
material
mental
verbal
relational
behavioural
continuoustense
simpletense
68
test 2 for identifying mentaland verbal processes
these process types can project another process, e.g.
She said
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Mental and verbal processes can project another process, e.g.
They heard that it had finished
She said they were coming
They listened that it had finished
She spoke they were coming
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Activity 5: Identify the verbal groups and insert clause boundaries.
After leaving Monkey Mia we headed south to
Kalbarri. The entrance to this town is lined with
wild flowers, banksia, wattles etc. It’s an avenue
of magnificent bouquets and as you look down
the long stretch of road you see the most aqua
blue water everywhere. We did a lot of whale-
watching on our first day there and saw lots of
whales heading south. A whale had calved that
morning and all the others came by to say hi!
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Travelogue (continued)
After leaving Monkey Mia we headed south to
Kalbarri. The entrance to this town is lined with
wild flowers, banksia, wattles etc. It’s an avenue
of magnificent bouquets and as you look down
the long stretch of road you see the most aqua
blue water everywhere. We did a lot of whale-
watching on our first day there and saw lots of
whales heading south. A whale had calved that
morning and all the others came by to say hi!
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
// //
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Activity 6: Identify the process types
in the Travelogue extract
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we headed south to Kalbarri
The entrance to this town
is lined with wildflowers, banksias, wattles etc
Participant Pro: Circumstance Circumstance
Participant Pro: Circumstance
After leaving Monkey Mia
Pro: Participant
It ‘s an avenue of magnificent bouquets
Participant Pro: Participant
1
2
3
4
Material
Material
Material
Relational
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We did a lot of whale-watching on our first day there
ParticipantPro:
Participant Circumstance 1Circ.2
and as you look down the long stretch of road
Participant Pro: Circumstance
you see the most aqua blue water everywhere
Participant Pro: Participant Circumstance
and (we) saw lots of whales [[heading south]]
Participant Pro: Participant
5
6
7
8
Behav
Mental
Material
Mental
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A whale had calved that morning
Participant Pro: Circumstance
and all the others came by
Participant Pro: Circumstance
to say hi
Pro: Participant
9
10
11
Material
Material
Verbal
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Embedded clause
(we) saw lots of whales [[heading south]]
= lots of whales [[that were heading south]]
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Summary of process types in Travelogue (cont)
78
Activity 7: Identify the verbal groups &
insert clause boundaries
Leo
Money may be in short supply early in the month –
just use your common sense to solve any problems.
You’ll be busy after the 23rd, but will be in good spirits.
Thoughtful gestures around mid-month will please you but partners may be rebellious.
Reduce your intake of spicy foods.
//
// //
////
// //
//
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1 Money may be in short supply early in the month –
2 just use your common sense
3 to solve any problems.
4 You’ll be busy after the 23rd,
5 but (you) will be in good spirits.
6 Thoughtful gestures around mid-month will please you
7 but partners may be rebellious.
8 Reduce your intake of spicy foods.
Process types in the Leo text
Rel: Attr
Material
Material
Rel: Attr
Rel: Attr
Mental
Rel: Attr
Material
What generalisation can you make about process type
and element of text structure (Advice & Prediction) 80
Phrasal verbs
• Verb + prepositional pick on (=victimise)
pick up (=retrieve)
pick up on (=comprehend)
A phrasal verb is a single process,
not a process + circumstance
• Verb + adverb + preposition
• Verb + adverb
81
Phrasal verb test
It was the youngest that they picked on
It was on the youngest that they picked
It was the rubbish that they picked up
It was up the rubbish that they picked
It was your clue that they picked up on
It was on your clue that they picked up
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